Full download test bank at ebook textbookfull.

com

Advances in Social and Occupational

CLICK LINK TO DOWLOAD

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-
social-and-occupational-ergonomics-richard-h-
m-goossens/

textbookfull
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Advances in Physical Social Occupational Ergonomics

Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Virtual Conferences on
Physical Ergonomics and Human Factors Social
Occupational Ergonomics and Cross Cultural Decision
Making July 16 20 2020 USA 1st Edition Waldemar
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-physical-social-
occupational-ergonomics-proceedings-of-the-ahfe-2020-virtual-
Karwowski
conferences-on-physical-ergonomics-and-human-factors-social-
occupational-ergonomics-and-cross-cultural-decision/

Work Design: Occupational Ergonomics, Seventh Edition

Stephan Konz

https://textbookfull.com/product/work-design-occupational-
ergonomics-seventh-edition-stephan-konz/

Advances in Ergonomics in Design Francisco Rebelo

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-ergonomics-in-
design-francisco-rebelo/

Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments: A Tool for

Improving Occupational Safety and Health (Occupational
Safety, Health, and Ergonomics) 1st Edition Grabowski

https://textbookfull.com/product/virtual-reality-and-virtual-
environments-a-tool-for-improving-occupational-safety-and-health-
occupational-safety-health-and-ergonomics-1st-edition-grabowski/
Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare
and Medical Devices Nancy J. Lightner

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-human-factors-and-
ergonomics-in-healthcare-and-medical-devices-nancy-j-lightner/

James M. Buchanan: A Theorist of Political Economy and

Social Philosophy Richard E. Wagner

https://textbookfull.com/product/james-m-buchanan-a-theorist-of-
political-economy-and-social-philosophy-richard-e-wagner/

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 54 1st

Edition James M. Olson And Mark P. Zanna (Eds.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-experimental-social-
psychology-54-1st-edition-james-m-olson-and-mark-p-zanna-eds/

Advances in Ergonomics in Design: Proceedings of the

AHFE 2019 International Conference on Ergonomics in
Design, July 24-28, 2019, Washington D.C., USA
Francisco Rebelo
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-ergonomics-in-
design-proceedings-of-the-ahfe-2019-international-conference-on-
ergonomics-in-design-july-24-28-2019-washington-d-c-usa-
francisco-rebelo/

Advances in Psychology and Law Volume 4 Brian H.

Bornstein

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-psychology-and-law-
volume-4-brian-h-bornstein/
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 792

Richard H. M. Goossens Editor

Advances in Social
and Occupational
Ergonomics
Proceedings of the AHFE 2018
International Conference on Social and
Occupational Ergonomics, July 21–25,
2018, Loews Sapphire Falls Resort at
Universal Studios, Orlando, Florida, USA
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 792

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,
applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all
disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics,
business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the
areas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing
including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms,
social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and
society, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems,
self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics including
human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent
data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support,
intelligent network security, trust management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedings
of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the
field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is
the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of
research results.

Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: nikhil@isical.ac.in
Members
Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: rbellop@uclv.edu.cu
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: escorchado@usal.es
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: hani@essex.ac.uk
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: koczy@sze.hu
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: vladik@utep.edu
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: ctlin@mail.nctu.edu.tw
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: Jie.Lu@uts.edu.au
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: epmelin@hafsamx.org
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: nadia@eng.uerj.br
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: Ngoc-Thanh.Nguyen@pwr.edu.pl
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: jwang@mae.cuhk.edu.hk

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Richard H. M. Goossens
Editor

Advances in Social
and Occupational
Ergonomics
Proceedings of the AHFE 2018 International
Conference on Social and Occupational
Ergonomics, July 21–25, 2018, Loews
Sapphire Falls Resort at Universal Studios,
Orlando, Florida, USA

123
Editor
Richard H. M. Goossens
Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering
Delft University of Technology
Delft, Zuid-Holland
The Netherlands

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-319-93999-5 ISBN 978-3-319-94000-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94000-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018945098

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG
part of Springer Nature
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Advances in Human Factors
and Ergonomics 2018

AHFE 2018 Series Editors

Tareq Z. Ahram, Florida, USA
Waldemar Karwowski, Florida, USA

9th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics

and the Affiliated Conferences

Proceedings of the AHFE 2018 International Conferences on Social and

Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors in Sports, Injury Prevention and
Outdoor Recreation, held on July 21–25, 2018, in Loews Sapphire Falls Resort at
Universal Studios, Orlando, Florida, USA

Advances in Affective and Pleasurable Design Shuichi Fukuda

Advances in Neuroergonomics Hasan Ayaz and Lukasz Mazur
and Cognitive Engineering
Advances in Design for Inclusion Giuseppe Di Bucchianico
Advances in Ergonomics in Design Francisco Rebelo and Marcelo M.
Soares
Advances in Human Error, Reliability, Resilience, Ronald L. Boring
and Performance
Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Nancy J. Lightner
Healthcare and Medical Devices
Advances in Human Factors in Simulation Daniel N. Cassenti
and Modeling
Advances in Human Factors and Systems Isabel L. Nunes
Interaction
Advances in Human Factors in Cybersecurity Tareq Z. Ahram and Denise Nicholson
Advances in Human Factors, Business Jussi Ilari Kantola, Salman Nazir
Management and Society and Tibor Barath
Advances in Human Factors in Robots Jessie Chen
and Unmanned Systems
Advances in Human Factors in Training, Salman Nazir, Anna-Maria Teperi
Education, and Learning Sciences and Aleksandra Polak-Sopińska
Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation Neville Stanton
(continued)

v
vi Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2018

(continued)
Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Software Tareq Z. Ahram
and Systems Engineering
Advances in Human Factors, Sustainable Urban Jerzy Charytonowicz and Christianne
Planning and Infrastructure Falcão
Advances in Physical Ergonomics & Human Ravindra S. Goonetilleke and Waldemar
Factors Karwowski
Advances in Interdisciplinary Practice in WonJoon Chung and Cliff Sungsoo Shin
Industrial Design
Advances in Safety Management and Human Pedro Miguel Ferreira Martins Arezes
Factors
Advances in Social and Occupational Ergonomics Richard H. M. Goossens
Advances in Manufacturing, Production Waldemar Karwowski, Stefan
Management and Process Control Trzcielinski, Beata Mrugalska, Massimo
Di Nicolantonio and Emilio Rossi
Advances in Usability, User Experience Tareq Z. Ahram and Christianne Falcão
and Assistive Technology
Advances in Human Factors in Wearable Tareq Z. Ahram
Technologies and Game Design
Advances in Human Factors in Communication Amic G. Ho
of Design
Preface

An exploration of how ergonomics can contribute to the solution of important

societal and engineering challenges, Advances in Social and Organizational
Factors, discusses the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their
organizational structures, policies, and processes. It includes coverage of commu-
nication, crew resource management, work design, design of working times,
teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new
work paradigms, organizational culture, virtual organizations, telework, and quality
management.
The book provides research on urban infrastructures and how to shape urban
spaces, including stadiums and museums. It covers warning systems in cars,
voice-based interfaces, and the positive effects on manufacturing processes avail-
able from health informatics and management systems. Several chapters examine
the role human factors can play in counter-terrorism efforts and in interpreting
deceptive behaviors. They provide suggestions on how to improve enterprise
resource planning systems and stress the importance of lifelong learning, person-
alized learning, and work–life balance.
Human Factors in Sports, Injury Prevention and Outdoor Recreation aims to
address the critical cognitive and physical tasks which are performed within a
dynamic, complex, collaborative system comprising multiple humans and artifacts,
under pressurized, complex, and rapidly changing conditions that take place during
the course of any sporting event. Highly skilled, well-trained individuals walk a fine
line between task success and failure, with only marginally inadequate task exe-
cution leading to loss of the sports event or competition. This conference promotes
cross-disciplinary interaction between the human factors in sport and outdoor
recreation disciplines and provides practical guidance on a range of methods for
describing, representing, and evaluating human, team, and system performance in
sports and amusement park domains.
The book also highlights issues with special populations, detailing how to design
and adapt products and work situations for these groups. In addition to exploring
the challenges faced in optimizing sociotechnical systems, the book underlines
themes that play a role in all the challenges and how they are linked to each other.

vii
viii Preface

It concludes with an exploration of emotional ergonomics and the important pos-

itive effects of making people happy and healthy. With chapter authors from around
the globe, the book supplies a broad look at current challenges and possible
solutions. This book contains a total of five sections that cover the following topics.
I. Social and Occupational Ergonomics: Evaluation, Optimization and Job
Design;
II. Social and Occupational Factors of Comfort, Discomfort, and Pain;
III. Social and Occupational Ergonomics of Stress, Mental Factors, and
Musculoskeletal Disorders;
IV. Human Factors in Sports and Amusement Industry; and
V. The Present and Future of Macroergonomic Systems.
The organizers would like to thank all the authors for their contributions. Each
of the chapters were either reviewed by the members of the editorial board or
germinated by them. For these, our sincere thanks and appreciation goes to the
members of the board listed below.
Jerzy Charytonowicz, Poland
Diana Horn, USA
S.-L. Hwang, Taiwan
Jussi Kantola, Finland
Brian Kleiner, USA
Leszek Pacholski, Poland
Michelle Robertson, USA
Susumu Saito, Japan
Mike Smith, USA
Hannu Vanharanta, Finland
Z. Wisniewski, Poland
R. Yu, China
C. Dallat, Australia
Chi-Wen Lung, Taiwan
Roman Maciej Kalina, Poland
Damian Morgan, Australia
Timothy Neville, Australia
E. Salas, USA
Daniel Simmons, UK
Neville Stanton, UK
Scott Talpey, Australia
Guy Walker, UK
P. Waterson, UK
We sure hope this book contributed to increase in knowledge in the field of
social and organizational ergonomics and that you find the papers in this book
interesting and helpful to you and your work.

July 2018 Richard H. M. Goossens

Contents

Social and Occupational Ergonomics: Evaluation, Optimization

and Job Design
Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Gas Delivery Operations
and Stretching Program Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Olivia Morejon, Amy Wadeson, Melissa White, Wenjuan Zhang,
and David Kaber
Evaluating Training for Manual Handling in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . 16
Maud Gonella, Denys Denis, Marie Comeau, and Martin Lauzier
Intuitionistic Fuzzy REBA Method and Its Application
in a Manufacturing Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Nihal Erginel and Sura Toptanci
Optimizing the Workstation of a Dentist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Yassaman Khodadadeh and Elnaz Najafi
Biomechanical Risk Assessment of Pathologists in the Morgue . . . . . . . 48
Alessio Silvetti, Adriano Papale, Luigi Cipolloni, Simona Vittorio,
and Francesco Draicchio
Job Design and Ergonomic Risk in Administrative Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Oswaldo Jara, Fanny Ballesteros, Esteban Carrera, and Pablo Dávila
Occupational Health and Safety Challenges Among Small
and Medium Sized Enterprise Contractors in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . 68
Nokulunga Mashwama, Clinton Aigbavboa, and Wellignton Thwala
Dynamics of Resistance in the Change Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Zbigniew Wisniewski, Malgorzata Wisniewska,
and Aleksandra Polak-Sopinska

ix
x Contents

The Concept of Teaching Modeling and Simulation

of Manufacturing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Anna Maczewska, Aleksandra Polak-Sopinska, Zbigniew Wisniewski,
and Paulina Krason
Methods for Assessing the Effectiveness of Language
Learning – A Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Adrianna Kozlowska and Zbigniew Wisniewski
A Look at the Ergonomic Situation of the Bakery Industry
in the City of Quito, Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
A. Esteban Carrera, Oswaldo Jara, Pablo Dávila, Fanny Ballesteros,
and Pablo Suasnavas
The Case for Paternity Leave in Ghana: Imperatives
and Implications for Gender Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Olivia Anku-Tsede, Michael Asiedu Gyensare, Elisha Elikplim Kunu,
and Lucky Enyonam Kumedzro
Ergonomics in Reuse and Recycling of Solid Materials:
Demand Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Hebert R. Silva
Workplace and Sexual Harassment: Time to Take a Second Look
at the Law? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Olivia Anku-Tsede, Emmanuel Adomako Nuako, Reginald Arthur,
and Adwoa Sarpong Boakye Yiadom

Social and Occupational Factors of Comfort, Discomfort and Pain

Fuzzy Model Evaluation of Vehicles Ergonomics and Its Influence
on Occupational Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Riad Taha Al-Kasasbeh, Nikolay Korenevskiy,
Mahdi Salman Alshamasin, Sofia Korenevskya,
Etab Taha Al-Kasasbeh, and Ilyash Maksim
How to Improve Ancient Handcraft: The Bobbin Lace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Isabel Bieger, Cristina Carvalho, and Gianni Montagna
The Need for Ergonomic Studies for the Reduction of Injuries
and Redesign of Tools in the Agricultural Sector Through TRIZ . . . . . 162
Lidilia Cruz-Rivero, Rubén Purroy-Vásquez, Lorena Pacheco-Lozano,
Nicolás Mateo-Díaz, and Alberto Aguilar-Laserre
A Postural Analysis of Rice Farming in San Miguel, Bulacan . . . . . . . . 172
Sophia Sandoval, Russel Avery Roco, Kyle Matthew Jarque,
and Benette Custodio
Contents xi

Social and Occupational Ergonomics of Stress, Mental Factors

and Musculoskeletal Disorders
Addressing Mental Health Consequences of Social Networking
from the Social Services Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Kiara Santiago and Nicholas Caporusso
Ergonomic Analysis of the Operators’ Activity in an Industrial
Agri-Food Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Tahar Hakim Ben Chakroun, Amira Omrane, Nihel Ellouz,
and Lamia Bouzgarrou
A Systematic Review of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
Among Port Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Guanlong Li, Yueqing Li, and Brian Crag
Ergonomic Evaluation of Risk Level by Exposure to Forced
Postures in Cattle Slaughterhouse Workers in Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Alejandra Lascano, Gustavo Patín, Anita Larrea,
and Thalía San Antonio
Applied Forces and sEMG Activity Contribution to Risk
Assessment for Assistance Workers Helping Passengers
with Restricted Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Alessio Silvetti, Lorenzo Fiori, Giorgia Chini, Alberto Ranavolo,
Antonella Tatarelli, Massimo Gismondi, Valerio Nardi,
and Francesco Draicchio
Ergonomic and Anthropometric Preliminary Study to Determine
Whether Moving a Loaded Cart Can Cause
Musculoskeletal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
M. R. Contreras-Valenzuela, R. Lopez-Sesenes,
A. D. Guzman-Clemente, A. E. Duque-Alvarez, and F. Cuenca-Jimenez
The Blessings and Curses of Job Stress: Exploring
the Job Stress – OCB/CWB Nexus Among Ghanaian Bankers . . . . . . . 236
Reginald Arthur and Olivia Anku-Tsede
Quality of Work Life in Health Care Workers
in Guadalajara, Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Raquel González-Baltazar, Silvia G. León-Cortés,
Mónica I. Contreras-Estrada, Gustavo Hidalgo-Santacruz,
and Ma Liliana Hidalgo-González
Work Posture Analysis in the Ergonomic Assessment
of Products - A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Grzegorz Dahlke and Milena Drzewiecka-Dahlke
xii Contents

Human Factors in Sports and Amusement Industry

Federal Legislation: Regulation of Ride System G-forces Versus
Amusement Industry Autonomy: Designing for Human Endurance . . . . 275
Paula Stenzler
Unobtrusive Bioanalytics for Impact–Related Sport Activities . . . . . . . . 285
William Davies, Hua Ye, and Jeroen Bergmann
A Test Setting to Enhance Bobsled Performance at Start Phase . . . . . . 294
Thomas Peeters, Michiel Van de Velde, Erik Haring, Jochen Vleugels,
Koen Beyers, Raman Garimella, Steven Truijen, and Stijn Verwulgen
Risk Analysis in Mountain Bike, Using Questionnaire and Event
Tree Analysis (ETA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Rodrigo Domínguez and Felipe Correa
The Influence of Dry Cupping of Differing Intensities on Heart
Rate Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Jing-Shia Tang, Chi-Wen Lung, Fang-Hsin Lee, Chia-Chang Chuang,
Ben-Yi Liau, and Chien-Liang Chen
Three-Dimensional Elastography Gradient of the Plantar Soft Tissue:
Methodology and Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Ben-Yi Liau, Chien-Liang Chen, Yih-Kuen Jan, Hsin-Ying Chiu,
Yu-Wen Huang, and Chi-Wen Lung
Design of an Enhanced Disc Golf Game to Facilitate Players
with Visual Impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Kaycee Glattke, Bijan Fakhri, Corey Heath, Meredith Moore,
and Marziye Rahimi
Measuring Tactics of Taking the Ball Away from Defenders
in the Japanese Football League . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Michiko Miyamoto and Yuji Kaneki
Proposing a Model to Catch the Momentum of Games:
Visualization of Momentum in Japanese Professional Baseball . . . . . . . 349
Akihiro Ito and Michiko Miyamoto

The Present and Future of Macroergonomic Systems

The Future of Macroergonomic Manufacturing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Joanna Kałkowska, Maciej Siemieniak, and Leszek Pacholski
Improvement Method of Subcontract Phase of Production Process
in IT Production Management System – Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Maciej Siemieniak, Katarzyna Siemieniak, and Leszek Pacholski
Contents xiii

Clothing Distribution Optimization for Rental Company Warehouse . . . . 386

Tadeusz Nowicki, Anna Saniuk, and Robert Waszkowski
Impact of Office Design on Satisfaction of Government Employees
in Laguna Provincial Capitol, Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Marc Edelbert Villanueva, Maria Liezel Caroche, Angelo Ani,
and Micah Ramirez
Macroergonomics Factors Generating Work Time Losses
in Interpretation of Grey Systems Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Katarzyna Siemieniak, Maciej Siemieniak, Bogna Mateja,
and Leszek M. Pacholski
Psychosocial Toxicity in Colombian Service Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Olga Piñeros and Carlos Marín
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Social and Occupational Ergonomics:
Evaluation, Optimization and Job
Design
 Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Gas Delivery
Operations and Stretching Program Design

Olivia Morejon1, Amy Wadeson2, Melissa White3,

Wenjuan Zhang3(&), and David Kaber3
1
MaineHealth, Portland, ME, USA
OMorejon@mmc.org
2
John Deere, Raleigh, NC, USA
wadesonamy@johndeere.com
3
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
{mmwhite8,wzhang28,dbkaber}@ncsu.edu

Abstract. In manual material handling, workers are often at risk for work-
related injuries and musculoskeletal diseases. This study used an ergonomic risk
assessment methodology to motivate development of a worker muscle stretching
program, towards injury rate reduction in gas cylinder handling. We followed a
three-phase approach: (1) an OSHA log analysis of the gas cylinder delivery
company; (2) a tasks analysis including ride-alongs and ERA to gas delivery
operations to identify tasks posing the greatest number of risk factors; and
(3) design of a job-readiness program with a focus on stretching and targeting
muscles of vulnerable body segments. The study yielded a novel and productive
approach to stretching program development for workplace injury risk reduc-
tion. The exercise card will be evaluated in a follow-on field test.

Keywords: Stretching program
Reminder card
Manual material handling

Ergonomic risk assessment

1 Introduction

Gas products delivery operations involve demanding manual material handling

(MMH) tasks. These tasks are typically completed by delivery truck drivers. A typical
workday involves manual handling of a variety of cylinder types, including small
oxygen tanks (weighing approximately 4.5 kg), medium-size cylinders containing
nitrogen or propane (weighing between 16–32 kg), and larger liquid “dewars”
(weighing up to 364 kg). Drivers often exert high forces to move cylinders and lift
equipment in a delivery operation. Their bodies are often subjected to awkward posture
positions while exposed to other ergonomic risk factors, such as repetitious movement
and high forces. As a result of these work circumstances, drivers are at risk for mus-
culoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and other injuries and illnesses.
In this case study, we focused on the operations of one large, international gas
products company for which 34% of all recordable injuries/illnesses were attributed to
overexertion (of muscles). Despite some current ergonomic controls (e.g., specially

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019

R. H. M. Goossens (Ed.): AHFE 2018, AISC 792, pp. 3–15, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94000-7_1
4 O. Morejon et al.

design handles), many of the delivery tasks maintained inherent risks, such as high
force in pulling dewars. These risks motivated company interest for additional controls,
including developing a “job-readiness” or stretching program as a potential MSD
preventive measure.
A review of literature was conducted on corporate exercise programs revealing
potential benefits of a stretching program. While a stretching program does not elim-
inate job risks, there is some evidence of effectiveness in controlling the rate of injury
in the workforce. Costa and Vieira [1] reported benefits of stretching to include pre-
vention of work-related MSDs, especially in high-intensity work environments. Other
studies have claimed benefits of implementing stretching programs in manufacturing
environments, including lower risk of musculoskeletal injury [2, 3], reduced rate and
length of sick days attributable to back pain [4], and reduced workers perceived pain
due to musculoskeletal injuries and illness [5]. Although the origins of the benefits of
stretching has received limited scientific attention, one line of reasoning is that
increased flexibility due to stretching leads to a reduced risk of work-related MSDs [6].
Considering the company’s internal ergonomics program actions and results of the
prior research on stretching programs, this present work sought to address three
research questions: (1) What are the most common injuries during gas cylinder deliver
operations? (2) What are the risky tasks and most vulnerable body parts during the gas
delivery operation? (3) How can a stretching program be designed as an ergonomic
intervention to potentially control musculoskeletal injury risks in gas cylinder delivery
operations? The subsequent sections describe the methodology and results of three
research phases of this study. This writing also provides inferences on the findings of
this process, identifies study limitations as well as directions of future works.

2 Method

The case study was broken-down into three phases. The first phase focused on
assessing the OSHA logs provided by the company in order to characterize the most
common injuries and body parts sustaining frequent injuries. In the second phase,
researchers conducted “ride-alongs” with delivery drivers and reviewed safety training
videos in order to identify the tasks completed by drivers on a regular basis. For tasks
identified to pose extended periods of risk exposure, an ergonomic risk assessment
(ERA) was applied. The last phase of the study used the results of the previous two
phases in order to develop a stretching intervention program that could be implemented
by drivers with the intent of reducing the frequency and severity of workplace injuries
for the company.

2.1 OSHA Analysis

Historical injury/illness data for the gas cylinder company was analyzed with a range of
dates from 2013–2015. Table 1 presents descriptive statistics on the data, including
total cases, cases with days away or restricted duty, as well as days away and on
restricted duty. Any cases that remained open at the time of the analysis were excluded
from statistics on severity (length of injury/illness) but not frequency.
 Ergonomic Risk Assessment 5

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of injury/illness data.

Total number of cases (2013–Sept. 2015) 157
Percentage of cases involving days away (Count) 10.8% (17)
Percentage of cases involving restricted duty (Count) 62.4% (98)
Average number of days away 51.7
Average number of days on restricted duty 21.4

Based on the injury descriptions included in the company’s OSHA logs, each injury
event was coded according to categories used in the Liberty Mutual Index [7]. Two
analyses were conducted with the first looking at the injury type, while the second
analysis focused on the injured body part. The categories of injury type and body parts
were both identified through injury descriptions appearing in the OSHA records. Due to
a lack of information on some types of injuries, similar categories were grouped
together for this analysis. For example, falls at the same level and to a lower level were
combined into one group for the injury type analysis.

2.2 Phase 2: Task Analysis

Ride-Alongs. In order to identify those gas delivery tasks posing high ergonomic risks
to delivery drivers, ride-alongs were organized for researchers to observe daily driver
task performance. (This research activity was reviewed and approved by the North
Carolina State University Institutional Review Board (IRB). Consent of participants
was obtained prior to the study.) Two company drivers were recruited for ride-alongs
and one additional driver was observed handling gas products at a regional company
delivery and retail facility. In each ride-along, researchers accompanied the drivers as
they made deliveries during 8–12 h. shifts throughout Eastern North Carolina,
including the coastal region. Prior to the ride-alongs and onsite observation, researchers
familiarized themselves with standard operating procedures (SOPs) of the company by
viewing training videos intended for drivers. During the following observation sessions
(i.e., ride-alongs and onsite), the researchers took notes of risky operations and any
deviations from the SOPs.
In total, ten deliveries were observed and videotaped over two separate days. During
ride-alongs and onsite observations, researchers recorded drivers performing the range
of delivery duties. Tasks included moving cylinders with a handcart, rolling a single
cylinder, rolling two cylinders, pushing dewars, loading and unloading propane tanks,
and transporting small cylinders, among other tasks (Fig. 1). Videos and observation
notes were used as basis for the follow-on Ergonomic Risk Analysis (ERA).
Ergonomic Risk Analysis. The ERA methodology applied in this study was devel-
oped by The Ergonomic Center of North Carolina (ECNC). This method is based on
several established physical work analysis tools, including the Borg scale [8–10], the
Rapid Upper-Limb Assessment (RULA) method [11] and the Moore-Garg Strain Index
[12]. The method involves qualitative evaluation of force, motion and posture in target
tasks. The assessment covers a range of body segments, including: (1) neck,
6 O. Morejon et al.

Fig. 1. Left - pulling a dewar; Middle - rolling two cylinders; Right - lifting small cylinders.

(2) shoulders, (3) arms/elbows, (4) hands/wrists, (5) torso/back, and (6) legs/knees/feet.
Risk factors ratings are made for each body segment within each task. A 10-point rating
scale is used with higher ratings corresponding to riskier motions, forces, and postures.
The force factor refers to the force required by a worker to perform an identified task.
The low-risk level for force is identified as requiring no (or minimal) force representing
<30% of maximum voluntary muscle contractions (MVC), while the moderate-risk
level falls in the 30% to 60% range of MVC and the high-risk level requires >60% of
MVC. The posture factor refers to the posture required of workers in performing
delivery operations. Ratings are selected based on the postures held for the longest
period during a task or in which the highest load exposure occurs. The motion risk
factor takes into account the number of repetitions of movements of each body part as
well as the duration for which a posture is held. A low-risk level indicates that the
identified movement is repeated less than one time per minute and the posture is held
for under 6 s at a time. A medium-risk level indicates that the identified movement is
repeated between one and five times per minute and the posture is held between 6–20 s
in each iteration; whereas, high-risk level motions are performed 6 or more times per
minute and held for longer than 20 s at a time. The sensitivity of the ECNC ERA has
been demonstrated in application to veterinary clinic operations and rice plowing
activities [13, 14].
In this study, direct observations of delivery task performance, video recordings
taken during the ride-alongs, company safety training videos, and information gathered
from unstructured interviews with delivery drivers provided the basis for application of
the ERA. Three researchers independently assigned risk ratings for each of the critical
MMH tasks identified through the ride-alongs. The analysis was also broken-down by
body segment and risk factor exposure during task performance. All analyst ratings
were compiled and average scores were determined for each risk factor for each body
segment in each task.
The ERA method also involves determining “body segment priority levels” as a
basis for recommending ergonomic risk controls. The sum of all three average risk
factor scores (force, motion and posture) for each body segment was calculated to yield
the body segment priority. A body segment priority matrix was also developed to
determine an overall risk priority level for each task. A total body risk score, or “Job
Screening Score”, was also calculated by determining the number of body segments
 Ergonomic Risk Assessment 7

deemed to be of low, moderate or high-risk priority for each task. The number of body
segments for each priority was summed up and a multiplier was applied depending on
the risk priority. Multipliers included 1x for low risk priority segments, 2x for moderate
risk priority segments, and 4x for high priority segments. For example, there were 3
low priority body segments for rolling cylinders, 1 moderate, and 6 high leading to a
job screening score of 29. This process was completed for all tasks. The results were
used to identify those high-risk body segments and muscles for task performance. This
information was use for design of the muscle stretching program.

2.3 Phase 3: Stretching Card Design

Based on the company interests for additional control measures for MSD prevention, as
well as the prior research on corporate “job-readiness” or stretching programs, the
methodology also involved designing a stretching program for muscles used in the gas
cylinder delivery operations. The first step in program development was to identify
which muscles to target with stretching exercises. Within the moderate to high-risk
delivery tasks, at-risk body segments revealed by the ERA were considered along with
the injury log analysis in order to identify muscle groups for stretching. For each task,
all muscles for each body segment were listed and those muscles that were eccentri-
cally contracted during task movements were selected. Muscle stretches were then
identified based on physical therapy reference [15]. The number of repetitions and
duration of each stretch was determined based on reference texts [15] and standard
practices for physical therapists and athletic trainers.
Following muscle selection, a stretching “reminder card” was designed and pro-
totyped for company delivery drivers to use as reference during work shifts. A review
of the literature revealed that illustrated and verbally described exercise instructions had
a positive effect on adherence to exercise programs, when compared to those that were
only presented verbally [16]. To ensure clarity of the instructions, a pilot study was
conducted with a random sample of university graduate students, including 5 native
and 5 non-native English speakers. Each participant was presented with a total of eight
written stretching instructions without pictorial representation and asked to perform
each stretch to the best of their understanding and abilities. Participants were also
instructed not to make assumptions about the intended stretch, based on prior exercise
experience, but to simply follow the instructions exactly as presented on the card. After
each stretching trial, a researcher judged whether the participant performed the stretch
correctly and, if incorrect, demonstrated the correct stretch to the participant. The
participants were then asked to identify any clear or unclear wording in the exercise
descriptions and make suggestions to enhance the clarity of the descriptions. Any
stretches that were performed incorrectly by more than one participant were reworded
using participant suggestions. Following rewording, 5 new native English speakers
were asked to participate in the same pilot procedure to verify that the reworded written
stretch descriptions resulted in correct performance of stretches.
In creating graphical representations of stretches, simple body figure outlines were
used to follow standard practice of physical therapy authors [15]. Following the
instructions and pictorial representations, the prototypes of the reminder cards were
formatted following company branding guidelines.
8 O. Morejon et al.

3 Results
3.1 Phase 1: OSHA Analysis
Results from the OSHA log analysis are summarized in Fig. 2. Overexertion and other
exertions included 50+ cases, accounting for 34% of the total injury cases, more than
any other category. It is important to note that in this analysis, 14 injury cases were
classified as, “not enough information,” due to a lack of sufficient incident descriptions
in the logs. The body part analysis (Fig. 2b) revealed the hands/fingers/wrist to be the
most injured body parts. Most of these injuries (43 of 48) were due to being struck
against an object, or compressed by or caught in equipment.

Fig. 2. Number of occurrences within reporting period by injury type (a) and body part (b)

The next two most commonly injured body parts, the arm/shoulder and the back,
were primarily impacted by overexertion incidents. It is important to note that in this
analysis, 13 injury cases were also classified as, “Not enough information,” due to
limited descriptions in the OSHA 300 logs. Consequently, additional hands/fingers/
wrist might have occurred.
 Ergonomic Risk Assessment 9

3.2 Phase 2: Task Analysis

In general, observations from the ride-alongs revealed the MMH tasks to pose ergo-
nomic risks for operators. For example, pulling dewars involves excessive force due to
the weight of the object and often the necessity to move the dewars up a ramp; whereas,
rolling cylinders involves awkward postures at the wrist and highly repetitive
flexion/extension of the wrist. The video analysis of ride-alongs revealed specific tasks
to pose extended periods of risk exposure and repetition, motivating the need for
additional evaluation. These tasks included pulling a dewar, rolling two cylinders, and
lifting small cylinders (one-handed without an ergonomic handle).
Figure 3 presents the total body risk scores for each task. All jobs were determined
to pose high (>25) or moderate (17–25) risk scores (body priority level) for drivers.
According to the ECNC, jobs with a high total risk should be redesigned or altered to
reduce the risk incurred by workers and a moderate rating should result in adminis-
trative controls being implemented in the workplace to reduce worker exposure to risk
factors. Rolling two cylinders received the highest total body priority level with a score
of 28 (standard deviation (SD) = 4.65). The other two tasks, pulling a dewar and lifting
small cylinders, were considered to pose moderate risk levels with a score of 18
(SD = 1.67 and SD = 7.08, respectively).

Fig. 3. Graph of overall job screening score by task (Orange line indicates upper threshold for
moderate risk (score of 17–25) and red line indicates threshold for high risk (score >25)).

Figure 4 shows the sums of the mean ratings for each ergonomic risk (posture,
force, motion) to create a risk score specific to each body segment and task. The risk
scores provided verification of the most risky body segments during task performance,
which were also identified through video analysis and direct observation.
Based on this assessment, the most at-risk segments in pulling a dewar included the
shoulders, arms/elbows, back, wrists, and legs. Due to the weight of the dewar and the
act of pulling the cylinder, the upper extremities and the back were identified as
primary areas of concern. For dewar pulling, walking backwards also posed potential
risk for both legs. For rolling two cylinders, the most at-risk body segments included
the wrists, arms/elbows, shoulders, and back. Again, the upper extremities and the back
were identified as areas of concern due to the weight of the cylinders. In addition, the
10 O. Morejon et al.

repetition of the rolling motion for the upper extremities led to the wrists being
identified as areas of risk exposure. The most at-risk body segments in lifting small
cylinders included the wrists, arms/elbows, shoulders, and the back. The wrists and
arms/elbows shared the most extreme risk levels due to the awkward lifting posture of
the arms/elbows, ulnar deviation at the wrists, and the compounding factor of cylinder
weight.

Fig. 4. Rating by body segment and task.

3.3 Phase 3: Stretching Card Design

As a basis for the stretching card design, the full process from task identification to
stretch selection is detailed in Table 2. The stretches that could be accomplished in a
standing posture, and requiring the least exposure to awkward body postures for muscle
elongation, were prioritized for the program design. Figure 5 presents a scaled-down
version of the card design (absent of company brand formatting). In the pictorial
representations of the stretches, the muscle areas targeted by the stretch are illustrated
by a checkered pattern.
 Ergonomic Risk Assessment 11

Table 2. Task identification and stretch selection. Note: Each stretch last 20 s and is to be
performed 3 times for each side of the body.
Task Body segment Eccentric movement muscles Stretches that yield
eccentric contractions
Moving Back Trapezius, latimus dorsi, 1. Parallel Arm Shoulder
dewars rhomboids Stretch
2. Hamstring and Low
Back Stretch
Shoulder Posterior deltoid, biceps 1. Upper Arm Shoulder
Upper Arm brachii, triceps brachii, Stretch
rhomboids, trapezius 2. Chest and Bicep Stretch
Lower Flexor carpi ulnarus 1. Finger Flexor Stretch
arm/Elbow
Rolling Hand/wrist Opponens pollicis, flexor 1. Finger Flexor Stretch
two digiti minimi, flexor pollicis 2. Finger Extensor Stretch
cylinders brevis, abductor pollicis
brevis, oppenens digiti
minimi
Lower Brachio radialis, flexor carpi 1. Finger Flexor Stretch
arm/Elbow radialis, flexor digitorum
superficialis, palmaris longus
Shoulder/Upper Brachio radialis, trapezius, 1. Upper Arm Shoulder
Arm posterior deltoid, biceps Stretch
brachii 2. Chest and Bicep Stretch
3. Parallel Arm Shoulder
Stretch
Back Trapezius 1. Chest and Bicep
Stretch
Lifting Hand/wrist N/A 1. Finger Flexor Stretch
small 2. Finger Extensor Stretch
cylinders Lower Brachio radialis 1. Finger Flexor Stretch
arm/Elbow
Shoulder/Upper Reach: Biceps brachii, 1. Upper Arm Shoulder
Arm posterior deltoid, trapezius, Stretch
rhomboids, brachialis 2. Parallel Arm Shoulder
Lift: Triceps brachii, anterior Stretch
deltoid 3. Chest and Bicep Stretch
Back Reach: Latimus dorsi, teres 1. Parallel Arm Shoulder
major, rhomboids, trapezius Stretch
Lift: n/a 2. Chest and Bicep Stretch
3. Upper Arm Shoulder
Stretch
12 O. Morejon et al.

Fig. 5. The final version of the reminder card designed for the stretching regimen.

4 Discussion

The purpose of this study was to use ERA, along with injury log analysis, as basis for
design of a worker muscle stretching program towards reduction of potential risk of
workplace injuries. It was expected that the injury log for the delivery drivers would
reveal the back to be one of the most injured areas for drivers. Bovenzi et al. [17] said
awkward seated posture in truck driving and secondary MMH activities, are critical
components in a multifactorial origin of back pain for drivers. The gas delivery
company injury dataset for the 2-year period was partly in-line with this prior inves-
tigation. Arm and shoulder injuries were also expected to be frequent as it has been
shown that frequent, heavy lifting in truck drivers is positively correlated with neck and
shoulder pain [18]. The data on actual worker injuries revealed arm and shoulder
impacts to be only second to hand and wrist injuries. Overexertion injuries, as recorded
by the company supervisors, implied damage to muscles responsible for generating
force during physical activities. Furthermore, due to the associations between driver
work task activities and shoulder and back injuries, as identified in the literature, it was
 Ergonomic Risk Assessment 13

inferred that any stretching program should target those muscles involved in movement
of the specific segments. In addition, the literature also provided a basis for the
expectation that an exercise or stretching program, in advance of strenuous MMH task
performance, could be an appropriate tool for further reducing the potential for
overexertion injuries in the gas cylinder delivery operations.
With respect to the stretching program design, certain exercises were not included
due to work environment restrictions. The stretching protocol was designed to be
performed by drivers at client sites in advance of delivery operations. For this reason,
stretches involving sitting or lying on the ground (a paved surface, in most cases) were
excluded from the protocol, including some stretches for the low back. Given the
autonomous nature of delivery driver activity, there was a need to provide written and
visual instructions on a reminder card to ensure proper stretch performance. Pilot study
confirmed exercise instructions were clear and would lead to drivers performing the
proper stretch when working alone on deliveries.

5 Conclusion

Observations were made on gas delivery operations (ride-alongs) in order to identify

the most taxing tasks on a driver’s body and an ERA was applied to these tasks by
multiple analysts and revealed at-risk body segments, including: wrists, arms, shoul-
ders, and back. This information was used to further identify target muscle groups for
stretching in preparation for delivery operation performance. The project culminated in
the development of a focused stretching regimen and a corresponding reminder card
towards reducing injury rates and severity among delivery drivers.
One limitation of the study is that the ERA was generally intended for constant,
repetitive motion analysis, such as factory work. Gas delivery company driver work
shifts typically consist of long drives followed by short bursts of repetitive work. As
such, the motion analysis ratings were averaged over a typical 15-min delivery period
rather than an 8-h work day, which may have increased motion ratings. In addition, the
design of the stretching program card was intended for implementation before each
delivery; however, the current regimen was found to be time consuming and additional
study should be conducted to determine an appropriate schedule at which to implement
the stretching card during a work shift.
Last but not least, although the benefits of stretching programs have been observed
by several studies [3, 19–21], there is currently limited information on how exactly
stretching can impact worker muscle physiology, exertion, fatigue and injury potential
in a work environment. Such research should also identify optimal methods for
implementing a workplace stretching program (e.g., training videos or pictorial rep-
resentations) to ensure that employees learn correct stretches to ensure maximum
benefits.
14 O. Morejon et al.

References
1. da Costa, B.R., Vieira, E.R.: Stretching to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a
systematic review. J. Rehabil. Med. 40(5), 321–328 (2008)
2. Gartley, R.M., Prosser, J.L.: Stretching to prevent musculoskeletal injuries: an approach to
workplace wellness. AAOHN J. 59(6) (2011)
3. Smith, K.: Evaluation of a stretching program to increase worker flexibility. AAOHN J. 61
(8) (2013). https://doi.org/10.3928/21650799-20130726-30
4. Kellett, K.M., Kellett, D.A., Nordholm, L.A.: Effects of an exercise program on sick leave
due to back pain. Phys. Ther. 71(4), 283–291 (1991)
5. Zebis, M.K., Andersen, L.L., Pedersen, M.T., Mortensen, P., Andersen, C.H., Pedersen, M.
M., Sjøgaard, G.: Implementation of neck/shoulder exercises for pain relief among industrial
workers: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 12(1), 205 (2011)
6. Muyor, J.M., López-Miñarro, P.A., Casimiro, A.J.: Effect of stretching program in an
industrial workplace on hamstring flexibility and sagittal spinal posture of adult women
workers: a randomized controlled trial. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 25(3), 161–169
(2012)
7. Liberty Mutual: Workplace safety index. From Research to Reality (2008). www.mhi.org/
downloads/industrygroups/ease/technicalpapers/Liberty-Mutual-2008-Safety-index-most-
disabling-injuries.pdf
8. Borg, G., Ottoson, D.: The perception of exertion in physical work. In: Wennergren Center
International Symposium Series (1986)
9. Borg, G.: Psychophysical scaling with applications in physical work and the perception of
exertion. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 16, 55–58 (1990)
10. Borg, G.: Borg’s Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales. Human Kinetics, Champaign (1998)
11. McAtamney, L., Corlett, E.N.: RULA: a survey method for the investigation of work-related
upper limb disorders. Appl. Ergon. 24(2), 91–99 (1993)
12. Steven Moore, J., Garg, A.: The strain index: a proposed method to analyze jobs for risk of
distal upper extremity disorders. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 56(5), 443–458 (1995)
13. Rogers, M., Kaber, D.B., Taylor, K.: Identifying and evaluating risk factors for
musculoskeletal disorders in equine veterinary work. In: Proceedings of the 2012 Applied
Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. Taylor & Francis CRC Press, Boca Raton
(2012)
14. Swangnetr, M., Namkorn, P., Phimphasak, C., Saenlee, K., Kaber, D., Buranruk, O., et al.:
Ergonomic analysis of rice field plowing. In: 4th International Conference on Applied
Human Factors and Ergonomics, San Francisco, CA (2012)
15. Kisner, C., Colby, L.A.: Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques. F.A. Davis,
Philadelphia (2007)
16. Schneiders, A.G., Zusman, M., Singer, K.P.: Exercise therapy compliance in acute low back
pain patients. Man. Ther. 3(3), 147–152 (1998)
17. Bovenzi, M., Rui, F., Negro, C., D’Agostin, F., Angotzi, G., Bianchi, S., Rondina, L.: An
epidemiological study of low back pain in professional drivers. J. Sound Vib. 298(3), 514–
539 (2006)
18. Magnusson, M.L., Pope, M.H., Wilder, D.G., Areskoug, B.: Are occupational drivers at an
increased risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders. Spine J. 21(6), 710–717 (1996)
19. Goldenhar, L.M., Stafford, P.: If you’ve seen one construction worksite stretch and flex
program… you’ve seen one construction worksite stretch and flex program. J. Saf. Res. 55,
73–79 (2015)
 Ergonomic Risk Assessment 15

20. Elberson, K.L., Daniels, K.K., Miller, P.M.: Structured and nonstructured exercise in a
corporate wellness program. A comparison of physiological outcomes. Outcomes Manag.
Nurs. Pract. 5(2), 82–86 (2000)
21. Bernacki, E.J., Baun, W.B.: The relationship of job performance to exercise adherence in a
corporate fitness program. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 26(7), 529–531 (1984)
 Evaluating Training for Manual Handling
in the Workplace

Maud Gonella1(&), Denys Denis1, Marie Comeau1,

and Martin Lauzier2,3
1
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST),
505, Boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, QC H3A 3C2, Canada
{maud.gonella,denys.denis,marie.comeau}@irsst.qc.ca
2
Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), 283, Boulevard Alexandre-Taché,
C.P. 1250, Succursale Hull, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada
martin.lauzier@uqo.ca
3
Institut du Savoir Montfort, 713, Chemin Montréal,
Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada

Abstract. This paper describes ergonomic interventions in MMH as well as the

challenges and difficulties faced by practitioners.
After four days of training, 13 practitioners were evaluated during 13 inter-
ventions in MMH. The methodology was based on multiple case studies using
different data collection tools: 1. Observations of training activities; 2. Log-
books; 3. Semi-directed interviews.
The trainer-practitioners (TP) faced challenges such as the variety of contexts
and MMH tasks. They needed to adapt both the content and training methods to
show apprentices how to deal with diverse situations. Training time was short
(less than half a day (10/13)), as were the sections devoted to motor skills (less
than 50% of the session). Alternative training methods were set up that were
based on workers’ know-how, that were adapted to workplaces, and that went
beyond stereotypical or generic training. However, the trainers were limited in
their actions due to the small amount of leeway they were provided regarding
the availability of workers, group size, and the ability to make changes.

Keywords: Participatory training
Handling principles

Musculoskeletal disorders
Manual material handling
Ergonomic intervention

1 Introduction

1.1 Manual Material Handling Risks

The risks involved in manual material handling (MMH) have been known for many
years and multiple studies have indicated the positive association between MMH
activities and back injuries [1–3]. In the Province of Quebec, numerous workers have
reported musculoskeletal pain (72.3%, EQCOTESST; [4, 5]). Workers with the specific
job title of “manual handlers” - who numbered 35,460 in 2011 in Canada (Statistics
Canada) - reported that their work is one of the first causes of musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs) for the majority of them (55%).

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019

R. H. M. Goossens (Ed.): AHFE 2018, AISC 792, pp. 16–26, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94000-7_2
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
facoltà di espropriare che a condizioni tali da far sicuri dell’utilità di sì
estrema misura.»
Quando un ammalato invoca ad alta voce che gli si amputi un
membro, deve essere gravemente infermo; e quando un paese
domanda coll’autorità d’uno dei suoi primi patriotti l’espropriazione
forzata, deve essere gravemente, profondamente malato.
Io credo che lo sviluppo concorde dell’istruzione, dell’industria e del
commercio sanerà l’agricoltura senza bisogno di ricorrere
all’espropriazione forzata, rimedio che forse non oserebbero
applicare quelli stessi che lo consigliano.
Quand’io vedo per esempio un proprietario a Lanusey così povero
che a seminare uno starello di frumento ha bisogno di chiederne in
prestito due, e mentre affida l’uno alla terra, cambia l’altro in pane
per tenersi vivo fino alla messe; mi domando a che possa servire
questa omeopatica proprietà che non basta a salvare la dignità
dacchè non vale a difenderlo dalla fame: ma quando poi io penso al
nobile e santo amore del sardo per la sua terra, mi domando ancora,
se la scienza non possa trasformare questa forza vergine e
potentissima in ricchezza nazionale.
I sardi liberi del regno italiano, allorchè sono tentati di spegnere la
loro energia in queruli lamenti contro il Governo, rammentino la
Spagna e il suo feudalismo, prima origine del fatale frazionamento
delle terre.
A Villa Sor, fra campi fecondi di biade e boschi di mandorli e vigneti
e siepi di cacti che sembrano foreste, trovate un villaggio modesto,
ma lieto di una serena agiatezza. L’unico convento è divenuto una
scuola, e l’ultimo francescano rimane in una cella deserta, quasi
fuggendo dal contatto della scuola che lo ha ucciso. Fra le vigne e il
villaggio però erge il capo con tristo cipiglio un vecchio palazzo
baronale, turrito, pesante, grigio, irto di inferriate, cupo; un mucchio
di fango divenuto prigione, un sogno spaventoso di ventricolo obeso.
In quel castello trovate ancora molte e grosse catene di ferro
destinate ai sardi d’un tempo, e nel muro anelli di ferro che si
aprivano per stringere il collo ai più ribelli fra i sardi d’un tempo. Ecco
la Sardegna spagnuola. Il convento divenuto scuola: ecco la
Sardegna italiana. Il campo e la chiesa divenuti scuole anch’essi;
ecco la Sardegna dell’avvenire.
Lo Stabilimento agricolo del Deputato Costa presso Alghero; lo
Stabilimento Vittorio Emmanuele son crepuscoli di un’agricoltura
nuova; ma la luce del sole non si è veduta ancora.
La Sardegna ha nei suoi monti granatici una particolare istituzione di
credito agricolo. «Questi monti sono sorti in ciascun Comune per le
iniziative dei vescovi e riordinati da un ministro intelligente, col ricavo
del lavoro per parte di tutti gli agricoltori di un Comune su di un
terreno pure comunale (roadie), il di cui prodotto venne applicato a
costituire il capitale di queste banche locali, capitale che ora si crede
ascenda ad oltre i due milioni nella sola Provincia di Cagliari. Queste
piccole banche prestan agli agricoltori il grano occorrente per la
semente e tenue somme di denaro ad un medio tasso d’interesse
non inferiore al 3 per % e non superiore al 6 [15].
Questa istituzione antichissima e di forme quasi patriarcali è
minacciata seriamente in questo nostro secolo così maniaco di
forzati accentramenti e di prepotenti unificazioni; mentre invece a
salvarla basterebbe darle vesti più moderne e indirizzo più sicuro;
rinvigorirla colle idee moderne dell’economia politica.
È certo che in Sardegna s’aggrava sulla terra con inumano peso
l’usura. Il proprietario, pur di non vendere la terra avita, prende
denaro al 20, al 30, al cento per cento e ravvolto nelle spire fatali del
debito rimane soffocato dalla valanga degli interessi accumulati. Le
terre demaniali e le comunali e le altre che appartengono ad enti
morali sono fra le maggiori piaghe dell’agricoltura sarda. Son essi
che danno il pascolo al pastore rapace ed assassino, che
corrompono l’amministrazione del Comune, che devastano le selve;
son masnadieri che all’oscuro e coll’impunità dell’anonimo
assassinano il paese. Siamo sicuri che una provvida legge restituirà
all’agricoltore e agli individui quello che ora è deserto o preda di
anonimi ladri.
A difendere i campi dai ladri fin da remoti tempi si istituirono in
Sardegna le compagnie barraccellari.
»Le compagnie barraccellari, società di vigilanza e di assicurazione
ad un tempo sorsero e si mantennero per necessità di tempi ed
insipienza di governo noncurante od impotente a rendere in
compenso delle imposte il principale servigio per cui si pagano;
quello di preservare dagli altrui attentati il tranquillo godimento degli
averi e l’integrità delle persone.
Le antiche leggi avevano ordinato questa instituzione a guisa che il
servizio ne fosse obbligatorio per tutti i cittadini; innovazioni però
effettuate sotto il regime liberale tolsero questo vincolo.
Da ciò nacquero gli inconvenienti che oggi si lamentano, per cui non
sempre nè dovunque i migliori cittadini entrarono a formare le
Compagnie; da ciò l’instanza di quasi tutti i Comuni per ricondurle
all’antico, solo introducendovi alcune riforme [16].»
I barraccelli di Nuoro esigono dai proprietarii una tassa del cinque
per cento sui prodotti agricoli e a questo patto li assicurano; ma essi
stessi son ladri. In alcuni altri paesi essi pagano un’indennità di
cinquanta lire per ogni vacca rubata; e siccome queste valgono
molto di più, convien spesso ai barraccelli il diventar ladri.
Una volta tutti i barraccelli stavan raccolti nella piazza d’un paesetto
della Sardegna; quando si venne a riferire ad essi che un campo era
stato depredato. Uno di essi allora sorse a dire: Ma chi può mai aver
rubato, se siamo qui tutti?
Quest’aneddoto può esser storia e può esser favola; ma nella storia
o nella favola il buon senso popolare ha formulato il suo giudizio; e i
barraccelli voglion esser disfatti per esser trasformati in altri uomini,
in altra cosa con altro nome. È istituzione da medio evo, che ebbe le
sue glorie e la sua missione in altri tempi; ed ora rimane fuori di
luogo come grottesca rovina del passato.
Parecchi fra quelli che studiarono le condizioni attuali della Sardegna
credettero di pronunciare una sentenza piena di politica sapienza,
affermando che tutti i mali dell’isola derivano dalla sua scarsa
popolazione. Questi signori però scambiano il capo colla coda; e
tanto varrebbe dire che il deserto di Sahara è terra sterile e infelice,
perchè non ha alberi. In Sardegna, vi dicono, non si possono
fondare nuove industrie, non si può coltivare bene la terra, non si
può raggiungere le altre provincie italiane nella via della civiltà,
perchè mancano le braccia; e se questo ragionamento fosse logico,
nascerebbe spontaneo il consiglio che a redimerla dall’inerzia, ad
arricchirla basterebbe mandarvi greggi umani che la popolassero.
Son queste parodie economiche, lamenti di malato irrequieto che sa
di non sentirsi bene, ma che ignora l’organo che patisce; son volgari
chiacchiere che sembrano sentenze, perchè hanno una simmetria;
frasi che sembran pensieri, perchè hanno un verbo e un soggetto.
Sarebbe tempo di finirla con questi sofismi che adoperati come
raziocini, conducono ad imprese pericolose, a rimedj peggiori che il
male.
La Sardegna è spopolata, perchè è inferma; perchè è un organismo
sterile e malato che non produce pane bastante per i suoi poveri,
perchè non dà esca d’entusiasmo alle menti elette, non fascino di
attiva ricchezza alle menti volgari. Per produrre più uomini che non
abbia, la Sardegna deve inanzi tutto sanare il grembo in cui gli
uomini nascono, deve guarire dalla malaria; deve col lavoro assiduo
e gagliardo strappare le erbe parassite che l’ingombrano e prima
d’ogni altro il pastore nomade e il nobile ozioso. I pochi abitanti della
Sardegna che amano la loro terra nativa devono lavorare pei molti
abitanti che mancano; e dei pochi i pochissimi che studiano e amano
in una volta sola, devono lavorare, lavorare, lavorare; sicchè il lavoro
generi la ricchezza e la ricchezza generi gli uomini. Non si lamenti la
Sardegna di aver pochi uomini: tutte le terre furon spopolate un
tempo e i pochi generarono sempre i molti, i pochissimi salvarono
sempre i moltissimi. Che i pochi sieno gli eletti e le braccia
sorgeranno a cento, a mille a domandar loro dove si debba solcar la
terra, dove si debbano rizzare edifizi, come si debbano alleare le
forze della natura con quelle dell’uomo. Gli eletti, che son sempre
pochi dovunque, hanno in Sardegna più che altrove un compito
difficile, una missione santa, eroica, quella di salvare il loro paese.
Non s’accontentino di unire il loro lamento al coro del volgo che
aspetta sempre il bene e il male dal suo pastore, ma si mettano
inanzi a tutti e suscitino con robusta parola la santa crociata del
lavoro. La Sardegna ha in sè il germe di una ricchezza senza
confine, ha vene straricche di metalli, ha un suolo ferace di biade e
coste portuose e acque ricche di pesci; ha i tesori della terra e del
mare; ma dov’è il minatore che scavi questi tesori, dov’è il gioielliere
che lavori queste gemme? Io spero che minatore e gioielliere si
trovino celati nel popolo sardo, e sorgeranno dalla nuova
generazione cresciuta alla brezza vivificante della libertà, educata
alla religione del lavoro e della nobile ambizione dell’andare avanti.
Io non credo all’onnipotenza delle colonie portate in Sardegna
d’oltremare; non credo ai miracoli che può fare gente povera
raccogliticcia, messa insieme, spesso da speculatori ignoranti e
avidi. La Sardegna può bastare a sè stessa, purchè il voglia; deve
salvare sè stessa purchè a sè stessa il comandi.
Questa è la missione dei Sardi che amano la loro terra: agli italiani
delle altre provincie tocca poi il circondare quell’isola bella e infelice
del loro caldo affetto; al Parlamento, al Governo tocca aprire più
larga vena che faccia la sorella lontana membro vivo e caldo
dell’organismo italiano. Si mandi in Sardegna una buona semente,
che il caldo cielo e la terra feconda ci restituiranno con usura una
lieta messe di spighe.
 NOTA
SUL PORCHETTO DEI SARDI

I sardi leggeranno con qualche interesse questa nota sulla porchetta

delle Romagne, sorella al loro porcheddu, e che è tolta da un libro
piuttosto raro che devo alla squisita cortesia del mio egregio amico
Dott. Domenico Bilancioni di Rimini, e che porta il titolo:
Porcus Trojanus o sia la Porchetta. Cicalata ne le nozze di Messer
Carlo Ridolfi Veronese con Madonna Rosa Spina, Riminese. Altra
Edizione.
È niente meno che un volume di 134 pagine, con 224 note; pieno di
pellegrina erudizione e di saporitissimo spirito.
La Porchetta, nota agli antichi Romani sotto il nome di Porcus
Trojanus, altro non è che un porco intiero sbudellato, o come
vogliam dire sventrato, riempito di pepe, aromati, aglio, sale,
finocchio fresco e poscia cotto intiero nel forno. Non v’è giorno di
festa o di mercato, che non si venda a libbre così saporosa vivanda,
la quale usasi la state, non già perchè nell’inverno non sia
ugualmente buona, e forse migliore, ma perchè dovendosi vendere
al minuto, si raffredderebbe troppo. Per grandi conviti può farsi in
qualunque stagione.

Nell’Umbria, e nella Marca ogni mattino,

Che sia festivo in mezzo della piazza
Havvi di cotti arrosti un magazzino,

Per cui la povertà non poco sguazza

Senza far di pignatta in la giornata
 E in tre o quattr’ore il magazzin si spazza [17].

Cotto in porchetta s’intende nella Romagna il porco intiero cotto nel

forno. Così chiamano cotto in porchetta i polli, ed altri animali intieri
cotti nel forno.
Porchetta, o come dicono i Toscani, porcella viene dal latino
porcella, significante picciola porca o da porcetra parimente latino
significante porca unipara e questa era riputata la migliore, presso gli
antichi Romani per cuocersi in porchetta, che in tal caso chiamavasi
porcus trojanus, come ne fanno ampia fede Macrobio, Pompeo
Festo e come può vedersi in altri autori.
I Romani erano innamorati del porco e Giovenale osò chiamarlo
divino:

....... voveasque sacellis

Exta: et candidula divini thomacula porci.

Tra le prose fiorentine vedi nella Cicalata IV, dove la porchetta ò

chiamata porco deliziosissimo. Difatti chi non esclamerà al solo
vedere la porchetta col Dott. Chimentelli. Che Nepentisi! che
panacea! che pancresti! che giulebbi o manuscritti perlati!
Le porcilie piaculari, tanto usate nei sacrifizi, non erano che una
porchetta un poco più tenera, la quale sventrata ed offerte le viscere
agli Dei, extis porrectis, cuocevasi per colezione o merenda di quei
non storditi sacerdoti.... I fratelli Arvali, che pure erano persone nobili
e delicate, ed erano dodici soltanto, e non sempre tutti intervenivano
al sacro epulo, in una giornata di maggio ogni anno immolavano in
un loro Luco, fuori di Roma, due porcelle piaculatorie, e purgavano
in tal guisa il sacro bosco. Verso il mezzogiorno, deposta la protesta,
così per colezioncina, per un semplice asciolvere, per un jentacolo,
che più tardi facevasi l’epulo grande, mangiavansi le due grassoccie
porcellette in porchetta, ed il sangue delle medesime fritto. E l’autore
anonimo di quest’opera arguta, che era canonico e dotto
bibliotecario di Rimini, aggiunge, «Il sangue delle altre vittime lo
spargevan bene colla Patena sull’Ara, ma questo della porcella se lo
friggevano gloriosamente.»
Arnobio ci assicura di questi sacrifizi con quelle parole. — Quæ est
enim causa, requiram, ut eadem rursus, ut ille Tauris Deus, hædis
alius honoretur, aut ovibus? Hic lactantibus porculis, alter intonsis
agnis, hic virginibus buculis, capris ille cornutis, hic sterilibus vaccis,
at ille incientibus scrofulis? Hic albentibus, ille tetris, alter feminei
generis, alter vero animantibus masculinis? etc.
È certo che oltre i sagrifizi porcini da noi altrove mentovati, usavansi
anche dopo parto felice. Plaut. Rud. A. 4. Sc. 6.; e per ottenere buon
raccolto. Verris obliquum meditantis ictum Sanguine donem. Hor. L.
3. Od. 23.; ma più comunemente nelle alleanze, come si disse, e
come può vedersi in Varr. R. R. 2. 4., Liv. I. 9., e IX, 5., Virg. Æn. 12.
v. 170, Homer. Illiad. 19. ecc. Anche a’ dì nostri, ci assicura la
Bibliotheque Universelle di Ginevra (Juillet 1817. p. 261.) i naturali
dell’Isola di Vahoo sagrificano il porco al loro Dio, e lo mangiano. Lo
stesso si fa nell’Isola Tonga del Mar Pacifico da que’ selvaggi per usi
sacri, e nelle nozze, facendosi la porchetta, che poi si distribuisce al
popolo (Bibl. Un. Dec. 1817. p. 361.) A proposito però del mangiare,
di cui parla Marziale nella seguente nota, è da osservarsi, che il
porcello di un mese è buono a mangiarsi, e che con uno di questi
quel buon arnese di Nerone, per mezzo di una certa femmina
chiamata Locusta, avvelenò il di lui fratello Britannico, come narra
Svetonio.
Ateneo ci racconta che in alcuni luoghi sacrificavasi con porcelli di
latte; ma più bella la schicchera Porfirio il quale racconta che
Pittagora, e Pittagora era uomo di senno, non sacrificava mai altri
animali che porchette tenerissime. Oh andatevi a fidare di chi dice
che Pittagora non mangiava il porco! se le sacrificava le avrà anche
mangiate, perchè i sacrifizi, come sapete, vogliono essere mangiati.
Non mangiava bensì altre carni, ma quella del porcello (cioè la
porchetta) gustavala. Aul. Gell. Noct. Att. 4. 11. Che diremo dunque
di que’ Pittagorici che odiano il Porco? Ser Magiro mio, non vi fidate
di lasciare la vostra porchetta in luogo solitario, ove potesse
penetrare qualche Pittagorico. Lasciereste le pere in guardia all’orso:
e la porchetta andar potrebbe in visibilio. Del resto le Porcilie
piaculari, o espiatorie si immolavano ad Aram, laddove la Vacca
onoraria immolavasi ad Foculum. Alcuni credono che per Ara
s’intendesse l’altare del tempio, e per Foculum l’altare domestico.
Altri credono che le Are fossero le are avanti ai lari nelle case, ed il
Foculo fosse il fuoco istesso che ardeva nelle dimestiche abitazioni
in onore dei medesimi e che di qui ne sia nato il proverbio Dimicare
pro aris et focis.
Gli antichi stimavano impura ai sacrifizi la porcella che non avesse
compiti i cinque giorni, e Coruncano non voleva che fosse pura
finchè non era divenuta bidente, come ci assicura Plinio (L. 7. c.
51.). Varrone (de R. R. l. 2. c. 4.) dice che vi vogliono dieci giorni
perchè sia pura. Per me credo che pura e buona presso questi
signori fosse sinonimo. Comunque sia, a noi poco importa di tutto
ciò. Dunque, punto.
Catone poi insegna la formula colla quale invocavansi gli Dei, o le
Dee in simili congiunture dicendo: O Dio, o Dea, cui è sacro questo
bosco, ti prego con questo espiatorio Porco, ecc.: E nel Carme
lustrico dice, Priusquam Porcum foeminam immolabis, Jano struem
commoveto sic; Jane Pater te hac strue bonas preces precor, uti sis
volens propitius mihi, liberisque meis, domo, familiaeque meae. Poi
si offriva il vino. Qui poi la parola strues è sinonima di Libum. Vedasi
Festo, e la Cornucopia del Perotti. Vedansi parimenti i medesimi
sulla Porca, secondo i tempi in cui sacrificavasi, ora detta Porca
praecidaria o praecidanea, ora succedanea. Eravi poi l’uso
d’immolare piuttosto vittime maschie agli Dei maschi, e vittime
femmine alle Dee femmine, e lo stesso usavasi col Porco, ma non
sempre questo rito era osservato con rigore. I Porci destinati al
sacrifizio appellavansi Porci Sacres, o Sacrivi. Vedi Varrone de R.
R., e Plauto Menaechm. A. 2 Sc. II.
I Porci del Medio Evo erano anche regaglie, o exenia, che dai Coloni
dovevansi ai Padroni. Vedete la lettera 64 del lib. X. di S. Greg. M.,
ed i Papiri di Monsig. Marini, note al Papiro 34 pag. 234, e note al
Papiro 133. Etelstano Re d’Inghilterra dava buoni prosciutti agli
affamati (ex Tom. I. Concil. Britan. Concil. Grateleanum), e ne fece
una legge nell’anno 928. Queste erano regaglie, o canoni più belli ed
utili assai che non furono nel Medio Evo, e nei bassi tempi i Canoni
trium quartorum Polastris, fogatias duas, duo brachia candelarum,
unam bonam quartam vacce, unam spallam carnium, unum turdum,
medietatem quarte partis unius turdi, unam bonam tortocraeam,
quatrinos tres, tria petia ficorum, duos tertios medii Caponis pinguis,
fumum Caponis cocti, medie once cere nove, unam unctiam piperis,
unam bonam casciatam, ficas restas tres, turta munda, unum par
caponorum grassorum, ed altri simili, o del canone di quattro reste di
fichi, o dodici porri, che vedonsi nel Codice Bavaro edizione di
Monaco del 1810 pag. 72, o dell’ala di Cappone che una famiglia
pagava in Piemonte a non so qual luogo, come seco lui
confabulando, mi assicurò il celebre Ab. Denina; o di un piatto di
neve pagato altrove, come può vedersi nel libro Les ruines de Port-
Royal des Champes. Vedasi anche il Muratori, Dissertazione XXXVI
sopra le Antichità Italiane.
Anche ai tempi dei Romani si esigevano Porci dai possessori da
distribuirsi ai Soldati, come può vedersi in Cassiodoro lib. XII. ep.
14., e dalla L. 2. del Codice Teodosiano de erogat. milit. an. Davasi
anche ai Tribuni ed altri militari strutto, lardo, ecc. Ad Aureliano,
prima che fosse Imperatore, mentre era Tribuno, Valeriano assegnò
porcellum dimidium. Mengotti Commerc. de’ Romani. Anche le
contribuzioni pagavansi dal Popolo in generi e porcina.
L’uso delle porcellette di latte o bimestri come piacevano ad Orazio,
si è conservato ancora oggidì nel Lazio e nella Sabina. Ai tempi di
Roma per banchetti e nozze adoperavansi le porche le più tenere e
saporose per farle in porchetta all’uso nostro e riuscire così, al dire
del buon Varrone, il boccone più buono che gli Iddii abbiano
concesso per banchettare. Quanto all’età doveva passare i sei mesi
e quasi toccare l’anno. Osservavasi quando la porca cominciava dal
dorso al capo avere le setole divise, nel qual caso chiamavansi porci
biseti, o delici e talora anche verri, ed in questo caso erano stimati
eccellenti alla grand’opera. Per avere poi la carne di dette porche
saporosa, le ingrassavano, e chiamavanle poscia così ingrassate
eximii porci.
Vi ricorderete quando Automedonte nel libro IX dell’Iliade d’Omero,
allorchè Achille ricevè gli ambasciatori del Campo Acheo, si mise a
fare un abbondante cucina, e tra le altre cose, come traduce il Monti:

.... il pingue saporoso tergo

Di saginato porco

e poco dopo:

A rosolar sul fuoco i saginati

Lombi suini....

Marco Apicio aveva inventato un modo particolare di ingrassamento.

Costui prendeva la porca femmina e dopo due giorni d’inedia
castravala, poscia cominciava l’ingrassamento che durava quaranta
giorni e questo lo faceva con fichi secchi. Finalmente quando era
ben grassa, dava alla vittima una gran bevanda di acqua melata, e
così la faceva morire subitamente di ripienezza.
Il canonico Luigi Nardi dà per l’etimologia del Porcus Troianus:
Avevano ben ragione di chiamarlo con tale nome; poichè siccome il
Cavallo Trojano, che pure fu inventato da un cuoco greco di nome
Epeo, era gravido d’armi e d’armati, così le loro porchette avevan
l’anima di eccellentissimi ingredienti composti, che formavano un
assai buono e badiale ripieno. Ecco perchè le chiamavano Porcus
Troianus.
Nel Porcus Troianus vi mettevano per entro, i Romani, oltre il pepe,
gli aromati, sali e le altre cose di rubrica, dei tordi, beccafichi arrostiti,
rossi d’uova, salsiccia, vulve abbocconate o trinciate, e qualche volta
dei crostacei, o a dir meglio dei frutti marini come ostriche, pettini e
simili. Udito Macrobio: turdi assi, ficedule, vitelli ovorum, et ostrea, et
petinis, lucanica, vulvae concisae, ecc. Le vulvae concisae però,
cavate dalle porcelle stesse erano il miglior boccone e di cui facevasi
dai Romani la più squisita e ghiotta pietanza, che avessero, ed il
descrivere la quale troppo lungo sarebbe, rimettendo gli amatori
dell’antichità a Plinio, a Marziale, a Macrobio ed altri, contentandomi
di accennare la stima che ne facevano i due celebri poeti Orazio e
Giovenale. Il primo così si esprime:

Nil milius turdo, nil vulva dulcius ampla.

Ed il secondo:

Qui meminit calidae sapiat quid vulva culinae.

Non solo i Romani, ma anche gli Etruschi, gli antichissimi Greci

ebbero l’uso di immolar le porchette nelle nozze, assicurandoci
Varrone che la porca uccidevasi non solo nella alleanza de’ Regi, ma
eziandio dai Magnati di Etruria in principio dello loro nozze, nelle
quali moglie e marito immolavano la porca; dagli antichissimi popoli
del Lazio prima dei Romani; e Varrone ne rende le doppie ragioni. La
prima perchè dovevasi la Porca immolare nelle alleanze, e lo
sposalizio è l’alleanza legittima e perpetua di un maschio con una
femmina, definizione che Baldo istesso non saprebbe migliorare; la
seconda per la ragione mistica di sua fecondità. Auguravasi così alla
sposa che fosse feconda; ed immolavasi come animale alla Cipria
Dea assai devoto: Mactatabur Porca non modo quia omnium
animalium maxime in Venerem prona est, sed etiam ut nupta in
suscipiendis liberis foecunda esset ut scropha, quæ olim inventa est
sub ilicibus, la quale fece tanti figli in una volta, come dice Virgilio:

........... Ingens inventa sub ilicibus Sus

Triginta capitum foetus enixa.

I Romani pertanto come gli Argivi ed i Re, e potenti dell’Etruria, nelle

nozze a Venere dea della voluttà la porca sacrificavano, come altri la
sacrificavano alla sorocchia di Giove, cioè a Giunone Iugale, nel
cingere la Zona alle nuove spose, per significare l’amore coniugale
ove fu anche appellata la porchetta Sacrificium Nuptiale ed io
scommetterei (dice sempre il dotto canonico) un pescennio nigro che
l’uso di chiamare oggidì le Nozze il giorno, in cui si mangian le
primizie del porco frescamente ucciso, deriva da questi sacrifizi
nuziali antichi, indispensabili a tutti gli sposalizii. Se poi questa
porchetta fosse la famosa nuziale pietanza detta Nuptialis o
Nuptialicus, su cui si son rotte lo teste tanti antiquari, a me non
appartiene il definirlo, benchè inclini a crederlo.
«Fastosi andar dobbiamo noi, che nei nostri paesi (dice il canonico
riminese) conservata abbiamo un eroica vivanda, che altrove
comunemente non usasi e che nulla ha di comune coll’antica
napoletana porchetta o con quella della soppressa famosissima
bolognese birrichinaglia [18], ma che è totalmente antica, totalmente
nobile, totalmente nostra propria....»
Fu Enea il primo che ai Lari sagrificò la scrofa coi figli, al dire di
Dionigi di Alicarnasso presso il Grenovio T. vii. col. 165. Furono
anche detti perciò Lares Grundiles. Orazio (III. 23):

Si thure placaris, et horna

Fruge Lares, avidaque Porca

E altrove

Immolet æquis
Hic Porca Laribus.

E Tibullo (Lib. 1. Eleg. 4.):

At nobis aerata, Lares, depellite tela,

Hostia erit e plena mystica Porcus ara.

Così nelle Feste Compitali, che ai Lari erano sacre gli antichissimi
Romani descritti da Properzio (lib. 4. eleg. 1) sagrificavano il porco

Parva saginati lustrabant Compita Porci.

Immolavasi anche nei notissimi sagrifizi Suovetaurilia così detti,

come indica il nome stesso, perchè sagrificavasi prima il porco, poi
la pecora, infine il toro. Le famose Tavole Eugubine anch’esse
ricordano sagrifizi porcini.

Tra i canoni pagati all’Episcopio di Rimini, incontrasi nel XIV secolo

quello singolare ed unico del Compito di un porchetto. Vedasi il
Fantuzzi, Monum. Ravenn. Tom. VI. anno 1376 ed il codice di Leale
Malatesta. Anche Rimini città vicina al Compito nel XV secolo
cooperò molto per la restaurazione delle Porchette. Negli antichi
Statuti Riminesi del 1464. Rubrica CXLV del Libro 2 (Vedi il Fantuzzi
loc. cit. ed il ch. Battaglini. Memorie storiche di Rimini, parte 2. pag.
140) leggesi «In Festo» .... annuatim curratur bravium octo
brachiorum scharlecti qui detur primo venienti, et una Porchetta
quæ detur secundo venienti et unus Gallus cum uno marsupio novo
ad collum dicti Galli cum una libra piperis qui detur ultimo venienti.
Quod bravium dictis Porchetta et Gallo debeant stare in capite fori,
etc.
È singolare anche il porco che pagavasi nel secolo X da un fondo
confinante col Rubicone come vedesi in una carta dell’anno 952 nel
Fantuzzi. Mon. Rav. T. 1. pag. 132.

FINE.
 INDICE

Una parola al lettore Pag. 7

CAPITOLO I.

La Sardegna vuol essere amata. — Le città

della Sardegna. — Cagliari. — I
giardinetti e un pazzo di San Bartolomeo.
— Sassari e una lezione di storia. — Le
grandi e le piccole borgate della
Sardegna. — I villaggi e gli stazzi 13

CAPITOLO II.

La natura In Sardegna. — I boschi d’aranci

di Millis. — Lande e foreste. — Fauna. —
Gli uomini della Sardegna. — Etnografia
sarda e tipi più salienti. — Le donne
sarde. — Mancanza del proletario. —
Carattere e costume dei Sardi. —
Aneddoti di vendette e d’amori. — Foggie
di vestire. — Ospitalità splendidissima dei
Sardi. — Pranzi e gastronomia 59

CAPITOLO III.

I proverbi sardi. — Classificazione e 118

statistica dei proverbi. — Le superstizioni
studiate nel proverbio. — Virtù, vizi ed usi
ricercati per questa via. — L’agricoltura,
 la medicina popolare e la meteorologia
dei proverbi. — Corsa attraverso i
proverbi morali, filosofici e satirici

CAPITOLO IV.

La poesia popolare In Sardegna. — La

giunta municipale di Bortigadas. — Gli
Improvvisatori e le loro lotte poetiche. —
Poesie amorose. — Poeti sacri, antichi e
moderni. — I misteri. — Poeti epici ed
elegie. — Satire festevoli ed amare. —
Poesie bernesche. — Poesie sardolatine
dell’abate Madao 154

CAPITOLO V.

Le malattie della Sardegna. — La malaria e

l’inerzia. — Drenaggio ed educazione. —
L’Arcadia esiste anche in Sardegna e più
che mai. — Agricoltura e vini. — Monti
granatici e barraccelli. — Scarsa
popolazione dell’Isola. — Chi debba
salvare la Sardegna 190

Nota sul porchetto dei Sardi 221

 NOTE:

1. Ho mutato alcune circostanze del fatto, volendo rimaner scrittore e non

diventare accusatore; e amando meglio ritrarre un tipo del vero che una
fotografia.

2. Itinerario dell’Isola di Sardegna del Conte Alberto Della-Marmora,

tradotto e compendiato con note dal Canonico Giovanni Spano. Cagliari
1868.

3. Itinerario dell’Isola di Sardegna del conte Alberto Della-Marmora,

tradotto e compendiato con note dal Canon. Giovanni Spano. Cagliari
1868, pag. 401.

4. Mantegazza. Rio dela Plata e Tenerife. Milano 1867 pagina 676.

5. Lamarmora e Spano, Itinerario dell’Isola di Sardegna. Cagliari 1868,

pag. 111.

6. Heinrich Freiherr von Maltzan. Reise auf der Insel Sardinien.

Leipsig, 1869. pag. 164.

7. His quondam (τὸ παλαιον) irati Barbaris Vandali, exiguam eorum

manum cum uxoribus ablegaverunt in Sardiniam, ibique clausos
continebant. Progrediente tempore (χρόνου προϊοντου) elapsi illi, vicinos
Carali monte occuparunt: unde viciniam occultis latrociniis infestarunt
initio. Denique cum ad 3000 excrevissent, renuntiarunt latebris, ita ut
aperte circumiectis in locis omnibus grassarentur, dicti ab indigenis
Barbaricini. Hos contra Mauros Salomon hac hieme classem paravit.
De bello vand., II, 13.

8. Il culto dei Sardi per la barba è espresso nel proverbio: homine de paga
barba, homine de paga proe; uomo di poca barba uomo di poco valore.

9. È fatto costante questo che là dove il terreno è più fertile, dove un

immegliamento nella coltura sarebbe più possibile e proficuo, ivi il
terreno è frazionato in parti infinitesimali. Migliaia di appezzamenti non
rappresentano che la estensione di poche are. La smania del
 frazionamento è giunta a tal punto che in alcuni comuni poche are di
terreno, ove sorgono due piante appartengono a tre distinti proprietari:
uno, cioè, possiede il suolo, ed altri due una pianta ciascuno; altrove in
una estensione ristrettissima di terreno vignato sonovi quattro o cinque
proprietari, ciascuno dei quali non possiede che pochi ceppi di vite. Sulle
condizioni della Sardegna. Osservazioni e Proposte del Comitato
Popolare di Cagliari alla Commissione Parlamentare d’inchiesta pag. 6.

10. Noi non abbiamo voluto rubare il mestiere ai filologi, ma cogliere

soltanto nelle poesie popolari sarde una parte dello spirito dei nostri
isolani, e perciò non siamo entrati in questioni di lingua. Convien però
ricordare che la Sardegna ha tre dialetti principali; il meridionale parlato
in Cagliari, Iglesias, Tortoli, Oristano, da quanti insomma vivono da
Spartivento al Belvi; il centrale parlato in Logudoro (e detto quindi
loguderese) da Gennargentu fino al Limbara; e il settentrionale che è
parlato dai Sardi di Sassari e di Gallura. Vedi Giovanni Spano,
Vocabolario Sardo-Italiano, Cagliari 1851.

11. Avere il panno vale avere il premio, vincere; ed è preso dai Berberi che
danno ai cavalli vincitori nella corsa un pezzo di broccato o di panno.

12. Pietro Cherchi, il Demodoco sardo, come mi scrive quell’adorabile uomo

che è il Canonico Spano, era un prodigio di memoria. Sagrestano,
serviva la messa, suonava le campane; conosceva tutti per nome;
distingueva al tatto le monete ed anche i colori. Poeta, componeva e
improvvisava nella sua città versi che spezzavano il cuore.

13. Tommaso Pischedda. Canti popolari dei classici poeti sardi tradotti ed
illustrati. Sassari, 1854, pag. 183.

14. Cheirasco. Sulle condizioni igieniche della Sardegna. Cagliari 1865. —

Efisio Massa e Giovanni Masnata. Memoria sull’intemperia di
Sardegna, presentata al signor Governatore della Provincia di Cagliari,
ecc.

15. Sulle condizioni della Sardegna. Osservazioni e proposte del Comitato

popolare di Cagliari alla Commissione Parlamentare d’inchiesta, pag. 9

16. Op. citata pag. 16.

17. Tigrinto Bistonio. Elogi del porco, Canto 11.

18. È nota la porchetta che al 24 agosto dai magistrati bolognesi

distribuivasi alla ciurmaglia bolognese, appellata birichinaglia, e gli
individui della medesima birichini. La porchetta bolognese ebbe origine
da un fatto accaduto in Faenza nel 1281. Tigrinto Bistonio, parlando
della porchetta bolognese e della birichinaglia, dice italianamente:
Ciurmaglia berettina in quantità.