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Contents

Contents
Present Simple (I speak)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
Present Continuous (I am speaking)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 4
Present Perfect Simple (I have spoken)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5
Present Perfect Continuous (I have been speaking)�������������������������������������������� 6
Past Simple (I spoke)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
Past Continuous (I was speaking)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Past Perfect Simple (I had spoken)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Past Perfect Continuous (I had been speaking)�������������������������������������������������������10
Future Simple (I will speak) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11
Future Continuous (I will be speaking) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������12
Future Perfect Simple (I will have spoken)���������������������������������������������������������������������13
Future Perfect Continuous (I will have been speaking)���������������������������������14

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Present Simple (I speak)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

John works as a teacher in a primary school. Every day, he gets up at 6 AM and drinks a cup of coffee.
He leaves his house at 7:30 AM and arrives at school by 8 AM. During the day, he teaches various
subjects and helps students with their problems. After school, he goes to the gym and then returns
home. He usually has dinner with his family and watches TV before going to bed.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I speak I do not speak Do I speak?

You You speak You do not speak Do you speak?

FORM

He/She/It He speaks He does not speak Does he speak?

We We speak We do not speak Do we speak?

You (plural) You speak You do not speak Do you speak?

They They speak They do not speak Do they speak?

1. Habitual Actions: Actions that happen regularly.

Example: “I speak English every day.”
2. General Truths: Facts that are always true.
Example: “The sun rises in the East.”
USE

3. Scheduled Events: Future events that are scheduled.

Example: “The train leaves at 9 PM.”
4. Permanent Situations: Situations that are generally true for a long time.
Example: “He lives in New York.”

• Third Person Singular: Remember to add an “s” or “es” to the base verb for he, she, and it.
• Use “do/does” for Questions and Negatives: In negative sentences and questions, use “do” or
TIPS AND
TRICKS

“does” (do for I, you, we, they; does for he, she, it).
• Adverbs of Frequency: Use adverbs like always, usually, often, sometimes, and never to indicate
frequency. For example, “He always speaks clearly.”
• Be Consistent: Ensure subject-verb agreement. For instance, “She speaks” (correct) vs. “She
speak” (incorrect).

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Present Continuous (I am speaking)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

Anna is preparing for an important presentation at work. Right now, she is sitting at her desk and is
typing her notes on her laptop. Her colleague, Mark, is helping her by reviewing the slides. They are
discussing the key points that need emphasis. Meanwhile, Anna’s boss is checking the meeting room
arrangements. Anna is feeling confident because everything is going as planned.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I am speaking I am not speaking Am I speaking?

You You are speaking You are not speaking Are you speaking?
FORM

He/She/It He is speaking He is not speaking Is he speaking?

We We are speaking We are not speaking Are we speaking?

You (plural) You are speaking You are not speaking Are you speaking

They They are speaking They are not speaking Are they speaking?

1. Actions happening now: Actions occurring at the moment of speaking.

Example: “I am speaking to you right now.”
2. Temporary situations: Situations that are true for a short period.
Example: “She is staying with her friends for a week.”
USE

3. Future arrangements: Plans or arrangements for the near future.

Example: “They are meeting us at 6 PM.”
4. Repetitive actions: Actions that happen repeatedly over a period of time, often with “always”
or “constantly”.
Example: “He is always complaining about something.”
TIPS AND TRICKS

• Use “am/is/are” + verb-ing: Form the tense with the appropriate form of “to be” (am, is, are) and
the -ing form of the verb.
• State Verbs: Be cautious with state verbs (e.g., know, believe, love) as they are rarely used in
continuous forms.
• Signal Words: Look for signal words like now, right now, at the moment, currently to help identify
the tense.
• Future Use: Use the present continuous for definite future plans, often with a time expression (e.g.,
tomorrow, next week).

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Present Perfect Simple (I have spoken)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

Maria has finished her homework and has decided to go for a walk. She has lived in this neighborhood
for ten years, and she has met many interesting people. On her walk, she has encountered a friend she
has not seen for a long time. They have talked about their recent activities and have planned to meet
again soon. Maria has realized how much she enjoys these spontaneous meetings.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken?

You You have spoken You have not spoken Have you spoken?
FORM

He/She/It He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken?

We We have spoken We have not spoken Have we spoken?

You (plural) You have spoken You have not spoken Have you spoken?

They They have spoken They have not spoken Have they spoken?

1. Unspecified Time Before Now: Actions that happened at some point in the past, with no specific
time mentioned.
Example: “I have visited Paris.”
2. Experience: Actions or events that someone has experienced at least once.
Example: “She has tried sushi.”
USE

3. Change Over Time: Situations that have changed over a period of time.
Example: “He has become more confident.”
4. Achievements: Accomplishments that occurred in the past but are relevant in the present.
Example: “They have completed the project.”
5. Multiple Actions at Different Times: Several actions that happened at different times.
Example: “We have visited the museum several times.”

• Use “have/has” + past participle: Form the tense with the appropriate form of “have” (have, has)
and the past participle of the verb.
TIPS AND
TRICKS

• Signal Words: Look for signal words like already, yet, just, ever, never, and recently.
• Connection to Present: Remember that the present perfect links past actions or events to the
present moment.
• Avoid Specific Times: Do not use specific time expressions (e.g., yesterday, last year) with the
present perfect. Instead, use it for actions without a definite time frame.

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Present Perfect Continuous
(I have been speaking)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

Tom has been working on his garden all morning. He has been planting new flowers and has been
trimming the hedges. His neighbor, Susan, has been watching him from her window and has been
admiring his dedication. They have been living next to each other for five years, and Susan has always
been impressed by Tom’s gardening skills. Today, they have been planning to have a barbecue together
to celebrate their friendship.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I have been speaking I have not been speaking Have I been speaking?

You You have been speaking You have not been speaking Have you been speaking?
FORM

He/She/It He has been speaking He has not been speaking Has he been speaking?

We We have been speaking We have not been speaking Have we been speaking?

You (plural) You have been speaking You have not been speaking Have you been speaking?

They They have been speaking They have not been speaking Have they been speaking?

1. Actions Continuing Up to Now: Actions that started in the past and are still continuing.
Example: “I have been speaking to him for an hour.”
2. Recent Actions with Present Relevance: Actions that have recently stopped but have a
USE

present relevance.
Example: “She is tired because she has been running.”
3. Temporary Actions: Temporary actions that might not be finished.
Example: “They have been staying at a hotel during the renovation.”

• Use “have/has been” + verb-ing: Form the tense with “have/has been” and the -ing form of
the verb.
TIPS AND
TRICKS

• Signal Words: Look for signal words like for, since, all morning/day/week, and lately.
• Focus on Duration: Emphasize the duration or the activity itself rather than the result.
• Avoid Non-Continuous Verbs: Be cautious with state verbs (e.g., know, love, belong) as they are
rarely used in continuous forms.

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Past Simple (I spoke)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

Yesterday, Sarah visited the local museum. She saw many fascinating exhibits and learned a lot about
the history of her city. While she walked through the galleries, she met an old friend from school. They
talked about their favorite exhibits and shared memories from their school days. After the museum,
they went to a nearby café and had lunch together. It was a delightful day full of unexpected surprises.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I spoke I did not speak Did I speak?

You You spoke You did not speak Did you speak?
FORM

He/She/It He spoke He did not speak Did he speak?

We We spoke We did not speak Did we speak?

You (plural) You spoke You did not speak Did you speak?

They They spoke They did not speak Did they speak?

1. Completed Actions in the Past: Actions that were completed at a specific time in the past.
Example: “I spoke to him yesterday.”
2. Series of Completed Actions: A sequence of actions that happened one after the other.
Example: “She got up, brushed her teeth, and left the house.”
USE

3. Duration in the Past: Actions that happened over a period of time in the past.
Example: “They lived in France for ten years.”
4. Habits in the Past: Regular actions or habits in the past.
Example: “He often played football when he was a child.”
TIPS AND TRICKS

• Regular vs. Irregular Verbs: Learn the difference between regular verbs (adding -ed) and irregular
verbs (changing form, e.g., go - went).
• Use “did” for Questions and Negatives: Form questions and negatives with “did” (did for
questions, did not/didn’t for negatives).
• Time Expressions: Use specific time expressions like yesterday, last week, in 2010 to indicate
the past.
• Practice Irregular Verbs: Focus on memorizing common irregular verbs, as they do not follow the
regular -ed ending pattern.

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Past Continuous (I was speaking)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

Last evening, John was reading a book in his living room. His wife, Emily, was cooking dinner in the
kitchen. Their children were playing in the backyard. Suddenly, the phone rang. It was John’s colleague,
who was calling to discuss a project they were working on. While John was talking on the phone, Emily
was setting the table for dinner. It was a typical evening in their household.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I was speaking I was not speaking Was I speaking?

You You were speaking You were not speaking Were you speaking?
FORM

He/She/It He was speaking He was not speaking Was he speaking?

We We were speaking We were not speaking Were we speaking?

You (plural) You were speaking You were not speaking Were you speaking?

They They were speaking They were not speaking Were they speaking?

1. Interrupted Actions: Actions that were in progress when another action occurred.
Example: “I was speaking when he interrupted me.”
2. Specific Time in the Past: Actions that were happening at a particular moment in the past.
Example: “At 8 PM, I was watching TV.”
USE

3. Parallel Actions: Actions happening at the same time in the past.

Example: “She was cooking while he was reading.”
4. Background Actions: Actions that set the scene for another action.
Example: “The sun was setting as they walked along the beach.”

• Use “was/were” + verb-ing: Form the tense with “was” or “were” and the -ing form of the verb.
TIPS AND

• Signal Words: Look for signal words like while, when, as, at that time to help identify the tense.
TRICKS

• Combine with Past Simple: Often used with the past simple to show an interrupted action (e.g., “I
was reading when he called”).
• Avoid State Verbs: Be cautious with state verbs (e.g., know, like, belong) as they are rarely used in
continuous forms.

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Past Perfect Simple (I had spoken)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

By the time Lisa arrived at the party, most of the guests had left. She felt disappointed because she
had hoped to see her old friends. Earlier in the day, Lisa had spent hours preparing for the event. She
had baked a cake and had wrapped gifts. Unfortunately, her car broke down, and by the time it was
fixed, the party had already ended. Lisa wished she had left her house earlier.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I had spoken I had not spoken Had I spoken?

You You had spoken You had not spoken Had you spoken?
FORM

He/She/It He had spoken He had not spoken Had he spoken?

We We had spoken We had not spoken Had we spoken?

You (plural) You had spoken You had not spoken Had you spoken?

They They had spoken They had not spoken Had they spoken?

1. Completed Actions Before Another Action: Actions that were completed before another
past action.
Example: “I had finished my homework before I went out.”
2. Experience Before Another Point in the Past: Indicating an experience or state up to a specific
past time.
USE

Example: “She had never seen such a beautiful sunset before she moved to the coast.”
3. Cause of Past Situations: Explaining the cause of a situation or state in the past.
Example: “They were tired because they had worked all day.”

• Use “had” + past participle: Form the tense with “had” and the past participle of the verb.
• Sequence of Events: Clearly establish the sequence of events, indicating which action
TIPS AND
TRICKS

happened first.
• Signal Words: Look for signal words like already, before, after, just, when to help identify the tense.
• Combine with Past Simple: Often used with the past simple to show which action was completed
first (e.g., “I had eaten before he arrived”).

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Past Perfect Continuous
(I had been speaking)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

Mark had been waiting for the bus for over an hour before it finally arrived. He had been feeling
frustrated because he had been planning to meet his friends at the park. They had been organizing
a surprise picnic for a long time, and Mark had been looking forward to it. When he got to the park,
his friends had already been waiting for him, and they had been wondering if he would ever show up.
Despite the delay, they had a great time together.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I had been speaking I had not been speaking Had I been speaking?

You You had been speaking You had not been speaking Had you been speaking?
FORM

He/She/It He had been speaking He had not been speaking Had he been speaking?

We We had been speaking We had not been speaking Had we been speaking?

You (plural) You had been speaking You had not been speaking Had you been speaking?

They They had been speaking They had not been speaking Had they been speaking?

1. Actions Continuing Up to a Specific Time in the Past: Actions that were ongoing up to a certain
point in the past.
Example: “I had been speaking for an hour before he arrived.”
2. Cause of a Past Situation: Explaining the cause of a situation or state in the past.
Example: “She was tired because she had been running.”
USE

3. Duration of a Past Action: Emphasizing the duration of an action that was happening before
another past action.
Example: “They had been traveling for two days when they found out the news.”

• Use “had been” + verb-ing: Form the tense with “had been” and the -ing form of the verb.
TIPS AND
TRICKS

• Focus on Duration and Continuity: Emphasize the ongoing nature and duration of past actions.
• Signal Words: Look for signal words like for, since, all day, all morning to help identify the tense.
• Combine with Past Simple: Often used with the past simple to show the ongoing action and its
interruption (e.g., “I had been reading when the phone rang”).

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Future Simple (I will speak)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

Jane will visit her grandparents next weekend. She will travel by train to their countryside home. Her
grandparents will prepare a big lunch for her arrival. Jane will bring them some homemade cookies
and will share stories about her recent adventures. They will spend the afternoon talking and will go
for a walk in the garden. Jane is excited and knows they will have a wonderful time together.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I will speak I will not speak Will I speak?

You You will speak You will not speak Will you speak?
FORM

He/She/It He will speak He will not speak Will he speak?

We We will speak We will not speak Will we speak?

You (plural) You will speak You will not speak Will you speak?

They They will speak They will not speak Will they speak?

1. Decisions Made at the Moment of Speaking: Spontaneous decisions made at the moment of
speaking. Example: “I will call you back in a minute.”
2. Predictions: Statements about what someone thinks will happen in the future.
Example: “It will rain tomorrow.”
3. Promises: Statements about something that someone promises to do.
USE

Example: “I will help you with your homework.”

4. Offers: Offering to do something.
Example: “I will carry that for you.”
5. Future Facts: Statements about future facts or certainties.
Example: “The sun will rise at 6 AM.”

• Use “will” + base verb: Form the tense with “will” followed by the base form of the verb.
• Signal Words: Look for signal words like tomorrow, next week, in the future to help identify
TIPS AND
TRICKS

the tense.
• First Person Promises and Offers: Often used with “I” or “we” for promises and offers (e.g., “I will
help,” “We will see”).
• Negative Form: Use “will not” or the contraction “won’t” for negatives (e.g., “I will not go,” “I
won’t go”).

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Future Continuous (I will be speaking)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

Next Friday, Mike will be flying to New York for a business trip. While he will be traveling, his colleagues
will be preparing for the big meeting. During the flight, Mike will be reviewing his presentation and
will be making final adjustments. By the time he lands, his assistant will be waiting for him at the
airport. They will be heading straight to the hotel, where they will be staying for the next three days.
Mike knows he will be working hard, but he will be enjoying the experience as well.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I will be speaking I will not be speaking Will I be speaking?

You You will be speaking You will not be speaking Will you be speaking?
FORM

He/She/It He will be speaking He will not be speaking Will he be speaking?

We We will be speaking We will not be speaking Will we be speaking?

You (plural) You will be speaking You will not be speaking Will you be speaking?

They They will be speaking They will not be speaking Will they be speaking?

1. Actions in Progress at a Specific Time in the Future: Actions that will be happening at a particular
moment in the future.
Example: “I will be speaking at the conference at 10 AM tomorrow.”
USE

2. Parallel Actions in the Future: Actions happening at the same time in the future.
Example: “She will be studying while her brother will be playing outside.”
3. Future Plans or Arrangements: Actions planned or arranged for the future.
Example: “They will be meeting us at the restaurant at 7 PM.”

• Use “will be” + verb-ing: Form the tense with “will be” and the -ing form of the verb.
• Focus on Future Actions in Progress: Emphasize actions that will be ongoing at a specific
TIPS AND
TRICKS

future time.
• Signal Words: Look for signal words like at this time next week, tomorrow at 5 PM to help identify
the tense.
• Combine with Other Future Actions: Often used to show what will be happening when another
future action occurs (e.g., “I will be watching TV when you arrive”).

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Future Perfect Simple (I will have spoken)
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

By next month, Susan will have completed her major project at work. She will have finished all the
reports and will have presented her findings to the board. Susan will have worked tirelessly for
months to meet the deadline. Her team will have supported her throughout the process. When the
project is done, Susan will have achieved a significant milestone in her career. She will have earned a
well-deserved vacation and will have planned a trip to celebrate her success.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I will have spoken I will not have spoken Will I have spoken?

You You will have spoken You will not have spoken Will you have spoken?
FORM

He/She/It He will have spoken He will not have spoken Will he have spoken?

We We will have spoken We will not have spoken Will we have spoken?

You (plural) You will have spoken You will not have spoken Will you have spoken?

They They will have spoken They will not have spoken Will they have spoken?

1. Completed Actions Before a Specific Time in the Future: Actions that will be finished before a
certain future time.
Example: “I will have finished my work by 5 PM.”
2. Duration Before a Specific Time in the Future: Actions that continue for a period of time before a
USE

specific future moment.

Example: “By next year, they will have lived here for a decade.”
3. Accomplishments: Achievements that will be completed by a certain future time.
Example: “She will have written three books by the end of this year.”

• Use “will have” + past participle: Form the tense with “will have” and the past participle of
TIPS AND

the verb.
TRICKS

• Focus on Completion: Emphasize actions that will be completed before a future time.
• Signal Words: Look for signal words like by, by the time, before to help identify the tense.
• Combine with Future Time References: Often used with expressions of future time to specify
when the action will be completed (e.g., “By tomorrow,” “By next week”).

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Future Perfect Continuous
(I will have been speaking)
By the end of this year, Jessica
will have been working at
her company for ten years.
She will have been leading
REAL LIFE CONTEXT

the marketing team for the

past five years, and she will
have been implementing
innovative strategies to boost
sales. Her consistent efforts
will have been paying off, as
the company will have been
experiencing steady growth.
During this time, Jessica will
have been mentoring new
employees and will have been
developing her leadership
skills. She is proud of her achievements and looks forward to more successes.

Subject Positive Negative Question

I I will have been speaking I will not have been speaking Will I have been speaking?

You will have been You will not have been

You Will you have been speaking?
speaking speaking
FORM

He will have been

He/She/It He will not have been speaking Will he have been speaking?
speaking

We will have been We will not have been

We Will we have been speaking?
speaking speaking

You will have been You will not have been

You (plural) Will you have been speaking?
speaking speaking

They will have been They will not have been

They Will they have been speaking?
speaking speaking

1. Duration of an Action Before a Specific Time in the Future: Actions that will be ongoing for a
period of time before a future point.
Example: “By next month, I will have been studying for three years.”
2. Cause of a Future Situation: Explaining the cause of a future situation due to the duration of
USE

an action.
Example: “He will be tired because he will have been working all day.”
3. Emphasizing the Duration of Future Actions: Stressing the length of time an action will have been
happening by a future point.
Example: “They will have been traveling for hours by the time they reach their destination.”

• Use “will have been” + verb-ing: Form the tense with “will have been” and the -ing form of the verb.
TIPS AND

• Focus on Duration and Continuity: Emphasize the ongoing nature and duration of actions up to a
TRICKS

future point.
• Signal Words: Look for signal words like for, by, by the time to help identify the tense.
• Combine with Other Future Actions: Often used to show the ongoing action leading up to another
future event (e.g., “By the time you arrive, I will have been cooking for an hour”).

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