Pakistan’s foreign policy: an initial prospective and challenges

Abstract
Pakistan is a state like other states of the world. When it came out from the British net the initial
stages were very tough for it. It was considered that it will rejoin India. But the administration of
that time took sincere initiatives to manage the affairs gradually. Cold war started at that time
between the Communist and Capitalist blocks. Newly established states joined one of them.
Pakistan was also one of them. Its foreign policy principles, rules and regulations are highlighted
in this paper. All these steps are discussed below gradually with the help of primary and
secondary sources. It is concluded that Pakistan had no choice to join the capitalist block
because of its financial position that forced it to take such decisions as compared to India.But
security and sovereignty were never compromised in every era and at every stage.

Introduction
Foreign policy is one of the wheel with which the system of international politics works. It is
part of national policy. It comprises of national concerns that are to be facilitated in relations to
other states other states. All the states decide the line of their foreign policies inside the
breaking points of their qualities and the actualities of the international environment
(Modelski, 1962)
Foreign Policy guides a state in satisfying its national concerns and securing lawful place
along with comity of homeland states. So, it would be remarked that foreign policy would live
as long as independent states work in international circle (Modelski, 1962)
Scholarly definitions likewise assume an important role in this study. The word, foreign
policy has been characterized in number of ways. One runs over assortment of definitions of
foreign policy offered by various researchers. Researchers differ on definitions of foreign policy;
on the other hand, they are sure that it is concerned with manners of a state towards other
states.
 Some are being included as under. According to George Modelski 1962 Foreign policy is the
system of activities evolved by communities for changing the behavior of other states and for
adjusting their own activities to the international environment (Modelski, 1962).
Hugh Gibson writes Foreign policy as a well rounded, comprehensive plan, based on
knowledge and experience, for conducting the business of government with the rest of the
world. It is aimed at promoting and protecting the interests of the nation. This call for a clear
understanding of what, whose interests are and how far we can help to go with the means at
our disposal. Anything less than this falls short of being a national foreign policy (Gibson, 1944)
In the words of Frankel Joseph Foreign Policy consists of decisions and actions, which involves
to some appreciable extent relations between one state and others (Frankel, 1963).
Foreign policy is the key element in the process by which a state translates its broadly
conceived goals and interests into concrete course of action to attain these objectives and
preserve interest (Padelford & Lincoln, 1962). This is the policy that manages how a country will
act concerning other countries politically, socially, financially and militarily (Amer, 2009).
In perspective of such assortment of Definitions, we can concluded that hub of foreign
policy comprises of accomplishing the nationwide purposes through the accessible National
means by interfacing with other states (Gross, 1954).
National Interests and Foreign Policy
Interest is the enormous idea in foreign policy. These are the aspirations of the state, which are
to be accomplished through foreign policy. The policy makers are represented by their
individual national interests. National interests are the governing factors which emerge large in
diplomatic conferences, bilateral or multilateral. The achievement and disappointment of all
these conferences rely on the national interests included. Theory of national interests has a
pivotal position in developing relations among states. Every state considers her national
interests as premiers (Azam, 1986).
Lord Palmerston was too right to say that friendship or enmity is never permanent in
foreign policy, it is the national interest that is permanent and it was the prime duty of the
states to follow them (Banta, 1951). Each country's foreign policy is country's national interest
and furthermore relations between the countries build for her owned national interest. At her
independence Pakistan's security concerns and financial improvements were core issues of
national interests while the US had to her national interest the protection against communism.
Such model of national interests of both Pakistan and the US brought about the partnerships
between the two countries.
Pakistan's Foreign Policy and Indian Factor
The blue print of Pakistan's foreign policy was outlined by the father of the nation, Quaid-e-
Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in Feb, 1948, when he said:
Our foreign policy is one of friendliness and goodwill to-wards all the nations of the world. We
do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the principal of
honesty and fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our
utmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world.
Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the
oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world and in upholding the principles of the United
Nations charter (Afzal, 1966).
India's stubborn antagonism to the creation of Pakistan, Pakistan developed a fear
composite of India. This feeling of anxiety compelled the policy makers in Pakistan to find the
support of a big power to counterpoise the Indian threat (Afzal, 1966). Actually India hated the
emergence of Pakistan and had a wish to undo it at its earliest stage. Birth of Pakistan was
noticed as the main obstacle in the achievement of the Hindu dream of starting Ram Raj in the
Akhand Bharart. Hindus started propagating that Pakistan will not sustain for long time and will
crumple earlier or later and at last will become to be a part of mother India (Azad, 1959).
It was not just desires of the Indian leadership but they did their best to destroy the
sovereignty of Pakistan. For the achievement of this goal in 1948, India occupied Kashmir; in
1965 she enforced a war on Pakistan on the concern of Run of Kutch and after that
dishonored international bounder foremost to a whole war; and in 1971, sent its armed forces
to help secessionists in East Pakistan leading to its partition from Pakistan.
Objectives and Determinants of Pakistan's Foreign Policy
The concept of objective, which is essentially an image of a future state of affairs and future set
of conditions that governments through individual policy makers aspire to bring about by
welding influence abroad and by changing or sustaining the behavior of other states (Snyder,
et.al, 1962). All the objectives of foreign policy are to be explained by one single word, that
word is undoubtedly the National Interest, but this word is too ambiguous to lead us to any
clear understanding. Paul Seabury opined that the national interest can indicate such ideal
objectives which the states pursue through their foreign policy or it can simply be the
interpretation of the policy makers or its meaning may be different to different individual and
groups (Seabruy,1963).
According to Lord Parmesan:
In the International Relations, There is no any permanent friend and enemy but the preference
is given only to the national interest any state form its foreign policy on the base of National
Security and Interest. Are the elements which generate and determines the foreign policy and
its direction.
The main objectives and determinants of the Pakistan's foreign policy are discussed as under: -
National Security
The main objective and determinant of foreign policy of Pakistan is its national security or
independence. Pakistan was a new born state, and there was a need to make plantings for its
security. So Pakistan formulated its foreign policy on the basis of national security. It gave due
importance to the national security, establishing external relationships with other countries.
Pakistan respects the national integrity and the political independence of other countries, and
expects from others the same (Yousaf, & Tabassum, 2003). The main preoccupation of Pakistan
from the very beginning has been to ensure its security from India (Mehmood, 1987). Pakistan
has to spend more on defense as compared to others. Defense against India had has been a
major concern of Pakistan. Since the very beginning of creation of Pakistan, India adopted
hostile policies against Pakistan and started occupying the princely states one after the others.
Resultantly, this trend created a fear in Pakistan that India would take advantage of her
weakness. Indian aggressive designs in Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagadh had created security
threats for newly independent state. Pakistan had to look for friends to boost her defense and
economy and also to enhance her diplomatic pressure. Leadership of Pakistan preferred USA
for military and economic aid for security concerns of Pakistan (Salahuddin, 2005). The
direction of the foreign policy of Pakistan was founded on the quest of her security and defense
and USA was considered as a more favorable and favorite country for this task. US also required
a friend in the region against USSR. Hence Indian factor became major determinant to establish
Pak-U.S relations (Pasha, 1990).
Financial Factor
At her very birth, economically and financially, Pakistan was a weak country. Hostility of Indian
National Congress to Pakistan had destroyed any basis of cooperation between India and
Pakistan. Efforts were made by the Indian government to strangulate Pakistan by the disputes
of cash balances, defense stores, and Kashmir and canal water. The Hindu leadership reckoned
with the idea of partition in the hope that Pakistan was not economically viable and by their
antagonistic policies they tried to hasten Pakistan's collapse (Ahmad, 1989). Pakistan needs to
establish close ties with those states with whom she could obtain economic benefits (Yousaf, &
Tabassum, 2003)
Ideological Factor
Pakistan is an ideological state and its foreign policy is based upon the ideology of Pakistan or
Islam. The foreign policy is meant to protect the ideology. The stability of Pakistan is also
dependent upon ideology. So it had has been one of the major determinants of Pakistan's
foreign policy to develop close relations with Muslim countries. The establishment of brotherly
relationship with Islamic countries and to raise voice for the promotion of solidarity of Islamic
brotherhood in regional and international forums is the cornerstone of Pakistan's foreign policy
(Kundi, 2003 October, 22). After independence, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and also
Premier Liaquat Ali Khan decisively believed and supported the basis of Islamic unity
(Mehmood, 1992). Pakistan had has considered Islam as significant in formulating her foreign
policy but it does not mean that Pakistan would adopt policy to be distant from states of the
world where the countries follow the ideology other than Islam. It is for this reason Pakistan
has developed close relations with China and USA as well.
Historical and Psychological Factor
Historical and Psychological factors, had has always impacts on Pakistan's foreign policy.
Pakistani nation had faced bitter experience in the history of subcontinent. The Hindus left no
stone unturned to curb and crush the political, economic, social and religious rights of Muslims
which paved the way towards the demand for partition of subcontinent of separate homeland
for Indian Muslims. The history of Pakistan India relations is a witness to the fact that India has
not reconciled to fact that Pakistan is a sovereign state (Salahuddin, 2005). Nehru belief the
matter of India-Pakistan relationship was complicated to deal with for the reason that it was an
emotional factor and in this result the sub-continent was divided between two states like India
and Pakistan (Burke, 1973). Pakistan had has always been facing the India's aggressive design
since her very birth and due to India's antagonistic attitude, Pakistan had to formulate her
foreign policy for developing relations with different countries, especially with big powers.
Principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy
Every country has to establish its foreign policy according to own ideological, historical,
political and geographical circumstances with objective or goals and also the ultimate and
which states want to achieve but its objectives could only be achieved with the help of some
basic methods or means which are termed as principles. For policy executioners of the states,
principles serve as a guide to reach the destination (Salahuddin, 2005).
Following are the guiding principles of Pakistan's foreign policy:
Unity of Islamic World
Being an ideological state, Pakistan has been adopting basic principle of her foreign policy to
develop cordial and friendly relations with Muslim countries. Pakistan is the supporter of the
unity of Islamic world, and is following the policy to establish good relations with Muslim
countries. Pakistan has always tried to solve the conflicts of Islamic world and played very
important role in Iran Iraq war, Palestine's and Afghanistan's liberation. Pakistan is an active
member of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) (Yousaf & Tabassum, 2003).
One of the important aim of Pakistan's foreign policy had been the creation of an Islamic
block of the Muslim cause, but Pakistan's initiatives to seek closer relations with Muslim
countries and her beliefs in the Islamic concept of unity and brotherhood could not be
appreciated enough in Muslim countries and which were beset by their own internal and
external problems. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah stressed the need of cooperation
among all the Muslim states and also appealed for unity. He stated in August 1948, that the
play of power politics now being theatrical in Palestine, Indonesia and Kashmir should give out
as eye - operator to us (Jalalzai, 2004).
Pakistan also led the Muslim countries in holding international conference on Muslim
cooperation on financial and political problems upsetting the Muslims countries which resulted
into settlements of amity with almost every Muslim country in the period of 1950-51
(Jalalzai,2004). Since her very independence Pakistan had has been following the principles of
close friendly relations with all Muslim countries including Afghanistan, having complex history
of relations as a neighbors as well as Muslim country.
Good Relations with Neighbors
No country could change her neighbors. Till 1971, Pakistan had a unique geographical location
having one thousand miles distance between East and West Pakistan. East Pakistan was
surrounded by India in three sides with only approach from the sea which could not be difficult
for India to control. This geographical factor caused heavy defense burden for Pakistan
(Mehmood, 2000). West Pakistan (now present Pakistan) is also surrounded by three big
powers, Russia, former USSR at the top, the people republic of China in the North-East and
India in the South and East. No other small country in the world has such dubious distinction
with three mighty neighbors. No doubt, such a kind of geographical location could be
considered as a source of weakness in physical term but could also be converted into a source
of strength by establishing normal and mutually acceptable relations with such neighboring
countries (Khan,1967).
Pakistan followed the principle that cordial and friendly relations among neighboring
countries have always been worthwhile for peace and prosperity of the region. But Pakistan
was not fortunate enough in her relation, especially, with two big neighbors. India had has
always been adopting hostile attitude towards Pakistan and also neighborly relations between
the USSR and Pakistan faced many ups and downs (Iqbal, 2004). Despite of all difficult
situations, Pakistan tried to adopt the policy to develop friendly relations with all neighboring
countries including India and also offered to solve all the issue including Kashmir (Ahmar, 2009).
Therefore, Pakistan had called India for consultations at every place, at every level and at every
time. Pakistan's joining of SEATO and CENTO resulted, tensed relations with the USSR, but
Pakistan had never been a party to any design against the Soviet Union and Pakistan's
membership of pacts was only for the sake of her security concerns. Hence Pakistan adopted
the principle to normalize her relations with China and the USSR (Khan, 1967).
Establishment of Peace
Pakistan wants establishment of peace throughout the world. Pakistan has also protested
against aggressive powers desires, and supported the oppressed nations for getting the peace.
Pakistan has repeatedly invited India to negotiate peace in South Asia but it has rejected every
move. From her very independence Pakistan had has been adopted the fundamental principles
of international law with a special reference to respect for independence, non-aggression and
non- interference in international affairs as an indispensible condition for peace and prosperity
it extended goodwill towards all states of the world and support for the legitimate causes of
people, close brotherly ties of friendship with Muslims nations and the desire for cooperation
with all the countries for the sake of peace, especially towards neighboring states.

Support to Right of Self-Determination:

Pakistan supports the right of self-determination of all the suppressed nations. Pakistan
believes that every nation must have the right of self-determination. Therefore, Pakistan has
supported the demand of abolishing the colonialism and every movement for the exercise of
the right of self-determination in Europe, Africa and Asia. Pakistan has played very important
role in the struggle of independence of Kashmir, Palestine, Bosnia, Namibia and Vietnam (Afzal,
1976) Peaceful Co-Existence
Pakistan believes in peaceful co-existence and respects the liberty, freedom and sovereignty
of other countries, and expects the same from others. Pakistan is always disinterested in the
internal affairs of others, and opposes imperialism and aggression of every type. In the light of
this grave principle Pakistan has been following the policy of live and let to live since
independence. It is due to this policy that Pakistan always desired normal relations with India
but unfortunately enough this desire remained unfulfilled.
Cooperation with the UNO
Collaboration with the UNO is most important ingredients of Pakistan's foreign course of action
and has always been following its charter whole-heartily. Hence, Pakistan had has upheld every
decision of the United Nations and even never hesitated to provide military assistance under
the guiding principle of the UNO. Since her membership of the United Nations, on Sep.
30, 1947, Pakistan has been demonstrating sense of duty regarding the charter of the UN, and
especially, for its struggle for establishing world peace. Moreover, Pakistan has been playing an
active role in different organs of the UN. She was obeying its decisions as during wars with India
on Kashmir issue, Pakistan always showed her respect for the decision of ceasefire, such
cooperation on the part of Pakistan in her highly trusting attitude towards the United Nations.
Indeed, even today Pakistani armed force and other authority are serving under UN to various
nations which help Pakistan to assemble its picture at the international level.
Independent and Neutral Policy
At her inception in 1947, Pakistan had adopted the policy of independence and neutrality and
followed the principle of non-alignment as the friendship to all and malice to none. Pakistan, in
her first few years of the existence tried to maintain independent and neutral policy in the own
going cold war during the early years and did not show alignment with any bloc, led by the US
or USSR. In the beginning, neutrally, Pakistan leadership desired to keep themselves, among
from the conflicts of begs of the world as the Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, even after three
days, when Pakistan became a sovereign state, stated that Pakistan would take no side in the
conflict of ideologies between the nations (Burke,). And some months later, Quaid-i-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the Governor General of Pakistan affirmed, our foreign policy is one of
friendliness and goodwill towards all the nations of the world (Afzal, 1976)
To sum up, Pakistan has been following the model of principles of foreign policy as respect
for territorial integrity, political independence and sovereignty of other countries. Pakistan
wants serene resolution of conflicts and improving her relationships with all countries of the
world.
Foreign Policy Making Process
In the formulation of foreign policy, the statesmen including all other policy makers play a
decisive role. As the final shape of foreign policy is the handiwork of these elites, the impact of
their views and personality is but natural. Policy makers define the situation not only in terms
of conditions abroad, but also in terms of what is feasible bureaucratically. They receive
information from various government agencies and the alternatives they consider are often
alternatives that have been drafted and debated by lower officials of various government
departments (Holsti, 1978). Foreign policy making factors are as under:

Administrative Troika
Administrative Troika comprises the President of Pakistan, the Prime Minister and Chief of
Army Staff. It plays very important role in formulating foreign policy. It can approve or
disapprove the foreign policy of Pakistan or can make any change in it. However, it is very
difficult to deviate from the previous foreign commitments made by Troika (Dawn, 2017,
August 24).
In Pakistan all two have important place in foreign policy making process. In the very early
years,Quiad-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan playedan important
responsibility in formulating the foreign policy of Pakistan. Their statements and decisions
reflected the policy on which Pakistan developed relations with different countries. They
considered the US as an important country which would help Pakistan for her economic and
security concerns. Statements of the Prime Minister are regarded as the decisions of the
government. They also lead the country in matters related to the foreign affairs for developing
friendship with other countries of the world. He represents his country at regional and
international level. Their personality and ideas have deep impacts on country's foreign policy
(Salahuddin, 2005).
A Prime Minister having strong and popular personality has powers to issue the direction
and guidance to other concerned like foreign ministers, ambassadors and officials of the
ministry of foreign affairs. It is on the advice of P.M that the President appoints ambassadors to
other countries. Authority always has a fundamental role to run the foreign policy making
process. Priorities and beliefs are always important for top level executive decision-makers.
Personality of decision maker influences foreign policy rather than policy maker's rationale role.
Hence the rationale is that the personalities of the head of states and government and foreign
ministers probably have more impact on the foreign policy behavior of their respective
governments.
In the light of aforementioned theory the personality of the strategic decision making
leadership of Pakistan from 1947-1972 has impacts on foreign policy making process. Quaid-i-
Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Khwaja Nizamuddin, Ghulam Muhammad,
Muhammad Ali Bugra, H.S. Shoharwardy, Ch-Muhammad Ali, Iskandar Mirza, Muhammad Ayub
Khan and Z.A Buhtto all set the directions of foreign policy of Pakistan. For the first four years of
independence (1947-51), Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Premier Liaquat Ali Khan
provided strong leadership in this regard.
From the very beginning due to the grave security threat from Indians had been the
foremost concern of Pakistan since independence. So the armed forces of Pakistan had has
always a major position in the formulation of foreign policy as well defense policy of the
country (Ahmar,). General Muhammad Ayub Khan as the C-in-C-played an important role to
develop close ties with the US, especially in defense pacts during 1950s. After becoming of C-in-
C in
January 1951, the invitation had been taken up for military pacts between Pakistan and the
US (Zaidi, 2014). Similarly, since 1979, on the invasion of USSR in Afghanistan and then the coup
of General Pervaiz Musharff after Kargil incidents, Chief of Armed Forces of Pakistan also
remained Presidents of Pakistan and they played major role in the formulation of foreign policy.
General Raheel Sharif also directed this process, especially on the issue of terrorism. At present
Chief of the armed forces, General Qamer Javaid Bajwa has an important position in this regard
as recently he has reacted against the policy of Donald Trump, the US President towards
Pakistan in the perspective of Afghanistan crisis and terrorism. He stated, Pakistan is fighting
terrorism in her own interest and not for the US money and equipment. And was not looking
for any material and financial assistance from the US but trust, understanding and
acknowledgment of Pakistan's contribution.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
The ministry can assume very significant part in formulating the foreign policy. It includes the
experts and specialists of foreign policy and the officials of high ranking. They get ready foreign
policy, keeping in see the fundamental goals and standards of the policy. They formulate the
policy, plans and programmers regards to the needs of foreign policy, and completely
coordinate with Troika for its preparation. As per new constitutional amendment, the Troika
has been supplanted by the National Security Council (Joseph, 1968). Ministry of foreign affairs
is headed by the foreign minister who coordinates the foreign policy matters with Prime
Minister. He issues country's foreign policy statements to the press media and defend the
activities of his ministry in the parliament conducts the country's external relations. His
qualities of leadership count a great deal in the success of foreign policy. In the ministry of
foreign affairs of Pakistan, the leadership of Muhammad Ali Bogra, Mr. Zulifqar Ali Bhutto and
Mr. Agha Shahi played an important role to conduct foreign relations of Pakistan (Salahuddin,
2005).
Intelligence Agencies
Pakistan's intelligence agencies also play very effective role in the formulation of foreign policy
by providing full information about the objectives of other countries foreign policies. Keeping in
view these in formations, Pakistan formulates its foreign policy (Holsti,).
Political Parties and Pressure Groups
The political parties and pressure groups have deep impacts on the formulation of foreign
policy. The political parties include the priorities of foreign policy in their manifestoes, and after
their success in the election, they force the government to change the priorities of foreign
policy according to the changing scenario in the light of their view points. Likewise the pressure
groups can also influence the foreign policy (Sampson, 1962). Political parties and pressure
groups play an important role in developing public opinion by expressing the will of the people
(Haq, 1955). In this way the foreign policy making process selects its direction.
Pakistan's decision to join western defense pacts was being considered in the vital interest
of the nation for security concerns. But it could not get public support and was criticized not
only by the leadership of left wing politicians but also by those who had moderate opinion in
domestic and international politics. In July 1956, when Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, the
West considered this decision, especially against economic interest, but in Pakistan public
opinion was immensely in favor of Egypt. On other side, Pakistan's official policy was with the
interests of the west (Salahuddin, 2005). In this way the foreign policy making process selects
its direction.
Role of Parliament
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs usually prepares the foreign policy according to the directions of
executive and puts it before the parliament for approval. After discussion and debate the
parliament gives approval to it or suggests some change in it (Sampson, 1962). Members of
parliaments belong to treasury benches or opposition may appreciate or criticized policies of
the government regarding foreign affairs. They may ask questions related to the conduct of
country's foreign policy as well as the performance of the ministry of foreign affairs. Statement
issued by the President, Prime Minister, or Foreign Ministers about the external affairs are
included in the debate of the parliament in which the honorable members can express their
feelings and also the opinion of the people (Sampson, 1962).
In the light of the importance of parliament, especially for foreign affairs, President General
Muhammad Ayub Khan convened a special session of the National Assembly, when the Sino-
Indian border issue had started in 1962 and briefed the members the impacts of this war on
Pakistan's security. Similarly National Assembly was taken into confidence, when Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto the then President of Pakistan left for New Delhi in 1972 to hold talks with Indian
Premier, Mrs. Indira Gandhi after the debacle of East Pakistan. Simla agreement signed by
Pakistan and India on July 3, 1972 was also ratified by the then National Assembly. This was the
first time that any government of Pakistan had extended request to National Assembly to ratify
the agreement. Besides this example joint session of the parliament has been convened for a
couple of time to discuss the Kashmir issue and other security related matters of Pakistan
(Sampson,).
Conclusion
Pakistan is one of the established policies of the world states to develop friendly relationship
among each other in the perspective of their national interests. This study shows that even in
the very early years of her independence, Pakistan had to face series of problems due to
Indian's antagonistic design against the newly established state of Pakistan which compelled
her for developing close relations with the US, especially, for the former's security and
economic concerns. On the other hand, the US was also looking for a friend in the region to
counter the spread of communism in South Asia. Hence, the mutual interests of both countries
focused to develop close relationship. This research work reveals that despite the complete tilt
of Pakistan's early leadership towards the US, the former could not gain much as she had
expected from the relationship with the later.
Nonetheless, today in our country there is a crying need to revisit and redefine foreign
policy in such a way that must improve the image of the country worldwide, and be in the
interest of mass public. Dynamic changes are must in our country. Foreign policy makers need
to formulate policy independent rather than at the behest of the outside powers especially U.S.
the policy must be brought to parliament forum so that the transparent, free and fair foreign
policy could be crafted in the larger benefits of its people. Moreover, the current global trend
focuses on the nations, better economic relations then the political hegemonies and point
scoring. Pakistani foreign policy makers reorient its ties with other nations accordingly, so that
the nation may be fall behind in the growing re-emergence of Asia in the 21 centaury. The ideal
foreign policy of Pakistan is only possible if political will and pragmatic approach is constructed
on strong footing.

(https://www.grrjournal.com/fulltext/Pakistans-Foreign-Policy-Initial-Perspectives-and-
Stages/391227)
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