Design Overview

Mindanao, the southernmost island in the Philippines, has witnessed significant economic

growth and tourism potential in recent years. To support this growth and accommodate the

increasing demand for air travel, there is a pressing need for a modern international airport

facility. This research study presents a comprehensive design overview of the proposed

international airport in Mindanao, aiming to provide insights into its architectural features,

functional layout, and sustainability initiatives. By addressing these aspects, the proposed airport

seeks to establish itself as a pivotal hub for regional connectivity and sustainable development.

Designing an airport architecturally involves meticulous planning, conceptualization, and

execution of structures and spaces within the complex, integrating functionality, aesthetics,

sustainability, and efficiency. Key considerations include terminal buildings for passenger flow

and amenities, airside facilities ensuring safe aircraft movement, control towers for efficient air

traffic management, support facilities for operational needs, passenger amenities for comfort,

accessibility for all passengers, sustainability measures, security features, reflecting local

identity, and future expansion readiness.

Airport Categories

1. Commercial Service Airports are publicly owned airports that have at least 2,500

passenger boardings each calendar year and receive scheduled passenger service.

Passenger boardings refer to revenue passenger boardings on an aircraft in service in air

commerce whether or not in scheduled service. The definition also includes passengers

who continue on an aircraft in international flight that stops at an airport in any of the 50

States for a non-traffic purpose, such as refueling or aircraft maintenance rather than

passenger activity. Passenger boardings at airports that receive scheduled passenger

service are also referred to as Enplanements.

 A. Nonprimary Commercial Service Airports are Commercial Service Airports that

have at least 2,500 and no more than 10,000 passenger boardings each year.

B. Primary Airports are Commercial Service Airports that have more than 10,000

passenger boardings each year.

2. Cargo Service Airports are airports that, in addition to any other air transportation

services that may be available, are served by aircraft providing air transportation of only

cargo with a total annual landed weight of more than 100 million pounds. "Landed

weight" means the weight of aircraft transporting only cargo in intrastate, interstate, and

foreign air transportation. An airport may be both a commercial service and a cargo

service airport.

3. Reliever Airports are airports designated by the FAA to relieve congestion at

Commercial Service Airports and to provide improved general aviation access to the

overall community. These may be publicly or privately-owned.

4. General Aviation Airports are public-use airports that do not have scheduled service or

have less than 2,500 annual passenger boardings.

The category of general aviation airport is very generic, which has required some

sub-categories to better describe the function of some of these smaller airports, which

include the following.

a. National. Described as an airport that falls within the less than 2500

passengers annually but services flights nationwide. National airports would

typically have slightly larger and longer runways catering to larger aircraft.

b. Regional. Typically cater to flights of shorter durations since they generally

service a smaller geographical location. Regional airports are typically used

for intrastate and interstate travel but can transfer goods and passengers to

larger centers and airports where international travel and transport are

possible.

c. Local airports. Typically, smaller-scale airports that only offer air transport

within their local state. These smaller airports can also reduce the traffic in
 regional and national airports and generally offer more convenient intra-state

travel with less red tape and security measures.

d. Basic airports. Have limited services and infrastructure. The runways do not

typically support jet-powered aircraft. It connects communities to regional or

national airport systems and provide services for general aviation needs such

as emergency response and rescue, air ambulance services, flight schools, and

flying personal aircraft.

e. Unclassified Airports. Airports that typically fall into this category are small

local landing strips used by remote rural populations.

Types of Airports

1. Civil Airport. Open to the general public for commercial and private aviation use.

a. International Airport. Offers direct services to numerous other airports, handling

scheduled commercial flights for passengers and cargo. Many international airports

serve as hubs, facilitating connections between flights. Equipped with customs and

immigration facilities, they manage international flights to and from other countries.

Typically, international airports are larger in size, featuring longer runways and

facilities to accommodate large aircraft.

b. Domestic Airport. Handles only domestic flights within the same country, lacking

customs and immigration facilities for international travel. These airports typically

have shorter runways suitable for short to medium-haul aircraft, serving primarily

domestic air travel needs within the country.

2. Military Airport. Operated by the military, NASA, or other federal government agencies

for military purposes.

3. Private Airport. Designated for private or restricted use exclusively and is not open to

the general public. Typically owned by individuals, corporations, or organizations, these

airports may serve specific purposes such as private aircraft storage, personal aircraft
 operations, corporate aviation, or specialized activities like agricultural aviation or aerial

surveying.

4. General Aviation Airport. Serves as a versatile hub for a broad spectrum of civil

aviation activities beyond scheduled commercial flights. These airports facilitate private,

recreational, and business aviation operations, catering to various needs within the

aviation community. They often serve as bases for flight training schools, charter

companies, aerial photography, recreational flying, and corporate aviation.

Components of Airport

1. Runway. Serves as a leveled, paved strip of land dedicated to aircraft takeoff and landing

operations. It is free from obstructions and distinguished by special markings, facilitating

safe aircraft movement. Illumination provided after sunset aids in nighttime landings.

Design considerations include alignment with prevailing wind direction to optimize

aircraft performance. Secondary runways may be necessary to address crosswind

conditions for enhanced safety.

There are different runway patterns and it includes the following:

a. Single Runway. The most common form. It is enough for light traffic airports or for

occasional usages. This runway is laid in the direction of wind in that particular area.

b. Two Runways. Contains two runway which are laid in different directions by

considering cross winds or wind conditions in that particular area. The runways may be

laid in the form of L shape or T shape or X shape.

c. Hexagonal Runway. This is the modern pattern of system of runway laying. In which the

takeoff and landing movements of aircrafts can be permitted at any given time without

any interference. This is most suitable for heavy traffic airports or busiest airports.

d. 45-degree Runway. Opted when the wind coverage for same airfield capacity is greater.

This is also termed as four-way runway.

e. 60-degree Runway. When the wind in that area is prevailing in many directions, so,

it is difficult to decide the direction in which runway is to be laid. In that case, 60-

degree runway is opted which looks like triangular arrangement of runways.

f. 60-degree Parallel Runway. It is the extension of 60-degree runway, which is opted

when the wind coverage is greater in other two directions then it is obvious that the

third runway is to be chosen. But if the air traffic is more, then it is difficult to control

the operations. Hence, another runway is required parallel to the using one. For that

purpose, 60-degree parallel runway is suitable.

Types of Runway Approach

a. Non-Instrument Runway. A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using

visual approach procedures.

b. Instrument Runway. A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using

instrument approach procedures.

 Runway Threshold. Beginning of runway for landing

 Touchdown Zone. The portion of a runway, beyond the threshold, where

it is intended landing aeroplanes first contact the runways.

 Aiming Point. Serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft.

  Clearway. A defined area prepared for an airplane so that it may make a

portion of its initial climb to a specified height.

  Stopways. A defined area on the ground prepared for an airplane

so take it can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-off.

2. Taxiway. A path which

connects each end of the

runway with terminal area,

apron, hanger etc. These are

laid with asphalt or concrete

like runways. In modern

airports, taxiways are laid at

an angle of 30 degree to the

runway so that aircrafts can

 use it to change from one runway to other easily. The turning radius at taxiway and

runway meets should be more than 1.5 times of width of taxiway.

3. Apron. A place which is used as parking place for aircrafts. It is also used for loading and

unloading of aircrafts. Apron is generally paved and is located in front of terminal

building or adjacent to hangers. The size of area to be allotted for apron and design of

apron is generally governed by the number of aircrafts expected in the airport. The

aircraft characteristics also considered while design. Proper drainage facilities should be

provided with suitable slope of pavement. Sufficient clearances must be provided for

aircrafts to bypass each other.

Gate. It is the space for parking of single aircraft for the loading and unloading of

passengers, baggage and cargo.

Types of Aircraft Parking Configuration

a. Nose-in and Angled Nose-in

b. Nose-out and Angled Nose-out

c. Parallel System

Types of Aircraft Parking

a. Frontal System

b. Open Apron System

c. Finger System

d. Satellite System
4. Control Tower. A place where aircrafts under a particular zone is controlled whether

they are in land or in air. The observation is done by the controller through radars and

information is carried through radio. The controller from the control tower observes all

the aircrafts with in that zone and informs pilots about their airport traffic, landing routes,

visibility, wind speeds, runway details, etc. based on which the pilot decides and attempts

safe landing. So, control tower is like nerve system of an airport.

5. Terminal Building. A place where airport administration facilities take place. In this

building, pre-journey and post journey checking’s of passengers takes place. Lounges,

cafes etc. are provided for the passengers. Passengers can directly enter the plane from

terminal buildings through sky bridge, walkways etc. Similarly, the passengers from

plane also directly enter into the terminal building.

Two Concepts for Planning the Terminal Building

a. Centralized System. All passengers, cargo and baggage are routed through a

central system and dispersed to aircraft.

b.

Decentralized System. Passengers and baggage arrive near departing plane. The

passenger facilities in smaller units and repeated in one or more buildings.

 c. Decentralized-Centralized System. Whenever there is an increase in volume

of traffic, combination of system can be implemented.

6. Hangar. A place where repairing and servicing of aircrafts is done. Taxiway connects the

hanger with runway so, when a repair needed for an aircraft, it can be moved to hanger

easily. It is constructed in the form of large shed using steel trusses and frames. Large

area should be provided for Hanger for comfortable movement of aircrafts.

Types of Hangars

a. Nose Hangar. For large size aircraft. The front portion is concentrated

b. Tee Hangar. For small size aircraft. The aircraft can maneuver without any

assistance. It has a clearance of 30cm between aircrafts.

 7. Parking. This is a place provided for parking the vehicles of airport staff or passengers

which is outside the terminal building or sometimes under the ground of terminal

building.

Categories of Parking

a. Short term parking. Conveniently located very close to the terminal

building, ideal for stays of three hours or less. Despite accommodating 80% of

parking demand, it occupies only 20% of the parking area, ensuring quick

access for travelers with short stays.

b. Long term parking. Situated slightly further from the terminal, offering

discounted rental rates for extended durations.

c. Remote parking. Located away from the terminal, provides low-cost parking

options with provisions for baggage transportation, catering to budget-

conscious travelers.

Different Layout of Airport

1. Single and Parallel Runways

2. Intersecting and Non-Interse cting Runways

3. Tangential Runways
Different Types of Cabins Classes in Airplane

1. Economy Class. Economy class seats are a budget-friendly option suitable for short

flights or travelers prioritizing affordability over luxury. These seats, also known as coach

or standard seats, are narrower and offer less legroom compared to higher classes. In-

flight amenities vary by airline but may include complimentary snacks, beverages, and

entertainment options like movies and music.

2. Premium Economy. Some airlines offer Premium Economy as a middle ground between

Economy and higher classes, featuring slightly wider seats, more legroom, and enhanced

amenities. While not as luxurious as Business or First Class, Premium Economy provides

added comfort at a lower price point, making it a popular choice for frequent travelers

seeking a bit more comfort without splurging on premium fares

3. Business Class. Offers a significant upgrade in quality and comfort compared to

Economy, with wider seats that often recline fully, gourmet meal options, and premium

beverage services. Airlines compete to offer the best Business Class experience, with

amenities such as flat beds, large entertainment screens, and access to exclusive lounges,

particularly beneficial for long-haul flights with stopovers.

4. First Class. Provides the highest level of luxury and comfort, with spacious seating,

personalized service, gourmet dining, and extensive entertainment options. Some airlines

even offer private suites with bedrooms, living areas, and dedicated bathrooms. First

Class is the epitome of luxury air travel, catering to passengers willing to pay a premium

for an unparalleled experience.

Types of Aircraft

1. Jumbo Jets. The largest and most iconic commercial aircraft in the world. The Boeing

747, often referred to as the “Queen of the Skies,” and the Airbus A380, known as the

“Superjumbo,” are the prime examples of these colossal airplanes.

2. Cargo Planes. Also known as freighters, play a vital role in transporting goods, including

perishable items, oversized cargo, and heavy machinery. These aircraft can be purpose-

built, like the Beluga or Dreamlifter, designed specifically for carrying specialized cargo.

3. Widebody Aircraft. A class of airplanes known for their spacious cabins with two aisles,

providing ample room for passengers and cargo. These aircraft are designed for long-haul

flights and are often used for intercontinental travel, carrying a significant number of

passengers over vast distances.

4. Narrowbody Aircraft. Also known as single-aisle aircraft, are a staple in the aviation

industry and play a vital role in short to medium-haul travel. They are named

“narrowbody” because they typically have a single aisle running through the cabin,

allowing for more efficient boarding and deplaning processes.

5. Private Jets. Often associated with luxury and exclusivity, play a significant role in

personalized air travel. It can provide a more tailored and flexible experience for

discerning individuals and businesses. Designed for comfort, convenience, and privacy,

private jets are capable of transporting passengers efficiently over both short and long

distances.

a. Heavy Jets. The pinnacle of luxury and sophistication in the world of private

aviation. Designed to cater to discerning travelers and high-profile

individuals, these aircraft offer unparalleled comfort, cutting-edge technology,

and the ability to cover vast distances without the need for frequent refueling

stops.

b. Mid-size Jets. A popular choice for travelers seeking a perfect balance

between spaciousness, range, and luxury. Its cabin offers ample space to

comfortably accommodate up to ten passengers, providing them with a feeling

of freedom and relaxation during their journey.

c. Light Jets. A category of aircraft defined by their maximum takeoff weight,

which must not exceed 20,000 pounds (about 9,100 kilograms). These jets are

designed for short to medium-haul journeys and typically accommodate a

 smaller number of passengers. They are particularly favored by regional

airlines for their efficiency and versatility.

d. Very light jets (VLJs). Small and efficient private jets, often designed for

single-pilot operations. These jets usually have seating for a maximum of

eight passengers. VLJs are typically optimized for short to medium-haul

flights, meaning they are best suited for flights covering distances of a few

hundred to around 1,500 miles (about 2,414 kilometers).

6. Propeller planes. Also known as piston-engine aircraft, represent a distinct category of

airplanes that rely on propellers for propulsion. These versatile aircraft are characterized

by their reliance on internal combustion engines and the rotation of propellers to generate

thrust. While they may not reach the speeds of jet-powered aircraft, propeller planes have

their own set of advantages and serve various purposes.

a. Single-engine private airplanes. Are popular among recreational pilots and

personal aircraft owners. These aircraft provide simplicity and affordability,

and they are often used for flight training, aerial photography and personal

travel.

b. Amphibious planes. Possess the capability to operate from both land and

water. They are utilized in various applications, such as firefighting, search

and rescue missions, and transporting passengers to remote locations without

established runways. Amphibious aircraft have a unique combination of

wheels for land-based takeoffs and landings and floats or hulls for water-based

operations.

c. Aerobatic planes. Are specifically designed for performing stunts, aerial

acrobatics and competitive aerobatic competitions. These nimble and

maneuverable aircraft allow pilots to execute thrilling aerial maneuvers.

d. Turboprop planes. Combine a turbine engine with a propeller. These

versatile aircraft are capable of excellent short-field performance, making

them suitable for regional travel, cargo transport and utility operations.
 7. Lighter-than-air (LTA) Aircraft. A unique category of flying machines that achieve lift

by being less dense than the surrounding air.

a. Airships. Also known as dirigibles, are more complex LTA aircraft equipped

with propulsion systems and control mechanisms.

b. Gliders. They typically have long wings with a high aspect ratio, allowing for

efficient lift generation and minimized drag. The absence of an engine and the

use of lightweight materials contribute to their exceptional glide ratios,

enabling gliders to cover significant distances with very little energy

expenditure.

Manufacturers of Aircraft

Top Aircraft Manufacturers

1. Boeing (BA)

 Headquarters: Chicago, Illinois, USA

 Founded: 1916
 Products: Known for manufacturing a wide range of commercial jetliners, Boeing's
product line includes the 737, 747, 767, 777, and 787 families of airplanes. The
company also offers military aircraft, satellites, and other aerospace products and
services.

2. Airbus (EADSY)

 Headquarters: Leiden, Netherlands

 Founded: 1970
 Products: Airbus is known for its commercial aircraft, including the A220, A320,
A330, A350, and A380 families. The company also produces military planes and
helicopters and provides aerospace-related services.

3. Lockheed Martin (LMT)

 Headquarters: Bethesda, Maryland

 Founded: 1995 (from the merger of Lockheed Corporation and Martin Marietta)
 Products: While focused on defense and military aircraft, such as the F-16 and F-35
Lightning II, Lockheed Martin also engages in aeronautics, missiles, fire control, and
space systems.

4. Embraer (ERJ)

 Headquarters: São Paulo, Brazil

 Founded: 1969
 Market Cap: $3.2 billion
  Products: Embraer is known for its E-Jet and E-Jet E2 series of regional jets,
popular among airlines for short to medium-haul flights.

5. Bombardier (BDRBF)

 Headquarters: Montreal, Quebec, Canada

 Founded: 1942
 Products: The company's aerospace division is known for its business jets, including
the Challenger and Global series.