QUARTER 1 - Modules 1-18 Ex. “She’s going to die of embarrassment.

Creative writing is the artistic expression through Irony is another literary technique in which what is
written word. It is used to express the writer’s ideas and written or stated is different from or the opposite of
emotions in an artistic manner. It is also called what is expected.
imaginative writing.
Creative writing is classified into three different forms – Allusion is a figure of speech that references a person,
poetry, fiction and drama. Ex. poetry, fiction, drama place, thing, or event. Each of these concepts can be
real or imaginary, referring to anything from fiction, to
Academic or technical writing ranges from a simple folklore, to historical events and religious manuscripts.
memo or guidelines to some more detailed research Ex. “Newton”, means a genius student, alludes to a
journals, proposals, and different kinds of report. famous scientist Isaac Newton.
Writing is done through a systematic manner.
Word of choice or diction is also one of the languages in
Significant human experiences (SHE) and it is also creative writing. Your diction affects the clarity and
about “understanding of the self, of society, and of the impact of your message.
world. The inspiration coming from experiences is all We can identify the level of diction based on its usage.
about the self – its search for meaning, its discoveries These levels are formal, informal, and colloquial diction.
about itself and the world, its possibilities for greatness. Formal diction is used in formal situations, such as press
conferences and presentations. And since it is used in
Imagery is a concept that is quite easy to understand, it formal occasions, words are usually polite and proper.
is simply the use of vivid descriptions in order to explain On the other hand, informal diction uses informal
a situation to a reader or listener. It is a way of building words and conversations, such as writing or talking to
a “mental image” to the readers so that the audience friends. Colloquial uses words common in everyday
can gain a greater understanding of the situation which speech, which may be different in different regions
is being talked about. or communities.

Figures of speech are words and expression not meant Genre means a type of art, literature, or music
to be taken literally. characterized by a specific form, content, and style.
Genres allow literary critics and students to classify
Figurative language is any figure of speech which compositions within the larger canon of literature.
depends on a non- literal meaning of some or all of the
words used. Some examples are simile, metaphor, The theme is the main idea that weaves the story
personification, and many more. together, the why, the underlying ideas of what
happens in the piece of literature, often a statement
A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, about society or human nature.
showing similarities between two different things using The explicit theme is when the writer states the theme
the word as or like. openly and clearly.
Ex. “John is as slow as a snail.” Implicit themes are implied themes. Opposite of
Explicit: Implied - a theme that is implied through
Metaphor, a figure of speech that makes an implicit, Characters, Plot, Setting, Stylistic Choices.
implied, or hidden comparison between two things that
are unrelated, but which share some common Tone tells us the author feels about his or her subject.
characteristics. Words express the writer's attitude toward his or her
Ex. “John is a snail”. work, subject, and readers.

Personification is an attribution of human qualities to a Poetry is a type of literature that conveys a thought,
thing. describes a scene or tells a story in a concentrated,
Ex. The trees scream in the raging wind. lyrical arrangement of words. Poems can be structured
with rhyming lines and meter, the rhythm and emphasis
Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which an author or of a line based on syllabic beats. But it can also be free
speaker purposely and obviously exaggerates to an form, which follows no formal structure.
extreme.
Conventional Forms
Conventional forms of poetry adhere to a definite verse Trochaic: two syllables. The stress is on the first syllable.
structure or set of characteristics. They are known for /u
typically following particular rhyme schemes and lone ly
metrical patterns.
Anapestic: three syllables. Two unaccented syllables
Tanaga is an indigenous type of Filipino poem that is followed by an accented one.
used in the Tagalog language. It uses four lines, each uu/
line having seven syllables only. con tra dict

Diona is a pre-Hispanic rhyming poem of three lines Dactylic: three syllables. The first syllable is stressed,
with seven syllables in each line expressing a complete followed by two unstressed ones.
thought. /uu
lone li ness
Haiku is a traditional Japanese three-line poem with
seventeen syllables, written in a 5/7/5 syllable count Spondaic: two stressed syllables. Emphasizes part of a
which often focused on images from nature. It line. Usually follows two unstressed syllables in the
emphasizes simplicity, intensity, and directness of previous foot.
expression. //
rain cloud
Sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of 14 lines and, in the
English version, is usually written in iambic pentameter. Metaphor is described as "a figure of speech that makes
There are two basic kinds of sonnets: The Italian (or a comparison between two things that are basically
Petrarchan) sonnet and the Shakespearean (or dissimilar." In other words, it describes one thing in
Elizabethan/English) sonnet. The Shakespearean terms of another.
sonnet consists of three quatrains (four lines each) and
a concluding couplet (two lines). The rhyme scheme is Free verse is lyric poetry that doesn't follow a particular
usually ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. The Petrarchan sonnet rhyme pattern or meter but varies in its rhythm
consists of an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines) according to the mood the poet wants to create.
it is divided in two parts: an octave (eight lines) and the
sestet (six lines) which follows ABBAABBA CDECDE or Line is a subdivision of a poem, specifically a group of
CDCCDC. words arranged into a row that ends for a reason other
than the right-hand margin. This reason could be that
Rhyme is a popular literary device in which the the lines are arranged to have a certain number of
repetition of the same or similar sounds occurs in two syllables, a certain number of stresses, or of metrical
or more words, usually at the end of lines in poems feet; it could be that they are arranged so that they
Rhyme scheme on the other hand is the pattern of rhyme, whether they be of equal length or not.
rhymes at the end of each line of a poem. It is usually
referred to by using letters to indicate which lines A line break is the termination of one line of poetry,
rhyme. and the beginning of a new line. Line breaks divide
poems into lines, and the length of lines determines the
Meter refers to the particular rhythm or pattern of appearance of the poem on the page: long and skinny,
stressed and unstressed syllables in a poem. The unit of short and wide, or a shape entirely its own.
meter in poetry is the foot. A foot contains one stressed
syllable and one or more unstressed syllables. Indicating Enjambment is continuing a line after the line breaks.
Stressed and Unstressed Syllables: ( / ) stressed (you Whereas many poems end lines with the natural pause
might like to know that the technical term for this is at the end of a phrase or with punctuation as end-
ictus), ( u ) unstressed. stopped lines, enjambment ends a line in the middle of
a phrase, allowing it to continue onto the next line as
Iambic: two syllables. The stress is on the second an enjambed line.
syllable.
U/ Experimental Texts. Like language, poetry is fluid and
be gin alive. It evolves, breaks the rules and turns into
something new. Experimental poetry is a product of Protagonist. Sometimes called the main character, the
modernist and postmodernist poetry, it explores and protagonist creates the action of the plot and engages
emphasizes innovation. Individuals who write reader, arousing their empathy and interest. The
experimental poetry don’t always write with a protagonist is often a hero or heroine of the story, as
conscious awareness of where a work fits into an the whole plot moves around him or her.
aesthetic range.
An antagonist, sometimes called the bad guy, is the
Typography is the art and technique of arranging type opponent of the protagonist. The action of the story
to make written language legible, readable, and arises from the conflict between the protagonist and
appealing when displayed. The arrangement of type antagonist. The antagonist can be a person, an
involves selecting typefaces, point sizes, line lengths, inanimate object, an animal, or nature itself.
line-spacing (leading), and letter-spacing (tracking), and
adjusting the space between pairs of letters (kerning). A confidante is someone whom the main character
confides to. The confidante reveals the protagonist’s
Cross-genre text refers to works of fiction that blend or thoughts, intentions, and personality traits. However, a
combine elements, themes, and structures from more confidante need not necessarily be a person. An animal
than one genre. For instance, horror and science fiction can also be a confidante.
are considered distinct genres. A science fiction book
that also has a strong element of horror as a theme A dynamic character changes during the course of a
could be characterized as a science fiction-horror story. story. This change in character or his/her outlook is
The possibilities for cross-genre fiction are only limited permanent. That is why, sometimes, a dynamic
by the many types of genres character is also called a “developing character”.

Prose poem a literary work that exhibits poetic quality – A static character remains the same throughout the
using emotional effects and heightened imagery – but whole story. Even the events in a story or novel do not
which are written in prose instead of verse. Essentially change a static character’s outlook, perceptions, habits,
appears as prose, but reads like poetry. While it lacks personality, or motivations.
the line breaks associated with poetry, the prose poem
maintains a poetic quality, often utilizing techniques A flat character does not change during a story.
common to poetry, such as fragmentation, However, this character usually only reveals one or two
compression, repetition, and rhyme. personality traits.

Performance poetry is a term that can be used for all Round characters are well-developed and complex
poetry that was written with the goal of being figures in a story. They are more realistic and
performed instead of being published in the written demonstrate more depth in their personalities.
form. There are just about as many types of
performance poetry as there are performers. Some Point of view is the vantage point in which a writer tells
poems sound like speeches or rants, with no apparent a story. A writer tells a story through the voice of a
poetic structure or form. Others might incorporate narrator. A narrator can be an outside observer or a
rhymes and repetition to create a more distinguished character in the story.
reading rhythm. There are no rules – the only Everything you learn about the characters, events, and
boundaries are set by your imagination. places in a story depends on the narrator’s point of
view.
Symbolism is when a writer often uses the concrete
object to express an abstract idea, a quality, or a belief. First-person point of view
A symbol may appeal to a reader’s emotions and can Take note that when a story is told in first-person point
provide a way to express an idea, communicate a of view, the narrator is a participant in the story. First-
message, or clarify meaning. person stories use first –person pronouns such as I, me,
our, ours, we, and my.
A character can be any person, a figure, an inanimate Example:
object, or animal. I will call you when the Superintendent comes back
from the meeting with the other school principals.
Second-person point of view
It pulls the reader into the story with the pronouns you, The setting may also include the environment of the
your, and yours. In other words, it is a point of view story, which can be made up of the physical location,
where the narrator tells the story to another story. climate, weather, or social and cultural surroundings.
Example: Setting can be real or imaginary.
You feel a sense of excitement as you look at the kayak. A good setting helps the reader in the story.
This will be the day you have been looking forward to it! A good author includes descriptions of the setting using
the five senses.
Third-person point of view (omniscient)
The third-person point of view is a form of storytelling Narrative Mode of Description
in which the narrator relates all the actions of their Description sets the mood and the scene and provides
work using third-person pronouns such as he, she, and an explanation. It gives the details about some place,
they. It is the most common perspective in works of person or thing. It should serve the story and be a
fiction. mechanism for immersing readers in the fictional world
Example: and the characters inhabit. The challenge is to avoid
Travis looked down from the rocky ledge. He could see over- describing.
everything around him from his location! He hoped that
he wouldn’t lose his balance! b. Narrative Mode of Action
Readers are engaged and remain engaged when
Plot is... something happens to the fictional characters. The
The plot is the order of events that make up a story. The action in the story moves it forward. Action drives the
plot of a story is a series of interconnected events in arc of the story and reveals information about the
which every occurrence has a specific purpose. A plot is characters. It is something that happens and can include
all about establishing connections, suggesting causes, dialogue, gestures and
and showing relationships. other activities.

Aristotle’s Unified Plot c. Narrative Mode of Dialogue

Aristotle described the basic triangle-shaped plot Dialogue is spoken action. It is conversation between
structure, which has a beginning, middle, and end. characters that can also help to evolve characters.

ELEMENTS OF PLOT d. Narrative Mode of Thought and Monologue

Thought and monologue move the story along, build
The exposition sets the scene. The writer introduces the tension, and reveal something about the character.
characters and setting, providing description and They can even be contrasted with the others for effect.
background. Complication, sometimes called the
inciting incident, is a single event that begins the major e. Narrative Mode of Exposition
conflict. Exposition is used to provide details about characters or
Rising Action builds during the story and gets more the story. It is
exciting. used in the beginning and during transitions, for
The climax is the moment of greatest tension in the instance, to inform readers about passage of time,
story. Children call this the most exciting part. In change of place or mood, or change in the focus of the
Charlotte’s Web, the climax is when the pig survives. character. It tells, rather than shows, readers about
Falling action happens as a result of the climax and we important elements of the story or characters.
know the story will end soon.
Resolution is when the character solves the main Journal Writing
problem/conflict or someone solves it for him or her. A series of written passages that document the personal
Denouement (the action of untying) is a series of events events, thoughts, feelings, memories and perceptions in
that follow the plot's climax. It is the opposite of the one’s journey throughout life leading to wholeness
exposition, in that any remaining questions or mysteries
that remain after the resolution are solved by the How to Start a Journal?
characters or explained by the author. Sometimes the To start a journal, you just need to be willing to write.
author leaves us to think about the theme or future You don’t have to write well; you just need to want to
possibilities for the characters. do it. You don’t even need to decide what to write, you
just need to let your words flow. Once you’ve decided  To provide a forum for inquiry, analysis, and
you want to create a journal, here is a long list of evaluation of ideas
instructions to guide you: Set up a schedule of when Do:
you play to write in your journal.  Write regularly
 Try to make concrete connections between journal
Choosing a Topic entries
Write about what’s going on in your life. This includes  Link personal reactions to the class material
things like the activities you’re doing, events that  Approach the exercise with the intention of being
happen, and accomplishments you make. Use your challenged
journal to record what your life is like right now so you  Present your ideas in a coherent and thought-
can look back on it later. provoking manner

Explore your emotions or how you feel about Do not:

something.  Ignore basic rules of grammar and punctuation
Write about what you’re going through, how you feel,  Write to fill pages; the process is more important than
and what you hope will happen in the future. Let your the product
journal be an emotional release for you so that you can  Wait until the last minute to make your entries
deal with your emotions better.  Confuse your journal with a personal diary. Although
this is your
Use a writing prompt if you aren’t sure what to write journal, the main focus should be on class assignments
about. and their connections.
If you’re trying to get in the habit of journaling or have
to keep a personal journal for school, writing prompts
can help you find something to write about.

Write about what you’d like to do this weekend.

 Discuss a place you’d like to visit.
 Pretend that you found a fantasy creature.
 Write about something you want to change.
 Write from the perspective of your favorite book or
movie character.

Record your reactions to readings and lectures in an

academic journal.
If you’re keeping a journal for high school or college,
write about your coursework. This includes readings,
lectures, and class discussions. Additionally, discuss your
thoughts about what you’re learning. Here
are some things to include in a journal entry for school:
 A summary of a reading or lecture.
 Your analysis of the course material.
 Connections between topics you’ve studied.
 Personal connections you made with the coursework.
 Questions you have about the text or lecture.

COMMON GOALS OF A JOURNAL

 To encourage regular writing
 To make connections between class material, lectures,
and personal observations
 To raise questions and issues that can fuel classroom
discussions
 To generate ideas for future paper topics