Assignment Microbial World 1

Marine Biology Chapter 5 Study Guide
“Microbial World”
Name Lang-ayan,Dawny Kaithe Dapny E___________________
Date ______________________
Period ______________________
1. Define a virus.
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
2. List and define three types of notable viruses.
Marburg virus-s is similar to Ebola in that both can cause hemorrhagic fever, meaning that infected
people develop high fevers and bleeding throughout the body that can lead to shock, organ failure and death.
Ebola virus-Ebola is spread through contact with blood or other body fluids, or tissue from infected
people or animals.
Rabies-It destroys the brain, it's a really, really bad disease
3. List three characteristics of Archean and Bacterial Cells.

Bacteria contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall; archaea do not. The cell membrane in bacteria is a
lipid bilayer; in archaea, it can be a lipid bilayer or a monolayer. Bacteria contain fatty acids on the
cell membrane, whereas archaea contain phytanyl.
4. List two extreme environments where Archean prokaryotes can be found.
volcanic hot springs, undersea hot vents
5. What is one of the most important jobs of bacteria in the marine environment?
Marine bacteria provide a useful source for bioremediation and have an advantage over
terrestrial bacteria because they can be used in extreme environmental conditions
6. List the three types of metabollic diversity within prokaryotes and define each.
 Heterotrophic organisms use organic compounds, usually from other organisms, as carbon sources.
 Autotrophic organisms use carbon dioxide (CO2) as their only source or their main source of carbon.
 Phototrophic organicells. capture light energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy inside
their cells
7. What is the shell of a diatom called? Of what is the shell made?
The silica shell of the diatom is called the 'frustule' and is made of two halves
8. Some diatoms produce a toxin that can be harmful to other organisms that may eat them. What is the name of
the toxin?
domoic acid, a neurotoxin.
9. How do diatoms mainly reproduce? Explain.

Diatoms reproduce asexually by cell division to produce two daugther cells by mitosis; each
daughter cell receives one valve and it is reproduced by furrowing. The cell has vesicles that increase the
deposition of silica creating a new valve girdle band.
10. How does locomotion occur in dinoflagellates?

The flagellar movement produces forward propulsion and also a turning force. The longitudinal
flagellum is relatively conventional in appearance, with few or no hairs.
11. What role do zooxanthellae play in a marine environment?
They provide the coral with foods resulting from photosynthesis
12. What are “blooms” and why are they harmful?

A harmful algal bloom (HAB) contains organisms that can severely lower oxygen levels in natural waters,
killing marine life. Some HABs are associated with algae-produced toxins. Blooms can last from a few days to many
months.
13. What are “red tides,” what causes them, and why are they harmful?
A red tide is caused by an increase in the population of toxic algae the waters and/or release toxins
that may cause illness in humans and other animals.
14. Of what are the shells of foraminiferans made?
These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) or agglutinated sediment
particles. Over 50,000 species are recognized, both living (10,000) ...
15. Of what are the shells of radiolarians made?

Their shells are made out of silica (radiolaria (a, 350µm) and diatoms (b, 50µm); or out of calcium
carbonate
16. Of what are the shells of ciliates made?
made up of mineral particles,
17. What is the name of the shell of a cilliate?

cirri
18. How are fungi similar to bacteria?

Both fungi and bacteria have cell walls (although quite different in structure and composition)
Most bacteria and all fungi obtain energy from aerobic respiration (respiration in Bacteria is a bit different
than in Eukaryotes but oxygen is always needed to oxidise sugars, in the end water and carbon dioxide
are formed)
19. What role does a capsid play in the survival of a virus?

capsid and envelope play many roles in viral infection, including virus attachment to cells, entry into
cells, release of the capsid contents into the cells, and packaging of newly formed viral particles. The capsid and
envelope are also responsible for transfer of the viral genetic material from one cell to another.
20. List five organisms that viruses can infect in a marine community.
bacteria, archaea, and microeukaryotes marine sponges microbes
21. Tolerance is a characteristic of archaea prokaryotes that assists in their survival. What three conditions are
archaea prokaryotes able to tolerate?
extreme temperature, pH, and salinity
22. What are four shapes that bacteria may have?
occus, bacillus, spirillum.diplococci

23. What are stromalites?
Stromatolites are layered bio-chemical accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding
and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilms (microbial mats) of microorganisms
24. What give diatoms their yellow-brown color?
Their yellowish-brown chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis, are typical of heterokonts, having
four membranes and containing pigments such as the carotenoid fucoxanthin.
25. Approximately how many diatoms are marine?

100,000 species of diatoms
26. How do dinoflagellates reproduce?

Dinoflagellates usually reproduce asexually.
27. How do foraminiferans capture their food?

They catch their food with a network of thin pseudopodia (called reticulopodia) that extend from one or
more apertures in the shell.
28. How do radiolarians capture their food?

Radiolaria use pseudopodia such as rhizopodia and axopodia for capturing food
29. How do ciliates move?

ciliates move by beating their somatic cilia in a coordinated pattern such that metachronal waves pass
over the cell surface.
30. How are lichens formed?

Lichens are formed from a combination of a fungal partner (mycobiont) and an algal partner
(phycobiont).
31. Are viruses living organisms? Explain!

Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and
evolve through natural selection, although they lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally
considered necessary to count as life.
32. There is a group of photosynthetic bacteria called __

Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
33. Are diatoms autotrophs or heterotrophs? Explain.

Although most diatoms are autotrophic, some heterotrophic or symbiotic species can be found in
particular habitats. The living matter of each diatom is enclosed in a shell of silica that it secretes. These shells
are marked by minute pores or depressions that allow the living organism access to its environment.
34. Are dinoflagellates autotrophs or heterotrophs? Explain.
35. True or false? Most of the 1500 species of fungi are terrestrial.
true
36. Of all the microbes, which are multicellular?
Algae are plant-like organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular, and derive energy via
photosynthesis. Protozoa are unicellular organisms with complex cell structures; most are motile. Microscopic fungi
include molds and yeasts. Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms.
37. What is the most important primary producer on earth?
Phytoplankton are the main primary producers at the bottom of the marine food chain.
Phytoplankton use photosynthesis to convert inorganic carbon into protoplasm. They are then
consumed by microscopic animals called zooplankton.
38. Which type of protists have some species that lack chlorophyll and live as parasites?
Euglena is a single celled plantlike protist that has contractile vacuoles.

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Marine Biology Chapter 5 Study Guide

3. List three characteristics of Archean and Bacterial Cells.

4. List two extreme environments where Archean prokaryotes can be found.

volcanic hot springs, undersea hot vents

7. What is the shell of a diatom called? Of what is the shell made?

9. How do diatoms mainly reproduce? Explain.

10. How does locomotion occur in dinoflagellates?

They provide the coral with foods resulting from photosynthesis

12. What are “blooms” and why are they harmful?

14. Of what are the shells of foraminiferans made?

15. Of what are the shells of radiolarians made?

16. Of what are the shells of ciliates made?

made up of mineral particles,

17. What is the name of the shell of a cilliate?

18. How are fungi similar to bacteria?

19. What role does a capsid play in the survival of a virus?

bacteria, archaea, and microeukaryotes marine sponges microbes

22. What are four shapes that bacteria may have?

occus, bacillus, spirillum.diplococci

24. What give diatoms their yellow-brown color?

25. Approximately how many diatoms are marine?

26. How do dinoflagellates reproduce?

27. How do foraminiferans capture their food?

28. How do radiolarians capture their food?

29. How do ciliates move?

30. How are lichens formed?

31. Are viruses living organisms? Explain!

32. There is a group of photosynthetic bacteria called __

33. Are diatoms autotrophs or heterotrophs? Explain.

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