Head-matching hsg (1)

Climate change and the Inuit

A Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to
prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following
early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of
lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals
beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic,
it is already having dramatic effects - if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic
Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likely to include more
warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find
out what's going on because they consider the Arctic the 'canary in the mine' for global warming - a warning
of what's in store for the rest of the world.
B For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest
environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody
knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outside
experts tell them what's happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won
autonomy in the country's newest territory - Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing
environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge
in itself.

C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year. Venture
into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of
the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago,
surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the
colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group
emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in
from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit
people.

D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of
rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a
handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and
settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and
clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air
networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a
family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat.
Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.

E While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has
certainly been an impact on people's health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a
people for whom these have never before been problems. There has been a crisis of identity as the traditional
skills of hunting, trapping and preparing skins have begun to disappear. In Nunavut's 'igloo and email' society,
where adults who were born in igloos have children who may never have been out on the land, there's a high
incidence of depression.

F With so much at stake, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of climate
change in the Arctic. Having survived there for centuries, they believe their wealth of traditional knowledge is
vital to the task. And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom, increasingly referred to as 'Inuit
Qaujimajatugangit', or IQ. 'In the early days, scientists ignored us when they came up here to study anything.
They just figured these people don't know very much so we won't ask them,' says John Amagoalik, an Inuit
leader and politician. 'But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.' In fact it is now a
requirement for anyone hoping to get permission to do research that they consult the communities, who are
helping to set the research agenda to reflect their most important concerns. They can turn down applications
from scientists they believe will work against their interests or research projects that will impinge too much
on their daily lives and traditional activities.

G Some scientists doubt the value of traditional knowledge because the occupation of the Arctic doesn't go
back far enough. Others, however, point out that the first weather stations in the far north date back just 50
years. There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many
predictions are no more than best guesses. IQ could help to bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous
uncertainty about how much of what we're seeing is natural capriciousness and how much is the consequence
of human activity.
Questions 27-32
i The reaction of the limit community to climate change
ii Understanding of climate change remains limited
iii Alternative sources of essential supplies
¡v Respect for limit opinion grows
v A healthier choice of food
vi A difficult landscape
vii Negative effects on well-being
viii Alarm caused by unprecedented events in the Arctic
ix The benefits of an easier existence

Paragraph A viii
27. Paragraph B
28 Paragraph C
29. Paragraph D
30. Paragraph E
31. Paragraph F
32. Paragraph G

Questions 33-40
If you visit the Canadian Arctic, you immediately appreciate the problems faced by people for whom this is
home. It would clearly be impossible for the people to engage in 33 .................... as a means of supporting
themselves. For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching 34 .................... and 35 .................... as a
means of sustenance. The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle there pushed to their limits,
although some were successful. The 36 .................... people were an example of the latter and for them the
environment did not prove unmanageable. For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a struggle. The
territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few 37 .................... . In recent years, many of
them have been obliged to give up their 38 .................... lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly
on 39 .................... for their food and clothes. 40 .................... produce is particularly expensive.

Gesture
A Gesture is any action that sends a visual signal to an onlooker. To become a gesture, an act has to be seen
by someone else and has to communicate some pieces of information to them. It can do this either because the
gesturer deliberately sets out to send a signal or it can do it only incidentally. The hand-wave is a Primary
Gesture, because it has no other existence or function. Therefore, to make it a gesture, first, it should be clear
and unambiguous. Others would be able to understand it instantly when it is shown to them. Nor may any
component of a gesture, its force, its direction and amplitude of movement, be altered: otherwise, confusion or
misunderstanding may occur.

B Most people tend to limit their use of the term “gesture” to the primary form the hand-wave type—but
this misses an important point. What matters with gesturing is not what signals we think we are sending out,
but what signals are being received. The observers of our acts will make no distinction between our
intentional primary gestures and our unintentional, incidental ones. This is why it is preferable to use the term
“gesture” in its wider meaning as an “observed action”. This can be compared to the ring of a telephone. The
speed, tone and intensity of a telephone remain the same for any phone call. Even the length of time before
being told that the number you are dialing is not answering, unless the caller hangs up, is the same.

C Some gestures people use are universal. The shoulder shrug is a case in point. The shrug is done by
bringing the shoulders up, drawing the head in, and turning the palms upwards so as to reveal that nothing is
hidden. The shoulder shrug can also demonstrate submission or that what is being said isn’t understood.
Another example is that an angry person usually expresses his rage by waving his clenched fist rapidly and
forcefully. Surprisingly, you may find that people of different cultures will do the same when they are
offended. That is to say, a commonly accepted gesture is shared by them. But if the way the hand is clenched
changes, or the amplitude of force and the direction the fist is waved alters, the gesture no longer means the
same.

D So, is gesture born with us or is it developed as we grow up? Recent research found that gesture is more
like a spontaneous reaction when we face certain situations. And we just do that automatically. When people
talk, they almost always gesture with their hands. This expressive movement can be coaxed into a
choreographic form if observed carefully. People can practice spontaneous gesture by forming pairs, then
observing and questioning each other. They then show the group what they have collected from their partners.
It is fun to surprise a group using this technique. Because spontaneous gestures are often unconscious, people
will sometimes be surprised to have their gestures mirrored back to them, saying “Did I really do that?”

E The attention of research was also drawn to cultural themes. Researchers discovered that if a person has
a good set of teeth, he or she would be prone to have a bigger smile than he or she should when good things
happen. And if a person possesses a bad set of teeth, he or she would tend to have his or her mouth shut when
being teased. And people’s reaction to the same joke also varies: some laugh out loud while others titter.
However, this does not cause confusion and it helps to develop our “behavioural”, which is an important
aspect of our identity. It was referred to as a Gesture Variant, which indicates that individuals’ gesture
production is a complex process, in which speakers’ internal and external factors and interactions could play a
role in multi-modal communication.

F During the research, an interesting phenomenon soon caught researchers’ attention. A hand purse gesture,
which is formed by straightening the fingers and thumb of one hand and bringing them together so the tips
touch, pointing upwards and shaping like a cone, carries different meanings in different countries. In Malta, it
means heavy sarcasm: “you may seem good, but you are really bad.”; in Tunisia, it is against recklessness,
saying “slow down”; in Italy, it means “What’s the matter?” or “What are you trying to say?”; in France, it
means “I am afraid”. However, this gesture has no clear meaning in American culture. And of course, the way
the gesture is conducted is similar in different countries.

G But what will happen if the gestures of different countries confront each other? The situation is further
complicated by the fact that some gestures mean totally different things in different countries. To take one
example, in Saudi Arabia, stupidity can be signalled by touching the lower eyelid with the tip of the
forefinger. But this same gesture, in various other countries, can mean disbelief, approval, agreement,
mistrust, scepticism, alertness, secrecy, craftiness, danger, or criminality. So people are faced with two basic
problems where certain gestures are concerned: either one meaning may be signalled by different actions, or
several meanings may be signalled by the same action, as we move from culture to culture. The only solution
is to approach each culture with an open mind and learn their gestures as one would learn their vocabulary.
These all require considerable skill and training and belong in a totally different world from the familiar
gestures we employ in everyday life.

Questions 14-19
List of Headings
i The subconscious nature of gestures
ii The example of regional differences
iii The key factors of gestures
iv Sending out important signals
v How a well-known gesture loses its meaning
vi Performance in a specific setting
vii Recent research of Gesture Variant
viii Comparison to an everyday-use object
ix How will conflict be handled
x Individual deviation of cultural norms
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
Example Answer
Paragraph D i
17 Paragraph E
18 Paragraph F
19 Paragraph G

Questions 23 – 25
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

23 Angry people are often in the same age range or group.

24 Personal physical characteristics may affect the gesture used.
25 A Gesture Variant can still be understood by the members of the same culture.

Follow your nose

A Aromatherapy is the most widely used complementary therapy in the National Health Service, and
doctors use it most often for treating dementia. For elderly patients who have difficulty interacting verbally,
and to whom conventional medicine has little to offer, aromatherapy can bring benefits in terms of better
sleep, improved motivation, and less disturbed behaviour. So the thinking goes. But last year, a systematic
review of health care databases found almost no evidence that aromatherapy is effective in the treatment of
dementia. Other findings suggest that aromatherapy works only if you believe it will. In fact, the only research
that has unequivocally shown it to have an effect has been carried out on animals.

B Behavioural studies have consistently shown that odours elicit emotional memories far more readily than
other sensory cues. And earlier this year, Rachel Herz, of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and
colleagues peered into people’s heads using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to corroborate
that. They scanned the brains of five women while they either looked at a photo of a bottle of perfume that
evoked a pleasant memory for them, or smelled that perfume. One woman, for instance, remembered how as a
child living in Paris—she would watch with excitement as her mother dressed to go out and sprayed herself
with that perfume. The women themselves described the perfume as far more evocative than the photo, and
Herz and co-workers found that the scent did indeed activate the amygdala and other brain regions associated
with emotion processing far more strongly than the photograph. But the interesting thing was that the memory
itself was no better recalled by the odour than by the picture. “People don’t remember any more detail or with
any more clarity when the memory is recalled with an odour,” she says. “However, with the odour, you have
this intense emotional feeling that’s really visceral.”

C That’s hardly surprising, Herz thinks, given how the brain has evolved. “The way I like to think about it
is that emotion and olfaction are essentially the same things,” she says. “The part of the brain that controls
emotion literally grew out of the part of the brain that controls smell.” That, she says, probably explains why
memories for odours that are associated with intense emotions are so strongly entrenched in us, because the
smell was initially a survival skill: a signal to approach or to avoid.

D Eric Vermetten, a psychiatrist at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, says that doctors have
long known about the potential of smells to act as traumatic reminders, but the evidence has been largely
anecdotal. Last year, he and others set out to document it by describing three cases of post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) in which patients reported either that a certain smell triggered their flashbacks, or that smell
was a feature of the flashback itself. The researchers concluded that odours could be made use of in exposure
therapy, or for reconditioning patients’ fear responses.

E After Vermetten presented his findings at a conference, doctors in the audience told him how they had
turned this association around and put it to good use. PTSD patients often undergo group therapy, but the
therapy itself can expose them to traumatic reminders. “Some clinicians put a strip of vanilla or a strong,
pleasant, everyday odorant such as coffee under their patients’ noses, so that they have this continuous
olfactory stimulation,” says Vermetten. So armed, the patients seem to be better protected against flashbacks.
It’s purely anecdotal, and nobody knows what’s happening in the brain, says Vermetten, but it’s possible that
the neural pathways by which the odour elicits the pleasant, everyday memory override the fear-conditioned
neural pathways that respond to verbal cues.

F According to Herz, the therapeutic potential of odours could lie in their very unreliability. She has
shown with her perfume-bottle experiment that they don’t guarantee any better recall, even if the memories
they elicit feel more real. And there’s plenty of research to show that our noses can be tricked, because being
predominantly visual and verbal creatures, we put more faith in those other modalities. In 2001, for instance,
Gil Morrot, of the National Institute for Agronomic Research in Montpellier, tricked 54 oenology students by
secretly colouring a white wine with an odourless red dye just before they were asked to describe the odours
of a range of red and white wines. The students described the coloured wine using terms typically reserved for
red wines. What’s more, just like experts, they used terms alluding to the wine’s redness and darkness—visual
rather than olfactory qualities. Smell, the researchers concluded, cannot be separated from the other senses.

G Last July, Jay Gottfried and Ray Dolan of the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience in
London took that research a step further when they tested people’s response times in naming an odour, either
when presented with an image that was associated with the odour or one that was not. So, they asked them to
sniff vanilla and simultaneously showed them either a picture of ice cream or of cheese, while scanning their
brains in a fMRI machine. People named the smells faster when the picture showed something semantically
related to them, and when that happened, a structure called the hippocampus was strongly activated. The
researchers’ interpretation was that the hippocampus plays a role in integrating information from the senses—
information that the brain then uses to decide what it is perceiving.

Questions 14-18
List of Headings
i Remembering the past more clearly
ii Bringing back painful memories
iii Originally an alarm signal
iv The physical effects of scent versus image
v Checking unreliable evidence
vi Reinforcing one sense with another
vii Protection against reliving the past
viii The overriding power of sight and sound
ix Conflicting views

14 Paragraph A
Paragraph B iv
15 Paragraph C
16 Paragraph D
17 Paragraph E
Paragraph F v
18 Paragraph G

Wealth in a cold climate

A Dr William Masters was reading a book about mosquitoes when inspiration struck. “There was this
anecdote about the great yellow fever epidemic that hit Philadelphia in 1793,” Masters recalls. “This epidemic
decimated the city until the first frost came.” The inclement weather froze out the insects, allowing
Philadelphia to recover.

B If weather could be the key to a city’s fortunes, Masters thought, then why not to the historical fortunes
of nations? And could frost lie at the heart of one of the most enduring economic mysteries of all — why are
almost all the wealthy, industrialised nations to be found at latitudes above 40 degrees? After two years of
research, he thinks that he has found a piece of the puzzle. Masters, an agricultural economist from Purdue
University in Indiana, and Margaret McMillan at Tufts University, Boston, show that annual frosts are among
the factors that distinguish rich nations from poor ones. Their study is published this month in the Journal of
Economic Growth. The pair speculates that cold snaps have two main benefits — they freeze pests that would
otherwise destroy crops, and also freeze organisms, such as mosquitoes, that carry disease. The result is
agricultural abundance a big workforce.

C The academics took two sets of information. The first was average income for countries, the second
climate data from the University of East Anglia. They found a curious tally between the sets. Countries
having five or more frosty days a month are uniformly rich; those with fewer than five are impoverished. The
authors speculate that the five-day figure is important; it could be the minimum time needed to kill pests in
the soil. Masters says: “For example, Finland is a small country that is growing quickly, but Bolivia is a small
country that isn’t growing at all. Perhaps climate has something to do with that.” In fact, limited frosts bring
huge benefits to farmers. The chills kill insects or render them inactive; cold weather slows the break-up of
plant and animal material in the soil, allowing it to become richer; and frosts ensure a build-up of moisture in
the ground for spring, reducing dependence on seasonal rains. There are exceptions to the “cold equals rich”
argument. There are well-heeled tropical countries such as Hong Kong and Singapore (both city-states,
Masters notes), a result of their superior trading positions. Likewise, not all European countries axe moneyed
— in the former communist colonies, economic potential was crushed by politics.

D Masters stresses that climate will never be the overriding factor 一 the wealth of nations is too
complicated to be attributable to just one factor. Climate, he feels, somehow combines with other factors —
such as the presence of institutions, including governments, and access to trading routes — to determine
whether a country will do well. Traditionally, Masters says, economists thought that institutions had the
biggest effect on the economy, because they brought order to a country in the form of, for example, laws and
property rights. With order, so the thinking went, came affluence. “But there are some problems that even
countries with institutions have not been able to get around,” he says. “My feeling is that, as countries get
richer, they get better institutions. And the accumulation of wealth and improvement in governing institutions
are both helped by a favourable environment, including climate.”
E this does not mean, he insists, that tropical countries are beyond economic help and destined to remain
penniless. Instead, richer countries should change the way in which foreign aid is given. Instead of aid being
geared towards improving governance, it should be spent on technology to improve agriculture and to combat
disease. Masters cites one example: “There are regions in India that have been provided with irrigation —
agricultural productivity has gone up and there has been an improvement in health.” Supplying vaccines
against tropical diseases and developing crop varieties that can grow in the tropics would break the poverty
cycle.
F Other minds have applied themselves to the split between poor and rich nations, citing anthropological,
climatic and zoological reasons for why temperate nations are the most affluent. In 350BC, Aristotle observed
that “those who live in a cold climate… are full of spirit”. Jared Diamond, from the University of California at
Los Angeles, pointed out in his book Guns, Germs and Steel that Eurasia is broadly aligned east-west, while
Africa and the Americas are aligned north-south. So, in Europe, crops can spread quickly across latitudes
because climates are similar. One of the first domesticated crops, einkorn wheat, spread quickly from the
Middle East into Europe; it took twice as long for corn to spread from Mexico to what is now the eastern
United States. This easy movement along similar latitudes in Eurasia would also have meant a faster
dissemination of other technologies such as the wheel and writing, Diamond speculates. The region also
boasted domesticated livestock, which could provide meat, wool and motive power in the fields. Blessed with
such natural advantages, Eurasia was bound to take off economically.

G John Gallup and Jeffrey Sachs, two US economists, have also pointed out striking correlations between
the geographical location of countries and their wealth. They note that tropical countries between 23.45
degrees north and south of the equator are nearly all poor. In an article for the Harvard International Review,
they concluded that “development surely seems to favour the temperate-zone economies, especially those in
the northern hemisphere, and those that have managed to avoid both socialism and the ravages of war”. But
Masters cautions against geographical determinism, the idea that tropical countries are beyond hope: “Human
health and agriculture can be made better through scientific and technological research,” he says, “so we
shouldn’t be writing off these countries. Take Singapore: without air conditioning, it wouldn’t be rich.”
Questions 14-20
i The positive correlation between climate and wealth
ii Other factors besides climate that influence wealth
iii Inspiration from reading a book
iv Other researchers’ results do not rule out exceptional cases
v different attributes between Eurasia and Africa
vi Low temperature benefits people and crops
vii The importance of institution in traditional views.
viii The spread of crops in Europe, Asia and other places
ix The best way to use aid
x confusions and exceptional
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G

Questions 21-26 Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Dr William Master read a book saying that a (an) 21………………….. which struck an American city of
years ago was terminated by a cold frost. And academics found that there is a connection between climate and
country’s wealthy as in the rich but small country of 22…………………..; Yet besides excellent surroundings
and climate, one country still need to improve both their 23………………….. to achieve long prosperity,
Thanks to resembling weather condition across latitude in the continent of 24………………….. ’crops such
as 25…………………… is bound to spread faster than from South America to the North. Other researchers
also noted that even though geographical factors are important, a tropical country such as
26………………….. still became rich due to scientific advancement.

Serendipity: The Accidental Scientists

A A paradox lies close to the heart of scientific discovery. If you know just what you are looking for,
finding it can hardly count as a discovery, since it was fully anticipated. But if, on the other hand, you
have no notion of what you are looking for, you cannot know when you have found it, and discovery, as
such, is out of the question. In the philosophy of science, these extremes map onto the purest forms of
deductivism and inductivism: In the former, the outcome is supposed to be logically contained in the
premises you start with; in the latter, you are recommended to start with no expectations whatsoever
and see what turns up.

B As in so many things, the ideal position is widely supposed to reside somewhere in between these
two impossible-to-realize extremes. You want to have a good enough idea of what you are looking for to
be surprised when you find something else of value, and you want to be ignorant enough of your end
point that you can entertain alternative outcomes. Scientific discovery should, therefore, have an
accidental aspect, but not too much of one. Serendipity is a word that expresses a position something
like that. It’s a fascinating word, and the late Robert King Merton—the father of the sociology of
science’—liked it well enough to compose its biography, assisted by the French cultural historian Elinor
Barber.
C Serendipity means a “happy accident’ or ‘pleasant surprise’; specifically, the accident of finding
something good or useful without looking for it. The first noted use of serendipity in the English
language was by Horace Walpole (1717-1792). In a letter to Horace Mann (dated 28 January 1754) he
said he formed it from the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip, whose heroes ‘were always
making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things they were not in quest of’. The name stems
from Serendip, an old name for Sri Lanka.

D Besides antiquarians, the other community that came to dwell on serendipity to say something
important about their practice was that of scientists. Many scientists, including the Harvard
physiologist Walter Cannon and, later, the British immunologist Peter Medawar, liked to emphasize
how much of scientific discovery was unplanned and even accidental. One of Cannon’s favorite
examples of such serendipity is Luigi Galvani’s observation of the twitching of dissected frogs’ legs,
hanging from a copper wire, when they accidentally touched an iron railing, leading to the discovery of
‘galvanismo; another is Hans Christian Orsted’s discovery of electromagnetism when he unintentionally
brought a current-carrying wire parallel to a magnetic needle. The context in which scientific
serendipity was most contested and had its greatest resonance was that connected with the idea of
planned science. The serendipitists were not all inhabitants of academic ivory towers. Two of the great
early-20th-century American pioneers of industrial research-Willis Whitney and Irving Langmuir, both
of General Electric—made much play of serendipity, in the course of arguing against overly rigid
research planning.

E Yet what Cannon and Medawar took as a benign method, other scientists found incendiary To say that
science had a significant serendipitous aspect was taken by some as dangerous denigration. If scientific
discovery were really accidental, then what was the special basis of expert authority?

F In this connection, the aphorism of choice came from no less an authority on scientific discovery than
Louis Pasteur: “Chance favors the prepared mind.” Accidents may happen, and things may turn up
unplanned and unforeseen, as one is looking for something else, but the ability to notice such events, to
see their potential bearing and meaning, to exploit their occurrence and make constructive use of them
—these are the results of systematic mental preparation. What seems like an accident is just another
form of expertise. On closer inspection, it is insisted, accident dissolves into sagacity

G In 1936, as a very young man, Merton wrote a seminal essay on “The Unanticipated Consequences of
Purposive Social Action.” It is, he argued, the nature of social action that what one intends is rarely what
one gets: Intending to provide resources for buttressing Christian religion, the natural philosophers of
the Scientific Revolution laid the groundwork for secularism people wanting to be alone with nature in
Yosemite Valley wind up crowding one another. We just don’t know enough—and we can never know
enough—to ensure that the past is an adequate guide to the future: Uncertainty about outcomes, even
of our best-laid plans, is endemic. All social action, including that undertaken with the best evidence
and formulated according to the most rational criteria, is uncertain in its consequences.

Questions 28-33
(i) The origin of serendipity
(ii) Horace Walpole’s fairy tale
(iii) Arguments against serendipity
(iv) Two basic knowledge in the paradox of scientific discovery
(v) The accidental evidences in and beyond science
(vi) organization’s movement Opposing against the authority
(vii) Accident and mental preparation
(viii) Planned research and anticipated outcome
(ix) The optimum balance between the two extremes

28 Paragraph A
29 Paragraph B
30 Paragraph C
31 Paragraph D
32 Paragraph E
33 Paragraph F

Questions 34-36 NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS

The word “serendipity’ was coined in the writing of 34………….to Horace Mann. He derived it from a
35………., the characters of which were always making fortunate discoveries by accident. The stem
Serendip was a former name for 36………..

Mystery on Easter Island

A One of the world’s most famous yet least visited archaeological sites, Easter Island is a small, hilly,
now treeless island of volcanic origin. Located in the Pacific Ocean at 27 degrees south of the equator
and some 2200 miles (3600 kilometers) off the coast of Chile, it is considered to be the world’s most
remote inhabited island. The island is, technically speaking, a single massive volcano rising over ten
thousand feet from the Pacific Ocean floor. The island received its most well-known current name,
Easter Island, from the Dutch sea captain Jacob Roggeveen who became the first European to visit
Easter Sunday, April 5,1722.

B In the early 1950s, the Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl popularized the idea that the island had
been originally settled by advanced societies of Indians from the coast of South America. Extensive
archaeological, ethnographic and linguistic research has conclusively shown this hypothesis to be
inaccurate. It is now recognized that the original inhabitants of Easter Island are of Polynesian stock
(DNA extracts from skeletons have confirmed this, that they most probably came from the Marquesas
or Society islands, and that they arrived as early as 318 AD (carbon dating of reeds from a grave
confirms this). At the time of their arrival, much of the island was forested, was teeming with land birds,
and was perhaps the most productive breeding site for seabirds in the Polynesia region. Because of the
plentiful bird, fish and plant ‘ food sources, the human population grew and gave rise to a rich religious
and artistic culture.

C That culture’s most famous features are its enormous stone statues called moai, at least 288 of which
once stood upon massive stone platforms called There are some 250 of these ahu platforms spaced
approximately one half mile apart and creating an almost unbroken line around the perimeter of the
island. Another 600 moai statues, in various stages of completion, are scattered around the island,
either in quarries or along ancient roads between the quarries and the coastal areas where the statues
were most often erected. Nearly all the moai are carved from the tough stone of the Rano Raraku
volcano. The average statue is 14 feet and 6 inches tall and weighs 14 tons. Some moai were as large as
33 feet and weighed more than 80 tons. Depending upon the size of the statues, it has been estimated
that between 50 and 150 people were needed to drag them across the countryside on sleds and rollers
made from the island’s trees.

D Scholars are unable to definitively explain the function and use of the moai statues. It is assumed
that their carving and erection derived from an idea rooted in similar practices found elsewhere in
Polynesia but which evolved in a unique way on Easter Island. Archaeological and iconographic
analysis indicates that the statue cult was based on an ideology of male, lineage- based authority
incorporating anthropomorphic symbolism. The statues were thus symbols of authority and power,
both religious and political. But they were not only symbols. To the people who erected and used them,
they were actual repositories of sacred spirit. Carved stone and wooden objects in ancient Polynesian
religions, when properly fashioned and ritually prepared, were believed to be charged by a magical
spiritual essence called The ahu platforms of Easter Island were the sanctuaries of the people, and the
moai statues were the ritually charged sacred objects of those sanctuaries.

E Besides its more well-known name, Easter Island is also known as Te-Pito-O- Te-Henua, meaning
‘The Navel of the World’, and as Mata-Ki-Te- Rani, meaning ‘ Eyes Looking at Heaven ‘. These ancient
names and a host of mythological details ignored by mainstream archaeologists, point to the possibility
that the remote island may once have been a geodetic marker and the site of an astronomical
observatory of a long forgotten civilization. In his book. Heaven’s Mirror, Graham Hancock suggests that
Easter Island may once have been a significant scientific outpost of this antediluvian civilization and
that its location had extreme importance in a planet-spanning, mathematically precise grid of sacred
sites. Two other alternative scholars, Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas, have extensively studied
the location and possible function of these geodetic markers. In their fascinating book, Uriel’s Machine,
they suggest that one purpose of the geodetic markers was as part of a global network of sophisticated
astronomical observatories dedicated to predicting and preparing for future commentary impacts and
crystal displacement cataclysms.

F In the latter years of the 20th century and the first years of the 21st century various writers and
scientists have advanced theories regarding the rapid decline of Easter Island’s magnificent civilization
around the time of the first European contact. Principal among these theories, and now shown to be
inaccurate, is that postulated by Jared Diamond in his book Collapse: How Societies Choose to or
Survive. Basically these theories state that a few centuries after Easter Island’s initial colonization the
resource needs of the growing population had begun to outpace the island’s capacity to renew itself
ecologically. By the 1400s the forests had been entirely cut, the rich ground cover had eroded away, the
springs had dried up, and the vast flocks of birds coming to roost on the island had disappeared. With
no logs to build canoes for offshore fishing, with depleted bird and wildlife food sources, and with
declining crop yields because of the erosion of good soil, the nutritional intake of the people
plummeted. First famine, then cannibalism, set in. Because the island could no longer feed the chiefs,
bureaucrats and priests who kept the complex society running, the resulting chaos triggered a social
and cultural collapse. By 1700 the population dropped to between one-quarter and one-tenth of its
former number, and many of the statues were toppled during supposed “clan wars ” of the 1600 and
1700s.

G The faulty notions presented in these theories began with the racist assumptions of Thor Heyerdahl
and have been perpetuated by writers, such as Jared Diamond, who do not have sufficient
archaeological and historical understanding of the actual events which occurred on Easter Island. The
real truth regarding the tremendous social devastation which occurred on Easter Island is that it was a
direct consequence of the inhumane behavior of many of the first European visitors, particularly the
slavers who raped and murdered the islanders, introduced small pox and other diseases, and brutally
removed the natives to mainland South America.

Questions 1-4
i The famous moai
ii The status represented symbols of combined purposes
iii The ancient spots which indicate the scientific application
iv The story of the name
v Early immigrants, rise and prosperity
vi The geology of Easter Island
vii The begin of Thor Heyerdahl’s discovery
viii The countering explanation to the misconceptions politically manipulated
ix Symbols of authority and power
x The Navel of the World
xi The Norwegian Invaders’ legacy

Paragraph A iv
1 Paragraph B
Paragraph C i
2 Paragraph D
3 Paragraph E
4 Paragraph G
Questions 5-10
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

5 The first inhabitants of Easter Island are Polynesian, from the Marquesas or Society islands.
6 Construction of some moai statues on the island was not finished.
7 The Moai can be found not only on Easter Island but also elsewhere in Polynesia.
8 Most archaeologists recognised the religious and astronomical functions for an ancient society.
9 The structures of Easter Island work as an astronomical outpost for extraterrestrial visitors.
10 The theory that depleted natural resources leading to the failure of Easter Island actually has a
distorted perspective.

Questions 11-14 :NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS

Many theories speculated that Easter Island’s fall around the era of the initial European contact. Some
say the resources are depleted by a 11 …………………….; The erroneous theories began with a root of the
12 …………………… advanced by some scholars. Early writers did not have adequate 13 ……………………
understandings to comprehend the true nature of events on the island. The social devastation was, in
fact, a direct result of 14 …………………… of the first European settlers.
 Sending money home
A
Every year millions of migrants travel vast distances using borrowed money for their airfares and taking little
or no cash with them. They seek a decent job to support themselves with money left over that they can send
home to their families in developing countries. These remittances exceeded $400 billion last year. It is true
that the actual rate per person is only about $200 per month but it all adds up to about triple the amount
officially spent on development aid.
B
In some of the poorer, unstable or conflict-torn countries, these sums of money are a lifeline – the only
salvation for those left behind. The decision to send money home is often inspired by altruism – an unselfish
desire to help others. Then again, the cash might simply be an exchange for earlier services rendered by the
recipients or it could be intended for investment by the recipients. Often it will be repayment of a loan used to
finance the migrant’s travel and resettlement.
C
At the first sign of trouble, political or financial upheaval, these personal sources of support do not suddenly
dry up like official investment monies. Actually, they increase in order to ease the hardship and suffering of
the migrants’ families and, unlike development aid, which is channelled through government or other official
agencies, remittances go straight to those in need. Thus, they serve an insurance role, responding in a
countercyclical way to political and economic crises.
D
This flow of migrant money has a huge economic and social impact on the receiving countries. It provides
cash for food, housing and necessities. It funds education and healthcare and contributes towards the upkeep
of the elderly. Extra money is sent for special events such as weddings, funerals or urgent medical procedures
and other emergencies. Occasionally it becomes the capital for starting up a small enterprise.
E
Unfortunately, recipients hardly ever receive the full value of the money sent back home because of
exorbitant transfer fees. Many money transfer companies and banks operate on a fixed fee, which is unduly
harsh for those sending small sums at a time. Others charge a percentage, which varies from around 8% to
20% or more dependent on the recipient country. There are some countries where there is a low fixed charge
per transaction; however, these cheaper fees are not applied internationally because of widespread concern
over money laundering. Whether this is a genuine fear or just an excuse is hard to say. If the recipients live in
a small village somewhere, usually the only option is to obtain their money through the local post office.
Regrettably, many governments allow post offices to have an exclusive affiliation with one particular money
transfer operator so there is no alternative but to pay the extortionate charge.

F The sums of money being discussed here might seem negligible on an individual basis but they are
substantial in totality. If the transfer cost could be reduced to no more than one per cent, that would release
another $30 billion dollars annually – approximately the total aid budget of the USA, the largest donor
worldwide – directly into the hands of the world’s poorest. If this is not practicable, governments could at
least acknowledge that small remittances do not come from organised crime networks, and ease regulations
accordingly. They should put an end to restrictive alliances between post offices and money transfer operators
or at least open up the system to competition. Alternately, a non-government humanitarian organisation,
which would have the expertise to navigate the elaborate red tape, could set up a non-profit remittance
platform for migrants to send money home for little or no cost.

G Whilst contemplating the best system for transmission of migrant earnings to the home country, one
should consider the fact that migrants often manage to save reasonable amounts of money in their adopted
country. More often than not, that money is in the form of bank deposits earning a tiny percentage of interest,
none at all or even a negative rate of interest.

H If a developing country or a large charitable society could sell bonds with a guaranteed return of three or
four per cent on the premise that the invested money would be used to build infrastructure in that country,
there would be a twofold benefit. Migrants would make a financial gain and see their savings put to work in
the development of their country of origin. The ideal point of sale for these bonds would be the channel used
for money transfers so that, when migrants show up to make their monthly remittance, they could buy bonds
as well. Advancing the idea one step further, why not make this transmission hub the conduit for affluent
migrants to donate to worthy causes in their homeland so they may share their prosperity with their
compatriots on a larger scale?

Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A–G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B–H from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i–x, in boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Stability of remittances in difficult times
ii Effect of cutback in transaction fees
iii Targeted investments and contributions
iv Remittances for business investment
v How to lower transmission fees
vi Motivations behind remittances
vii Losses incurred during transmission
viii Remittances worth more than official aid
ix How recipients utilise remittances
x Frequency and size of remittances
xi Poor returns on migrant savings
Example:
Paragraph G xi
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph H

Questions 8–13 Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Countries are unwilling to enforce lower transaction fees as they are worried about 8……………….., and
villagers lose out when post offices have a special relationship with one particular money transfer agency.
Each remittance might be small but the total cost of remittance fees is huge. Governments
should 9……………….. on small amounts and end the current post office system or make it more
competitive. Another idea would be for a large non-profit association, capable of handling
complicated 10……………….. to take charge of migrant remittances.
Migrants who send money home are able to save money, too, but it receives little or no interest
from 11………………… If a country or organisation sold bonds that earned a reasonable rate of interest for
the investor, that money could fund the development of homeland 12………………… The bonds could be
sold at the remittance centre, which could also take donations from 13..……………….. to fund charitable
projects in their home country.
 Television and Sport
A
The relationship between television and sports is not widely thought of as problematic. For many people,
television is a simple medium through which sports can be played, replayed, slowed down, and of course
conveniently transmitted live to homes across the planet. What is often overlooked, however, is how
television networks have reshaped the very foundations of an industry that they claim only to document.
Major television stations immediately seized the revenue-generating prospects of televising sports and this has
changed everything, from how they are played to who has a chance to watch them.
B
Before television, for example, live matches could only be viewed in person. For the majority of fans, who
were unable to afford tickets to the top-flight matches, or to travel the long distances required to see them, the
only option was to attend a local game instead, where the stakes were much lower. As a result, thriving social
networks and sporting communities formed around the efforts of teams in the third and fourth divisions and
below. With the advent of live TV, however, premier matches suddenly became affordable and accessible to
hundreds of millions of new viewers. This shift in viewing patterns vacuumed out the support base of local
clubs, many of which ultimately folded.
C
For those on the more prosperous side of this shift in viewing behaviour, however, the financial rewards are
substantial. Television assisted in derailing long-held concerns in many sports about whether athletes should
remain amateurs or ‘go pro’, and replaced this system with a new paradigm where nearly all athletes are free
to pursue stardom and to make money from their sporting prowess. For the last few decades, top-level sports
men and women have signed lucrative endorsement deals and sponsorship contracts, turning many into multi-
millionaires and also allowing them to focus full-time on what really drives them. That they can do all this
without harming their prospects at the Olympic Games and other major competitions is a significant benefit
for these athletes.
D
The effects of television extend further, however, and in many instances have led to changes in sporting codes
themselves. Prior to televised coverage of the Winter Olympics, for example, figure skating involved a
component in which skaters drew ‘figures’ in the ice, which were later evaluated for the precision of their
shapes. This component translated poorly to the small screen, as viewers found the whole procedure,
including the judging of minute scratches on ice, to be monotonous and dull. Ultimately, figures were
scrapped in favour of a short programme featuring more telegenic twists and jumps. Other sports are awash
with similar regulatory shifts – passing the ball back to the goalkeeper was banned in football after gameplay
at the 1990 World Cup was deemed overly defensive by television viewers.

E In addition to insinuating changes into sporting regulation, television also tends to favour some individual
sports over others. Some events, such as the Tour de France, appear to benefit: on television it can be viewed
in its entirety, whereas on-site enthusiasts will only witness a tiny part of the spectacle. Wrestling, perhaps
due to an image problem that repelled younger (and highly prized) television viewers, was scheduled for
removal from the 2020 Olympic Games despite being a founding sport and a fixture of the Olympics since
708 BC. Only after a fervent outcry from supporters was that decision overturned.

F Another change in the sporting landscape that television has triggered is the framing of sports not merely
in terms of the level of skill and athleticism involved, but as personal narratives of triumph, shame and
redemption on the part of individual competitors. This is made easier and more convincing through the power
of close-up camera shots, profiles and commentary shown during extended build-ups to live events. It also
attracts television audiences – particularly women – who may be less interested in the intricacies of the sport
than they are in broader ‘human interest’ stories. As a result, many viewers are now more familiar with the
private agonies of famous athletes than with their record scores or matchday tactics.

G And what about the effects of male television viewership? Certainly, men have always been willing to
watch male athletes at the top of their game, but female athletes participating in the same sports have typically
attracted far less interest and, as a result, have suffered greatly reduced exposure on television. Those sports
where women can draw the crowds – beach volleyball, for example – are often those where female
participants are encouraged to dress and behave in ways oriented specifically toward a male demographic.
H Does all this suggest the influence of television on sports has been overwhelmingly negative? The answer
will almost certainly depend on who among the various stakeholders is asked. For all those who have lost out
– lower-league teams, athletes whose sports lack a certain visual appeal – there are numerous others who have
benefitted enormously from the partnership between television and sports, and whose livelihoods now depend
on it.

Questions 27-33
List of Headings
i Gender bias in televised sport
ii More money-making opportunities
iii Mixed views on TV’s role in sports
iv Tickets to top matches too expensive
v A common misperception
vi Personal stories become the focus
vii Sports people become stars
viii Rules changed to please viewers
ix Lower-level teams lose out
x Skill levels improve
xi TV appeal influences sports’ success
27 Paragraph B
28 Paragraph C
29 Paragraph D
30 Paragraph E
31 Paragraph F
32 Paragraph G
33 Paragraph H

Questions 34–37
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

34 Television networks were slow to recognise opportunities to make money from televised sport.
35 The average sports fan travelled a long way to watch matches before live television broadcasts.
36 Television has reduced the significance of an athlete’s amateur status.
37 The best athletes are now more interested in financial success rather than sporting achievement.

Questions 38–40
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Effect of television on individual sports

Ice skating – viewers find ‘figures’ boring so they are replaced with a 38………………..
Back-passing banned in football.
Tour de France great for TV, but wrestling initially dropped from Olympic Games due to 39………………..
Beach volleyball aimed at 40………………..
Cathy Freeman – Australian’s track queen
A
Runner Cathy Freeman is the first Aborigine, the name given to indigenous Australians, ever to compete
in the Olympics, and the first to wave the Aboriginal flag at a sporting event. Freeman lit the Olympic
flame at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, and won a gold medal in the 400 meters at those Games.

B
Freeman’s grandmother was part of the “stolen generation” of Aboriginal people in Australia—from the
early 20th century until the 1970s; many Aboriginal children were taken from their parents to be
raised in state-run institutions. This practice was intended to remove the children from the poverty,
disease, and addiction that plagued many aboriginal people, but it also resulted in tragically broken
family ties and loss of ancient cultural traditions. Although Freeman was not taken from her family, she
had a difficult childhood. Both her younger sister and her father died when she was young.

C
When Freeman was still a girl; her talent in running was obvious. Her mother, Cecilia, encouraged her
to pursue her interest in athletics, and when she was ten, her stepfather told her she could win a gold
medal at the Olympics if she trained properly. However, although she had the talent, she was also a
member of a minority group that historically had not had access to the same resources that other
athletes had. Freeman was one of only a few Aborigines who won a scholarship to a boarding school
where she could learn and train.

D
At the age of 15, she competed at the National School Championships, and did well enough to be
encouraged to try out for the 1990 Commonwealth Games team. She made the team as a sprinter, and
was a member of the 4 X 100-meter relay team, which won gold at the Commonwealth Games. In 1990,
she competed in the Australian National Championships, winning the 200 meters, and then ran in the
100, 200, and 4 X 100-meter races at the World Junior Games. During this time, she met Nick Bideau, an
Australian track official who would later become her coach, manager, and boyfriend.

E
In 1992, she competed in the 400-meter relay at the Barcelona Olympics, making it to the second
qualifying round. She was also a member of the 4 X 100 meter team, which ran in the final but did not
win a medal. At the World Junior Championships in 1992, she won a silver medal in the 200 meters. In
1993, she made it to the semifinals in the 200 meters in the World Championships.

F
In 1994, Freeman won the 200 meters and the 400 meters at the Commonwealth Games in Victoria,
British Columbia, Canada. After winning the 400 meters, Freeman ran her victory lap, carrying not the
Australian national flag, but the red, black, and yellow Aboriginal flag. She was criticised in the press,
and Australian team leader Arthur Tunstall told her she should not display the flag again. Freeman used
the publicity she got to publicly discuss what the flag meant to Aboriginal people, explaining its
symbolism: red for earth, yellow for sun, and black for skin. Defying Tunstall’s orders, she ran with the
flag again after winning the 200 meters.

G
At the 1996 Olympic games in Atlanta, Freeman won a silver medal in the 400 meters. After those
Games, she broke off her romantic relationship with Bideau, although he continued as her manager.
Freeman won the World Championships in the 400 meters in 1997 and 1998, even though she suffered
a heel injury in 1998.

H
In 1999, Freeman met Alexander Bodecker, an American executive for the Nike shoe company, and the
two fell in love. As a result, her relationship with Bideau became strained, and she eventually fired him.
Freeman and Bodecker were married on September 19, 1999, in San Francisco. Bideau subsequently
claimed that she owed him over $2 million in assets from deals he negotiated while he represented her,
leading to a long court battle.

I
Freeman was, of course, Australia’s favourite to win a gold medal in the 400 meters at the 2000
Olympics, held in Sydney. Like any athlete, Freeman wanted to win in order to meet her own goals, but
she also knew that she was viewed as a representative of the Aboriginal people, and she wanted to win
for them. “I could feel the crowd all over me,” she told Mark Shimabukuro in the Sporting News. “I felt
the emotion being absorbed into every part of my body.” When she won, with a time of 49.11 seconds,
she was so relieved that she dropped to her knees on the track after completing the race.

J
Freeman’s shoes were yellow, black, and red, traditional Aboriginal colours, but after she won, she took
them off and ran her victory lap, in traditional Aboriginal style, carrying both the Australian and
Aboriginal flags around the track as the crowd cheered. This time, instead of being criticised for
carrying the Aboriginal flag around the track; she was widely celebrated by the Australian media and
public.

Questions 1-9
Paragraph Headings
i An Australian sporting icon
ii A new love
iii Early competition
iv Winning isn’t everything
v Family support for running
vi Her first Olympics
vii Adored by her nation
viii Aboriginal identity on the track
ix Winning the top medal at home
x Second on the big stage
xi A difficult childhood
xii Losing in Sydney
e.g Paragraph 1 ___i___
1 Paragraph 2
2 Paragraph 3
3 Paragraph 4
4 Paragraph 5
5 Paragraph 6
6 Paragraph 7
7 Paragraph 8
8 Paragraph 9
9 Paragraph 10

Questions 10–14 Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
How Cathy Freeman became a sports star
Although she had a hard upbringing she got support from her mother and 10………………..

She won a 11……………… at a young age to train and study which helped her develop as an athlete.

Her first international success was in 1990 at the 12……………….. as part of the Australian sprint team.

At her second Olympics in 1996 she won a silver medal for coming second in the 13…………………….

• In 2000, she finally won a 14………………….. at the Sydney Olympics making here one of the most loved
sports star in Australia.
 The Life of Sir Isaac Newton
A
Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Lincolnshire, England. The son of a farmer, who died
three months before he was born, Newton spent most of his early years with his maternal grandmother
after his mother remarried. Following an education interrupted by a failed attempt to turn him into a
farmer, he attended the King’s School in Grantham before enrolling at the University of Cambridge’s
Trinity College in 1661, where he soon became fascinated by the works of modern philosophers such as
René Descartes. When the Great Plague shut Cambridge off from the rest of England in 1665, Newton
returned home and began formulating his theories on calculus, light and color, his farm the setting for
the supposed falling apple that inspired his work on gravity.

B
Newton returned to Cambridge in 1667. He constructed the first reflecting telescope in 1668, and the
following year he received his Master of Arts degree and took over as Cambridge’s Professor of
Mathematics. In 1671 he was asked to give a demonstration of his telescope to the Royal Society of
London in 1671, the same year he was elected to the prestigious Society. The following year, fascinated
with the study of light, he published his notes on optics for his peers. Through his experiments, Newton
determined that white light was a composite of all the colors on the spectrum, and he asserted that light
was composed of particles instead of waves. His methods were heavily criticized by established Society
member Robert Hooke, who was also unwilling to compromise again with Newton’s follow-up paper in
1675. Known for his temperamental defense of his work, Newton engaged in heated correspondence
with Hooke before suffering a nervous breakdown and withdrawing from the public eye in 1678. In the
following years, he returned to his earlier studies on the forces governing gravity.

C
In 1684, English astronomer Edmund Halley paid a visit to the reclusive Newton. Upon learning that
Newton had mathematically worked out the elliptical paths of celestial bodies, such as the movement of
the planets around the sun, Halley urged him to organize his notes. The result was the 1687 publication
of “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy),
which established the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravity. Principia made Newton a
star in intellectual circles, eventually earning him widespread acclaim as one of the most important
figures in modern science.

D
As a now influential figure, Newton opposed King James II’s attempts to reinstate Catholic teachings at
English Universities, and was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament in 1689. He moved to
London permanently after being named warden of the Royal Mint in 1696, earning a promotion to
master of the Mint three years later. Determined to prove his position wasn’t merely symbolic, Newton
moved the pound sterling from the silver to the gold standard and sought to punish forgers.

E
The death of Hooke in 1703 allowed Newton to take over as president of the Royal Society, and the
following year he published his second major work, “Opticks.” Composed largely from his earlier notes
on the subject, the book detailed Newton’s experiments with refraction and the color spectrum, and
also contained his conclusions on such matters as energy and electricity. In 1705, he was knighted by
Queen Anne of England.

F
Around this time, the debate over Newton’s claims to originating the field of calculus, the mathematical
study of change, exploded into a nasty dispute. Newton had developed his mathematical concept of
‘fluxions’ (differentials) in the mid-1660s to account for celestial orbits, though there was no public
record of his work. In the meantime, German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz formulated his own
theories and published them in 1684. As president of the Royal Society, Newton oversaw an
investigation that ruled his work to be the founding basis of the field, but the debate continued even
after Leibniz’s death in 1716. Researchers later concluded that both men likely arrived at their
conclusions independent of one another.

G
Newton was also obsessed with history and religious doctrines, and his writings on those subjects were
collected into multiple books that were published after his death. Having never married, Newton spent
his later years living with his niece at Cranbury Park, near Winchester, England. He died on March 31,
1727, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. A giant even among the brilliant minds that drove the
Scientific Revolution, Newton is remembered as an extraordinary scholar, inventor and writer. His
theories about the movement of bodies in the solar system transformed our understanding of the
universe and his precise methodology helped to give birth to what is known as the scientific method.
Although his theories of space-time and gravity were eventually superseded by those of Einstein his
work remains the foundation stone of modern physics was built.

Questions 1-6
List of Headings
i Continued breakthroughs in research
ii Competing claims of originality
iii The early years of Sir Isaac Newton
iv The legacy of an exceptional mind
v Routine life at a 17th century university
vi Heated academic disputes
vii A new venture
viii His crowning achievement
ix A controversial theory about planets

Answer Example
iii Paragraph A

1 Paragraph B
2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E
5 Paragraph F
6 Paragraph G

Questions 9-13 Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

Sir Isaac Newton’s achievements

Created first reflecting 9………………….., subsequently made a professor at Cambridge at the age of 25.
Helped develop the scientific method with his experiments in 10……………………, the study of light;
showed that it is 11………………….., not waves, that constitute light.
Worked out the laws of the movement of bodies in space (planets etc.), published Principia
Mathematica with laws of gravity and 12……………………..
Joint founder (with Leibniz) of 13……………………., a new branch of mathematics.