4.

Specific information about microscope which is uscd:

Event Low High power Oilimmeraion

power
1. Power
2. Magnification
3. Position of the
condenser
4. Distance between object
and objective
5. Mirror
6. Adjustable knob
7. Purpose

Care of the microscope:

QUESTIONS:

1. Who invented the microscope?

Hans td 2ochariasansses
2. What are the different adjustments made while using different types of objectives?

2. Fre AdistmonUsod tea ajust

o . Cra duate
function foil used with oil used'with oil immersion lens?
ruowg
soth
3. What is the

Cud so hat bght pas iety it he ohjrcbe Kons.

4. What is the relation of numerical aperture with the magnification?

Kinseribed on te okpe ie or ee pieo do rofa. h auil

 jloua'

lb.
X/0.
Collection of Venous blood:

inn of
Collection seram: Collbe hon o lud tat rereis. afor blod
Clotdl, s kroon aas Colleclion / Seu
Collection of Plasma:
Clkoion f iqid. orh antcagulant is
Kucun as Caclbcon o! pasne.
Questions:

1. Namne the anticoagulants used in the blood bank

Coneraly dorevatues of EOJAase Wod in Blod Bot lke.
"Vpohssium salt
Jripobsim salt
2. Name two therapeutic
anticoagulants. What is the mechanism of action of these substances?

"Atorvastbn >Sbp embolsm acewnulat

3. Name some
anticoagulants used in the
Sone anttcogu lant wsdin a
I. Ethyletoio eha-ceht aud
2. kpoin
3.Trisawm Ghet
4 What will happen if the
concentration of EDTA is more?

8hrinkago ardgrase 13
|)decrsas NC and MoH
Caucs plaselt sual af hen dinkrah rsdig
fo be cot as horma plo elst)
Questions:
1. What is the composition of Hayem's fluid? Write down function of each component?

Compesibion g Hayomi
OSodim Chlre-Osgo s uid
Mercu Chiono- 0-2sn
2. What happens to WBCs while couAting RBCs?
Funchons t

3. How do you derive 200as the dilution facior?

4. What are the functions of RBCs?

Funchons of RBCs.
’Cary oyg ho te urgs and celia Etroglod cr bag.
’oai ba wask bke Caronondo. hack lo cur lungs.
5. How much is the life span of RBCs?

6.,Define anamia &Polycyth¡mia?

to restu cfon in ho numbo of RBr: les H om
OAnamia- His
or Hair Coad of h0 noglobn Jess tan 2gnldl orbt
ofseerity anania Mid anaonia-12god; Madaat -S Sgn,s
-sa codihen in ohich Rec Coupt ncre99 aboy bnllosd Hsg
7. What are physiological and pathologial variations in RBC count!
a) Increase RBC counts
Physiological states Pathological states
"Hghalitcts EyRopois.
éhydigta
Haheos Vee
 b) Decrease RBC counts:
Physiological states Pathological states
"hgh Bromdtrit Prasr "fraoia
Chronic ber discase.
rgrany
menspuaon
kmolysis
1. What is a Reticulocyte? Mention its normal level?
red bload coll okof a nuclay haug
bo immakre ked.appearo ohen sutabs
grnular
aStihe, cr retieula
iscalkd.Roheulofs
Nomal loel of Rehaulogyl
J. Adatt Gnd chilolen
Do-2 (auerg )
) Absoito ound-2000--& oo//.

2. nlnt -9-6/
doereao to 2y in fe fisd wet
.Naobon i- 30-sD, deereato

18
 2. Result:

3. Observation & Comments:

Normal Range: While cell count varies from 4000 to 11000per cmm.
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the composition of WBCdiluting fluid? What is the function of each constituent?
The ec &'letig id o Turk'faud is composel a'
)aENTIAN Vierl)-lnl. Co stin to hucls
2. Define leucocytosis, leucopoenia, and leukaemia? Mention the functional status of WBCs in
above conditions>
DaEUCOCyTOss inotauo jn TLC aboelWocopr l. Ineress n Pyogrà or
- derge in TLe boloo kocolaul ..Caus - Storvalon,tpoid j
wial or proooal.
more
3. Enumerate theten
causes ofSooÇO/u,Qid is ásssld
physiological leucocytosis? oth preseo f immakre ts,

Physiolegial deutogloss
"‘ Loal of adrerah.
4. What are pathological causes of
leucocytosis and leucopenia?
OlEvcocYTSS - Res

raod dqprason.
5. Where are the WBCs produced in the body?
Rec precos in body
Morys
29

Raopi
 6. What are the possible sources of error? How willyou minimize them?

7. Mention the sites of WBC productions

8. Classify the leukocytes. Mentions their functions.

hEUKDCYTS.
vry.
ONEUTRoPILS!- Est to nspond to boclniz oro
OEasINaPIs:-Roonfor hir role in albrge reatby

CBAsOPHLS'- Kron for thir rob in Asthema.

OsNPHOCE Figh ineton by prodreig antiholes

cleon

30
Classification and usualrange of percentage
Type of WBC Normal Range
Neutrophils (polymorphs) 65-70%
Lymphocytes 25-30%
Monocytes 2-5%
Esinophils 2-8%
Basophils 0-1%

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the use of doing this experiment?

Cout hales "in oking hoChuka
Bo Dilforental heukocgte WBC Ccut! Ba animportant oolo
4 abnorme! resus on a an las tg immune ebn
diagnosigofardlor monibng constituent?
Leishman;s stain? What are the functions of each
2. What is composition
Conpsihon ef ashmans stin:
Eosin- Staiug Stainsg
Metylono Blue
Alc hol- Peesorvatine
adding concentrated stain first and then dilution it?
3. What the necessity of

the WBCs?
4. What are the functions of

information is obtained by A math count?

5. What useful

count?
differential WBCs
6. What is the significance of doing

38
REPORT
1. Vital data

Name

Age
Sex

Occupation
2. Result:

3. Observation & Comments:

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the basis of blood grouping?

besis f blood goua
Ike>Pcper blocd rnslesion is bknoo e Blec y is ifo
2.What do you use separate pipettes for two sera?
Se parñt Sere
Intrun; blood laqlat on
3. What is the importance of keeping a control in your experiment?
Conaslig an euparient i cncay
Ohservedresb e ng us enten eiert.
4. What is the significance of determination of blood groups?
Blood be dokrminel- fora sk
5.
anyon
What is the importance of keeping a control in your experiment?
Cohoilig an aperinoat is Crliealy inprtont p erure
Cbserved results are not fes rom en
6. What is the significance of determination of blood groups?
 B in blood transfusion?
7. Name the other blood group which is as important as A and

woman should not be transfused with Rh+ ve blood? oih Rhte blod
8. Why Rh-ve marriageable Shoud nOt e fanfuel
ARh-e narnagoable womenblood;je preugArin-hiay fooi
prerant euotion of store blood in the blood banks? as an
9. What anticoagulants are preferred to
deivatie f ED)
EDB sprelret
Acid Cihat dtroe Qa
blood bnt
artiícagalot in knon as
universal donor and blod Tyae is
universal recipient,
10. Explain the concept
ho Can dorite fo al
bloo bror: Blosd aroup O-e
onor annjasal
ecopt al blood TyAI
cohe l the basis of
ABCsystem?What is
ptArcootor. Ünjasal
conmbination of agglutinogen
agglutinogen Andagglutininin
11. What is the
Rh system?
 PRACTICAL NO,- 1
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL EXAMINATION
History:
1. Chief complaint
2. History of present illness

3. Past History

4. Personal history

5. Family History
General Examination:

1, Vitals
a. Pulse ?8 beat/no
b. Blood Rate
c. Blood Pressure |2ol30 mm Hg
d. Respiratory Rate 43 bablmn.
2. Signs
Present/Absent
Pallor
Icterus
Absent
Absent
Clubbing Absent
Cyanosis Absent
Edema Åbsent
|Lymph node Absat
3. a. Decubitus
b. Gait
c. General Condition Noral
d. Built omel bib
e. Nails No cluboir
f. Ear Nomo
g. Nose Nomal
h. Eyes No ictens
Systematicexamination:
1. Inspection His the ot ot obserwg
 4 mans examialon by the Jlat suo diga
2Papation Palm.
2.
3. Percussion # ms tporgio an inpc.
4. Auscultation maons to lisen woith ta halo af asehosq
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the ideal position for the doctor and the patient during examination?
fo tavon He
Th idaal psibon Jor He doctor jslatet
sice he paient subpct. Skowd e
.

2. Enumerate rules of Percussion?

*Ask Jor He cencon peliat

lelt hand on he Subjet hoc ard sht passig
*loe te ard we wase
nte ngh hand,
3. WhatPloe
are the&pposte
advantageshard :
and disadvantages of bell and diaphragm?

is suitabl Jor tho auseulkion of hgh pash arel

Jhe aphogo Sourd and breoh Sud
Sheup &ondb; Such as heat
Suitable br he awcultation koo pnd aódd
Bell- Tho boll is
loo ourds, Such as tid art jouth heart Sourds ad breh
Gourds in Childrens
4. Define symptom, sign, biopsy diagnosis, differential diagnosis, palliative treatment,
Curative or therapeutic treatment, prophylactic prophylactic treatment, autopsy.
 PRACTICAL NO., -2

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF ARTERIAL PULSE

Arterial pulse can be examined in main peripheral artries, i.e.
femoral, apopliteal and dorsalis pedis. radial, brachial.

Examination of the radial pulse

PALPATE
RADIAL
PULSE
ASSESS RATE &RHYTHM
Ring finger Index finger
Middle finger

Observations:
NameS R A sEs Age/Sex
Rate per minute
B5 BMp
Rhythm KEA. REause
Volume
NORMAL
REawLAR.
NORMAL NORMA
Force
Tension NoRMAL NORN AL NORMAL
Condition of the NoRNA NORM AL NoRnAL
vessel wall
Equality on both
NoRMAL WORNAL
sides
Pulse at other sites

QUESTIONS:
1. Why should the pulse be examined with
three fingers?

palnerah
)Dael Fic lo bicek rogde plsäts hon
2. Why is the radial artery pulse routinely chosen for examination?

abe.
aks the pulse nwore dete
3. What is sinus arrhythmia? What are its causes?
Sinus Brrhyhna is an irregular haart bat ie, efar foe fa
Or too sloo
Causes- Hyperalania.
4. What are the physioldgical factors affecting the pulse rate?
acbrs tat ofpot te pabe at:
Ihe physiolegiea DCRFASE
IrcRASE
"Strass
-Dd.
'Cholseel
Wait
 PRACTICAL NO, 4
DETERMINATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted on the vessel wall by the flowing blood. It depends
unon anumber of physiological factors and is an important part of clinical examination, it can be
recorded by:
L. Direct Method: BP is determined by insertion of cannula in the artery and is appropriate only
or the research.
2. Indirect method: requires the use of sphygmomanometer and is the method employed or
recording the BP in humans and is based on the principle obalancing the pressure in cuff
against the pressure in the artery.

Observations:
Name
Position
Shrulta Sngh Systolic B.P
Age/ Sex
Diastolic B.PL Pulse Pressure
mmHg mmHg mmHg
30 mmhy 90 mm
132 mnl 82 mmh
120 mm
125 mm 45mm
20 mmy 90 mm
QUESTIONS:basal, casual mean
nat is
i
and pulse prssure.
reletie 3tubb- blood prssre mons
bP- he Sun kakon urda
ab Supi wprsant
prsu,
mtabote shntiti on
Piuse PREssURE- Ts is te

2. What are the physiological variations in blood pressure?

The physologjca vanalers af Blood preiure'
Eigahitly raul a
DShot andorg termfctnatos behauiou,
3. What does systolic and diastolic blood pressure indicate? What is the clinical significance?
SysroueBcon PeEsoRE- lis ishe hghor numbor ai repent e prsg
eei chn he haott À relare ant
4. Define the term Hyprotension and Hypertension

Hypoenson- t x ke Jael in nonal Keucl cf Blecd

fresure Jess tho ysOmn .
eporusa - tis te ise in nemd leel of Blood
tressure ie. nore Hn. (2olg Ommg- 14o3Omny.

Ihereae

Arurgsno
 PRACTICAL NO. 5

CUNICAL EXAMINNATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Systemic Examination of Heart:
() INSPECTION: The chest wall is examined anteriorly by removing the clothes
above the waist.
PALPATION: We confirm the findings of infection bypalpation. We feel the Apex
(i)
beat which is normally fely l cm. medial to the mid-clavirlar line in the 5" intercoatal
placing
space which is the most lateral and outermost thrust of the heart. It is felt by from
palm as lateral force
the palm on the left side of the chest and felt under the
heart.
(üi) PRECUSSION: Percuss from lungs towards heart.
Aortic area and
AUSCULTATION: Auscultate first and second heart sounds,
iv)
pulmonary area.

Observations:

Name Ghivam Ra
General Examination:
Physique hin Gut
Voice Normel
Breathlessness Abset
Cynosis or Pallor Aset
Clubbing Aosert.
Inspection:
Shape of Pericardium
Apical Impulse
sgmmial andelepheal)
Symucty Mormal (8.lalialy
Scar/Sinus/Swelling/Pulsation/Dilated veins Abod:

Palpation:
Pain and Tendeness Abset
Blood pressure |20/gO mm'y
Apex Beat Aort
Symmetry
Namnal(Bilatraly ymneti
Chus

72
 Ascultation: Percussion:
NS: Pulmonary
Artey Tricuspid
AreaMitral
. Area Area tenderness
Painand
Area Boundaries

etatst1S of
heart
M1
wall
f
Abat
re
T1

Sounds
Heart

Az
Rercusabe.
P:
 Lips
Tonsils Palate TeethExamination examination:
Nutritional
Nails Lymph status BuiltGeneral Name
Observation: system,
patient
Examination
Inspection
chest:of
5.4. 3.
2. 1. Puyas Conjunetiva shouldEven
Movement glands it
Accessory
Position
Position d. c. b.a. Size is
EXAMINATION
CLINICAL OF
Type
Rhythm: and
Normal
765 of
in
incomplete if
DiameterAP Normalof be the
ExpansionRespi rato ry Nomal.
of wonpal p able oral neck comfortably
ofmuscle of of
Respiratory 1234s62
Shape:?65432I| ormal examination
Trachea:
apex breathing: 4 cavity
chest:
Regular 32) Normal .
of unless
beat of chest: rate
Symmetrical lNo and papabl
Non
respiration
/Deviated p
/er system |)2345 lyingsome
Anterior Irregular
Posterior
Abdominothoracic throat: (
Equál mi nut e ofa
sh bndoras No on PRACTICALNO.6
general
/ the subject
n /unequal Asymmetrical
|S 6 ieleros, examination
to Transverse
hert Diamneter physical is
74 co
ht/deviated on /s specifically
shl both / aelig RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Thoracico examination
SpaL sides palness table.
n:
Age/Sex
directed
to abdominal lredra.
left Or is
nit
towards
done
along
the
with
respiratory
it.
The