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Steven Ratuva Editor

The Palgrave
Handbook of
Ethnicity
The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity
Steven Ratuva
Editor

The Palgrave Handbook of

Ethnicity

With 46 Figures and 57 Tables

Editor
Steven Ratuva
Department of Anthropology and Sociology
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand

ISBN 978-981-13-2897-8 ISBN 978-981-13-2898-5 (eBook)

ISBN 978-981-13-2899-2 (print and electronic bundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019
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Preface

Since the end of the cold war, the world has seen an unprecedented multimodal
transformation involving the complex interplay of various forces such as globaliza-
tion and nationalism; the resurgence of extreme right and the unrelenting response
from the left; the consolidation of neoliberal hegemony and creation of conditions
for its own crisis; the rise of authoritarian leadership and the widespread democratic
reactions; the popularization of the social media and the declaration of cyber wars;
and the rise of China and how this poses a threat to US hegemony. A salient feature of
many of these is the multiple expressions of ethnicity as a factor in shaping geopolit-
ical, socioeconomic, and sociocultural relations. The explosion of ethno-nationalist
conflicts and religious tension; the resurgence and electoral mainstreaming of ultra-
right political groups with racial supremacist ideals; the widespread expressions of
extremist Islamic groups; the anti-immigration policies of President Trump and
various European states; the use of the cyberspace as an arena for racial vilification;
the rise of extremist and terroristic violence; and the fluid nature of ethnic relations are
just some of the manifestations of the new transformation. These have justifiably
inspired a surge in interest in research and discourses around ethnicity.
Commissioned by Palgrave Macmillan, this comprehensive work on global
ethnicity – which spans diverse national, political, cultural, and ideological bound-
aries, schools of thought, and methodological approaches – is a result of an exhaus-
tive international search for the right experts, mobilization of a wide range of
resources, writing, editing, reviewing, and production over 3 years. With 102 chap-
ters (and more than 90 authors from around the world), this was a mammoth task,
which involved the collective synergies of the editor-in-chief, section editors, chap-
ter authors, the Palgrave editorial team, and the production team. It is a great
example of transnational cooperation, innovative communication, systematic net-
working, and durable patience. At a time when academia is obsessed with the
fetishization of individual output, as a result of the pervading audit and metric
culture wrought by neoliberal reforms, a collaborative interdisciplinary and transna-
tional effort of this scope and magnitude is a rarity. This is why all those involved in
this mega project deserve whole-hearted congratulations.
The different parts and individual themes of the chapters are connected in a
complex web of historical, intellectual, sociocultural, and political narratives and
are meant to converse with each other using different contextual yet familiar

v
vi Preface

discourses. Ostensibly, while they encapsulate different schools of thought and

disciplinary traditions, they share a common thread of optimism and hope of
expanding the horizons of knowledge of humanity and contributing to debates and
discussions about creating a better world.
Ethnicity is not an easy subject to deal with because of its intersectional relation-
ship with a host of factors including identity, inequality, conflict, religion, economic
distribution, class, politics, and other aspects of everyday life. History is littered with
the residues of ethnicity’s connection with wars, mass killings, terrorism, poverty,
and discrimination. History is also blessed with moments of interethnic embrace-
ment, multicultural engagements, and collective voices of humanity crying for justice
and yearning for equality against the forces of discrimination, abuse, and oppression.
These three volumes echo the multiple sentiments of history and capture some of the
moments of human frailty and strength, human fiasco and fortitude, human retarda-
tion and progress, manifested in the different corners of the globe.
Some chapters are theoretical and some are based on empirical case studies and
cover more than 70 countries around the world. Due to the massive size of the
undertaking and the limited time available for its completion, the volumes are not
able to cover all the countries in the world. Nevertheless, the existing chapters
provide a wealth of discourses, experiences, reflections, and analysis, which would
no doubt enrich our understanding of ethnicity as complex developments in our
contemporary world unfold over time. The volumes are meant to inspire further
debate and research and not meant to provide the panacea for global ethnic utopia.
They are meant for a wide range of interests including scholars and researchers,
policy makers, political leaders, corporate personnel, international agencies, peace-
builders, educators, security community, civil society organizations, and the public
at large. This diversity reflects the underlying normative sentiments of inclusivity,
accessibility, (in)formativeness, and enrichment.
Some chapters provide practical solutions to problems, while some provide
abstract analyses of complex dynamics to unpack deeper and latent manifestations
of social realities. While some are concerned with the global context, some revolve
around geopolitical and geocultural regions, and some are focused on national and
even local situation. These multiple layers of narratives are interconnected and
provide intellectual enrichment for each other. The volumes do not pretend to
provide definitive and conclusive analysis of ethnic issues that enshroud our times,
but rather speak to them and raise important issues that need closer and serious
scrutiny with the ambitious goal and sincere hope of making the world a better place
for humanity.

Department of Anthropology and Sociology Steven Ratuva

University of Canterbury Editor
Christchurch, New Zealand

Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies

University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
Contents

Volume 1

1 Exploring Global Ethnicity: A Broad Sociological Synopsis .... 1

Steven Ratuva

Part I Nexus Between Ethnicity and Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2 Ethno-cultural Symbolism and Group Identity .............. 29

Elya Tzaneva
3 Cultural Socialization and Ethnic Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Sara N. Amin
4 Historical Memory and Ethnic Myths ..................... 65
Cindy Zeiher
5 Indian Identity in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Kathryn Pillay
6 The State and Minority Nationalities (Ethnic Groups) in
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Roland Boer
7 Ethnic Blindness in Ethnically Divided Society: Implications
for Ethnic Relations in Fiji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Romitesh Kant
8 Post-Arab Spring: The Arab World Between the Dilemma of
the Nation-State and the Rise of Identity Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Hassanein Ali

Part II The State, Society, and Ethnopolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

9 The Significance of Ethno-politics in Modern States

and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Joseph R. Rudolph
vii
viii Contents

10 Religion and Political Mobilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Jóhanna K. Birnir and Henry D. Overos
11 Foreign Military Occupations and Ethnicity ................ 187
Radomir Compel
12 Ethnic Politics and Global Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Geoff Pfeifer
13 Shared Citizenship and Sovereignty: The Case of the Cook
Islands’ and Niue’s Relationship with New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . 221
Zbigniew Dumieński
14 State Hegemony and Ethnicity: Fiji’s Problematic Colonial
Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Sanjay Ramesh
15 Ethnicity and Politics in Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Jacob Mwathi Mati
16 Ethno-politics in the People’s Republic of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Matthew Hoddie
17 Ethnicity and Cultural Rights in Tibet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Jianxia Lin
18 Volga Tatars: Continuing Resilience in the Age of
Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Renat Shaykhutdinov
19 Identity and Conflict in Northern Ireland .................. 331
Cathal McManus
20 Immigration Policy and Left-Right Politics in Western
Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Trevor J. Allen and Misty Knight-Finley
21 Lost in Europe: Roma and the Search for Political
Legitimacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Neil Cruickshank

Part III Stereotypes and Prejudices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

22 Race and Racism: Some Salient Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Vijay Naidu
23 Media and Stereotypes ................................. 397
Tara Ross
24 Japanese Representation in Philippine Media ............... 415
Karl Ian Uy Cheng Chua
Contents ix

25 Racism in Colonial Zimbabwe ........................... 429

Alois S. Mlambo
26 Ethnic Riots in United Kingdom in 2001 ................... 447
Paul Bagguley and Yasmin Hussain
27 Racialized Identity Under Apartheid in South Africa ......... 463
Suryakanthie Chetty
28 Racism and Stereotypes ................................ 483
Paul Spoonley
29 Discussing Contemporary Racial Justice in Academic Spaces:
Minimizing Epistemic Exploitation While Neutralizing White
Fragility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Adele Norris
30 Ethnicity, Race, and Black People in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Stephen Small

Volume 2

Part IV Ethno-nationalism and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

31 Contemporary Ethnic Politics and Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Adis Maksic
32 Ethnic Conflict and Militias ............................. 559
Andrew Thomson
33 Evolution of Palestinian Civil Society and the Role of
Nationalism, Occupation, and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Yaser Alashqar
34 Ethno-nationalism and Political Conflict in Bosnia (Europe) . . . . 595
Aleksandra Zdeb
35 Ethnic Conflicts and Peace-Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Sergio Luiz Cruz Aguilar
36 Ethnicity and Violence in Sri Lanka: An Ethnohistorical
Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Premakumara de Silva, Farzana Haniffa, and Rohan Bastin
37 Ethno-communal Conflict in Sudan and South Sudan . . . . . . . . . 655
Johan Brosché
38 Patterns and Drivers of Communal Conflict in Kenya . . . . . . . . . 675
Emma Elfversson
x Contents

39 Elites in Between Ethnic Mongolians and the Han in China . . . . 695

Chelegeer

40 Ethnicity and Cultural Wounding: Ethnic Conflict, Loss of

Home, and the Drive to Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Amanda Kearney

41 Constitutional Features of Presidential Elections and the Failure

of Cross-ethnic Coalitions to Institutionalize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
M. Bashir Mobasher

42 The Making of a Mobile Caliphate State in the African Sahel . . . 755

Hamdy Hassan

43 Consequences of Globalization for the Middle East Political

Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Mostafa Entezarulmahdy

44 National Imaginary, Ethnic Plurality, and State Formation in

Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
Paul J. Carnegie

45 Ethno-nationalism and Ethnic Dynamics in Trinidad

and Tobago: Toward Designing an Inclusivist Form of
Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Ralph Premdas

46 Islam in Trinidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825

Nasser Mustapha

Part V Indigeneity, Gender, and Sexuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

47 Indigenous Rights and Neoliberalism in Latin America . . . . . . . . 849

Jeffrey A. Gardner and Patricia Richards

48 Settler Colonialism and Biculturalism in

Aotearoa/New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Jessica Terruhn

49 Nuclear Testing and Racism in the Pacific Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . 885

Nic Maclellan

50 Nagas Identity and Nationalism: Indigenous Movement of the

Zeliangrong Nagas in the North East India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Aphun Kamei

51 Reclaiming Hawaiian Sovereignty ........................ 927

Keakaokawai Varner Hemi
Contents xi

52 Perpetual Exclusion and Second-Order Minorities in Theaters

of Civil Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967
Jovanie Camacho Espesor
53 Indigenous Australian Identity in Colonial and Postcolonial
Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
Michael Davis
54 China: Modernization, Development, and Ethnic Unrest
in Xinjiang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
Kate Hannan
55 Ethnicity and Class Nexus: A Philosophical Approach . . . . . . . . 1033
Rodrigo Luiz Cunha Gonsalves
56 Islamic Identity and Sexuality in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
Sharyn Graham Davies
57 LGBT and Ethnicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077
Arjun Rajkhowa
58 Migration and Managing Manhood: Congolese Migrant Men
in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Joseph Rudigi Rukema and Beatrice Umubyeyi
59 Race and Sexuality: Colonial Ghosts and Contemporary
Orientalisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Monique Mulholland

Part VI Globalization and Diaspora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147

60 Diaspora as Transnational Actors: Globalization and the Role

of Ethnic Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
Masaki Kataoka
61 Global Chinese Diaspora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167
Zhifang Song
62 Greek Identity in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185
Rebecca Fanany and Maria-Irini Avgoulas
63 Italian Identity in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203
Stefano Luconi
64 Faamatai: A Globalized Pacific Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223
Melani Anae
65 Migrant Illegalization and Minoritized Populations . . . . . . . . . . . 1247
Paloma E. Villegas and Francisco J. Villegas
xii Contents

66 Indian Diaspora in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265

Todd Nachowitz
67 Ethnic Migrants and Casinos in Singapore and Macau . . . . . . . . 1313
Juan Zhang
68 Ethnic Minorities and Criminalization of Immigration Policies
in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331
Felicia Arriaga
69 Diaspora and Ethnic Contestation in Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1351
Ralph Premdas and Bishnu Ragoonat

Volume 3

Part VII Ethnic Relations and Policy Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363

70 Role of Crown Health Policy in Entrenched Health Inequities

in Aotearoa, New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365
Sarah Herbert, Heather Came, Tim McCreanor, and Emmanuel Badu
71 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Secondary Students’
Experiences of Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383
Gawaian Bodkin-Andrews, Treena Clark, and Shannon Foster
72 Stereotypes of Minorities and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407
Jean M. Allen and Melinda Webber
73 Rural Farmer Empowerment Through Organic Food Exports:
Lessons from Uganda and Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427
Kristen Lyons
74 Local Peacebuilding After Communal Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1445
Birgit Bräuchler
75 Cultural Identity and Textbooks in Japan: Japanese Ethnic and
Cultural Nationalism in Middle-School History Textbooks . . . . . 1465
Ryota Nishino
76 Asian Americans and the Affirmative Action Debate in the
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
Mitchell James Chang
77 Affirmative Action: Its Nature and Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1501
Ralph Premdas
78 Negotiating Ethnic Conflict in Deeply Divided Societies: Political
Bargaining and Power Sharing as Institutional Strategies . . . . . . 1515
Madhushree Sekher, Mansi Awasthi, Allen Thomas, Rajesh Kumar,
and Subhankar Nayak
Contents xiii

Part VIII Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1537

79 The Threat of Genocide: Understanding and Preventing the

“Crime of Crimes” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1539
Eyal Mayroz

80 Separation Versus Reunification: Institutional Stagnation and

Conflict Between Iraq and Kurdistan Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555
Nyaz N. Noori

81 Ethnic Cleansing of the Rohingya People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1575

Nasir Uddin

82 Displaced Minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito People . . . . . . . . 1593

Christian Cwik

83 Ethnic Conflict and Genocide in Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611

Wendy Lambourne

Part IX Ethnicity, Migration, and Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643

84 Policing Ethnic Minorities: Disentangling a Landscape of

Conceptual and Practice Tensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1647
Isabelle Bartkowiak-Théron and Nicole L. Asquith

85 Romanian Identity and Immigration in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1671

Remus Gabriel Anghel, Stefánia Toma, and László Fosztó

86 Refugee Protection and Settlement Policy in New Zealand . . . . . 1689

Louise Humpage

87 Indian Indentured Laborers in the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711

Sherry-Ann Singh

88 New Middle-Class Labor Migrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1729

Sam Scott

89 Slavery, Health, and Epidemics in Mauritius 1721–1860 . . . . . . . 1749

Sadasivam Jaganada Reddi and Sheetal Sheena Sookrajowa

90 The Legacy of Indentured Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1767

Kathleen Harrington-Watt

91 Global Capitalism and Cheap Labor: The Case of Indenture . . . 1795

Brinsley Samaroo

92 United Nations Migrant Workers Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1813

Sheetal Sheena Sookrajowa and Antoine Pécoud
xiv Contents

93 The Rhetoric of Hungarian Premier Victor Orban: Inside

X Outside in the Context of Immigration Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829
Bruno Mendelski
94 Different Legacies, Common Pressures, and Converging
Institutions: The Politics of Muslim Integration in Austria and
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1853
Ryosuke Amiya-Nakada
95 Intended Illegal Infiltration or Compelled Migration: Debates
on Settlements of Rohingya Muslims in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1877
Sangit Kumar Ragi
96 Indonesia and ASEAN Responses on Rohingya Refugees . . . . . . 1891
Badrus Sholeh

Part X Cultural Celebration and Resistance .................. 1907

97 Rewriting the World: Pacific People, Media, and Cultural

Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909
Sereana Naepi and Sam Manuela
98 Kava and Ethno-cultural Identity in Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1923
S. Apo Aporosa
99 Museums and Identity: Celebrating Diversity in an Ethnically
Diverse World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1939
Tarisi Vunidilo
100 Artistic Expressions and Ethno-cultural Identity: A Case Study
of Acehnese Body Percussion in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1957
Murtala Murtala, Alfira O’Sullivan, and Paul H. Mason
101 Ethnic Film in South Africa: History, Meaning, and Change . . . 1977
Gairoonisa Paleker
102 Multiculturalism and Citizenship in the Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . 1993
Igor Boog
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015
About the Editor

Steven Ratuva
Department of Anthropology and Sociology
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
Steven Ratuva is Director of the Macmillan Brown
Center for Pacific Studies and Professor in the Depart-
ment of Anthropology and Sociology at the University
of Canterbury. He was Fulbright Professor at UCLA,
Duke University, and Georgetown University and cur-
rently Chair of the International Political Science Asso-
ciation Research Committee on Security, Conflict, and
Democratization. With a Ph.D. from the Institute of
Development Studies at the University of Sussex,
Ratuva is an interdisciplinary scholar who has written
or edited a number of books and published numerous
papers on a range of issues including ethnicity, security,
affirmative action, indigenous intellectual property, geo-
political strategies, social protection, militarization,
ethno-nationalism, development, peace, and neoliberal-
ism. He has been a consultant and advisor for a number
of international organizations such as the UNDP, Inter-
national Labour Organization, International Institute for
Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Commonwealth
Secretariat, and the Asian Development Bank, and has
worked in a number of universities around the world
including in Australia, USA, New Zealand, Fiji,
and UK.

xv
About the Section Editors

Steven Ratuva
Department of Anthropology and Sociology
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
Steven Ratuva is Director of the Macmillan Brown
Center for Pacific Studies and Professor in the Depart-
ment of Anthropology and Sociology at the University
of Canterbury. He was Fulbright Professor at UCLA,
Duke University, and Georgetown University and cur-
rently Chair of the International Political Science Asso-
ciation Research Committee on Security, Conflict, and
Democratization. With a Ph.D. from the Institute of
Development Studies at the University of Sussex,
Ratuva is an interdisciplinary scholar who has written
or edited a number of books and published numerous
papers on a range of issues including ethnicity, security,
affirmative action, indigenous intellectual property, geo-
political strategies, social protection, militarization,
ethno-nationalism, development, peace, and neoliberal-
ism. He has been a consultant and advisor for a number
of international organizations such as the UNDP, Inter-
national Labour Organization, International Institute for
Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Commonwealth
Secretariat, and the Asian Development Bank, and has
worked in a number of universities around the world
including in Australia, USA, New Zealand, Fiji,
and UK.

xvii
xviii About the Section Editors

Joseph R. Rudolph
Department of Political Science
Towson University
Baltimore, MA, USA
Joseph R. Rudolph, Jr. received his Ph.D. from the
University of Virginia and is currently a Professor in the
Department of Political Science at Towson University
(Baltimore, Maryland, USA). He has served as a Ful-
bright appointee to Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) and
Kosovo (2011–2012), and has published in the field of
ethnic and nationalist politics for more than 30 years.
Since 1997, he has also frequently been a part of the
democratization operations of the Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in areas
of the former Yugoslavia and former Soviet Union. His
Palgrave publication Politics and Ethnicity: A Compar-
ative Study (2006) is now in its second printing. More
recent work includes compiling and contributing to The
Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts (editor, 2nd
edition, 2015), and From Mediation to Nation Building:
Third Parties and the Management of Communal Con-
flict (coeditor, 2013).

Vijay Naidu
University of the South Pacific
Suva, Fiji
Vijay Naidu completed his undergraduate and M.A.
studies at the University of the South Pacific in Fiji,
and his doctoral degree at the University of Sussex in
the UK. He has been Professor and Director of Devel-
opment Studies in the School of Government, Develop-
ment, and International Affairs at the University of the
South Pacific (USP), and the School of Geography,
Environment, and Earth Sciences at the Victoria Uni-
versity of Wellington. He is a Pacific development
scholar and has written on aid, electoral politics, ethnic-
ity, higher education, land tenure, migration, urbaniza-
tion, social exclusion, the state, poverty and social
protection, informal settlements, human security,
and MDGs.
About the Section Editors xix

Paul J. Carnegie
Institute of Asian Studies
Universiti Brunei Darussalam
Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
Paul J. Carnegie is Associate Professor of Politics and
International Relations at the Institute of Asian Studies,
Universiti Brunei Darussalam and the former Director of
the Postgraduate Governance Program at the University
of the South Pacific. He has research specializations in
comparative democratization, human security, and
localized responses to militant extremism in Southeast
Asia, MENA, and the Asia Pacific with a particular
focus on Indonesia. Paul has published widely in his
fields including the monograph The Road from Author-
itarianism to Democratization in Indonesia (Palgrave
Macmillan) and the coedited volume Human Insecu-
rities in Southeast Asia (Springer). He has been awarded
multiple research grants with related output in leading
international journals including Pacific Affairs,
Australian Journal of Politics and History, the Middle
East Quarterly, and the Australian Journal of Interna-
tional Affairs. Paul has extensive applied research expe-
rience and networks having lived and worked
previously in Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Egypt,
Fiji, and the United Arab Emirates.

Airini
Faculty of Education and Social Work
Thompson Rivers University
Kamloops, BC, Canada
Professor Airini is Dean of the Faculty of Education and
Social Work at Thompson Rivers University, British
Columbia, Canada (https://www.tru.ca/), and previously
at the University of Auckland, Aoteraoa New Zealand.
Airini’s research looks at how to build world-class edu-
cation systems where success for all means all. Her
current focus is on closing education achievement gaps
experienced by Indigenous school and university stu-
dents in Canada and internationally. Airini is the recip-
ient of national research and teaching awards in
New Zealand (Success for All: What university teaching
practices help/hinder Maori and Pasifika student suc-
cess) and Canada (Knowledge Makers: Indigenous
xx About the Section Editors

undergraduate and graduate student research

mentoring). To identify how we can influence better
outcomes for all, Airini went to Washington DC as a
Fulbright Scholar and investigated how to convert ter-
tiary education policy into better results for underserved
students (E-mail: airini@tru.ca; Twitter: @truAirini;
LinkedIn: https://ca.linkedin.come/in/airini).

Melani Anae
Pacific Studies|School of Māori Studies
and Pacific Studies,
Te Wānanga o Waipapa
University of Auckland
Auckland, New Zealand
Lupematasila, Misatauveve Dr. Melani Anae, is Senior
Lecturer in Pacific Studies, Te Wānanga o Waipapa, at the
University of Auckland. Anae has been a former Director
of the Centre for Pacific Studies (2002–2007), a recipient
of the Fulbright New Zealand Senior Scholar Award
(2007), and was awarded the Companion to the Queen’s
Service Order for services to Pacific communities in
New Zealand (2008). In 2014, she was awarded the
prestigious Marsden Grant from the Royal Society of
New Zealand for her project “Samoan transnational
matai (chiefs): ancestor god avatars or merely title-
holders?” Focusing on her research interests of ethnic
identity for first-/second-generation Pacific peoples born
in the diaspora, social justice and Pacific activism, and the
development of her teu le va paradigm in relational ethics,
her transformational work has successfully developed
strategies for policy formation, service delivery, and opti-
mal research outcomes for Pacific peoples/families and
communities across the sectors of education, health, and
well-being for Pacific peoples, families, and communities
in New Zealand. She has taught, researched, and
published extensively in these specialty areas and is cur-
rently focused on transnational identity construction of
Pacific peoples and communities in the diaspora. She
carries two Samoan chiefly titles from the villages of
Siumu and Falelatai in Samoa, is part of a large transna-
tional Samoan aiga, and is a grandmother and mother of
three children.
About the Section Editors xxi

Radomir Compel
School of Global Humanities and Social Sciences
Nagasaki University
Nagasaki, Japan
Radomir Compel is Associate Professor of compara-
tive politics at the Global School of Humanities and
Social Sciences of Nagasaki University in Japan. He
has edited or coauthored several books, including
Guns and Roses: Comparative Civil-Military Relations
in the Changing Security Environment (2019), Hito to
Kaiyo no Kyosei wo Mezashite VI (2013), and Ashida
Hitoshi Nikki 1905–1945 V (2012), and has published
articles in Japanese and English on Okinawa, Japan,
East Asia, Middle East, and maritime issues. He
obtained a Ph.D. from Yokohama National University,
and taught at Hosei University, Yokohama National
University, Nihon University, University of Oulu, and
other educational institutions in Japan and Europe.

Sergio Luiz Cruz Aguilar

Sao Paulo State University (UNESP)
Marilia, São Paulo, Brazil
Sergio Luiz Cruz Aguilar holds a Ph.D. in History
(UNESP), and is Associate Professor at the Sao Paulo
State University (UNESP), Brazil, where he coordinates
the Group of Studies and Research of International
Conflicts and the International Conflicts Observatory.
He is also Professor of the postgraduation programs
San Tiago Dantas Program on International Relations
(UNESP/UNICAMP/PUC-SP) and Social Sciences
(UNESP – Campus of Marilia/SP). He was visiting
researcher at the Department of Politics and Interna-
tional Relations – University of Oxford, UK. He was
military observer on the United Nations Peace Force
(UNPF) and on United Nations Transitional Adminis-
tration for Eastern Slavonia (UNTAES), during the civil
war in the former Yugoslavia. Sergio was also Director
of the Brazilian Defense Studies Association (ABED)
and wrote four books, edited five books, and published
many journal articles in Portuguese, English, and Span-
ish languages.
xxii About the Section Editors

Lyndon Fraser
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
Historian Lyndon Fraser is currently the Head of
Department (Sociology and Anthropology) at the Uni-
versity of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, and
Research Fellow in Human History at the Canterbury
Museum. He is coeditor (with Linda Bryder) of the
New Zealand Journal of History, and his recent publi-
cations include Rushing for Gold: Life and Commerce
on the Goldfields of Australia and New Zealand (Otago
University Press, 2016, with Lloyd Carpenter) and His-
tory Making a Difference: New Approaches from
Aotearoa (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017,
coedited with Katie Pickles, Marguerite Hill, Sarah
Murray, and Greg Ryan).
Contributors

Sergio Luiz Cruz Aguilar Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Marilia,
São Paulo, Brazil
Yaser Alashqar Trinity College Dublin (the University of Dublin), Dublin, Ireland
Hassanein Ali Department of International Studies, College of Humanities and
Social Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Jean M. Allen Faculty of Education and Social Work, The University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Trevor J. Allen Department of Political Science, Central Connecticut State
University, New Britain, CT, USA
Sara N. Amin School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Law and Education,
The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji Islands
Ryosuke Amiya-Nakada Tsuda University, Kodaira, Japan
Melani Anae Pacific Studies|School of Māori Studies and Pacific Studies,
Te Wānanga o Waipapa, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Remus Gabriel Anghel The Romanian Institute for Research on National
Minorities, Cluj Napoca, Romania
S. Apo Aporosa Te Huataki Waiora: Faculty of Health, Sport and Human
Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
Felicia Arriaga Sociology Department, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC,
USA
Nicole L. Asquith Western Sydney University, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
Maria-Irini Avgoulas School of Psychology and Public Health, College of
Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
Mansi Awasthi Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai, India
Emmanuel Badu Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland
University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
xxiii
xxiv Contributors

Paul Bagguley School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds,

Leeds, UK
Isabelle Bartkowiak-Théron Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies,
University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Rohan Bastin School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University,
Geelong, VIC, Australia
Jóhanna K. Birnir Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College
Park, MD, USA
Gawaian Bodkin-Andrews Centre for the Advancement of Indigenous
Knowledges, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
Roland Boer School of Liberal Arts, Renmin University of China, Beijing,
People’s Republic of China
Igor Boog Institute of Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology, Leiden
University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Birgit Bräuchler Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Johan Brosché Department of Peace- and Conflict Research, Uppsala University,
Uppsala, Sweden
Heather Came Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University
of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Paul J. Carnegie Institute of Asian Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar
Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
Mitchell James Chang University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
Chelegeer University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Karl Ian Uy Cheng Chua History Department, Ateneo de Manila University,
Quezon City, Philippines
Suryakanthie Chetty University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
Treena Clark Centre for the Advancement of Indigenous Knowledges, University
of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
Radomir Compel School of Global Humanities and Social Sciences, Nagasaki
University, Nagasaki, Japan
Neil Cruickshank Political Scientist and Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Science, and
Technology, North Island College, Courtenay, BC, Canada
Faculty Associate, Centre for European Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON,
Canada
Contributors xxv

Christian Cwik Department of History, The University of the West Indies,

St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
Sharyn Graham Davies Auckland University of Technology, Aotearoa,
New Zealand
Michael Davis Department of Sociology and Social Policy, The University of
Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Premakumara de Silva Department of Sociology, University of Colombo,
Colombo, Sri Lanka
Zbigniew Dumieński Auckland University of Technology, Auckland,
New Zealand
Emma Elfversson Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala Univer-
sity, Uppsala, Sweden
Mostafa Entezarulmahdy Political Science Department, Robat Karim Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Jovanie Camacho Espesor Department of Political Science and International
Relations, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Department of Political Science, Mindanao State University, General Santos City,
Philippines
Center for Middle East and Global Peace Studies, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta, Tangerang, Indonesia
Rebecca Fanany School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central
Queensland University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Shannon Foster Centre for the Advancement of Indigenous Knowledges, Univer-
sity of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
László Fosztó The Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities, Cluj
Napoca, Romania
Jeffrey A. Gardner Department of Sociology, Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX, USA
Rodrigo Luiz Cunha Gonsalves European Graduate School (EGS), Saas fee,
Switzerland
University of Sao Paulo (IPUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
Farzana Haniffa Department of Sociology, University of Colombo, Colombo,
Sri Lanka
Kate Hannan Department of History and Politics, University of Wollongong,
Wollongong, NSW, Australia
xxvi Contributors

Kathleen Harrington-Watt Anthropology, Canterbury University, Christchurch,

New Zealand
Hamdy Hassan College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Zayed University,
Dubai, UAE
Keakaokawai Varner Hemi University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
Sarah Herbert Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University
of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Matthew Hoddie Department of Political Science, Towson University, Towson,
MD, USA
Louise Humpage Sociology, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland,
New Zealand
Yasmin Hussain School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds,
Leeds, UK
Aphun Kamei Department of Sociology, Delhi School of Economics, University
of Delhi, Delhi, India
Romitesh Kant Institute for Human Security and Social Change (IHSSC), College
of Arts and Social Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Masaki Kataoka University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization, Chiba,
Japan
Amanda Kearney College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders
University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
Misty Knight-Finley Department of Political Science and Economics, Rowan
University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
Rajesh Kumar Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai, India
Wendy Lambourne Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of
Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Jianxia Lin University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Stefano Luconi Department of Education (DISFOR), University of Genoa, Genoa,
Italy
Kristen Lyons School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane,
QLD, Australia
Nic Maclellan Melbourne, Australia
Adis Maksic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sam Manuela University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Another random document with
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 “Oh, I’m on the cross.” He knew that she was “pattering the flash”
for being in thievery; but he answered solemnly:
“Your mother is on the Cross, too, Molly.”
“Poor old thing! I’m sorry for her, but it don’t do her no good for me
to hang there with her.”
He entreated her to go home, and promised that the judge would
free her at his request, but Molly was honest enough to say:
“It wouldn’t work, Mister RoBards. I ain’t built for that life. I’ve
outgrowed it.”
He spoke to the judge, who sent her to the Magdalen Home
instead of to Sing Sing.
But the odor of sanctity was as stifling to Molly’s quivering nostrils
as the smell of new-mown hay, and she broke loose from pious
restraint and returned to her chosen career. She joined destinies with
a young crossman. As she would have put it in her new language,
she became the file of a gonof who was caught by a nab while
frisking a fat of his fawney, his dummy, and his gold thimble. Molly
went on a bender when her chuck was jugged, and a star took her
back to the Magdalen Home.
And of this it seemed to RoBards better to leave Mrs. Lasher in
ignorance than to certify the ghastly truth. He had trouble enough in
store for him within his own precincts.
War, for one thing, shook the nation. President Polk called for men
and money to confirm the annexation of the Texas Republic and to
suppress the Mexican Republic.
With a wife and children to support and the heritage of bills from
his father-in-law to pay, RoBards felt that patriotism was a luxury
beyond his means. But Harry Chalender went out with the first
troops, and by various illegitimate devices managed to worm himself
into the very forefront of danger.
Other sons of important families bribed their way to the zone of
death and won glory or death or both at Cerro Gordo, Chapultepec
and Churubusco. New York had a good laugh over the capture of
General Santa Ana’s wooden leg and the return of the troops was a
glorious holiday.
Harry Chalender had been the second man to enter the gates of
Mexico City and he marched home with “Captain” in front of his
name and his arm in a graceful sling.
When he met Patty he said: “Thank the Lord the Greasers left me
one wing to throw round you.”
He hugged her hard and kissed her, and then wrung the hand of
RoBards, who could hardly attack a wounded hero, or deny him
some luxury after a hard campaign. RoBards saw with dread that his
wife had grown fifteen years younger under the magic of her old
lover’s salute; her cheek was stained with a blush of girlish
confusion.
That night as she dressed for a ball in honor of the soldiers, Patty
begged her husband once more to lend a hand at pulling her corset
laces. When he refused sulkily, she laughed and kissed him with that
long-lost pride in his long-dormant jealousy. But her amusement cost
him dear, and his youth was not restored by hers.
For months his heart seemed to be skewered and toasted like the
meat on the turning spit in the restaurant windows.
And then the word California assumed a vast importance, like a
trumpet call on a stilly afternoon. It advertised a neglected strip of
territory of which Uncle Sam had just relieved the prostrate Mexico.
People said that it was built upon a solid ledge of gold. Much as
RoBards would have liked to be rich, he could not shake off his
chains.
But Harry Chalender joined the Argonauts. His finances were in
need of some heaven-sent bonanza, and he had no scruples against
leaving his creditors in the lurch.
When he called to pay his farewells RoBards chanced to be at
home. He waited with smoldering wrath to resent any effort to salute
Patty’s cheek. The returned soldier had perhaps some license, but
the outbound gold-seeker could be knocked down or kicked on his
way if he presumed.
 The always unexpectable Chalender stupefied him by fastening
his eyes not on Patty, but on Immy, and by daring to say:
“You’re just the age, Immy, just the image of your mother when I
first asked her to marry me. The first nugget of gold I find in
California I’ll bring back for our wedding ring.”
This frivolity wrought devastation in RoBards’ soul. It wakened him
for the first time to the fact that his little daughter had stealthily
become a woman. He blenched to see on her cheek the blush that
had returned of late to Patty’s, to see in her eyes a light of enamored
maturity. She was formed for love and ready for it, nubile, capable of
maternity, tempting, tempted.
The shock of discovery filled RoBards with disgust of himself. He
felt faint, and averting his gaze from his daughter, turned to her
mother to see how the blow struck her. Patty had not been so
unaware of Immy’s advance. But her shock was one of jealousy and
of terror at the realization that she was on the way to
grandmotherhood.
RoBards was so hurt for her in her dismay that he could have
sprung at Chalender and beaten him to the floor, crying, “How dare
you cease to flirt with my beautiful wife?”
But this was quite too impossible an impulse to retain for a
moment in his revolted soul. He stood inept and smirked with Patty
and murmured, “Good-by! Good luck!”
They were both pale and distraught when Chalender had gone.
But Immy was rosy and intent.
 CHAPTER XXXI

SOMETHING more precious than gold came to light in 1846,

something of more moment to human history than a dozen Mexican
wars—a cure for pain.
It came divinely opportune to Patty’s need, for her next child was
about to tear its way into the world through her flesh suffering from
old lacerations, and she prophesied that she would die of agony and
take back with her into oblivion the boy or girl or both or whatever it
was or they were that she was helplessly manufacturing.
And just then there came to RoBards a letter from a Boston client
stating that a dentist named Morton had discovered a gas that
enabled him to extract a tooth without distress; another surgeon had
removed a tumor from a patient made indifferent with ether; and that
the long deferred godsend would make childbirth peaceable. Patty
sang hosannas to the new worker of miracles.
“1846 is a greater year than 1776—or 1492. That man Morton is a
bigger man than Columbus and there should be a holiday in his
honor. What did the discoverer of America, or the inventor of the
telegraph or anything else, do for the world to compare with the
angel of mercy who put a stop to pain? The Declaration of
Independence!—Independence from what?—taxes and things. But
pain—think of independence from pain! Nothing else counts when
something aches. And the only real happiness is to hurt and get over
it.”
She repeated her enthusiasm to Dr. Chirnside when he happened
in on his pastoral rounds. To her dismay the old clergyman was not
elated, but horrified.
Dr. Chirnside, who opposed everything new as an atheism,
everything amusing as a sin, declared that God decreed pain for his
own inscrutable purposes in his own infinite love. Since Holy Writ
had spoken of a woman crying aloud in travail it would be a sacrilege
to deny her that privilege. The kindly old soul would have crucified a
multitude for the sake of a metaphor. He had in his earlier days
preached a sermon against railroads because God would have
mentioned them to Moses or somebody if he had approved of having
his creatures hurled through space at the diabolic speed of twenty
miles an hour. He had denounced bowling alleys for the same
reason, and also because they were fashionable and more crowded
than his own pews.
RoBards having seen operations where the patient had to be
clamped to a board and gagged for the sake of the neighbors’ ears,
could not believe that this was a pleasant spectacle to any
respectable deity.
He almost came to a break with Dr. Chirnside, who seemed to see
nothing incongruous in calling that divine which men called inhuman.
All of the learned men called “doctors,” whether of divinity,
medicine, law, philosophy, or what-not, seemed to fight everything
new however helpful. Martyrdom awaited the reformer and the
discoverer whether in religion, astronomy, geography, chemistry,
geology, anything.
The names of well-meaning gentlemen like Darwin, Huxley,
Tyndall had recently been howled at with an irate disgust not shown
toward murderers and thieves.
For the next twenty years a war would be waged upon the pain-
killers, and the names of Morton, Jackson, and Wells would inspire
immediate quarrel. Each had his retainers in the contest for what
some called the “honor” of discovering the placid realm of
anæsthesia; and what some called the “sacrilege” of its discovery.
It was written in the sibylline books of history as yet undisclosed
that Wells should be finally humbled to insanity and suicide; and that
Morton, after years of vain effort to get recognition, should retire to a
farm, where he would die from the shock of reading a denial of his
“pretensions.” They would put on his tombstone the legend: “By
whom pain in surgery was averted and annulled; before whom, in all
time, surgery was agony since whom science has had control of
pain.” Yet one’s own epitaph is a little late, however flattering.
RoBards shared Patty’s reverence for the Prometheus who had
snatched from heaven the anodyne to the earth’s worst curse. He
made sure that she should have the advantage of the cloud of
merciful oblivion when she went down into the dark of her last
childbed.
Her final baby was born “still,” as they say; but Patty also was still
during the ordeal. That was no little blessing. RoBards was spared
the hell of listening in helplessness to such moans as Patty had
hitherto uttered when her hour had come upon her unawares.
But the high hopes from this discovery were doomed to sink, for
man seems never to get quite free from his primeval evils, and
RoBards was to find that the God or the devil of pain had not yet
been baffled by man’s puny inventions.
Longing for opportunities to exploit the suppressed braveries in his
soul, RoBards found nothing to do but run to fires. There were
enough of these and the flames fell alike upon the just and the
unjust. Christ Church in Ann Street went up in blazes; the Bowery
Theatre burned down for the fourth time; a sugar house in Duane
Street was next, two men being killed and RoBards badly bruised by
a tumbling wall. The stables of Kipp and Brown were consumed with
over a hundred screaming horses; the omnibus stables of the
Murphys roasted to death a hundred and fifty horses, and took with
them two churches, a parsonage, and a school. While this fire raged,
another broke out in Broome Street, another in Thirty-fifth Street and
another in Seventeenth. The Park Theatre was burned for only the
second time in its fifty years of life; but it stayed burned.
And then Patty succeeded in persuading her husband to resign
from the volunteers and remove his boots and helmet from the
basket under the bed.
This was the knell of his youth and he felt that he had been put out
to grass like an old fire horse, but his heart leaped for years after
when some old brazen-mouthed bell gave tongue. He left it to
others, however, to take out the engine and chase the sparks.
He had come to the port of slippered evenings, but monotony was
not yet his portion. For there were domestic fire bells now.
Patty and Immy were mutual combustibles. They had reached the
ages when the mother forgets her own rebellious youth as
completely as if she had drunk Lethe water; and when the daughter
demands liberty for herself and imposes fetters on her elders.
Patty developed the strictest standards for Immy and was amazed
at the girl’s indifference to her mother’s standards. All of Patty’s
quondam audacities in dress and deportment were remembered as
conformities to strict convention. Immy’s audacities were regarded
as downright indecencies.
Immy, for her part, was outraged at the slightest hint of
youthfulness in her mother. With her own shoulders gleaming and
her young breast brimming at the full beaker of her dress, Immy
would rebuke her mother for wearing what they called a “half-high.”
Both powdered and painted and were mutually horrified. Immy used
the perilous liquid rouge and Patty the cochineal leaves, and each
thought the other unpardonable—and what was worse, discoverable.
Breathless with her own wild gallopades in the polka and dizzy
from waltzing in the desperate clench of some young rake, Immy
would glare at her mother for twirling about the room with a gouty old
judge holding her elbow-tips; or for laughing too loudly at a joke that
her mother should never have understood.
Finally, Patty had recourse to authority and told her husband that
the city was too wicked for the child. She—even Patty—who had
once bidden New York good-by with tears, denounced it now in
terms borrowed from Dr. Chirnside’s tirades.
Immy was mutinous and sullen. She refused to leave and
threatened to run off with any one of a half dozen beaux, none of
whom her parents could endure.
This deadlock was ended by aid from a dreadful quarter. By a
strange repetition of events, the cholera, which had driven Patty into
RoBards’ arms and into the country with him—the cholera which had
never been seen again and for whose destruction the Croton Water
party had taken full glory—the cholera came again.
It began in the pus-pocket of the Points and drained them with
death; then swept the town. Once more there was a northward
hegira. Once more the schoolhouses were hospitals and a thousand
poor sufferers died in black agony on the benches where children
had conned their Webster’s spelling books. Five thousand lives the
cholera took before it went its mysterious way.
Coming of a little bolder generation, Immy was not so panic-
stricken as her mother had been. But since all her friends deserted
the town, she saw no reason for tarrying.
The country was not so dull as she had feared. The air was spicy
with romance; fauns danced in the glades and sat on the stone
fences to pipe their unspeakable tunes; nymphs laughed in the
brooks, and dryads commended the trees.
The railroads made it easy for young bucks to run out on a train
farther in an hour or two than they could have ridden in a day in the
good old horseback times. A fashion for building handsome country
places was encouraged by the cholera scare. White Plains began to
grow in elegance and Robbin’s Mills changed its homely name to
Kensico, after an old Indian chief.
Before many days Immy was busier than in town. Young men and
girls made the quiet yard resound with laughter. The tulip trees
learned to welcome and to shelter sentimental couples. Their great
branches accepted rope swings, and petticoats went foaming toward
the clouds while their wearers shrieked and fell back into the arms of
pushing young men.
Picnics filled the groves with mirth, dances called gay cliques to
lamplit parlors and to moonlit porches. Tuliptree Farm began to
resemble some much frequented roadside tavern. It was as gay as
Cato’s once had been outside New York.
Immy seemed to gather lovers as a bright candle summons foolish
moths. Patty and her husband were swiftly pushed back upon a shelf
of old age whence they watched, incredulous, and unremembering,
the very same activities with which they had amazed their own
parents.
Two lovers gradually crowded the rest aside. The more attractive
to Immy’s parents was a big brave youth named Halleck. He had
joined the old Twenty-seventh Regiment, recently reorganized as the
Seventh, just in time to be called out in the Astor Place riots.
The citizens had lain fairly quiet for a long while and had not
attacked a church or a minister or a theatre for nearly fifteen years.
But the arrival of the English actor Macready incensed the idolators
of Edwin Forrest and developed a civil war.
Young Halleck was with the Seventh when it marched down to
check the vast mob that overwhelmed the police, and drove back a
troop of cavalry whose horses were maddened by the cries and the
confinement. The populace roared down upon the old Seventh and
received three volleys before it returned to civil life.
This exploit in dramatic criticism cost the public thirty-four deaths
and an unknown number of wounds. The Seventh had a hundred
and forty-one casualties. Halleck had been shot with a pistol and
battered with paving stones. To RoBards the lawyer he was a civic
hero of the finest sort. The only thing Immy had against him was that
her parents recommended him so highly.
Love that will not be coerced turned in protest toward the youth
whom her parents most cordially detested, Dr. Chirnside’s son,
Ernest, a pallid young bigot, more pious than his father, and as cruel
as Cotton Mather. Patty wondered how any daughter of hers could
endure the milk-sop. But Immy cultivated him because of his very
contrast with her own hilarity.
His young pedantries, his fierce denunciations of the wickedness
of his companions, his solemn convictions that man was born lost in
Adam’s sin and could only be redeemed from eternal torment by
certain dogmas, fascinated Immy, who had overfed on dances and
flippancies.
 RoBards could not help witnessing from his library window the
development of this curious religious romance. Even when he
withdrew to his long writing table and made an honest effort to
escape the temptation to eavesdropping, he would be pursued by
the twangy sententiousness of Ernest and the silvery answers of
Immy. There was an old iron settee under his window and a
rosebush thereby and the young fanatics would sit there to debate
their souls.
It was a godlike privilege and distress to overhear such a
courtship. His daughter bewildered him. At times Immy was as wild
as a mænad. She danced, lied, decoyed, teased, accepted
caresses, deliberately invited wrestling matches for her kisses. She
rode wild horses and goaded them wilder. She would come home
with a shrieking cavalcade and set her foam-flecked steed at the
front fence, rather than wait for the gate to be opened.
Seeing Immy in amorous frenzies RoBards would be stricken with
fear of her and for her. He would wonder if Jud Lasher had not
somehow destroyed her innocence; if his invasion of her integrity
had not prepared her for corruption. How much of that tragedy did
she remember? Or had she forgotten it altogether?
He would shudder with the dread that Jud Lasher, who was lying
beneath his feet, might be wreaking a posthumous revenge,
completing his crime with macaberesque delight.
Then Immy’s mood would change utterly. She would repent her
youth as a curse, and meditate a religious career. There was a new
fashion for sending missionaries to Africa and she was tempted to
proselytize the jungle. Ernest rescued her at least from this. He told
her that she must make sure her own soul was saved before she
went out to save Zulus.
Sometimes RoBards, listening with his pen poised above an
unfinished word, would seem to understand her devotion to young
Chirnside, her acceptance of his intolerant tyranny and the insults he
heaped upon her as a wretch whom his God might have foredoomed
from past eternity to future eternity. He would talk of election and the
conviction of sin and of salvation.
 And Immy would drink it down.
At last there came an evening when young Chirnside called in
manifest exaltation. He led Immy to the settee beneath the library
window, and RoBards could not resist the opportunity to overhear
the business that was so important.
He went into his library and softly closed the door. He tiptoed to a
vantage point and listened.
Young Chirnside coughed and stammered and beat about the
bush for a maddening while before he came to his thesis, which was
that the Lord had told him to make Immy his wife. He had come to
beg her to listen to him and heaven. He had brought a little ring
along for the betrothal and—and—how about it? His combination of
sermon and proposal ended in a homeliness that proved his
sincerity. After all that exordium, the point was, How about it?
That was what RoBards wanted to know. He waited as
breathlessly as his prospective son-in-law. Immy did not speak for a
terrible while. And then she sighed deeply, and rather moaned than
said:
“Ernest, I am honored beyond my dreams by what you have said.
To be the wife of so good a man as you would be heaven. But am I
good enough for you?”
“Immy!” Chirnside gasped, “you’re not going to tell me you’ve been
wicked!”
“I’ve been wicked enough, but not very wicked—considering. The
thing I must tell you about is—it’s terribly hard to tell you, dear. But
you ought to know, you have a right to know. And when you know,
you may not think—you may not think—you may feel that you
wouldn’t care to marry me. I wouldn’t blame you—I’d understand,
dear—but——”
“Tell me! In heaven’s name, tell me!”
RoBards was stabbed with a sudden knowledge of what tortured
her thought. He wanted to cry out to her, “Don’t tell! Don’t speak! I
forbid you!”
 But that would have betrayed his contemptible position as
eavesdropper. And, after all, what right had he to rebuke such
honesty? She knew her soul. She was inspired perhaps with the
uncanny wisdom of young lovers.
The wish to confess—though “confess” was not the word for her
guiltless martyrdom—was a proof of her nobility. It would be a test of
this young saint’s mettle. If he shrank from her, it would rescue her
from a pigeon-hearted recreant. If he loved her all the more for her
mischance, he would prove himself better than he seemed, more
Christlike than he looked.
And so RoBards, guessing what blighting knowledge Immy was
about to unfold, stood in the dark and listened. Tears of pity for her
scalded his clenched eyelids and dripped bitter into his quivering
mouth.
Unseeing and unseen, he heard his child murmuring her little
tragedy to the awesmitten boy at her side. She seemed as pitifully
beautiful as some white young leper whispering through a rag,
“Unclean!”
What would this pious youth think now of the God that put his love
and this girl to such a test? Would he howl blasphemies at heaven?
Would he cower away from the accursed woman or would he fling
his arms about her and mystically heal her by the very divinity of his
yearning?
RoBards could almost believe that Jud Lasher down there in the
walls was also quickened with suspense. His term in hell might
depend on this far-off consequence of his deed.
 CHAPTER XXXII

A STRANGE thing, a word: and stranger, the terror of it. Stranger

still, the things everybody knows that must never be named.
Strangest of all, that the mind sees most vividly what is not
mentioned, what cannot be told.
Immy, for all her rebellious modernness and impatience of old-
fashioned pruderies, was a slave of the word.
And now she must make clear to a young man of even greater
nicety than she, an adventure it would have sobered a physician to
describe to another. She gasped and groped and filled her story with
the pervividness of eloquent silences:
“It was when I was a little girl—a very little girl. There was a big
terrible boy—a young man, rather—who lived down the road—ugly
and horrible as a hyena. And one day—when Papa was gone—and I
was playing—he came along and he spoke to me with a grin and a—
a funny look in his eyes. And he took hold of me—it was like a
snake! and I tried to break loose—and my little brother fought him.
But he knocked and kicked Keith down—and took me up and carried
me away. I fought and screamed but he put his hand over my mouth
and almost smothered me—and kept on running—then—then——”
Then there was a hush so deep that RoBards felt he could hear
his tears where they struck the carpet under his feet. His eyelids
were locked in woe, but he seemed to see what she thought of; he
seemed to see the frightened eyes of Ernest Chirnside trying not to
understand.
Immy went on:
“Then Jud Lasher heard Papa coming and he ran. Papa caught
him and beat him almost to death—but it was too late to save me. I
didn’t understand much, then. But now—! Papa made me promise
never to speak of it; but you have a higher right than anybody, Ernest
—that is, if you still—unless you—oh, tell me!—speak!—say
something!”
The boy spoke with an unimaginable wolfishness in his throat:
“Where is the man?—where is that man?”
“I don’t know. I never saw him after that—oh, yes, he came back
again once. But Papa was watching and saved me from him—and
after that I never heard of him. Yes, I did hear someone say he went
to sea.”
Another hush and then Ernest’s voice, pinched with emotion:
“I believe if I could find that villain I could almost kill him. My soul is
full of murder. God forgive me!”
He thought of his own soul first.
Poor Immy suffered the desolation of a girl who finds her hero
common clay; her saint a prig. But with apology she said:
“I ought never to have told you.”
He dazed her by his reply:
“Oh, I won’t tell anybody; never fear! But don’t tell me any more
just now. I must think it out.”
He wanted to think!—at a time when thinking was poltroon; when
only feeling and impulsive action were decent! Immy waited while he
thought. At length he said:
“If that man still lives he’ll come back again!”
“No! no!”
“He’ll come back and get you.”
“You wouldn’t let him, would you?”
“You belong to him, in a way. It is the Lord’s will.”
He could say that and believe it! The young zealot could worship a
god who could doom, ten thousand years before its birth, a child to a
thousand, thousand years of fiery torment because of an Adam
likewise doomed to his disobedience.
 The young man’s own agony had benumbed him perhaps, but
RoBards could have leapt from the window and strangled him as a
more loathsome, a clammier reptile than Jud Lasher. But he, too,
was numb with astonishment.
Then the boy went human all at once and began to sob, to wail,
“Oh, Immy, Immy! my poor Immy!”
RoBards stepped forward to the window in a rush of happiness,
and saw Immy put out her hands to her lover. He pushed them away
and rose and moved blindly across the grass. But there was a heavy
dew and he stepped back to the walk to keep his feet from getting
wet.
He stumbled along the path to the gate and leaned there a
moment, sobbing. Then he swung it wide as he ran out to where his
horse was tied. And the gate beat back and forth, creaking, like a
rusty heart.
RoBards stood gazing down at his daughter, eerily beautiful in the
moonlight through the rose leaves. He saw her dim hands twitching
each at the other. Then they fell still in her lap and she sat as a worn-
out farm-wife sits whose back is broken with overlong grubbing in the
soil and with too heavy a load home.
For a long time he sorrowed over her, then he went stealthily
across his library into the hall, and out to the porch where he looked
at the night a moment. He discovered Immy as if by accident, and
exclaimed, “Who’s that?”
“It’s only me, Papa, only me!”
“Only you? Why you’re all there is. You’re the most precious thing
on earth.”
He put his arm about her, but she sprang to her feet and snapped
at him:
“Don’t! If you please, Papa, don’t touch me. I—I’m not fit to be
touched.”
She stood away from him, bracing herself with a kind of pride.
Then she broke into a maudlin giggle, such as RoBards had heard
from the besotted girls in the Five Points. And she walked into the
house.
He followed her, and knocked on her door. But she would not
answer, and when he tried it, it was locked.
 CHAPTER XXXIII

THE next morning RoBards heard her voice again. It was loud and
rough, drowning the angry voice of her brother, Keith. She was
saying:
“I was a fool to tell him! And I was a fool to tell you I told him!”
“I’ll beat him to death when I find him, that’s all I’ll do!” Keith
roared, with his new bass voice.
“If you ever touch him or mention my name to him—or his name to
me,” Immy stormed, “I’ll—I’ll kill—I’ll kill myself. Do you understand?”
“Aw, Immy, Immy!” Keith pleaded with wonderful pity in his voice.
Then she wept, long, piteously, in stabbing sobs that tore the heart of
her father.
He knew that she was in her brother’s arms, for he could hear his
voice deep with sympathy. But RoBards dared not make a third
there. It was no place for a father.
He went to his library and stood staring at the marble hearthstone.
Somewhere down there was what was left of Jud Lasher. He had not
been destroyed utterly, for he was still abroad like a fiend, wreaking
cruel harm.
Immy spoke and RoBards was startled, for he had not heard her
come in:
“Papa.”
“Yes, my darling!”
“Do you think Jud Lasher will ever come back?”
“I know he won’t.”
“How do you know?”
“Oh, I just feel sure. He’d never dare come back.”
 “If he did would I belong to him?”
“Would a lamb belong to a sheep-killing dog that mangled it?”
“That’s so. Thank you, Papa.” And she was gone.
A boy on a horse brought her a note that afternoon. She told no
one its contents and when Patty asked who sent it, Immy did not
answer. RoBards was sure it came from Ernest Chirnside, for the
youth never appeared. But RoBards felt no right to ask.
Somehow he felt that there was no place for him as a father in
Immy’s after-conduct. She returned to her wildness, like a deer that
has broken back to the woods and will not be coaxed in again.
How could he blame her? What solemn monition could he parrot
to a soul that had had such an experience with honesty, such a
contact with virtue?
Young Chirnside never came to the house. But he was the only
youth in the countryside, it seemed, that kept away. Patty tried to
curb Immy’s frantic hilarities, but she had such insolence for her
pains that she was stricken helpless.
Then Immy decided that the country was dull. The young men
went back to town, or to their various colleges. Keith went to
Columbia College, which was still in Park Place, though plans were
afoot for moving it out into the more salubrious rural district of Fiftieth
Street and Madison Avenue.
Keith met Chirnside on the campus, but he could not force a
quarrel without dragging Immy’s name into it. So he let slip the
opportunity for punishment, as his father had let slip the occasion for
punishing Chalender. Father and son were curiously alike in their
passion for secrets.
Keith had little interest in the classic studies that made up most of
the curriculum. He could not endure Latin and the only thing he
found tolerable in Cæsar was the description of the bridge that
baffled the other students with its difficulties.
He was an engineer by nature. He had never recovered from his
ambition to be an hydraulic savior of the city. And it looked as if the
town would soon need another redemption.
The citizens had treated the Croton as a toy at first. The hydrants
were free and the waste was ruinous. This blessing, like the
heavenly manna, became contemptible with familiarity. Children
made a pastime of sprinkling the yards and the streets. The habit of
bathing grew until many were soaking their hides every day. During
the winter the householders let the water run all day and all night
through the open faucets, to prevent the pipes from freezing. There
were twelve thousand people, too, who had water in their houses!
Already in 1846 the Commissioners had begun to talk of a costly
new reservoir as a necessity. For thirteen days that year the supply
had to be shut off while the aqueduct was inspected and leaks
repaired. What if another great fire had started?
In 1849 the Water Commissioners were dismissed and the Croton
Aqueduct Department entrusted with the priesthood of the river god
and his elongated temple.
So Keith looked forward to the time when he should be needed by
New York and by other cities. And he studied hard. But he played
hard, too. The students were a lawless set, and drunkenness and
religious infidelity were rival methods for distressing their teachers.
Up at New Haven the Yale boys in a certain class, feeling
themselves wronged by a certain professor, had disguised
themselves as Indians and with long knives whittled all the study
benches into shavings while the terrified instructor cowered on his
throne and watched.
Vice of every sort seemed to be the chief study of such of the
students as were not aiming at the ministry. As one of the college
graduates wrote:
“Hot suppers, midnight carousals were too frequent with us and
sowed the seed of a vice that in a few years carried off a fearful
proportion of our members to an untimely grave.”
There was grave anxiety for the morals of the whole nation. The
city was growing too fast. By 1850 it had passed the half-million
mark! The churches were not numerous enough to hold a quarter of
the population, yet most of them were sparsely attended.
The American home was collapsing. Dr. Chirnside preached on
the exalted cost of living, and stated that church weddings were on
the decrease. The hotel was ruining the family. Rents were so
exorbitant, servants so scarce and incompetent, that people were
giving up the domesticity of the good old days.
Business detained the husband downtown, and he took his
midday dinner at Sweeny’s or Delmonico’s, where he could have
poultry or sirloin steak for a shilling and sixpence. And his wife and
daughters, unwilling to eat alone, went to Weller’s or Taylor’s and
had a fricandeau, an ice, or a meringue. Ladies’ saloons were
numerous and magnificent and wives could buy ready-made meals
there; so they forgot how to cook. The care of children no longer
concerned them. Women were losing all the retiring charm that had
hitherto given them their divine power over men.
The clergy bewailed the approaching collapse of a nation that had
forgotten God—or had never remembered him. There was a
movement afoot to amend the Constitution with an acknowledgment
of the Deity and “take the stain of atheism from that all-important
document.”
These were the Sunday thoughts.
In contrast were the Fourth of July thoughts, when the country
sang its own hallelujahs and, like another deity, contentedly
meditated its own perfections. On these occasions every American
man was better than any foreigner, and American women were all
saints.
And there were the Election Day moods, when the country split up
into parties for a few weeks, and played tennis with mutual charges
of corruption, thievery, treason. Then there was Christmas, when
everybody loved everybody; and New Year’s Day, when everybody
called on everybody and got a little drunk on good wishes and the
toasts that went with them.