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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 982

Vera Murgul
Marco Pasetti Editors

International Scientific
Conference Energy
Management of Municipal
Facilities and Sustainable
Energy Technologies
EMMFT 2018
Volume 1
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 982

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,
Gyor, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Jie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Patricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Institute
of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
Nadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Faculty of Computer Science and Management,
Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications
on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent
Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer
and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment,
healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern
intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft comput-
ing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion
of these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuro-
science, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems,
Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing and
adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics
including human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning para-
digms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent
agents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trust
management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are
primarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They
cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and
applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short
publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad
dissemination of research results.

** Indexing: The books of this series are submitted to ISI Proceedings,

EI-Compendex, DBLP, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and Springerlink **

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Vera Murgul Marco Pasetti
•

Editors

International Scientific
Conference Energy
Management of Municipal
Facilities and Sustainable
Energy Technologies
EMMFT 2018
Volume 1

123
Editors
Vera Murgul Marco Pasetti
Moscow State University of Civil Department of Information Engineering
Engineering Università degli Studi di Brescia
Moscow, Russia Brescia, Italy

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-19755-1 ISBN 978-3-030-19756-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19756-8
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

The XX annual international scientific conference Energy Management of

Municipal Facilities and Sustainable Energy Technologies EMMFT 2018 took
place in Voronezh on December 10–13, 2018.
The conference was hosted by Voronezh State Technical University, Russia.
Specialists from more than 10 counties participated in the EMMFT 2018
conference. This year, the authors submitted approximately 480 qualified papers.
The objective of the conference was the exchange of the latest scientific
achievements, strengthening of academic relations with leading scientists of
European Union, Russia, and the World, creating favorable conditions for collab-
orative researches and implementing collaborative projects in the fields of energy
management and development of sustainable energy technologies. Experts invited
to participate in the conference presented special lectures, demonstrated equipment
and devices for HVAC systems, and shared the latest technologies of thermal
protection of buildings. Special attention was paid to the development of renewable
energy industry. The efforts of scientists, politicians, and heads of energy enter-
prises were united for developing specific research programs in the field of
development of renewable energy sources.
During the conference, issues on the following topics were discussed within
several workshops: building physics; heating, ventilation, and HVAC & R;
renewable energy; energy management; energy efficiency in transport, modeling,
and control in mechanical engineering.
The conference program also included seminars, round tables, and excursions to
research laboratories and research and educational centers of the Voronezh State
Technical University.
All papers passed a four-staged review. The first stage consisted in an exami-
nation for compliance with the subject of the conference. At the second stage, all
papers were thoroughly checked for plagiarism. Acceptable minimum of originality
was 90%. The third stage involved the review by a native speaker for acceptable
English language. At the same time, papers were checked by a technical

v
vi Preface

proofreader. The fourth stage involved a scientific review made by at least three
reviewers, using double-blind review method. If opinions of the reviewers were
radically different, additional reviewers were appointed.

The members of our organizing committee express their deep gratitude to the
team of “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” journal and to the
editorial department of Springer Nature publishing house for publication of
EMMFT 2018 conference proceedings.
Organization

Organizing Committee of the Conference

Sergei Kolodyazhni Voronezh State Technical University, Russia

Marco Pasetti Università degli Studi di Brescia (UNIBS), Italy
Vera Murgul Moscow State University of Civil Engineering,
Russia
Igor Surovtsev Voronezh State Technical University, Russia
Svetlana Uvarova Voronezh State Technical University, Russia
Norbert Harmathy Budapest University of Technology
and Economics, Hungary
Vadim Kankhva Moscow State University of Civil Engineering,
Russia

Scientific Committee of the Conference

Aleksander Szkarowski Politechnika Koszalinska, Koszalin, Poland

Antony Wood Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA
Iurii Tabunschikov Corr. Member of RAASN, Honorary Member
of the International Ecoenergy Academy
of Azerbaijan, ASHRAE Fellow Member,
REHVA Fellow Member, Corr. Member
of VDI, Member of ISIAQ Academy, Winner
of the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize as a Member
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
Viktor Pukhkal Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture
and Civil Engineering, Russia

vii
viii Organization

Sergey Anisimov Wroclaw University of Science and Technology,

Poland
Marianna M. Brodach Moscow Architectural Institute (State Academy),
Russia
Daniel Safarik CTBUH Journal, Chicago, USA
Samuil G. Konnikov Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, Russia
Alexander Solovyev Research Laboratory of Renewable Energy
Sources—Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Russian Academy
of Natural Sciences, Russia
Dietmar Wiegand Technische Universität Wien TU, Wien
Luís Bragança Building Physics and Technology Laboratory,
Guimaraes, University of Minho, Portugal
Anatolijs Borodinecs Institute of Heat, Gas and Water technology,
Riga Technical University, Latvia
Alessandro Bianchini University of Florence (UNIFI), Italy
Aleksandr Gorshkov Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic
University, Russia
Zdenka Popovic Faculty of Civil Engineering,
University of Belgrade, Serbia
Marco Pasetti Università degli Studi di Brescia (UNIBS), Italy
Valerii Volshanik Moscow State University of Civil Engineering,
Russia
Mirjana Vukićević University of Belgrade, Serbia
Sang Dae Kim Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Manfred Esser GET Information Technology GmbH,
Grevenbroich, Germany
Alenka Fikfak University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Milorad Jovanovski Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje,
Macedonia
Radek Škoda Czech Technical University in Prague,
Czech Republic
Nikolai Vatin Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic
University, Russia
Paulo Cachim University of Aveiro, Portugal
Aires Camões University of Minho, Portugal
Michael Tendler Royal Institute of Technology,
Stockholm—Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan
(KTH), Sweden
Christoph Pfeifer University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Antonio Andreini University of Florence (UNIFI), Italy
Pietro Zunino DIME Universitá di Genova, Genoa, Italy
Organization ix

Olga Kalinina Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic

University, Russia
Tomas Hanak Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Vera Murgul Moscow State University of Civil Engineering,
Russia
Darya Nemova Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic
University, Russia
Norbert Harmathy Budapest University of Technology
and Economics, Hungary
Igor Ilyin Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic
University, Russia
Contents

Building Physics, Building Energy Modeling, HVAC

Computational Analysis of the Influence of PCMs on Building
Performance in Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Manuela Neri, Paola Ferrari, Davide Luscietti, and Mariagrazia Pilotelli
Precooling in Desiccant Cooling Systems with Application
of Different Indirect Evaporative Coolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Anna Pacak, Demis Pandelidis, and Sergey Anisimov
Rigidity of the Aluminum Window Profiles with Thermal Barrier . . . . . 26
Aleksandr Konstantinov, Egor Leontev, and Anastasia Remizova
Confirmed Method for Definition of Daylight Climate
for Tropical Hanoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Thi Khanh Phuong Nguyen, Aleksei Solovyov, Thi Hai Ha Pham,
and Kim Hanh Dong
Computer Modeling of the Creep Process in Stiffened Shells . . . . . . . . . 48
Vladimir Karpov and Alexey Semenov
Energy-Saving Technologies in Design and Construction
of Residential Buildings and Industrial Facilities in the Far North . . . . 59
Maria Berseneva, Galina Vasilovskaya, Tamara Danchenko,
Ivan Inzhutov, Sergei Amelchugov, Alexandra Yakshina,
and Helena Danilovich
Probabilistic-Statistical Model of Climate in Estimation
of Energy Consumption by Air Conditioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Elena Malyavina, Olga Malikova, and Van Luong Pham
Local Air Humidifiers in Museums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Darya Abramkina and Angelina Ivanova

xi
xii Contents

Numerical Simulation of a Stable Microclimate

in a Historic Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Inna Sukhanova and Kirill Sukhanov
A Testing Facility for the Thermal Characterization
of Building Envelopes in Outdoor Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Alessandra Mesa, Alberto Arenghi, and Marco Pasetti
Green Energy Technologies of Tall Buildings for Air Pollution
Abatement in Metropolises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Natalia Potienko, Anna Kuznetsova, and Darya Soya
Computational Study of a Natural Exhaust Ventilation System
During the Heating Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Elena Malyavina and Kaminat Agakhanova
Feasibility Study of Energy Efficient Repair of Residential
Buildings of the First Mass Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Olga Popova, Nina Brenchukova, Leonid Yablonskii,
and Varvara Dikareva
Green Roofs as a Response to a Number of Modern City Problems . . . 137
Elena Sysoeva and Ivan Aksenov
Modeling of Processes of Convective Transfer of Air Masses
in the Atrium Spaces of Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Nellya Kolosova, Sergej Kolodyazhnyj, Vladimir Kozlov,
and Inna Pereslavceva
Feasibility of Personal Ventilation System Use in Office Spaces . . . . . . . 156
Sergei Yaremenko, Igor Zvenigorodsky, Dmitry Lobanov,
and Roman Sheps
The Efficiency of Heat Energy Generators for Individual
Thermal Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Vladimir Papin, Roman Bezuglov, Evgeniy Dyakonov, Irina Denisova,
Alexander Yanuchok, and Denis Dobrydnev
Theoretical Study of “Green Roof” Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Elena Sysoeva and Margarita Gelmanova

Renewable Energy
Effect of Demand Tariff Schemes in Presence of Distributed
Photovoltaic Generation and Electrical Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Beatrice Marchi, Marco Pasetti, and Simone Zanoni
A New Photovoltaic Current Collector Optimizer to Enhance
the Performance of Centralized Inverter Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Ahmed Refaat and Nikolay Korovkin
Contents xiii

Integration of Renewable Energy Sources into Microgrid

Considering Operational and Planning Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Amir Abdel Menaem and Vladislav Oboskalov
Determination of Energy Costs of Wind Farms at All Life
Cycle Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Pavel Mikheev, Roman Okorokov, Gennady Sidorenko,
and Anna Timofeeva
Combining Phytoremediation Technologies of Soil Cleanup
and Biofuel Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Elena Elizareva, Yulay Yanbaev, Nina Redkina, Natalya Kudashkina,
and Alexey Elizaryev
Model of Application of Alternate Energy Sources When
Reloading Fossil Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Igor Zub, Victor Shchemelev, and Yuri Ezhov

Transportation Engineering
Interoperability of Railway Infrastructure in the Republic of Serbia . . . 281
Luka Lazarević, Zdenka Popović, and Nikola Mirković
Assessment of Sleeper Stability in Ballast Bed Using Micro-tremor
Sampling Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Luka Lazarević and Dejan Vučković
Modeling of Multi-agent Voltage Control in Distribution Electric
Networks of Railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Evgeny Tretyakov, Vasily Cheremsin, and Grigory Golovnev
Oscillation Process of Multi-support Machines When Driving
Over Irregularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Sergey Ovsyannikov, Evgeniy Kalinin, and Ivan Koliesnik
Development of the Logistical Model for Energy Projects’
Investment Sources in the Transport Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Olga Kalinina, Snezhana Firova, Sergey Barykin, and Irina Kapustina
Modeling of Railway Track Sections on Approaches
to Constructive Works and Selection of Track Parameters
for Its Normal Functioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Alexey Loktev, Vadim Korolev, Irina Shishkina, Lidia Chernova,
Pavel Geluh, Alexander Savin, and Daniil Loktev
Calculation of Heat Distribution of Electric Heating Systems
for Turnouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Boris Glusberg, Alexey Loktev, Vadim Korolev, Irina Shishkina,
Diana Alexandrova, and Dmitri Koloskov
xiv Contents

Measurement Methods for Residual Stresses in CWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Nikola Mirković, Ljiljana Brajović, Miodrag Malović, and Petr Vnenk
Evolutionary-Functional Approach to Transport Hubs Classification . . . 356
Oksana Pokrovskaya and Roman Fedorenko
Information Technologies in the Area of Intersectoral Transportation . . . 366
Valeriy Zubkov, Nina Sirina, and Oleg Amelchenko
Concurrent Intelligent Transport Systems Based
on Neuroprocessor Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Vitaliy Romanchuk
The Method of Optimum Design of Energy Saving Electromagnets
for Levitation Magnetic Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Anna Balaban, Yury Bakhvalov, Valeriy Grechikhin, and Julia Yufanova
Improvement of Fuel Injection Process in Dual-Fuel Marine Engine . . . 392
Vladimir Gavrilov, Valeriy Medvedev, and Dmitry Bogachev
Treatment Process of Container Cargo in the Form
of Open-End Queue System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Igor Rusinov
Maintenance of Operating Devices of Dredgers and Ship
Unloaders Throughout the Operational Lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Yuri Yezhov, Aleksey Bardin, and Vladimir Sidorenko
Monitoring Systems of Ship Power Plants During Operation . . . . . . . . . 419
Vladimir Zhukov, Artem Butsanets, Sergey Sherban, and Vladimir Igonin
Data Processing Model in Hierarchical Multi-agent System Based
on Decentralized Attribute-Based Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Andrey Nyrkov, Yulia Romanova, Konstantin Ianiushkin, and Izolda Li
Development and Analysis of Diagnostic Models of Electrical
Machine Windings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Evgeniy Bobrov, Aleksandr Saushev, Aleksandr Monahov,
and Aleksandr Chertkov
Parametric Identification of Electric Drives Based
on Performance Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Aleksandr Saushev, Svyatoslav Antonenko, Alexey Lakhmenev,
and Aleksandr Monahov
Electro-Mobile Installation of the Vessel with Cascade
Electric Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Fedor Gelder, Izolda Li, Aleksandr Saushev, and Dmitry Semenov
Contents xv

Reduction of the Electromagnetic Torque Pulsations

in a Valve-Inductor Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Veniamin Samoseiko, Aleksandr Saushev, Tatiana Knish,
and Eduard Shiryaev
Cyber Security on Sea Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Maria Kardakova, Ilya Shipunov, Anatoly Nyrkov, and Tatyana Knysh
Energy-Saving Driving of Heavy Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Natalya Ryabchenok, Tatyana Alekseeva, Leonid Astrakhancev,
Nikolaj Astashkov, and Vladimir Tikhomirov
Technical and Economic Criteria for Selection of Transformer
Power in Distribution Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Akilya Galimova, Anna Novikova, and Elena Strizhakova
Microelectronics Devices Optimal Design Methodology with Regard
to Technological and Operation Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Sergey Meshkov, Mstislav Makeev, Vasily Shashurin, Yury Tsvetkov,
and Boris Khlopov
Assessment of Energy Intensity of the Drive for Traction Power
Supply System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Vladislav Nezevak, Vasily Cheremisin, and Andrey Shatokhin
Helicity of the Velocity Field in Evaluating the Efficiency
of Turbomachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Nikolay Kortikov and Andrey Nazarenko
Modeling of the Oscillating Mode of the IR-Energy Supply
in the Technology of Restoration of Insulating Fingers
of Electric Motors of Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Evgeny Dulskiy, Anatoliy Khudonogov, Igor Khudonogov,
Leonid Astrakhantsev, Pavel Ivanov, and Albina Tuigunova
New Lining with Cushion for Energy Efficient Railway Turnouts . . . . . 556
Boris Glusberg, Alexander Savin, Alexey Loktev, Vadim Korolev,
Irina Shishkina, Diana Alexandrova, and Daniil Loktev
Counter-Rail Special Profile for New Generation Railroad Switch . . . . . 571
Boris Glusberg, Alexander Savin, Alexey Loktev, Vadim Korolev,
Irina Shishkina, Lidia Chernova, and Daniil Loktev
Justification of Technical Solutions for Reinforced Concrete
Tank Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Aleksandr Tarasenko, Petr Chepur, Vadim Krivorotov, Evgeniy Tikhanov,
and Alesya Gruchenkova
xvi Contents

Study of the Deformation Process of the Tank Stiffening Ring

During Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Petr Chepur, Aleksandr Tarasenko, and Alesya Gruchenkova
Modeling of the Stress-Strain State of Railway Wheel and Rail
in Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Valerii Prokopev, Tatiana Zhdanova, and Barasbi Kuschov
Free Oscillations of Semi-underground Trunk Thin-Wall Oil Pipelines
of Big Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Vladimir Sokolov and Igor Razov
Power Contour Diagram of the Device for Supplying Auxiliary
Loads Onboard DC Locomotive and Methods of Forming
Its Output Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Mikhail Pustovetov

Materials Systems and Structures

Shear Stiffness of the Steel Roof Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Olga Tusnina
Mechanical Properties of Building Mortar Containing Pumice
and Coconut-Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Van Lam Tang, Kim Dien Vu, Van Phi Dang, Tai Nang Luong Nguyen,
and Dinh Trinh Nguyen
Effects of High Temperature on High-Performance Fine-Grained
Concrete Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Van Lam Tang, Kim Dien Vu, Dinh Tho Vu, Boris Bulgakov,
Sophia Bazhenova, and Tai Nang Luong Nguyen
Fire Retardant Coating for Wood Using Resource-Saving
Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Svetlana Belykh, Julija Novoselova, and Denis Novoselov
Parametric Optimization of Steel Frames Using the Job
Search Inspired Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
Igor Serpik
Stress-Strain State Generation Within a Stress Concentration
Zone Using the Photoelasticity Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Lyudmila Frishter
Scanning the Layered Composites Using Subminiature
Eddy-Current Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Sergey Dmitriev, Alexey Ishkov, Alexey Grigorev, Lilia Shevtsova,
and Vladimir Malikov
Contents xvii

Method for Studying Deformation of Non-woven Heat-Insulating

Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Liubov Lisienkova, Lyudmila Nosova, Ekaterina Volkova,
and Ekaterina Baranova
Influence of Orientation of Cement Stone Loaded at Early Age
on Strength Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Yuriy Galkin and Sergey Udodov
Development and Automation of the Device for Determination
of Thermophysical Properties of Polymers and Composites . . . . . . . . . . 731
Denis Bakanin, Vladimir Bychkovsky, Nikolai Filippenko, Denis Butorin,
and Aleksei Kuraitis
Reinforcement and Strength Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Slabs
in Computer Program PRINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Vladimir Agapov
Valuation of Glulam Applicability in Public Buildings Architecture . . . 749
Mikhail Zhuravlev and Tatyana Bogdanova
Structure and Properties of Decorative Concrete Impregnated
with Vegetable Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Viktor Voronin, Oksana Larsen, Dmitry Zamelin, and Nikolay Mikhailov
Investigation of Concrete Properties with the Use of Recycled
Coarse Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Nikita Dmitriev, Oksana Larsen, Vitaly Naruts, and Egor Vorobev
Justification of Energy-Saving Technology of Prefabricated
Monolithic Slabs of Limestone Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Kirill Leonenko and Vasiliy Shalenny
Equation of Limit Condition of the Three-Parameter
Mohr-Coulomb Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Anatoly Aleksandrov, Gennadiy Dolgih, and Aleksander Kalinin
Versatile Dynamics Simulator: Dedicated Particle Dynamics
Software for Construction Materials Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798
Vladimir Smirnov and Evgenij Korolev
Effect of Blank Curvature and Thinning on Shell Stresses
at Superplastic Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Oleksandr Anishchenko, Volodymyr Kukhar, Viktor Artiukh,
Anatoliy Trebukhin, and Natalia Zotkina
Investigation of Degree of Internal Defects Closure in Ingots
at Forging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Sergey Kargin, Viktor Artiukh, Vladlen Mazur, Dmitriy Silka,
and Natalia Meller
xviii Contents

Experimental Evaluation of Bearing Capacity of Multifaceted Pipes

Filled with Self-compacting Concrete Under Axial Compression . . . . . . 825
Igor Garanzha, Liliya Shchykina, and Farida Suyunova
Fire Simulation of Light Gauge Steel Frame Wall System
with Foam Concrete Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
Andrey Shukhardin, Marina Gravit, Ivan Dmitriev, Gleb Nefedov,
and Tatiana Nazmeeva

Road Construction, Foundation Soil

Strengthening High Embankments on Weak Soils
of Geosynthetic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Sergei Kudryavtsev, Tatyana Valtseva, Viacheslav Kovshun,
Zhanna Kotenko, and Vladlen Stefanuk
Experimental Studies of the Gravity-Type Foundation Windage
in a Wind Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Olga Poddaeva, Pavel Churin, and Julia Gribach
Using of Ash and Slag from Power Plants for Embankments
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864
Miloš Marjanović, Veljko Pujević, and Sanja Jocković
Mathematical Modeling of Water-Saturated Soil Basements . . . . . . . . . 872
Tatyana Maltseva
Asphalt Concrete Using Polymer Waste from the Factories of Siberia . . . 885
Galina Vasilovskaya, Maria Berseneva, and Eugene Yanaev
Studying the Effect of Cellulose Containing Stabilizing Additives
on the Bitumen Properties in SMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900
Dmitrii Iastremskii and Tatiana Abaidullina
Damage Accumulation in Asphalt Concrete Under Compression . . . . . . 908
Natalya Aleksandrova, Vasiliy Chusov, and Yuriy Stolbov
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
Building Physics, Building Energy
Modeling, HVAC
 Computational Analysis of the Influence
of PCMs on Building Performance in Summer

Manuela Neri(&), Paola Ferrari , Davide Luscietti ,

and Mariagrazia Pilotelli

University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy

manuela.neri@unibs.it

Abstract. The insulation of buildings in summer requires to exploit the heat

capacity of materials in order to delay the heat transfer through the building
structure. Phase change materials (PCM) installed in buildings can reduce the
indoor temperature; however, given their high cost, their use must be evaluated
carefully. This paper investigates the structures that can be coupled with PCM
efficaciously, and it highlights some problems that could be caused by PCMs.
The investigation has been performed numerically by means of the Energy-Plus
software.

Keywords: PCM
Ambient comfort
Summer cooling

1 Introduction

Buildings thermal behavior in summertime and in wintertime is very different due to

dissimilar boundary conditions. In wintertime the ambient temperature is constant and
the contribution of solar radiation is negligible. In these conditions, indoor comfort can
be easily achieved by designing structures with low thermal transmittance. At the
contrary, in summertime the ambient temperature varies strongly and the effect of solar
radiation is predominant. In this latter case, the use of materials with low thermal
conductivity is not enough to guarantee the indoor thermal comfort, especially in areas
where solar radiation is strong. In summertime, indoor ambient thermal insulation may
be achieved by means of structures with high specific heat and a great mass: the
coupling of these two properties allows increasing significantly the delay between the
maximum temperature on the external surface of the wall, and the maximum tem-
perature on the inner surface. In this way, it is possible to limit the storage of heat in
indoor ambient and, consequently, the power necessary to remove it by means of
energy systems. In the building sector, the need is growing for innovative materials
which are capable of fulfilling the most diverse functions, like sustainability [1], noise
protection [2] or electromagnetic shielding [3, 4]. A particularly topical issue is the
possibility to achieve all-year thermal comfort while keeping energy consumption as
low as possible.
The attention to environmental problems and to the reduction of energy con-
sumption has led to the design of the so called Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB),
that are, buildings that exploit energy systems in a limited manner [5–8] and exploit the

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

V. Murgul and M. Pasetti (Eds.): EMMFT 2018, AISC 982, pp. 3–15, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19756-8_1
4 M. Neri et al.

energy stored. However, to do this, it is necessary to control energy load peaks by

integrating buildings with Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems, and by limiting the
effect of thermal bridges [9, 10]. Many studies investigated how to exploit energy in
buildings [11, 12], while other studies focused on solar radiation [13, 14]: it was
investigated how much energy can be extracted from solar radiation in a given
environment.
An example of TES is Phase Change Materials (PCMs) that store energy by
changing their phase. Basically, they are characterized by three stages, that are, the
charging stage, the conversion stage, and the discharging stage. As regards PCMs
installed in buildings, the conversion stage brings the material from the solid state to
the liquid state and vice versa. In the charging stage the heat (for example from solar
radiation) is accumulated and the phase change process is activated. During the con-
version stage heat is stored. When the phase change process is completely, the tem-
perature of the material increases again. When the temperature decreases, the
discharging stage takes place and the material becomes solid again.
A multiplicity of PCMs are nowadays available in the market, and they are basi-
cally identified by the melting point temperature [15–17]. Each type of PCM is
characterized by pros and cons: in general, a good PCM is characterized by big heat
capacity, long time duration and non-toxicity [15]. PCMs can be exploited in many
applications such as the control of buildings indoor temperature [18–22] (this is the
case analyzed in this paper), but also as fire retardants [23, 24]. Since to the authors
knowledge, fire safety at chimney roof penetration [25–27] is still an open issue, a
study could investigate whether they could prevent flammable materials overheating in
this particular case. An interesting study was presented in [27], where the ANOVA
technique was used to assess the influence of the factors on the observed phenomenon.
In particular, it was investigated how the variables related to the roof and the chimney
affect the flammable materials temperature in the vicinity of the chimney. The study
required a preliminary investigation to assess the variables affecting the phenomenon
and, then, a series of tests were performed to collect the data necessary to the statistical
investigation. The result was a series of mathematical relationships by means of which
it is possible to determine the roof temperature.
Since solar radiation and its energy content varies depending on the altitude and the
latitude, the choice of PCMs to be installed in buildings walls must be done carefully
by taking into account the ambient condition. For example, the phase change tem-
perature of the PCM must be the one that increases the delay between the maximum
temperature on the external surface, and the maximum temperature on the inner surface
of the wall. A great delay has two effects. Firstly, it allows limiting the peak of energy
necessary to cool the indoor ambient. Secondly, if the discharging phase occurs at night
when the ambient temperature is lower than the temperature of the wall, the heat stored
in the PCM layer is dissipated in both the external and in the indoor ambient; then, a
lower quantity of energy must be removed by the air conditioning system.
Since PCMs are very expensive, their use must be justified by advantages: in other
words, the money saving due to the lower use of energy must be greater than the cost of
the PCM layer. This paper reports part of the results presented in [28] where the
influence of different PCMs on the indoor temperature was investigated. In particular,
the effect of PCMs on walls of different heat capacity is analyzed. Data here presented
 Computational Analysis of the Influence of PCMs 5

is the temperature-time curves obtained by means of numerical simulations performed

with the Energy-Plus software. By comparing the temperature obtained in different
conditions, it has been possible to assess when the use of PCMs in buildings is
beneficial.

2 Methods and Results

The study investigates the influence of PCMs on indoor temperature for several
buildings. In particular, it has been investigated whether a PCM layer may effectively
reduce the indoor temperature, and it has been evaluated the influence of PCMs phase
change temperature and thickness. The study analyzes the results of numerical simu-
lations performed with the Energy-Plus software. Given a solar radiation distribution
[29], the indoor temperature over a period of time of three months is shown and
analyzed.

Fig. 1. Structures analyzed in the study: light (L), medium density (M) and massive (H).

A building situated in Brescia (Italy) has been considered: it is rectangular and its
dimensions are 8 m  10 m  3 m with the long side facing south. The building has
not windows. Thermal resistance and heat capacity of the walls has been varied: the
three structures shown in Fig. 1 have been considered and they are classified as light
density structure (L), medium density structure (M), and massive-heavy density
structure (H). For each structure three different thermal transmittance values (U) have
been chosen. As reported in Table 1, the total thickness of the walls has been main-
tained constant, but the thermal conductivity (k) of the insulating layers has been
varied.
6 M. Neri et al.

The thermal transmittance U of a wall made of n layers is defined as

1 1
U¼ ¼ Xn  si 
R 1 1
þ þ i¼1 ki
he hi

where R is the thermal resistance of the wall, s is the thickness of the layer, k is the
thermal conductivity, hi and he are the heat transfer coefficients (that take into account
both convection and thermal radiation) on the internal and external surfaces. According
to [30] for the Brescia district he and hi coefficients are 25 W/m2 K and 7.7 W/m2 K
respectively.
In the following, each case is identified by an acronym where the first letter indi-
cates the structure, and the second letter indicates the thermal transmittance: structures
identified with letter A are characterized by U = 0.21 W/m2 K, structures B are
characterized by U = 0.32 W/m2 K, structures C are characterized by U = 0.56
W/m2 K. For example, structures LA, LB and LC are the three cases analyzed for the
light structure. According to Fig. 1 and Table 2, it is supposed to install the PCM layer
only on the vertical walls, while roofs and floor do not contain PCMs. One floor and
two roofs have been considered: one roof is for the light structure (L), and one roof is
for the medium (M) and the massive (H) structures.
Meteorological data from the 21st of June to the 21st of September for Brescia
(Italy) district collected in [29] have been used, that are, the average ambient tem-
perature T = 33 °C, the maximum daily temperature variation DT = 10.9 °C, the direct
solar radiation Edr = 7.4 MJ/m2, the diffuse solar radiation Edf = 17 MJ/m2, the global
solar radiation Egl = 24.4 MJ/m2, and the incident radiation on horizontal plane
Ih = 282 W/m2.
In the analysis, four BioPCM [31] materials have been considered. Their entalpy-
temperature curves are reported in Table 3. The Q21 material is characterized by a
phase change temperature equal to 21 °C and by a latent heat of 55 kJ/kg, while these
two values are 25 °C and 202 kJ/kg for Q25, 27 °C and 135 kJ/kg for Q27, 29 °C and
261 kJ/kg for Q29.
By comparing the temperature distribution obtained for the different materials
reported in Figs. 3, 4 and 5, it has been possible to evaluate whether and how the phase
change temperature affects the indoor temperature. To investigate the influence of the
thickness of the PCM layer, numerical simulations have been performed on the light
structure (L) and the thickness of the PCM layer has been set equal to 1.1 cm as in the
simulation just described, and 2.1 cm respectively (indicated with * in the following),
and temperatures are shown in Fig. 6. In Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6, the area in yellow
represents the indoor comfort zone, that is, the range of temperature (21 °C–25 °C) that
does not require the use of cooling/heating systems.
 Computational Analysis of the Influence of PCMs 7

Table 1. Properties of the layers for the different structures: s is the thickness of the layer, k is
the thermal conductivity, q the density and c the specific heat. R and U are the thermal resistance
and the thermal transmittance of the wall respectively.
Light
LA LB LC
Layer s [cm] k q c s k s k
[W/mK] [Kg/m3] [J/kgK] [cm] [W/mK] [cm] [W/mK]
Plaster 1,5 0,65 1100 840 1,5 0,65 1,50 0,65
Plywood 1,3 0,41 460 1880 1,3 0,41 1,30 0,41
Vapour barrier 0,5 0,23 - - 0,5 0,23 0,50 0,23
Frame and 15,2 0,034 10 1470 15,2 0,06 15,2 0,11
insulation
Plywood 1,3 0,09 460 1880 1,3 0,09 1,30 0,09
BioPCM 1,1 2,3 235 1970 1,1 2,30 1,10 2,30
Plasterboard 1,3 3,3 640 1150 1,3 3,30 1,30 3,30
Rp= Rp= Rp=
R 4,87 R 3,13 R 1,77
[m2K/W]= [m2K/W]= [m2K/W]=
U 0,21 U 0,32 U 0,57
[W/m2K]= [W/m2K]= [W/m2K]=
Medium
MA MB MC
Layer s [cm] k q c s [cm] k [W/mK] s [cm] k
[W/mK] [Kg/m3] [J/kgK] [W/mK]
Plaster 1 0,72 1860 840 1 0,72 1 0,72
EPS 9 0,034 25 1400 9,00 0,06 9,00 0,11
Concrete 20 2 2400 1000 20 2 20 2
EPS 6 0,034 25 1400 6 0,055 6 0,111
BioPCM 1,1 0,2 235 1970 1,1 0,2 1,1 0,2
Plasterboard 1,3 0,16 640 1150 1,3 0,16 1,3 0,16
Rp= Rp= Rp=
R 4,83 R 3,13 R 1,77
[m2K/W]= [m2K/W]= [m2K/W]=
U 0,21 U 0,32 U 0,57
[W/m2K]= [W/m2K]= [W/m2K]=
Massive - Heavy
HA HB HC
Layer s [cm] k q c s [cm] k [W/mK] s [cm] k
[W/mK] [Kg/m3] [J/kgK] [W/mK]
Plaster 1,5 0,72 1860 840 1,5 0,72 1,5 0,72
XPS 12 0,03 35 1400 12 0,0536798 12 0,134
Brick 50 0,73 1910 840 50 0,73 50 0,73
BioPCM 1,1 0,2 235 1970 1,1 0,2 1,1 0,2
Plaster 1 0,72 1860 840 1 0,72 1 0,72
Rp= Rp= Rp=
R 4,94 R 3,18 R 1,84
[m2K/W]= [m2K/W]= [m2K/W]=
U 0,20 U 0,31 U 0,54
[W/m2K]= [W/m2K]= [W/m2K]=
8 M. Neri et al.

Table 2. Properties of the roof and the floor: s indicate the thickness, k is the thermal
conductivity, q the density and c the specific heat of the layer.
Floor
Layers s [cm] k [W/mK] q [Kg/m3] c [J/kgK]
Ceramics 1,5 1,2 2000 850
Concrete 6 0,42 1200 840
Bitumen 10 0,23 1100 1000
XPS 8 0,034 35 1400
Light concrete 1,3 0,09 460 1880
Concrete 25 2,3 2300 1000
Roof (light structure)
Layers s [cm] k [W/mK] q [Kg/m3] c [J/kgK]
Bitumen 2 0,43 1600 1000
Concrete 4 0,41 1200 840
Rubber 0,2 0,17 1500 1470
Roockwool 14 0,036 90 1030
Vapour barrier 1 - - -
Plywood 1,9 0,1 450 1880
Roof (medium and massive structures)
Layers s [cm] k [W/mK] q [Kg/m3] c [J/kgK]
Bitumen 2 0,43 1600 1000
Concrete 4 0,41 1200 840
Rubber 0,2 0,17 1500 1470
Roockwool 14 0,036 90 1030
Vapour barrier 1 - - -
Concrete 10 2,3 2300 1000
Plaster 1 0,72 1860 840

Table 3. Enthalpy-temperature curves for the PCMs considered in the analysis.

Q21 Q23 Q25 Q27
T [°C] h [J/kg] T [°C] h [J/kg] T [°C] h [J/kg] T [°C] h [J/kg]
0 12 0 12 0 8 0 5
10 25058 10 23058 10 19290 10 16458
15 34799 15 32580 15 27420 15 23562
20 38970 20 41280 20 26990 20 32561
21 55119 21,5 81820 23 42867 25 43078
21,5 80820 22 128509 24 56221 26 57014
22,5 128509 22,5 201879 24,5 83245 26,5 84146
23 201879 24 236860 25 133649 27 134578
24 225581 25 245462 25,5 201879 27,5 202864
25 231773 27 249194 26 236860 28 237015
30 233328 30 254503 28 247994 30 251278
35 246859 35 258813 35 257761 35 258320
45 254741 45 267178 45 266724 45 267324
100 289545 100 300420 100 322285 100 322093
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Methodists shame, they may glory in it. for these rabble, my Lords,
have precious and immortal souls, for which the dear Redeemer
shed his precious blood, as well as the great and rich. These, my
Lords, are the publicans and harlots that enter into the kingdom of
heaven, whilst self-righteous formal professors reject it. To shew
such poor sinners the way to God, to preach to them the power of
Christ’s resurrection, and to pluck them as firebrands out of the
burning, the Methodist preachers go out into the highways and
hedges. If this is to be vile, by the help of my God, I shall be more
vile; neither count I my life dear unto myself, so that I may finish my
course with joy, and be made instrumental in turning any of this
rabble to righteousness. And more especially do I think it my duty to
invite, and preach to this rabble in all places, where providence shall
send me, at this season; that I may warn them against the dreadful
effects of popish principles, and exhort them to exert their utmost
endeavours to keep out a popish Pretender from ever sitting upon
the English throne. In acting thus, I humbly apprehend, I can do most
service to the cause of the blessed Jesus, to his present Majesty
King George, to my fellow-subjects, and the government under
which I live. And however such kind of preachers may be every
where spoken against now, yet I doubt not but at the great decisive
day, they will be received with an Euge bene, and shine as stars in
the firmament for ever and ever: whilst those, who have only “divined
for hire, have fed themselves, and not the flock, and lorded it over
God’s heritage,” perhaps, may pay dear for their preferment, and
rise to everlasting contempt. Pardon me, my Lords, for expressing
myself here with some degree of warmth. I must own it gives me
concern, to see some of the clergy strain at a gnat and swallow a
camel, and attempt to pull the mote out of our eyes, before they have
pulled the beam out of their own. Is it not ridiculous, my Lords, even
in the eyes of ♦worldly men, and does it not render the Author of this
pamphlet, justly liable to contempt, to charge the Methodists with
breaking canons and rubricks, which is really not their faults; when at
the same time he knows, that the generality of the clergy so
notoriously break both canons and rubricks, and that too in the most
important articles, such as not catechising, pluralities, non-
residence, &c. every day themselves? With what face can he do it?
Is not this like Nero’s setting Rome on fire, and then charging it upon
the christians? May not “physician heal thyself,” be immediately
retorted on him?

♦ “wordly” replaced with “worldly”

But I have done. I would not bring a railing accusation against

any. Neither would I, my Lords, when giving a reason of the hope
that is in me, do it any other way than with meekness and fear. I
would therefore now proceed to answer the other parts of the
pamphlet; but I shall reserve that for another letter, which, God
willing, shall be published in a short time. In the mean while, I
humbly recommend this to the divine blessing, and to your Lordships
considerations, and beg leave to subscribe myself, my Lords,

Your Lordships most obedient son and servant,

George Whitefield.
 AN

A N S W ER
TO

The Second Part of an Anonymous Pamphlet,

entitled, “Observations upon the Conduct and
Behaviour of a certain Sect, usually
distinguished by the Name of Methodists:”
IN A

SECOND LETTER
TO

The Right Reverend the BISHOP of LONDON,

and the other the Right Reverend the Bishops
concerned in the Publication thereof.
My heart’s desire and prayer to God for Israel is, that they might be
saved. For I bear them record, that they have a zeal for God, but
not according to knowledge. For they being ignorant of God’s
righteousness, and going about to establish their own
righteousness, have not submitted themselves unto the
righteousness of God.

Romans x. 1, 2, 3.
 A

SECOND LETTER
TO THE

Right Rev. the Bishop of London, &c.

On board the ♦Wilmington, Captain Darling,
bound from Plymouth to Piscataqua in New-
England, August 25, 1744.

My Lords,

I TROUBLED your Lordships with a letter some time ago. I now

proceed, according to my promise, to answer the remainder of
the anonymous pamphlet entitled, Observations upon the Conduct
and Behaviour of a certain Sect usually distinguished by the Name of
Methodists. The author opens the second part with this preface:
“Besides the many Irregularities which are justly charged upon these
itinerant preachers as violations of the laws of church and state; it
may be proper to enquire, whether the doctrines they teach, or those
lengths they run, beyond what is practised among our religious
societies, or in any other christian church, be a service or disservice
to ♠religion? to which purpose, the following Queries are submitted
to consideration.” It is here taken for granted, that the Methodists
(termed by our author, either out of contempt, or by way of
periphrasis, these itinerant preachers) are justly charged with many
Irregularities, which amount to violations of the laws of church and
state. But how has the author proved, what he here takes for
granted? I humbly apprehend not at all. For has it not appeared in
my answer to the first part of his observations, that neither the act of
toleration, nor that of Charles IId, any way affects the Methodists, as
being loyal subjects to his majesty King George, ♣and members of
the Church of England? How then have they been justly charged
with violations of the laws of the state? And has it not been equally
made to appear, that the irregularity the author says the Methodists
have been guilty of, in coming to other parish churches to receive the
sacrament, is owing to the negligence of your Lordship’s clergy and
church-wardens? How then have they been justly charged with
violations of the laws of the church? But may we not suppose by his
speaking so contemptuously of these itinerant preachers, that
itinerant preaching itself, is one of the many irregularities and
violations of the laws of the church at least, if not of the state, which
according to this author are justly charged upon these itinerant
preachers? His eighth query, page 11th (which for method sake I
would here beg leave to make some remarks upon) bespeaks as
much. For he herein submits it to the consideration of the ♥ public,
“Whether, in a christian nation, where the instruction and edification
of the people is provided for, by placing ministers in certain districts,
to whom the care of the souls within those districts is regularly
committed; it can be for the service of religion, that itinerant
preachers run up and down from place to place, and from county to
county, drawing after them confused multitudes of people? an evil
which our church has wisely provided against, says our author, in the
ordination of a priest, by expresly limiting the exercise of powers
conferred upon him, of preaching the word of God, and administring
the holy sacraments, to the congregation where he shall be lawfully
appointed thereunto.” Here indeed is a heinous irregularity charged
upon these itinerant preachers, even a violation of the commission
given them when they were ordained priests; but with what justice, I
would refer to your Lordships consideration. For if the commission
given us, when ordained priests, absolutely prohibits us to preach
any where but to the congregation where we shall be lawfully
appointed ✤thereunto, will it not prove too much? and has not the
author, in endeavouring to reproach us, unwarily reproached your
Lordships also? for are not your Lordships then equally irregular,
equally violators of the laws of the church, whenever you preach
(though it be never so seldom) out of your Lordships respective
diocesses? And does not this commission, thus strictly taken,
absolutely forbid any presbyters whatsoever preaching any where
besides in their own particular congregations? and if so, are not all
ministers that exchange pulpits equally irregular, at least as really
violators of their ordination commission, as these itinerant
preachers?

♦ “Willmington” replaced with “Wilmington”

♠ “religigion” replaced with “religion”

♣ removed duplicate “and”

♥ “publick” replaced with “public”

✤ “therunto” replaced with “thereunto”

Our author in the following paragraph under the forementioned

query tells us, “That the bishops indeed and also our two universities
have power to grant licenses to preach, of a larger extent, to such
clergymen as they judge proper; who, in virtue thereof may, if they
chuse, travel from place to place as itinerants. But then the church
has provided in that case (Can. 50), that neither the minister, church-
wardens, nor any other officers of the church shall suffer any man to
preach within the churches and chapels, but such as by showing
their licence to preach, shall appear unto them to be sufficiently
authorized thereunto.” What these licences for itinerant preaching
are to which the author here refers, is not certain. Does he not seem
to mean the common licences which your Lordships give the clergy,
when they take upon them holy orders? Are not these the licences
which the church-wardens examine? And what is the end of these
licences? Was it ever heard before that they were to qualify persons
to be itinerant preachers? Is not the plain end of them, to satisfy the
church-wardens that the persons who offer their service have had a
regular ordination, and are sufficiently authorised to preach? And
does not the author know that these licences now are little regarded?
Do not our letters of orders answer the same end to all intents and
purpose? Were they not judged sufficient at our first setting out into
the ministry? And after all, what is it that the ministers and church-
wardens can do to persons that have not these licences? Why they
are not to suffer them to preach within their churches and chapels?
but have they any power, my Lords, to hinder them from preaching
without their churches or chapels? No, blessed be God, their power
is limited within: hitherto can they go, and no further. And therefore
supposing these itinerant preachers, though they have no licenses,
do not preach within any churches or chapels, unless with the
ministers or church-wardens consent, how are they justly charged
with violating a law of the church, though they should preach without
doors to as great multitudes as shall be inclined to hear them?

He proceeds in the 3d paragraph under this 8th query to write

thus: “The practice of licensing itinerant preachers was occasioned
by the low talents of many incumbents in the more early days of the
reformation, whose abilities carried them no farther than to the
reading of homilies; a defect which has long been remedied by a
liberal education of sufficient numbers of persons for the ministry,
who regularly perform the office of preaching, as well as other duties,
in the parishes committed to their care. And if the forementioned
defect did still continue, as God be thanked it does not, it would be ill
supplied by our modern itinerants, who make it their principal
employ, wherever they go, to instil into the people a few favourite
tenets of their own; and this, with such diligence and zeal as if the
whole of christianity depended upon them, and all efforts towards the
true christian life, without a belief of those tenets, were vain and
ineffectual.”

But, my Lords, what can this author mean by writing thus? for
supposing the practice of itinerant preaching was primarily
occasioned by the low talents of many incumbents in the more early
days of the reformation, does it therefore follow, that there can be no
other just cause assigned for itinerant preaching now? What if the
generality of the present incumbents depart from the good old
doctrines that were preached in the more early days of the
reformation, and notwithstanding their liberal education, make no
other use of their learning but to explain away the articles and
homilies, which they have subscribed in the grammatical and literal
sense? Is it not necessary, in order to keep up the doctrines, and
thereby the real dignity of the church, that either the clergy thus
degenerated, should be obliged to read the homilies as formerly, and
to preach consistently therewith; or that those who do hold the
doctrines of the reformation, should go about from place to place,
and from county to county, nay from pole to pole, if their sphere of
action extended so far, to direct poor souls that are every-where
ready to perish for lack of knowledge, into the right way which
leadeth unto life? That this is the case between the established
clergy and these itinerant preachers, will appear presently; and how
then can this author charge them with making it their principal
employ, wherever they go, to instil into the people a few favourite
tenets of their own? Has the author followed them wherever they
have preached, that he asserts this so confidently concerning them?
Is it not to be wished that he had at least taken care to have been
better informed? for then he would have saved himself from the guilt
of a notorious slander. Is it not evident to all who hear them, that the
favourite tenets which the itinerant preachers make it their principal
employ to instil into people’s minds wherever they go, are the great
doctrines of the reformation, homilies and articles of the church?
such as “Man’s bringing into the world with him a corruption which
renders him liable to God’s wrath and eternal damnation: That the
condition of man after the fall of Adam, is such that he cannot turn
and prepare himself, by his own natural strength and good works, to
faith and calling upon God: That we are accounted righteous before
God, only for the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ by
faith, and not for our own works or deservings: That they are to be
accursed, who presume to say, that every man shall be saved by the
law or sect which he professeth, so that he be diligent to frame his
life according to that law, and the light of nature.” These, my Lords,
are some of the favourite tenets of these itinerant preachers. Their
others are like unto them. Can these, my Lords, be properly called
their own? Or ought it not to be the principal employ of every true
minister, wherever he goes, to instil such tenets, and that too with
the utmost diligence and zeal, into the people’s minds? Does not a
great part of christianity depend on them? And are not all
pretensions to a true christian life, without a belief of these tenets,
vain and ineffectual? May not these itinerant preachers therefore
complain unto your Lordships of this anonymous author, as
Mephibosheth complained to David of treacherous Ziba? Doubtless
he hath slandered them. And wherefore does he speak so
contemptuously of itinerant preachers? Is it not an amiable and
honourable character? And may I not take the freedom of
acquainting your Lordships, that if all the Right Reverend the
Bishops did their duty, (especially my Lord of London, whose diocess
is of such a vast extent) they would all of them long since have
commenced itinerant preachers too?

But to return to an examination of the other part of the author’s

preface. After he has taken it for granted, that many irregularities are
justly charged upon these itinerant preachers, as “Violations of the
laws of church and state,” he adds, “It may be proper to enquire,
whether the doctrines they teach, and those lengths they run beyond
what is practised among our religious societies, or in any other
christian church, be a service or disservice to religion.” The religious
societies or any other christian church! What, does our author make
the religious societies a church? This is going further than the
Methodists, whom he is pleased to stile only a sect. But if the
religious societies, my Lords, be a church, may it not be proper to
enquire how their doctrines or practices came to be set up as a rule
and standard for others to go by, so that persons doing service or
disservice to religion must be judged of according as they deviate
from or adhere to the religious societies either in doctrine or
practice? Or supposing the religious societies were to be a standard
for others to go by, was it not incumbent on the author to give the
public a short summary and account of their doctrines and practices?
For otherwise how can the world possibly judge whether the
Methodists do deviate from them; or if so, whether they do thereby
service or disservice to religion? Indeed, this author has told us in his
first part, how the religious societies behave on Sundays; but he has
no where acquainted us with the principles they hold, or how they
behave on other days. And till he does, I will venture to affirm, that
unless these itinerants teach other doctrines than the present
religious societies generally hold, and run greater lengths in
christianity than the generality of them, it is to be feared, now run,
they will be in great danger of never arriving at “the mark for the
prize of their high-calling in Christ Jesus their Lord.”

I have been the more particular, my Lord, in the examination of

the preface, because the author, by annexing these words, “to which
purpose the following queries are submitted to consideration,” seems
to lay it down as the ground-work and foundation of all the
subsequent queries. And if the foundation be so weak and sandy,
how slight and superficial must be the superstructure?

I suppose your Lordships will readily grant, that it is the bounden

duty of every regular and fair writer (especially when he is charging
others with irregularities as violations of the laws of church and state)
to take care that he does not violate the laws of christian charity. Or if
he puts queries to the public concerning any persons, ought he not
to take heed that those queries are founded upon truth, and that the
charges therein exhibited are really matter of fact? But our author
has notoriously neglected this fundamental rule, and thereby not only
cast a lasting blot and odium upon his own character, if his name
was known, but also hath done real hurt to the cause he would
defend. The query already examined concerning itinerant preaching,
wherein he has charged the Methodists with instilling into people a
few favourite tenets of their own, sufficiently demonstrates this. But
this is not all; several of the other queries now coming under
consideration are by no means founded on truth, and contain
charges against these itinerants, whereby they are as much wronged
and unjustly vilified as ever Stephen was, when the Jews suborned
men who said, “We have heard him speak blasphemous words
against Moses and against God, this holy place and the law.”

To prove this, we need only examine the two queries which

immediately follow the preface.

Query 1st. “Whether notions in religion may not be heightened to

such extremes, as to lead some into a disregard of religion itself
through despair of attaining such exalted heights? and whether
others, who have imbibed those notions, may not be led by them into
a disregard and disesteem of the common duties and offices of life,
to such a degree at least as is inconsistent with that attention to
them, and that diligence in them, which providence has made
necessary to the well-being of private families and public societies,
and which christianity does not only require in all stations and in all
conditions, but declares at the same time (Colossians iii. 22.
Ephesians ♦v. 6.) that the performance even of the lowest offices in
life, as unto God (whose providence has placed people in their
several stations) is truly serving Christ, and will not fail of its reward
in the next world.”

♦ “5” replaced with “v” for consistency

Query 2. “Whether the enemy of mankind may not find his

account in their carrying christianity, which was designed for a rule to
all stations and all conditions, to such heights as make it fairly
practicable by a very few in comparison, or rather by none?”

His 5th and 6th queries, page the 10th, are like unto them. They
run thus, “Whether those exalted strains in religion, and an
imagination of being already in a state of perfection, are not apt to
lead men to spiritual pride, and to a contempt of their fellow-
christians; while they consider them as only going on in what they
account the low and imperfect way,” (i. e. as growing in grace and
goodness only by degrees)? And again, “whether the same exalted
strains and notions do not tend to weaken the natural and civil
relations among men, by leading the inferiors, into whose heads
those notions are infused, to a disesteem of their superiors; while
they consider them as in a much lower dispensation than
themselves; though those superiors are otherwise sober and good
men, and regular attendants on the ordinances of religion?”

Here again it is supposed, that these itinerant preachers either

imagine themselves to be in a state of perfection, or at least teach
others to imagine that they are; and that the consequence of this is a
weakning the natural and civil relations among men, by leading them
to a disesteem of their fellow-christians, and superiors, who are
supposed to be in a lower dispensation than themselves.

Heavy charges, my Lords, these are indeed! But what evidence

does our author produce to prove them? Why really none at all. For
here is no quotation at the bottom of either of these queries from any
of their writings; so that we cannot tell whether they are levelled
against these itinerant preachers in general, or any one of them in
particular. And therefore the Prebendary of St. Paul’s, who has been
pleased to reply to my first letter, in vindication of this author, has
done wrong in affirming, “That under each query there is some
quotation either from my journals or other writings, whereon it is
founded.” But there is no such thing under these four, wherein such
heavy charges are included. And therefore may I not argue, as the
author does upon another occasion in his first part, page 8th, that ’till
some proof does appear, the presumption must be that he has
none?

In the mean while, I dare challenge this author, and the whole
world, to produce any passage out of my writings, wherein I have
taught any other christianity, than what, through the aids of the
Blessed Spirit, is practicable by all persons in all conditions; or that I
ever preached otherwise than “That the performance even of the
lowest offices of life as unto God, whose providence has placed
people in their several stations, is truly a serving of Christ, and will
not fail of its reward (though not of debt, yet of grace) in the next
world.” Neither did I ever imagine that I had attained, or was already
perfect, or taught persons to imagine that they were so: no, I expect
to carry a body of sin and death about with me as long as I live, and
confess from my inmost soul, that I am the chief of sinners, and less
than the least of all saints: I am so far from thinking that an
imagination that we are already in a state of perfection, is only apt to
lead men into spiritual pride, that I condemn it as the very
quintessence and highest degree of it. And the more we are
conformed to the divine image, the more exact I believe we shall be
in keeping up our natural and civil relations among men, in giving all
honour to whom honour is due, and in lowliness of mind esteeming
each other better than ourselves. And if so, my Lords, may not the
author, for thus charging these itinerants in general without
distinction, be justly stiled a libeller? And how will he undertake to
prove, that any one of these itinerant preachers in particular, carries
christianity to any greater heighth than he himself does, query 13th,
page 16, where in speaking of the Holy Spirit, he has these words,
“Whose peculiar office it is, to season the heart with humility, and to
root out of it the seeds (what is that but the very inbeing?) of pride
and vain-glory.”

Is he not very irregular in writing thus at random; nay, does he not

hereby himself openly violate the laws both of church and state?

It is true, our author would appear an advocate for both; but does
not his third query, page 9th, plainly prove him a real friend to
neither; especially the latter? He there asks, “whether in particular,
the carrying the doctrine of justification by faith alone to such a
heighth, as not to allow, that a careful sincere observance of moral
duties is so much as a condition of our acceptance with God, and of
our being justified in his sight; whether this I say, does not naturally
lead people to a disregard of those duties, and a low esteem of
them; or rather to think them no part of the christian religion?” It is
plain from hence, that one of these extremes to which these
itinerants exalt christianity, and whereby it’s queried, whether they do
service or disservice to religion, “is their carrying the doctrine of
justification by faith alone to such a height, as not to allow that a
careful and sincere observance of moral duties is so much as a
condition of our acceptance with God, and of our being justified in
his sight.” Our author it seems is for another way of salvation, query
5th, page 10th, viz., “for men’s gradually working out their own
salvation, by their own honest endeavours, and through the ordinary
assistances of God’s grace; with a humble reliance upon the merits
of Christ for the pardon of their sins and the acceptance of their
sincere, though imperfect services.” This is our common divinity. This
is what my Lord of London in his last pastoral letter against luke-
warmness and enthusiasm, exhorted his clergy to preach. But how
contrary is all this to the articles and homilies of our church? For
what says the 11th article? “We are accounted righteous before
God, only for the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ by
faith, and not for our own works or deservings. Wherefore that we
are justified by faith only is a most wholsome doctrine, and very full
of comfort, as more largely is expressed in the homily of
justification.”

And if both the article and homily of the Church of England

expresly declare, that we are justified before (or in the sight of) God,
by faith, and faith only, how can “a careful and sincere observance of
moral duties be a condition, my Lords, of our acceptance with God,
and of our being justified in his sight?” And if the doctrine of being
justified by faith only be a wholsome doctrine, and very full of
comfort, how can this author in the latter part of this query now
before us, enquire, “whether preaching this doctrine does not
naturally lead people to a disregard of moral duties, and a low
esteem of them; or rather to think them no part of the christian
religion?” Does he consider, that in writing thus, he directly
symbolizes with the infidel, Romans vi. 1. who is introduced after the
apostle had been insisting at large on this doctrine of justification by
faith only, as speaking like our author, “Shall we sin then that grace
may abound?” The apostle immediately rejects the motion with a me
genoito; and so reply these itinerants, my Lords, “God forbid.” For
what says the 12th, article of our Church? “Albeit that good works,
which are the fruits of faith, and follow after justification, cannot put
away sins, and endure the severity of God’s judgment; yet are they
pleasing and acceptable to God in Christ, and do spring out
necessarily of a true and lively faith, insomuch that by them a lively
faith, may be as evidently known, as a tree discerned by the fruit?”
And do we then by preaching the doctrine of justification by faith
only, naturally lead people to a disregard of moral duties and a low
esteem of them, much less to think them no part of the christian
religion? Do we not rather establish them, by laying a foundation
whereon true moral duties can only be built, so as to be acceptable
in the sight of God? for what says our 13th article? “Works done
before the grace of Christ, and the inspiration of his Spirit, are not
pleasant to God, for as much as they spring not of faith in Jesus
Christ, neither do they make men meet to receive grace, or (as the
school authors say) deserve grace of congruity; yea rather, for that
they are not done as God hath willed and commanded them to be
done, we doubt not but they have the nature of sin.”

To this query our author annexes the following observation. “The

words of the pious and judicious Mr. Chillingworth are very material
to this purpose: For my part, says he, I do heartily wish that by public
authority it were so ordered, that no man should ever preach or print
this doctrine, that faith alone justifies, unless he joins this together
with it, that universal obedience is necessary to salvation.” What
piety and judgment Mr. Chillingworth might be remarkable for, I know
not; but if by “universal obedience being necessary to salvation,” he
means what our author does (or otherwise this quotation is nothing
to the purpose) justification in the sight of God, then Mr.
Chillingworth’s writing after this manner is a specimen neither of his
piety or judgment; because the quite contrary doctrine is contained in
our articles, and established by public authority. So that to wish for
justification by faith alone to be put down by public authority, what is
it in effect but to wish for the utter subversion of the grand doctrine of
the reformation? Perhaps it may not be impertinent, or a vain
repetition, if I here beg leave to transcribe a passage (which I lately
printed in my answer to the Prebendary of St. Paul’s) out of the
Honeycomb of Free Justification, written by one Mr. Eaton, of Trinity
College in Cambridge, printed at London in the year 1642. “Free
justification was first enjoined to be diligently taught, for the
reformation of the church, by King Henry VIII. but was by King
Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth, principally established by
parliament, and singled out from all the rest of the established
articles of religion; and reduced into sermons and homilies, to be
(after the people’s sight of their lost estate, and woeful misery by sin)
principally taught, and chiefly known and understood of all the
subjects and commons of the land, for these four causes.

1st. “Because it is the only immediate cause and means of our

peace with God. For being justified by faith we have peace with
God, Romans v. 1. and our assurance of free salvation by Jesus
Christ, and is therefore called the justification of life, Romans v. 18.
‘For whom God justifieth, them he also glorifieth,’ Romans viii. 30.

♦3d. “Because it is the chiefest cause and means to discover and

suppress the Romish antichrist, popery, &c. and all other
superstitions, sects, errors and schisms out of the land; and to
establish unity, peace and concord in matters of religion, and of
assurance of free salvation, and makes every man to keep in a
lawful vocation, and to do it profitably in love. Galatians v. 13.

♦ A second point is not mentioned.

4th. “To direct ministers, ὀρθοποδεῖν to go with a right foot to the

truth of the gospel, Galatians ii. 14. in sound preaching, and pure
declaring of the word of God, by a true faith of free justification,
because (saith the established doctrine of our church) sincere
preachers ever were, and ever shall be but a few; and their
preaching of God’s word, most sincere in the beginning, by process
of time waxeth less and less pure, and after is corrupt, and last of all
quite laid down, and left off; because free justification is a doctrine
hardly learned in a church, and soon lost again, Galatians i. 6. and
yet is the true strength, happiness and safety of the whole land,
Isaiah lxii. 1‒6.”

“Hereupon, the 5th part of the sermon against disobedience and

rebellion, established by Queen Elizabeth, teacheth the commons,
that such bishops or ecclesiastical persons, as by pride and
ambitious rule, do by terms of error, schism, or heresy, hinder this
main light of God’s word from the people, are the chiefest traytors in
the land: and the 6th and last part largely teacheth, that such
subjects and commons to whom, through ignorance of God’s word,
this light of righteousness, and this sun of understanding doth not
shine, although they may brag, as did sometimes the Jewish clergy
and people, that they cannot lack knowledge, yet are such by their
blind dead faith, traytors to God, traytors to their king, traytors to
their own souls and bodies, and traytors to the whole land and
country.”

Thus far Mr. Eaton. And whether he or Mr. Chillingworth wrote

with most piety and judgment on this head, I leave to the author’s
consideration. And at the same time appeal to your Lordships,
whether the Methodists, by preaching up the doctrine of justification
by faith alone, carry christianity to an extreme? or, whether or not
this author, by making moral duties a condition of our acceptance
with God, and of our being justified in his sight, is not himself guilty
of an irregularity which amounts to a violation of the laws both of
church and state?

May not this also, my Lords, serve as an answer to our author’s

10th query, page 12th. “Whether it be for the service of religion, to
discourage people from reading Archbishop Tillotson’s Sermons and
the Whole Duty of Man? to whom our Methodists might have added
many more of our best writers after the restoration. For, all these
(together with explaining the whole work of our redemption by
Christ) endeavoured to turn the minds of people to the practice of
moral duties, and to cure them of that madness and enthusiasm into
which they had been led by the Antinomian doctrines, and others of
the like tendency, during the times of anarchy and confusion?”
Undoubtedly; for are they not both wrong in their foundation? The
latter indeed lays no foundation by justifying faith at all, and therefore
may be more properly termed Half the Duty of Man; and the former,
like our author, contrary to the laws of church and state, makes good
works a condition of our acceptance with God, and of our being
justified in his sight. And though I might have spared my borrowed
comparison of putting the Archbishop on a level with Mahomet, (for
which I ask the public pardon, though perhaps even this confession
may be turned to my reproach) yet I can by no means agree with our
author in this same query, page 13th, that either his Grace, or the
author of the Whole Duty of Man, explained the whole work of our
redemption by Christ. For how can that be possibly done, without
explaining the doctrine of justification by faith alone? And therefore,
whatever good the Archbishop, and many other of our best writers
after the Restoration (as this author stiles them) might design by
endeavouring “to turn the minds of people to the practice of moral
duties, and to cure them of that madness and enthusiasm into which
they had been led by the Antinomian doctrines, and others of the like
tendency, during the times of anarchy and confusion,” may I not
appeal to your Lordships, whether that of the Poet be not too
applicable to his Grace, to the Author of the Whole Duty of Man, and
to writers of that stamp:

Incidit in syllam, qui vult vitare Charibdin?

For, is there no way, my Lords, of turning people’s minds to the

practice of moral duties, without turning their minds from the doctrine
of justification by faith alone, without which, moral duties cannot be
acceptable to God at all? What is this, my Lords, but, ♦Pharaoh like,
to command God’s Israel to make brick without giving them straw?
And supposing it be true, that the people before the restoration had
been led into madness and enthusiasm, by Antinomian doctrines,
was there no other way, my Lords, of curing them of this madness,
but by preaching down the most fundamental article of the church of
England, and so by preaching up the doctrine of justification in the
sight of God, partly by works, and partly by faith, bring them half way
to the church of Rome? Do not these itinerants, my Lords, by laying
down faith as the foundation, and building the superstructure of
universal obedience as the fruit of it thereon, keep a proper medium,
and take the most effectual method of preserving people from
Antinomianism on the one hand, or madness and enthusiasm,
anarchy and confusion on the other? And is not this, my Lords, the
constant tenor of their sermons? Do they not first labour to bring
people to a real faith in Christ as the Lord their righteousness, and
then exhort those that believe, to be careful to maintain and shew
forth their faith, by a constant uniform performance of all manner of
good works?

♦ “Pharoah” replaced with “Pharaoh”

 How disengenuous then is this Author’s 9th query, page 12.
“Whether it does not savour of self-sufficiency and presumption,
when a few young heads, without any colour of a divine commission,
set up their own schemes, as the great standard of christianity: and,
how can it be reconciled to christian humility, prudence, or charity, to
indulge their own notions to such a degree, as to perplex, unhinge,
terrify, and distract the minds of multitudes of people, who have lived
from their infancy under a gospel ministry, and in the regular
exercise of a gospel worship; and all this, by persuading them, that
they have never yet heard the true gospel, nor been instructed in the
true way of salvation before: and that they neither are, nor can be
true christians, but by adhering to their doctrines and discipline, and
embracing christianity upon their schemes? All the while, for the
sake of those schemes, and in pursuance of them, violating the
wholesome rules, which the powers spiritual and temporal have
wisely and piously established, for the preservation of peace and
order in the church.”

Here he charges these itinerants (though without proof, as he

had done in the preceding one) with “setting up their own schemes,
as the great standard of christianity,” and with telling people that
“they neither are, nor can be true christians, but by adhering to their
doctrines and discipline, and embracing christianity upon their
schemes.” Is not this calumny all over? For where has this author
made it appear, that the Methodists preach contrary to the articles of
the established church? Or how does he or can he prove, that they
affirm, “People neither are, nor can be true christians, without
adhering to their discipline?” Where are any quotations to this
purpose in his observations? Is not this, my Lords, all gratis dictum?
And therefore, to use some of his own words, “Does it not savour of
self-sufficiency and presumption, and can it be reconciled to christian
humility, prudence, or charity,” to indulge his prejudice against any
persons living to such a degree, as to lay things to their charge
which they never thought of or said? For do not these itinerants
freely converse with persons of all communions? Have I not in
particular communicated with the church of Scotland, and preached
among the churches in New-England? Do not the generality of the