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KEY. VỀ ĐÍCH- TEST 11

A. LISTENING (50 pts)
PART 1.You are going to listen a journalist called Max Wilson talking about a book
about luck in sport by Matthew Syed. Listen to the whole interview and choose the best
answer A, B, or C.(10 pts)
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. B
PART 2.Listen to a nutritionist called Penny Flack talking about the effects of health
and diet in some countries around the world. Are these statements True (T) or False
(F)? (10 pts)
1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T
PART 3.Listen to a talk on insomnia – the inability to sleep properly. Complete the
following notes on the talk about insomnia. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. (20 pts)
1. job interview 6. relax
2. domestic 7. fruit juice
3. travelling 8. the day
4. painkillers 9. warm bath
5. sleeping pills 10. smoking

TAPESCRIPT

PART 1

E = Examiner P = Presenter M = Max

E: You’re going to listen to a radio interview with a sports writer called Max Wilson
about luck in sport.

P: What is it that makes a champion? How much is sporting achievement down to the
ability you’re born with and how much to effort? And what part does luck play in
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the difference between winning and losing? To discuss these questions with me is
sports writer Max Wilson. What’s the answer, Max?

M: Most top sportspeople claim that their success is down to dedication, ambition and
long hours of practice. Luck is rarely mentioned, unless they happen to lose, and
that’s sometimes blamed on something they couldn’t control, like the weather.

P: One thing that’s clear is that records go on being broken year after year. But is this
because athletes are bigger and stronger than they were twenty, fifty, a hundred
years ago? Or is it because sportspeople are getting more talented?

M: Well, experts say physical changes develop over a much longer time span. So it must
be that people are practising longer and harder, and striving to achieve more. Sure,
improvements in running shoes, tennis rackets and other technological advances
play their part, but they can’t account on their own for the differences in standards.

P: Could it be that sportspeople are able to achieve more these days because their talent is
recognised and nourished at a younger and younger age?

M: That’s certainly true of incredibly successful tennis clubs like Spartak, in Moscow. In
recent years, this club’s created more top twenty women players than the whole of
the United States. But a seemingly exceptional natural talent in a young child is
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often only the product of hours and hours of expert tuition and practice, and the
child is unlikely to continue to make progress at such a fast rate.

P: This is something that’s discussed in Matthew Syed’s book, Bounce, I believe?

M: Yes, he examines the relationship between talent, success and luck. Matthew was a
British number one and top international table tennis player during the late 1990s.
He lists several factors which he believes contributed to his success and which
had very little to do with his own talent. Matthew says his first piece of good
fortune was that when he was eight, his parents decided to buy a full-size,
professional table-tennis table, which they kept in the garage, as a way of keeping
their boys occupied and out of trouble. Matthew says he was also lucky that his
older brother loved the game as much as he did and was happy to fight out endless
battles in the garage.

P: But he was also a member of a really good club.

M: Absolutely. Matthew and his brother were lucky enough to be spotted by one of the
leading table tennis coaches in the country, Peter Charters, who ran the Omega
club. He also happened to be a teacher at Matthew’s primary school. The Omega
club wasn’t a big or well-known club in those days but the tiny group of members
could play whenever they liked, day or night, even though there was only one
table and it was freezing in winter and incredibly hot in summer.
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P: I see. So how important was the Omega club in Matthew’s success?

M: Very important. The Omega club members began having considerable success and
started to attract a lot of attention. The street where Matthew lived, Silverdale
Road, contained an astonishing number of the country’s top players, including
both the men’s and women’s future Commonwealth champions. Was this
inevitable, given the quality of the coach, the talent of the players and the location
of the Omega club, or was it, as Matthew argues in the book, just a combination of
lucky events? If he hadn’t lived in Silverdale oad, he would have gone to a
different school and he wouldn’t have met Peter Charters, nor become a member
of the Omega club.

P: Do you think Matthew Syed is right about the importance of luck?

M: Interestingly, a ten-year investigation into what makes people lucky or unlucky has
concluded that people do make their own luck. Obviously, Matthew couldn’t have
succeeded without some raw talent, but he also took full advantage of the
opportunities given to him, and this is what ultimately made him so successful.
Lucky people are better at taking chances and finding ways to improve their
situation. Unlucky people are less likely to take risks and don’t like change. If
there are lessons to be learnt …

PART 2
Thanks for that lovely introduction, Helen. You are doubtless aware that obesity –
being grossly overweight – is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. The
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instances of this have tripled since the 80s and continue to rise at an alarming rate,
affecting around one in four citizens in Europe and the USA. As well as causing physical
and psychological problems, excess weight drastically increases a person’s chances of
developing serious illnesses. Which is why ministers from the European Union convened
a meeting this week, specifically to address the issue of healthcare and how long
governments will be able to afford to fund this, given the mounting cost of obesity-
related diseases.
It’s actually not so much overweight adults that’s the issue for me; it’s the young
people who are growing up eating so much junk food. In my view, it’s the advertisements
for all this stuff that are partly to blame because they target kids. They should be banned!
Obese 12-year-olds are eighty-two percent more likely to be obese adults. Which
is why the quality of school dinners must also be addressed. Most of you will be shocked
when I tell you that this government spends four times more per head on prisoners’ meals
than on those for kids in school – that’s how much of a priority they’ve been! Thank
goodness something is finally being done to improve this situation. Although this does
involve spending more, it will save us money in the long run.
In order for obesity to be reduced, it is clear that supermarkets also need to take
more responsibility for the contents of the products they sell. True, there is much more
availability of low-fat food on the shelves these days. Now the World Health
Organization has issued new guidelines suggesting that we cut the amount of sugar we
consume daily by as much as a half to bring it to a recommended limit of 25 grams per
day. Which is less than the amount you will get in just one can of some fizzy drinks or
ready-prepared meals.
People often ask me how come the French manage to remain relatively slim
despite their love of high-fat cheeses and meat. I’m inclined to think that the key is their
approach to food. Because they still tend to have proper sit-down meals, they seem to be
less tempted by the high-calorie snacks that are the downfall of many other cultures.
Also, in my view, the fact that lunchtime tends to be the main meal in France,
rather than dinner, is also a contributory fact. The earlier in the day calories are
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consumed, the more opportunity there is to convert them into energy, so we should
follow their example and try not to have a heavy meal in the evenings.
Moving on to other parts of the world, why is it that in Japan, for example, life
expectancy is much higher than anywhere else in the world? One of the reasons could be
that their diet is built around rice and fish and plentiful fruit and vegetables. There is little
meat, animal fat or sweets and two thirds of their calorie intake comes from
carbohydrates, as opposed to the UK or the USA, where fat accounts for much more than
the recommended quarter of our daily calories.
You would think the Inuit in Greenland had very little in common with the
Japanese, wouldn’t you? And unlike the Japanese, 60 percent of the calories eaten in
Greenland do come from fat – even more than we consume – and they eat surprisingly
little fruit and vegetables. However, as in Japan, heart disease there is not that common.
The difference is that the fat they eat is from oily fish such as salmon and mackerel. This
type of unsaturated fat, called omega three, we already know has huge benefits for the
bones. What has only recently been discovered and is therefore less well known is that it
is also said to improve mental health.

And for those of us who are worried about forgetting things, scientists are also
suggesting that turmeric, a key ingredient of curries, may be a major factor as to why
elderly Indian people are less likely to lose their memory than someone in the western
world. So perhaps we can learn ...

PART 3.

Insomnia is a sleep disorder. We all have trouble sleeping from time to time.
That’s not really insomnia. Insomnia is when you are regularly not getting enough sleep
or perhaps not getting a satisfying sleep. If either of those situations applies to you, then
you could have insomnia. However, don’t go running to your doctor for medication just
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yet. Insomnia is often a lifestyle disease and pills from a doctor will not help unless you
deal with the underlying causes of your insomnia by changing your lifestyle. For
example, some people suffer from insomnia before something stressful like exams or a
job interview . They cease to suffer from insomnia after the event. Insomnia can be
caused by domestic factors, such as lighting, noise, and lack of privacy. It can also be
caused by occupational factors, such as working irregular hours – a particular problem for
transport and health workers, overworking – usually 70 plus hours a week, too much
travelling, or simply high stress at work.

Insomnia is more likely to occur as we get older and symptoms include not being
able to fall asleep, waking regular during the night and not being able to get back to
sleep, waking up early and not feeling refreshed after a night’s sleep. Insomnia can also
cause problems during the day, such as feeling tired and lethargic, wanting to sleep,
difficulty concentrating, and irritability. We all need different amounts of sleep so it is
not the length of sleep that determines insomnia, but the quality of sleep. Primary
insomnia means that the sleep problem is not directly linked to any other health problem.
Secondary insomnia means that the sleep problem is caused by another condition such as
depression, arthritis, stress, pain, worry, a serious illness, or medication. Acute insomnia
is a short-term problem whereas a long-term problem is known as chronic insomnia and
is usually diagnosed when a person cannot sleep at least three times week for a month or
longer.

As you may aware, doctors may prescribe some painkillers, or sleeping pills,
particularly in cases of illness or physical discomfort, but for chronic insomnia, the
underlying condition that is causing the problem needs to be treated. As I said before, this
usually involves a change in lifestyle. Relaxation techniques have been proven to be
extremely useful to people suffering from insomnia. It is important to relax before going
to bed. Some relaxation techniques and alternative therapies such as TaiChi, medication
and and massage may also be beneficial in getting a good night’s sleep. Another thing
that insomniacs should do is pay particular attention to what they eat and drink and when.
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Don’t eat a heavy meal late in the evening. Avoid alcohol and stimulants like coca and
coffee before going to bed. Have herbal tea or fruit juice instead. One of my favourite
suggestions is to drink a cup of camomile tea with a little honey in it before bedtime.
Delicious!

Although exercise is obviously good for your health, don’t exercise just before
bedtime. Exercise tends to stimulate the mind and the body. At the beginning of the talk,
I mentioned light and noise. Make sure your bedroom dark and quiet. Also make sure that
it is at the right temperature for you – not too hot or cold. Go to sleep at the same time
each night and get up at the same time each morning, with no naps during the day.
Follow a relaxing routine as much as possible and wind down before sleep by, for
example, reading a book or listening to music. Take a warm bath after exercise or before
bedtime, adding a few drops of lavender essential oil. It sounds luxurious and it is.
Finally, a word to all you smokers out there – reduce the frequency with which you light
up – particularly in the evening.
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B. LEXICO AND GRAMMAR (50 pts)

Part I. Choose the best option A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences.

(20pts)
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. A

1. As it’s not out on DVD yet, we might ______ get it on video, I suppose.

A. also B. as well C. too D. and

Cấu trúc may/ might as well : đành phải => dùng để đưa ra lời khuyên hay đề nghị

2. I’m ______ my brother is.

A. nowhere like so ambitious B. nothing near as ambitious as

C. nothing as ambitious than D. nowhere near as ambitious as

Cấu trúc: to be nowhere near as + adj + as … = not really as + adj + as… = thật sự
không…như…

Dịch câu: Tôi thật sự không có nhiều tham vọng như anh trai tôi.

3. The government was finally______ down by a minor scandal.

A. brought B. taken C. come D. pulled

Put back = move to a later time: lùi lại Bring down = lose: sụp đổ/ thất bại

Pull down = destroy/ demoblish ( building): phả vỡ Take down = write down: ghi chú
lại

Tạm dịch: Chính phủ cuối cùng cũng đã sụp đổ bởi một vụ bê bối nhỏ

4. It appears that the hostages were not______ to any unnecessary suffering.

A. subjugated B. subjected C. subsumed D. subverted

Giải thích: (to) subject sb to sth: bắt ai phải chịu cái gì

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Các đáp án còn lại:

(to) subjugate: chinh phục (to) subsume: xếp vào loại nào đó(to) subvert: lật đổ, làm
biến chất

Dịch nghĩa: Có vẻ như là các con tin đã không phải chịu bất cứ sự đau khổ vô cớ nào

5. The incoming administration ______ to clean up corruption in the city.

A. pledged B. contemplated C. suggested D. resumed

Pledge to do sth = to make a serious or formal promise to give or do something

6. The company has just got a big order and the workers are working round the ------.

A. day B. clock C. hour D. night

Around the clock" nghĩa là làm việc ngày đêm, liên tục không ngừng nghỉ.

7. My brother Ted is a high school dropout who joined a circus; he is the black ------ in
the family.

A. sheep B. dog C. cat D. goat

The black sheep of the family: = thành viên cá biệt trong gia đình, rất khác biệt so với
những người còn lại, thường sẽ bị cả gia đình phân biệt đối xử

8. When James came home at three in the morning, his father hit the ------.

A. door B. chair C. table D. ceiling

Hit the ceiling/roof = tức giận

9. Forget it. It is no use crying over ------ milk.

A. spoiled B. spilt C. lost D. stolen

it is no use crying over spilt milk =kêu ca cũng bằng thừa

10. Coin collecting is interesting, but you find a valuable coin only once in a blue ------.

A. moon B. sky C. star D. space

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Once in a blue moon" là hiện tượng trăng tròn vào những thời điểm khác thường trong
tháng, rất hiếm, từ đó, ý nghĩa của thành ngữ là chỉ một điều gì đó hoặc một sự việc, hành
động nào đó rất hiếm khi xảy ra

Part II. Find out ten mistakes in the following passage then correct them. (10pts)

1.Major- the major 2. Increased- increasing 3. Former-

formerly

4.Species are well adapted- species that are well adapted / species well adapted.

5. survive-survival 6.grow in- grow on 7. Mechanic-

mechanism

8.adaptation- the adaptation 9. Related with-related to 10. Like –as.

Part III. Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of
the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example
at the beginning (0). (10pts)

1. harmless = vô hại -> dấu hiệu adj + N

2. unequivocally =in a way that leaves no doubt.

3. whatsoever = bất cứ điều gì, dù sao đi nưac

4. brutality = sự tàn bạo

5. fiery = flaming or extremely bright, hot, or of a red color like fire

6. confinement = giam giữ, hạn chế

7. deprivation = sự tước đoạt

8. maltreatment/mistreatment = ngược đãi

9. popularity = sự phổ biến

10. exceeds= vượt quá

C. READING COMPREHENSION (50 pts)
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Part I. Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space. (10 pts)

1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D

(1) ___________ popular belief, one does not have to be a trained programmer to
work online. Of course, there are plenty of jobs available for people with high-tech
computer skills, but the growth of new media has (2) ___________up a wide range of
Internet career opportunities requiring only a minimal level of technical (3)
___________. Probably one of the most well-known online job opportunities is the job of
webmaster. However, it is hard to define one basic job description for this position. The
qualifications and responsibilities depend on what tasks a particular organization needs a
webmaster to (4) ___________.

To specify the job description of a webmaster, one needs to identify the hardware
and software that the website will manage to run (5) ___________. Different types of
hardware and software require different skill sets to manage them. Another key factor is
whether the website will be running internally or externally. Finally, the responsibilities
of a webmaster also depend on whether he or she will be working independently, or
whether the firm will provide people to help. All of these factors need to be considered
before one can create requiring (6) ___________ knowledge of the latest computer
applications. (7) ___________, there are also online jobs available for which traditional
skills remain in high (8) ___________. Content jobs require excellent writing skills and a
good sense of the web as a "new media".

The term "new media" is difficult to define because it encompasses a (9)

___________ growing set of new technologies and skills. Specifically, it includes
websites, email, Internet technology, CD-ROM, DVD, streaming audio and video,
interactive multimedia presentations, e-books, digital music, computer illustration, video
games, (10) ___________ reality, and computer artistry.

1. A. Apart from B. Contrary to C. Prior to D. In

contrast to

Apart from = ngoại trừ Contrary to = trái ngược với

Prior to= trước In contrast= On the contrary = trái ngược

với

2. A. taken B. sped C. set D. opened

Open up = to improve a situation by making it less limited

3. A. expertise B. master C. efficiency D. excellency

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Expertise = expert skill or knowledge in a particular field.

Master = a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves

Efficiency = the state or quality of being efficient.

Excellency = an outstanding feature or quality.

4. A. conduct B. perform C. undergone D. overtake

Conduct = tiến hành perform = thục hiện -> perform tasks = thực hiện các
nhiệm vụ

Undergo = trải qua overtake =(especially of misfortune) come suddenly or

unexpectedly upon.

5. A. on B. over C. in D. with

Run on -> If a machine runs on a particular type or supply of power, it uses that power to
work

6. A. built-in B. up-market C. in-service D. in-depth

in-depth =done carefully and in great detail

built-in => If a place or piece of equipment has built-in objects, they are permanently
connected and cannot be easily removed

upmarket =>Upmarket goods and products are of very high quality and intended to be
bought by people who are quite rich

in-service =happening during your time at work

7. A. However B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Then

However= tuy nhiên Therefore= vì vậy Moreover= hơn nữa Then=

sau đó

8. A. content B. demand C. reference D. requirement

In high demand = nhu cầu cao

9. A. constantly B. continually C. increasingly D. invariably

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Constantly= continuously over a period of time; always.

continually = repeated frequently in the same way; regularly.

increasingly =to an increasing extent; more and more.

Invariably=in every case or on every occasion; always

10. A. fancy B. imaginative C. illusive D. virtual

virtual reality= thực tế ảo

Part III. Read the passage and choose the best answer to each question. (10 pts)
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.C

"The evolution of the banana, star of the Western fruit bowl" By Rosie Mestel

Did you hear? The genome of the banana has been sequenced, an important
development in scientist's efforts to produce better bananas.

A look at that genome has revealed curious things, said Pat Heslop-Harrison, a plant
geneticist at the University of Leicester in England who was a coauthor of the report
published this week in the journal Nature.

For example, there are regions of the banana genome that don't seem to be involved
in making proteins but are shared by many different species of plants, far beyond
bananas. What, he wonders, are they doing?

There are remnants of bits of banana streak virus spliced into the banana genome
(too broken-up to cause disease, however).

There are whole sets of DNA repeats that plants normally have but bananas do not.
And, intriguingly, three times since this genus of giant herbs took an evolutionary turn
away from its relatives -- the grasses -- it has duplicated its entire set of chromosomes.

Two of the doublings took place at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary 65 million

years ago, back when the dinosaurs and lots of other species went extinct, Heslop-
Harrison noted.

Duplications like this are known to have happened in other plant groups at this same
time but haven't occurred since, Heslop-Harrison said. Scientists don't know why, but
they believe having extra copies of genes may have imparted some stability to plants
during a time of rapid climate change after an asteroid hit Earth.
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Having more than one gene of each type means that if one gene of a set loses
function, the plant still has another one that works. And there's more room for
adaptability to new circumstances, because one gene could be altered and co-opted for
new purposes and there would still be the other one left to perform the original job.

"Perhaps it's the reason [bananas have] done so well in the subsequent millions of
years," Heslop-Harrison said. "One can ask, will changes occurring in the world's climate
now mean there's going to be a whole set of new genome duplications that will enable
plants to survive? We don't know that, but it's interesting to consider."

The banana genome sequenced by the French scientists was from the Pahang, a wild
Malaysian banana of the species Musa acuminata. It's a key species in the complicated
evolution of the bananas and plantains people eat around the world, including the
Cavendish banana that we buy at the supermarket.

The sterile Cavendish is a so-called triploid: It has three sets of chromosomes

instead of the normal two. One of those genomes came from Pahang. The others came
from other subspecies of Musa acuminata.

The changes occurred stepwise, and went something like this:

 Thousands of years ago, two wild banana species from different parts of the
islands of Southeast Asia were brought into the same range by people. They formed
hybrids. A bit like mules, the hybrids were vigorous but fairly sterile.
 The hybrids were kept going without sex through propagation of their shoots.
 At some point, the hybrids developed the ability to set fruit without being
fertilized.
 Then (for most bananas, including the Cavendish) came another chance event
that caused the hybrids to end up with three sets of chromosomes. Every now and
again, the few viable eggs and pollen that they made would mistakenly contain two sets
of chromosomes instead of just one.
When a double-chromosome pollen combined with a single-chromosome egg (or
vice versa), the result was a hopelessly sterile plant with even more vigorous fruit.
Events like this happened more than once and sometimes included other types of
ancestral banana species.
Some scientists, in fact, have made a whole study of banana domestication and
movement around the world. They've pieced the story together using quite different
strands of information, including the genomes of wild and cultivated bananas, the
microscopic relics of banana leaf material found at archaeological sites, and even the
word for "banana" in different languages.

Part IV. Read the passage and do the tasks that follow. (15 pts)
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1. B 2. D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.C

HERBS AND DRUGS

Herbs are different kinds of plants and plant parts that can be used for medicinal
purposes. This can include the leaves, stems, roots, or seeds of the plant. Herbs have been
important in traditional medicine for centuries, in both of the East and the West. In
Western medicine, they have largely been replaced by drugs. Herbal treatments are,
however, still an integral part of Eastern medicine. In recent years, interest in traditional
medicine has increased in the West. Many people are either using modern methods
combined with traditional treatments or are turning to these treatments entirely. While
traditional medicine can be helpful, they are not without their share of problems.
The main difference between herbs and drugs is that, while herbs are simply parts
of plants, drugs are specific chemicals in a pure form. Many modern drugs are derived
from chemicals found in plants. One example is aspirin, which is made from a chemical
extracted from the back of the willow tree. Other drugs are entirely synthetic. Even those
drugs that are derived from natural sources are heavily processed in order to purify and
concentrate them. This allows drugs to be administered in very precise amounts.
Different kinds and degrees of illnesses often require dosages that differ only slightly. A
little too much or not enough of a certain drug can have negative effects on the patient.
Many drugs also produce negative effects even when taken in the recommended dosage.
These undesired negative effects are called “side-effects”
The possibility of dangerous and unexpected side-effects from drugs has led many
people back to traditional medicine. Herbal treatments seem more natural than modern
drugs. Many feel that traditional medicine is more concerned with treating the underlying
causes of disease instead of just the symptoms, through the truth of this claim is not yet
clear. In any case, there is a certain comfort in taking natural herbal treatments instead of
the processed, synthetic chemicals derived from them.
There are, however, disadvantages to herbal treatments, some of them are serious.
Few herbal treatments have been scientifically studied. While the active chemicals in the
herb may be known, it may not be clear what they really do, or if they are really effective
at all. Because the active chemicals are not used alone, it is very difficult to determine the
proper amount for treatment, since the levels of the chemical are not constant throughout
the plant. Therefore, the risk of under- and overdose is higher than with drugs. A more
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serious problem is that certain herbal treatments may have no real medicinal effect, thus
giving the patient a false sense of security. This is particularly harmful when the patient
refuses treatment with modern drugs that could be effective.
There are even certain herbs that can cause side-effects, just like a drug. (A) One
of these is ma-huang, also called ephedra, which is taken to increase energy. (B) It has
been known to cause damage to the heart and nervous system. Garlic and ginger are
common elements in food that are also taken as herbal treatments, but they can be
dangerous for people with diabetes. (C) In general, herbs are most dangerous when they
are taken along with common drugs. This may happen in two ways: a patient decides to
supplement his or her regular treatment with herbs, or a dishonest manufacturer adds
modern drugs to an herbal treatment. (D) In both cases, the results can be very serious.
The herb St. John’s wort is often used to treat depression, but if it is used along with
conventional antidepressants, such as Zoloft, the combination can cause confusion,
headaches, allergic reactions, and other problems.
Finally, because production of herbal treatments is seldom regulated, harmful
substances can be present in herbal preparations. Herbs grown in polluted soil may
contain lead, arsenic, or mercury. They may also be tainted with pesticides. It is for these
reasons that herbs should not be treated as the perfect substitute for drugs. Although
herbs appear to be quite distinct from modern drugs, it is important to use them with the
same sort of care.

1. The word “integral” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to

A. harmful. B. important. C. famous. D.
controversial.
Integral=important= thiết yếu, quan trọng
2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “tained” in paragraph 6?
A. Accompanied. B. Augmented. C. Substituted. D. Contaminated.
Tain=contaminate= bị nhiễm độc
3. The word “this” in paragraph 4 line 8 refers to
A. patients taking ineffective herbs instead of drugs.
B. patients having a sense of security.
C. the risk of under and overdose of an herbal treatment.
D. the patient’s belief that modern drugs are bad for you.
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Clue: thus giving the patient a false sense of security. This is particularly harmful when
the patient refuses treatment with modern drugs that could be effective.
4. Why does the author mention that drugs are heavily processed?
A. To show that herbs cannot compete with modern medical techniques.
B. Because many mistakes can occur in this processing.
C. To illustrate that drugs are not natural.
D. To point out that many countries cannot afford to produce drugs.
4. Tại sao tác giả đề cập đến việc thuốc được chế biến nhiều?
A. Để chứng tỏ rằng các loại thảo mộc không thể cạnh tranh với các kỹ thuật y
học hiện đại.
B. Vì có thể xảy ra nhiều sai sót trong quá trình xử lý này.
C. Để minh họa rằng thuốc không phải tự nhiên.
D. Chỉ ra rằng nhiều nước không đủ khả năng sản xuất ma tuý.
Clue: The main difference between herbs and drugs is that, while herbs are simply
parts of plants, drugs are specific chemicals in a pure form. Many modern drugs are
derived from chemicals found in plants. One example is aspirin, which is made from a
chemical extracted from the back of the willow tree. Other drugs are entirely synthetic.
Even those drugs that are derived from natural sources are heavily processed in order to
purify and concentrate them.
Sự khác biệt chính giữa các loại thảo mộc và thuốc là, trong khi các loại thảo mộc
chỉ đơn giản là các bộ phận của thực vật, thuốc là các hóa chất cụ thể ở dạng tinh khiết.
Nhiều loại thuốc hiện đại có nguồn gốc từ các chất hóa học được tìm thấy trong thực vật.
Một ví dụ là aspirin, được làm từ một chất hóa học chiết xuất từ phần sau của cây liễu.
Các loại thuốc khác là hoàn toàn tổng hợp. Ngay cả những loại thuốc có nguồn gốc tự
nhiên cũng được chế biến rất nhiều để tinh chế và cô đặc chúng
5. What is the main difference between herbs and drugs according to the passage?
A. Drugs can cause side-effects, whereas herbs do not.
B. Drugs are at least partially synthetic, whereas herbs are natural.
C. Herbs are dangerous when taken in large amounts, drugs are safer.
D. Herbs can produce a false sense of security, whereas drugs do not.
5. Sự khác biệt chính giữa các loại thảo mộc và thuốc theo đoạn văn là gì?
A. Thuốc có thể gây ra tác dụng phụ, trong khi các loại thảo mộc thì không.
B. Thuốc ít nhất là tổng hợp một phần, trong khi thảo mộc là tự nhiên.
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C. Các loại thảo mộc nguy hiểm khi dùng một lượng lớn, thuốc an toàn hơn.
D. Các loại thảo mộc có thể tạo ra cảm giác an toàn giả tạo, trong khi thuốc thì không.
Clue: There are, however, disadvantages to herbal treatments, some of them are serious.
Few herbal treatments have been scientifically studied. While the active chemicals in the
herb may be known, it may not be clear what they really do, or if they are really effective
at all. Because the active chemicals are not used alone, it is very difficult to determine the
proper amount for treatment, since the levels of the chemical are not constant throughout
the plant. Therefore, the risk of under- and overdose is higher than with drugs.
Tuy nhiên, có những nhược điểm đối với các phương pháp điều trị bằng thảo dược, một
số trong số đó là nghiêm trọng. Rất ít phương pháp điều trị bằng thảo dược đã được
nghiên cứu một cách khoa học. Mặc dù các hóa chất hoạt tính trong thảo mộc có thể được
biết đến, nhưng có thể không rõ chúng thực sự có tác dụng gì hoặc liệu chúng có thực sự
hiệu quả hay không. Bởi vì các hóa chất hoạt tính không được sử dụng một mình, rất khó
xác định lượng thích hợp để xử lý, vì mức độ của hóa chất không cố định trong toàn bộ
nhà máy. Do đó, nguy cơ thiếu và quá liều cao hơn so với dùng thuố
6. According to the passage, when are herbs most dangerous?
A. When not taken under a doctor’s supervision.
B. When the patient refuses modern medicine.
C. When the dosage is not administered precisely.
D. When taken in combination with drugs.
6. Theo đoạn văn, khi nào các loại thảo mộc nguy hiểm nhất?
A. Khi không được thực hiện dưới sự giám sát của bác sĩ.
B. Khi bệnh nhân từ chối y học hiện đại.
C. Khi không dùng chính xác liều lượng.
D. Khi dùng phối hợp với thuốc.
Clue: In general, herbs are most dangerous when they are taken along with common
drugs
Nói chung, các loại thảo mộc nguy hiểm nhất khi chúng được dùng cùng với các loại
thuốc thông thường.
7. According to the passage, who should not take ginger or garlic as herbal treatments?
A. Patients with diabetes.
B. Patients with liver damage.
C. Patients taking antidepressants.
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D. Patients with problems of the heart or nervous system.

7. Theo đoạn văn, những ai không nên dùng gừng hoặc tỏi làm phương pháp điều trị bằng
thảo dược?
A. Bệnh nhân đái tháo đường.
B. Bệnh nhân bị tổn thương gan.
C. Bệnh nhân đang dùng thuốc chống trầm cảm.
D. Bệnh nhân có vấn đề về tim hoặc hệ thần kinh.
Clue: Garlic and ginger are common elements in food that are also taken as herbal
treatments, but they can be dangerous for people with diabetes.
Tỏi và gừng là những nguyên tố phổ biến trong thực phẩm cũng được dùng làm phương
pháp điều trị bằng thảo dược, nhưng chúng có thể gây nguy hiểm cho những người mắc
bệnh tiểu đường.
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Some herbal treatments are not effective in fighting disease.
B. Modern doctors often do not approve of using herbs.
C. Herbal treatments can also produce side-effects.
D. Some manufacturers add drugs to herbs.
8. Điều nào sau đây KHÔNG được đề cập trong đoạn văn?
A. Một số phương pháp điều trị bằng thảo dược không hiệu quả trong việc chống lại
bệnh tật.
B. Các bác sĩ hiện đại thường không tán thành việc sử dụng các loại thảo mộc.
C. Phương pháp điều trị bằng thảo dược cũng có thể tạo ra các tác dụng phụ.
D. Một số nhà sản xuất thêm thuốc vào các loại thảo mộc.
Clue: There are even certain herbs that can cause side-effects, just like a drug. => C
A more serious problem is that certain herbal treatments may have no real medicinal
effect, thus giving the patient a false sense of security.=> A
a dishonest manufacturer adds modern drugs to an herbal treatment=> d
9. It can be inferred from the passage that.
A. The drug industry is better regulated than the herb industry.
B. People who use drugs instead of herbs recover more quickly.
C. The popularity of herbal treatments will decrease in the future.
D. The side-effects of drugs are more serious than those of herbs.
9. Có thể suy ra từ đoạn văn rằng.
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A. Ngành công nghiệp sản xuất thuốc được quản lý tốt hơn ngành công nghiệp thảo mộc.
B. Những người sử dụng thuốc thay vì thảo mộc phục hồi nhanh hơn.
C. Sự phổ biến của các phương pháp điều trị bằng thảo dược sẽ giảm trong tương lai.
D. Các tác dụng phụ của thuốc nghiêm trọng hơn so với các tác dụng phụ của thảo mộc.
Clue: Finally, because production of herbal treatments is seldom regulated, harmful
substances can be present in herbal preparations. Herbs grown in polluted soil may
contain lead, arsenic, or mercury. They may also be tainted with pesticides. It is for these
reasons that herbs should not be treated as the perfect substitute for drugs.
Cuối cùng, vì việc sản xuất các phương pháp điều trị bằng thảo dược hiếm khi được kiểm
soát, các chất có hại có thể có trong các chế phẩm thảo dược. Các loại thảo mộc được
trồng trên đất ô nhiễm có thể chứa chì, asen hoặc thủy ngân. Chúng cũng có thể bị nhiễm
thuốc trừ sâu. Chính vì những lý do này mà các loại thảo mộc không nên được coi là sự
thay thế hoàn hảo cho các loại thuốc.
10. Where the following sentence could be added to paragraph 5:
“Certain herbs have also been known to be harmful for people suffering from
asthma.”
A. (A) B. (B) C. (C) D . (D)

Part IV. Read the passage and do the tasks that follow. (15 pts)

1.v 2.i 3.iv 4.vi 5. No

6. Yes 7. Not given 8. No 9. Yes 10. Yes

Secrets of the Forest

A. In 1942 Allan R.Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale

University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and
searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians.= Năm 1942, Allan R Holmberg,
một nghiên cứu sinh tiến sĩ về nhân chủng học từ Đại học Yale, Hoa Kỳ, đã mạo
hiểm đi sâu vào rừng Amazon của Bolivian và tìm kiếm một nhóm cô lập người da
đỏ Siriono. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a "strikingly backward"
existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself
was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and
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other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other
members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes.
When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology,
Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped
peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only
tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket
knives".

=> v Early research among the Indian Amazons

B. Although the lives of Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of
them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono epitomize the
popular conception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to influential
natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless,
unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of
Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living
proof that Amazonial could not - and cannot - sustain a more complex society.= Sự đơn
giản rõ ràng của cách sống người Ấn Độ đã được đánh giá là một sự thích ứng tiến hóa
với sinh thái rừng, bằng chứng sống là Amazonia không thể và không thể duy trì một xã
hội phức tạp hơn. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been
dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the
uncompromising tropical environment.

=> i. Amazonia as unable to sustain complex societies

C. The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously
consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years
betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and
archaeology indicates that the region has supported series of indigenous cultures for
eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies - some with
populations perhaps as large as 100,000 - thrived there for more than 1,000 years before
the arrival of Europeans.= Bằng chứng thu thập được trong những năm gần đây từ nhân
chủng học và khảo cổ học cho thấy khu vực này đã được hỗ trợ bởi một loạt các nền văn
hoá bản địa trong mười một nghìn năm; một mạng lưới rộng lớn các xã hội phức tạp -
một số có dân số có thể lên tới 100,000 năm trước khi người châu âu đến. (Indeed, some
contemporary tribes, including the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of earlier
cultures.) Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people
developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of
Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental
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adaptation of ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries

of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwillingly
projected the present onto the past.

=> iv. Recent evidence

D. The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise.
Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces
and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human
influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, peter Feinsinger, has noted, an
approach that leaves people out the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological
evidence shows that the natural history of Amzonia is to a surprising extent tied to the
activities of its prehistoric inhabitants.= Bằng chứng khảo cổ học cho thấy lịch sử tự
nhiên của vùng rừng rậm Amazon thật ra lại gắn bó rất mật thiết với hoạt động của các cư
dân thời tiền sử.

The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders
from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can
advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is
especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as
ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have
opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position
has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement
appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace
over vast areas.

=> vi. The influence of prehistoric inhabitants on Amazonian natural history.

F. The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the
indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation
often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between
environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the
survival of the forest, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history
of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that
with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than
anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.

5. The reason for the simplicity of the Indian way of life is that Amazonian has always
been unable to support a more complex society. _________________=>N
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Clue: The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary
adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not - and cannot - sustain a
more complex society.

Sự đơn giản rõ ràng của cách sống người Ấn Độ đã được đánh giá là một sự thích ứng
tiến hóa với sinh thái rừng, bằng chứng sống là Amazonia không thể và không thể duy trì
một xã hội phức tạp hơn.

6. There is a crucial popular misconception about the human history of Amazonia.

_______=>Y

Clue: The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously
consequential if it were true. =Quan niệm phổ biến về Amazonia và người dân bản địa
của nó sẽ là hậu quả rất lớn nếu nó là sự thật.

But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth.
=

Thế nhưng lịch sử con người ở vùng Amazon trong hơn 11 000 năm qua đã xóa tan nhận
định này.

7. There are lessons to be learned from similar ecosystem in the other parts of the world.
_____=>NG

8. Most ecologists were aware that the areas of Amazonia they were working in had been
shaped by human settlement. _____________=>N

Clue: para D, line 2-8: “surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were
shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they
believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter
Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer
tenable. The archaeological evidence shows mat the natural history of Amazonia is to a
surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants.”)

9. The indigenous Amazonian Indians are necessary to the well-being of the forest.
_________=>Y

Clue: (para F, lines: “The other major casualty of the “naturalism" of environmental
scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and
slash—and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the
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clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact
crucial to the survival of the forest, have”

10. It would be possible for certain parts of Amazonia to support a higher population.
________=>Y

Clue: (para F, lines: “however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear
that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people
than anyone thought before. The long—buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.”