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1. What is the sociological lesson to be learned from Ernst & Young's business strategy?
QuestionID: 02-1-01
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: Introduction
Skill: conceptual
2. Different ideas among human beings around the world about what is polite and rude, beautiful and
ugly, pleasant and repulsive are expressions of:
styles of governing.
religious difference.
human culture.
differences in physical environment.
human nature.
QuestionID: 02-1-02
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: Introduction
Skill: conceptual
3. is beliefs, values, behaviour, and material objects that, together, form a people's way of
life.
Culture Social
system Social
structure
Society Social
facts
QuestionID: 02-1-03
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: factual
Answer: Culture
1
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
4. Symbolic human creations are referred to as:
high culture.
material culture.
human culture.
nonmaterial culture.
invisible culture.
QuestionID: 02-1-04
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: factual
"cultural commodity."
nonmaterial culture.
material culture.
culture shock.
norms.
QuestionID: 02-1-05
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: applied
high culture.
material culture.
nonmaterial culture.
human culture.
high culture.
QuestionID: 02-1-06
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: factual
a cultural anachronism.
a latent culture.
high culture.
nonmaterial culture.
material culture.
2
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QuestionID: 02-1-07
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: applied
Anomie
High culture
Low culture
Human culture
Culture
QuestionID: 02-1-08
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: factual
Answer: Culture
9. The personal disorientation that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life is termed:
acculturation.
anomie.
socialization.
culture shock.
cooperation.
QuestionID: 02-1-09
Page-Reference: 47
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: factual
10. Which of the following did the study by anthropologist Chagnon demonstrate?
QuestionID: 02-1-10
Page-Reference: 47
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: conceptual
Answer: Nonmaterial and material cultures around the world vary enormously.
3
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11. According to the text, which of the following is "natural" to the human species?
QuestionID: 02-1-11
Page-Reference: 48
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: conceptual
QuestionID: 02-1-12
Page-Reference: 48
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: conceptual
brother.
to walk upright.
thinking person.
to evolve.
biological programming.
QuestionID: 02-1-13
Page-Reference: 49
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: factual
14. refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share a way of life.
Culture
Low culture
High culture
Human culture
Society
4
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QuestionID: 02-1-14
Page-Reference: 49
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: factual
Answer: Society
QuestionID: 02-1-15
Page-Reference: 50
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
psychic culture
murder taboo
material culture
symbols
social organization
QuestionID: 02-1-16
Page-Reference: 50
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: symbols
anything that carries a particular meaning that is recognized by people who share a culture.
any word or phrase that carries meaning to a "receiver." any gesture that carries meaning
to a "receiver."
any word or phrase that carries meaning to a "sender."
a verbal representation of the material or nonmaterial culture.
QuestionID: 02-1-17
Page-Reference: 50
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: anything that carries a particular meaning that is recognized by people who share a culture.
5
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18. Symbols:
QuestionID: 02-1-18
Page-Reference: 50
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
dialect.
a new language of symbols.
culture.
cultural artifact.
cultural transmission.
QuestionID: 02-1-19
Page-Reference: 50
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
20. A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another is a:
dialect.
language.
culture.
cultural artifact.
cultural transmission.
QuestionID: 02-1-20
Page-Reference: 51
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: language.
21. What is the term for the process by which one generation passes culture to the next generation?
cultural transmission
language
oral tradition
writing
singing
6
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QuestionID: 02-1-21
Page-Reference: 51
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: factual
QuestionID: 02-1-22
Page-Reference: 51
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language.
Tastes
Norms (attitudes)
Mores
Values
Beliefs
QuestionID: 02-1-23
Page-Reference: 53
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: Beliefs
24. Culturally defined standards that people use to assess desirability, goodness, and beauty
are referred to as:
mores.
norms.
taste.
attitudes.
values.
QuestionID: 02-1-24
Page-Reference: 53
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: values.
7
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25. The dominant values of a culture:
QuestionID: 02-1-25
Page-Reference: 53
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
26. Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful
are called:
folkways.
norms.
mores.
taboos.
values.
QuestionID: 02-1-26
Page-Reference: 53
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: values.
uniformly individualistic.
uniformly collectivist.
often at odds with one another.
impossible to identify.
clearly defined in an agreed upon hierarchy.
QuestionID: 02-1-27
Page-Reference: 53
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
8
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QuestionID: 02-1-28
Page-Reference: 53
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: applied
29. Commitment to recognizing the diversity and differences of different people is an example of
which value of Canadian culture?
equality and fairness in a democratic
society consultation and dialogue
compassion and generosity
importance of accommodation and
tolerance support for diversity
QuestionID: 02-1-29
Page-Reference: 54
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: applied
Folkways
Taboos
Mores
Norms
Symbols
QuestionID: 02-1-30
Page-Reference: 55
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: Folkways
31. Rules and expectations by which a society guides behaviours of its members are called:
values.
subscriptions.
prescriptions.
norms.
taboos.
QuestionID: 02-1-31
Page-Reference: 55
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: norms.
9
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32. You have opened the supermarket door for an elderly man. Your behaviour illustrates:
mores.
folkways.
taboos.
base attitudes.
core values.
QuestionID: 02-1-32
Page-Reference: 55
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: applied
Answer: folkways.
33. Mark Twain's statement that people "are the only animals that blush ... or need to" illustrates that:
QuestionID: 02-1-33
Page-Reference: 56
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
34. Social patterns mandated by cultural values and norms are which of the following?
ideal culture
prescriptive culture
subversive culture
real culture
sensate culture
QuestionID: 02-1-34
Page-Reference: 56
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: factual
35. Actual social patterns that approximate cultural expectations are described as:
ideal culture.
prescriptive culture.
subversive culture.
real culture.
sensate culture.
10
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QuestionID: 02-1-35
Page-Reference: 56
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: factual
36. The fact that almost 22 percent of married men and 14 percent of married women are
sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of the culture
material
ideal
ideational
real
sensate
QuestionID: 02-1-36
Page-Reference: 56
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: applied
Answer: real
37. In contrast to some of their true behaviours, most Canadian adults say they cherish
"equality." Equality is an example of the culture.
sensate
ideal
ideational
real
prescriptive
QuestionID: 02-1-37
Page-Reference: 56
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: applied
Answer: ideal
Mores
Folkways
Norms
Values
Symbols
QuestionID: 02-1-38
Page-Reference: 56
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: Mores
11
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
39. Sociologists refer to physical human creations as:
nonmaterial culture.
technology.
artifacts.
material culture.
values.
QuestionID: 02-1-39
Page-Reference: 56
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: artifacts.
40. What is the term for people's use of cultural knowledge to make a way of life in their surroundings?
real culture
science
ideal culture
technology
nature
QuestionID: 02-1-40
Page-Reference: 57
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: technology
41. Which of the following is the key concept in Gerhard Lenski's sociological approach?
technology
human ideas
social conflict
social solidarity
social interaction
QuestionID: 02-1-41
Page-Reference: 57
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: technology
42. Which of the following items would Gerhard Lenski especially focus upon as a major social
force that changes society?
the telephone
society's production of goods
the spirit of capitalism
the ways people bond together and share values
subculture
12
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QuestionID: 02-1-42
Page-Reference: 57
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: applied
43. What is the term Lenski used in referring to the changes that occur as a society acquires
new technology?
cultural transfer
cultural diffusion
cultural innovation
social transfer
sociocultural evolution
QuestionID: 02-1-43
Page-Reference: 57
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
QuestionID: 02-1-44
Page-Reference: 57
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
45. You have adopted the theoretical framework of Lenski, and as a result, you believe
that technological advance:
decreases diversity. leads to
better societies. spurs population
growth. reduces the pace of social
growth. decreases social
inequality.
QuestionID: 02-1-45
Page-Reference: 57
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
13
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46. The Aborigines of Australia are an example of which societal type?
pastoral
agrarian
horticultural
industrial
hunting and gathering
QuestionID: 02-1-46
Page-Reference: 57
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
47. The form of society called uses simple tools to hunt animals and
gather vegetation.
hunting and gathering
agrarian horticultural
industrial
pastoral
QuestionID: 02-1-47
Page-Reference: 57
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
48. Which of the following characterizes the hunting and gathering society?
QuestionID: 02-1-48
Page-Reference: 57
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
49. Which of the following characterizes the hunting and gathering society?
gathering of vegetation by women, inequality between males and females, complex organization
gathering of vegetation by women, inequality between males and females, warlike
predisposition family organization, inequality between males and females, long life
few formal leaders, equality between males and females, simple organization
many formal leaders, equality between males and females, complex organization
14
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QuestionID: 02-1-49
Page-Reference: 57
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: few formal leaders, equality between males and females, simple organization
Gathering
Horticulture
Industrialism
Agriculture
Pastoralism
QuestionID: 02-1-50
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: Horticulture
agrarianism
horticulture
industrialism
agriculture
pastoralism
QuestionID: 02-1-51
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: pastoralism
that is nomadic.
whose members hunt animals and gather vegetables.
whose members' livelihood is based on the domestication of animals.
whose members use large-scale cultivation methods.
that uses hand tools to raise crops.
QuestionID: 02-1-52
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
15
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53. Suppose that your only source of food is vegetables and that the only tool you have to
cultivate them is a hoe. In which societal type would you be living?
hunting and gathering
horticultural
agricultural pastoral
industrial
QuestionID: 02-1-53
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: applied
Answer: horticultural
54. For the first time, a society has generated a food surplus. What will this ensure?
a religious revival
more specialization in social roles
equality in incomes
a movement from slavery
less gender inequality
QuestionID: 02-1-54
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: applied
QuestionID: 02-1-55
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
56. Presume you are an advocate of the Lenski's evolutionary approach to society and are also a
feminist concerned about the first stages of male dominance. What society should you focus
your research upon?
hunting and gathering
societies horticultural societies
agricultural societies
technological societies
collectivist societies
16
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QuestionID: 02-1-56
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: applied
57. What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by
animals or powered by more powerful energy sources?
hunting and gathering
pastoral horticultural
agrarian
technological
QuestionID: 02-1-57
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: agrarian
QuestionID: 02-1-58
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: spread from the Middle East to transform most of the world.
59. If you were Lenski, how would you characterize the progress of society toward the use of
more complicated forms of technology?
a blessing
a disaster
a blessing in disguise
a disaster waiting to happen
a mixed blessing
QuestionID: 02-1-59
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
17
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
60. Cities, greater specialization, and money as the standard of exchange appear in the
stage of sociocultural evolution.
hunting and gathering
horticultural pastoral
agrarian
industrial
QuestionID: 02-1-60
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: agrarian
61. Consider Lenski's evolutionary approach to society. What type of society should you study if you
wished to examine the first stages of socio-cultural evolution, in which the social power of elites is
greatly expanded?
hunting and gathering society
horticultural society agrarian
society
industrial society post-
industrial society
QuestionID: 02-1-61
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
62. The society uses large machinery powered by advanced sources of energy to
produce material goods.
hunting and gathering
agrarian horticultural
pastoral
industrial
QuestionID: 02-1-62
Page-Reference: 58
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: industrial
18
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QuestionID: 02-1-63
Page-Reference: 59
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
64. A fact that makes it easy to view industrial societies as more "advanced" is:
QuestionID: 02-1-64
Page-Reference: 59
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: current life expectancy in Canada is about twice that of the Yanomamo.
Horticultural
Pastoral
Industrial
Agrarian
Post-industrial
QuestionID: 02-1-65
Page-Reference: 59
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: factual
Answer: Post-industrial
QuestionID: 02-1-66
Page-Reference: 59
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
19
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
67. What is one important trend that is associated with the "information revolution"?
Cultural symbols that frame our lives are transmitted from generation to generation.
Cultural symbols that frame our lives will be intentionally created.
The historical roots of cultural symbols will be emphasized.
Fewer cultural symbols will exist solely for commercial gain.
Cultural symbols will cease to exist.
QuestionID: 02-1-67
Page-Reference: 59
Topic: Technology and Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: Cultural symbols that frame our lives will be intentionally created.
technologically advanced
pluralistic
multicultural
monocultural
multinational
QuestionID: 02-1-68
Page-Reference: 59
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: conceptual
Answer: multicultural
69. Early in the twentieth century, most of those who immigrated to Canada came from
which continent?
Asia
Australia
Latin
America
Europe Africa
QuestionID: 02-1-69
Page-Reference: 59
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
Answer: Europe
70. Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite are referred to as:
elite culture.
high culture.
popular culture.
affluent culture.
subculture.
20
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QuestionID: 02-1-70
Page-Reference: 60
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
71. You are attending a New York City Ballet performance. You are taking part in:
popular culture.
acculturation.
high culture.
subordinate culture.
marginal culture.
QuestionID: 02-1-71
Page-Reference: 60
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: applied
72. Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as:
high culture.
elite culture.
popular culture.
affluent culture.
subculture.
QuestionID: 02-1-72
Page-Reference: 60
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
73. You are attending a football game. You are taking part in:
popular culture.
acculturation.
high culture.
subordinate culture.
marginal culture.
QuestionID: 02-1-73
Page-Reference: 60
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: applied
21
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74. The term subculture refers to:
QuestionID: 02-1-74
Page-Reference: 60
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
75. What is the term for cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population?
culture
counterculture
high culture
subculture
deviant culture
QuestionID: 02-1-75
Page-Reference: 60
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
Answer: subculture
76. Campus poets, computer nerds, and wilderness campers all examples of:
deviance
dominant cultures
cultural residual
high culture
subcultures
QuestionID: 02-1-76
Page-Reference: 60
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: applied
Answer: subcultures
77. Which former nation's recent experience most exemplifies the fact that subcultures can be
a source of tension and outright violence?
the USSR
Rhodesia East
Germany
Yugoslavia
West Germany
22
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
QuestionID: 02-1-77
Page-Reference: 61
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: conceptual
Answer: Yugoslavia
78. John Porter argues that Canada is best characterized as a "vertical mosaic," in which
QuestionID: 02-1-78
Page-Reference: 61
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: conceptual
QuestionID: 02-1-79
Page-Reference: 61
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: applied
80. What is the term that recognizes the cultural diversity in Canadian society and promotes
the equality of all cultural traditions?
pluralism
cultural relativity
multiculturalism
ethnocentrism
"melting pot"
QuestionID: 02-1-80
Page-Reference: 61
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
Answer: multiculturalism
23
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
81. The dominance of European (especially British) cultural patterns is known as:
heliocentrism.
Eurocentrism.
Anglocentrism.
multiculturalism.
Asiocentrism.
QuestionID: 02-1-81
Page-Reference: 63
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
Answer: Eurocentrism.
QuestionID: 02-1-82
Page-Reference: 63
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
83. A white American citizen is more likely than an African-American citizen to be accused of being:
heliocentric.
Afrocentric.
Eurocentric.
Asiocentric.
multicultural.
QuestionID: 02-1-83
Page-Reference: 63
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: applied
Answer: Eurocentric.
is officially trilingual.
has an Official Languages Act that made both French and English official languages.
is consistent in its official policy on language.
is officially unilingual.
is officially bilingual.
24
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
QuestionID: 02-1-84
Page-Reference: 63
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: conceptual
QuestionID: 02-1-85
Page-Reference: 63
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: conceptual
It encourages us to identify with the nation as a whole, rather than with "our own" category.
Common humanity dissolves into a "Chinese experience," "European experience," etc.
Multiculturalism benefits only minority groups.
Multiculturalism under-emphasizes global connectedness.
Multiculturalism fails to adequately acknowledge cultural diversity.
QuestionID: 02-1-86
Page-Reference: 63
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: conceptual
Answer: Common humanity dissolves into a "Chinese experience," "European experience," etc.
87. Cultural patterns that strongly oppose the widely accepted cultural patterns of a society
are referred to as a/an:
deviant subculture.
opposition culture.
subculture.
counterculture.
conflict culture.
QuestionID: 02-1-87
Page-Reference: 65
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
Answer: counterculture.
25
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
88. Which of the following is an example of a counterculture?
adolescents
government leaders
all members of the working class
advocates of women's liberation
members of al Qaeda
QuestionID: 02-1-88
Page-Reference: 65
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: applied
89. What does the linkage between women's rising employment outside the home and the
expansion of Canadian daycare facilities demonstrate?
cultural lag cultural
integration
institutional change
cultural discontinuity
cultural seclusion
QuestionID: 02-1-89
Page-Reference: 65
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: applied
90. Disruption in a cultural system can result from the unequal rates at which different
cultural elements change. William Ogburn referred to this as:
cultural lag.
uneven cultural development.
cultural transition.
social disorganization.
cultural transposition.
QuestionID: 02-1-90
Page-Reference: 66
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
26
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
QuestionID: 02-1-91
Page-Reference: 66
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: conceptual
92. The fact that Coca-Cola has become popular around the world illustrates the process of
social change called:
discovery.
invention.
cultural lag.
infusion.
diffusion.
QuestionID: 02-1-92
Page-Reference: 66
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: applied
Answer: diffusion.
Invention
Integration
Discovery
Diffusion
Ethnocentrism
QuestionID: 02-1-93
Page-Reference: 66
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
Answer: Discovery
QuestionID: 02-1-94
Page-Reference: 67
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
27
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
95. A person who criticizes the Amish farmer (who tills his fields with horses) as uneducated and
backwards is exhibiting:
ethnocentrism.
absolutism.
cultural relativism.
other identification.
multiculturalism.
QuestionID: 02-1-95
Page-Reference: 67
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: applied
Answer: ethnocentrism.
96. The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by its own standards is called:
ethnocentrism.
cultural relativism.
cultural evaluation.
absolutism.
cultural irrelevancy.
QuestionID: 02-1-96
Page-Reference: 69
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: factual
97. According to the global culture thesis, global links are making the cultures of the world more
alike. Which of the following is true regarding these changes?
All communities around the world have been equally affected by global links.
All cultures now attach the same meaning to cultural traits.
Everyone can now afford various new goods and services.
Differences among cultures no longer exist.
A small group of nations influences the rest of the world more than the other way around.
QuestionID: 02-1-97
Page-Reference: 70
Topic: Cultural Diversity
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: A small group of nations influences the rest of the world more than the other way around.
98. If you believe that cultural values are the core of a culture, give meaning to life, and bind
people together, with which philosophical doctrine are you identifying?
deism
Hegelianism
idealism
animism
social constructionism
28
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
QuestionID: 02-1-98
Page-Reference: 70
Topic: Theoretical Analysis of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: idealism
99. If you believed that the very stability of Canada as a nation depends on its citizens
sharing common, core values, then what type of sociology would you be espousing?
sociobiology social-
conflict theory Marxism
microsociology
structural-functionalism
QuestionID: 02-1-99
Page-Reference: 70
Topic: Theoretical Analysis of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: structural-functionalism
100. Traits that are part of every known culture of the world are referred to as:
cultural ideals.
globalization
culture.
cultural universals.
cultural capital.
QuestionID: 02-1-100
Page-Reference: 71
Topic: Theoretical Analysis of Culture
Skill: factual
QuestionID: 02-1-101
Page-Reference: 71
Topic: Theoretical Analysis of Culture
Skill: conceptual
29
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
102. The structural-functional approach emphasizes the importance of:
micro-analysis.
subjective meaning.
cultural universals.
cultural differences.
cultural conflict.
QuestionID: 02-1-102
Page-Reference: 71
Topic: Theoretical Analysis of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Talcott Parsons
George Murdock
Karl Marx
Max Weber
George Herbert Mead
QuestionID: 02-1-103
Page-Reference: 71
Topic: Theoretical Analysis of Culture
Skill: conceptual
104. Social-conflict analysis holds that competitive and individualistic values reflect:
QuestionID: 02-1-104
Page-Reference: 71
Topic: Theoretical Analysis of Culture
Skill: conceptual
30
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
QuestionID: 02-1-105
Page-Reference: 72
Topic: Theoretical Analysis of Culture
Skill: conceptual
106. Cultural values between Canada and the United States differ with respect to:
multiculturalism
support of a social welfare system
athletics
capitalism
individualism
QuestionID: 02-1-106
Page-Reference: 73
Topic: Culture and Human Freedom
Skill: conceptual
Answer: individualism
a True
b False
QuestionID: 02-2-107
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: Introduction
Skill: factual
Answer: a. True
a True
b False
QuestionID: 02-2-108
Page-Reference: 46
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: conceptual
Answer: b. False
a True
b False
31
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
QuestionID: 02-2-109
Page-Reference: 48
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: conceptual
Answer: b. False
a True
b False
QuestionID: 02-2-110
Page-Reference: 48
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: conceptual
Answer: a. True
a True
b False
QuestionID: 02-2-111
Page-Reference: 48-49
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: conceptual
Answer: a. True
6. Culture shock is only experienced by travellers when they encounter people whose way of life is
different from their own.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 02-2-112
Page-Reference: 47
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: conceptual
Answer: b. False
7. Most hand gestures, such as the thumbs-up sign, have the same meaning around the world.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 02-2-113
Page-Reference: 50
Topic: What Is Culture?
Skill: applied
Answer: b. False
32
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
8. Symbols allow people to make sense of their lives.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 02-2-114
Page-Reference: 50
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: a. True
a True
b False
QuestionID: 02-2-115
Page-Reference: 50
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: b. False
10. Language sets humans apart as the only mammals who are self-conscious.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 02-2-116
Page-Reference: 51
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: a. True
11. Cultural transmission involves the exchange of cultures between societies, not across generations.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 02-2-117
Page-Reference: 51
Topic: The Elements of Culture
Skill: conceptual
Answer: b. False
12. Different languages have distinctive symbols, but it is agreed that the reality they convey to
their speakers is the same.
a True
b False
33
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2008 Pearson Canada Inc.
Another random document with
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that she was unduly kind to one of his men, in an anger of jealousy
he mutilated him. There was not sufficient testimony to convict him;
“but,” he said, “everybody believes he was guilty, and ought to have
been punished. Nobody thinks there was any good reason for his
being jealous of the boy.”
I remarked that this story corroborated “Uncle Tom’s Cabin;” it
showed that it was all possible.
“Ah!” he answered, “but then nobody would have any respect for a
man that treated his niggers cruelly.”
I wondered, as I went into dinner, and glanced at the long rows of
surly faces, how many men there were there whose passions would
be much restrained by the fear of losing the respect of their
neighbours.[39]
Eastern Texas.—Shortly after noon rain began to fall from the chilly
clouds that had been threatening us, and sleet and snow were soon
driving in our faces. Our animals were disposed to flinch, but we
were disposed to sleep in Texas, and pushed on across the Sabine.
We found use for all our wraps, and when we reached the ferry-
house our Mackintoshes were like a coat of mail with the stiff ice,
and trees and fields were covered. In the broad river bottom we
noticed many aquatic birds, and the browsing line under the dense
mass of trees was almost as clean cut as that of Bushy Park. The
river, at its low stage, was only three or four rods across. The old
negro who ferried us over, told us he had taken many a man to the
other side, before annexation, who had ridden his horse hard to get
beyond the jurisdiction of the States.
If we were unfortunate in this stormy entrance into Texas, we were
very fortunate in the good quarters we lighted upon. The ferry has
long been known as Gaines’s Ferry, but is now the property of Mr.
Strather, an adjacent planter, originally from Mississippi, but a settler
of long standing. His log-house had two stories, and being the first
we had met having glass windows, and the second, I think, with any
windows at all, takes high rank for comfort on the road. At supper we
had capital mallard-ducks from the river, as well as the usual Texan
diet.
We were detained by the severity of the weather during the following
day, and were well entertained with huntsman’s stories of snakes,
game, and crack shots. Mr. S. himself is the best shot in the county.
A rival, who had once a match against him for two thousand dollars,
called the day before the trial, and paid five hundred dollars to
withdraw. He brought out his rifle for us, and placed a bullet, at one
hundred and twenty yards, plump in the spot agreed upon. His piece
is an old Kentucky rifle, weighing fourteen pounds, barrel fourty-four
inches in length, and throwing a ball weighing forty-four to the pound.
A guest, who came in, helped us to pass the day by exciting our
anticipations of the West, and by his free and good advice. He
confirmed stories we had heard of the danger to slavery in the West
by the fraternizing of the blacks with the Mexicans. They helped
them in all their bad habits, married them, stole a living from them,
and ran them off every day to Mexico. This man had driven stages or
herded cattle in every state of the Union, and had a notion that he
liked the people and the state of Alabama better than any other. A
man would get on faster, he thought, in Iowa, than anywhere else.
He had been stage-driver in Illinois during the cold winter of 1851-2,
and had driven a whole day when the mercury was at its furthest
below zero, but had never suffered, so much from cold as on his
present trip, during a norther on a Western prairie. He was now
returning from Alexandria, where he had taken a small drove of
horses. He cautioned us, in travelling, always to see our horses fed
with our own eyes, and to “hang around” them till they had made
sure of a tolerable allowance, and never to leave anything portable
within sight of a negro. A stray blanket was a sure loss.
Mr. S. has two plantations, both on upland, but one under the care of
an overseer, some miles from the river. The soil he considers
excellent. He averaged, last year, seven and a half bales to the
hand; this year, four and a half bales. The usual crop of corn here is
thirty bushels (shelled) to the acre.
Hearing him curse the neighbouring poor people for stealing hogs,
we inquired if thieves were as troublesome here as in the older
countries. “If there ever were any hog-thieves anywhere,” said he,
“it’s here.” In fact, no slave country, new or old, is free from this
exasperating pest of poor whites. In his neighbourhood were several
who ostensibly had a little patch of land to attend to, but who really,
he said, derived their whole lazy subsistence from their richer
neighbours’ hog droves.
The negro-quarters here, scattered irregularly about the house, were
of the worst description, though as good as local custom requires.
They are but a rough inclosure of logs, ten feet square, without
windows, covered by slabs of hewn wood four feet long. The great
chinks are stopped with whatever has come to hand—a wad of
cotton here, and a corn-shuck there. The suffering from cold within
them in such weather as we experienced, must be great. The day
before, we had seen a young black girl, of twelve or fourteen years,
sitting on a pile of logs before a house we passed, in a driving sleet,
having for her only garment a short chemise. It is impossible to say
whether such shiftlessness was the fault of the master or of the girl.
Probably of both, and a part of the peculiar Southern and South-
western system of “get along,” till it comes better weather.
The storm continuing a third day, we rode through it twenty-five miles
further to San Augustine. For some distance the country remains as
in Louisiana. Then the pines gradually disappear, and a heavy clay
soil, stained by an oxide of iron to a uniform brick red, begins. It
makes most disagreeable roads, sticking close, and giving an
indelible stain to every article that touches it. This tract is known as
the Red Lands of Eastern Texas.
On a plantation not far from the river, we learned they had made
eight bales to the hand. Mentioning it, afterwards, to a man who
knew the place, he said they had planted earlier than their
neighbours, and worked night and day, and, he believed, had lied,
besides. They had sent cotton both by Galveston and by Grand
Ecore, and had found the cost the same, about $8 per bale of 500
lbs.
We called at a plantation offered for sale. It was described in the
hand-bills as having a fine house. We found it a cabin without
windows. The proprietor said he had made ten bales to the hand,
and would sell with all the improvements, a new gin-house, press,
etc., for $6 per acre.
The roadside, though free from the gloom of pines, did not cheer up,
the number of deserted wrecks of plantations not at all diminishing.
The occupied cabins were no better than before. We had entered
our promised land; but the oil and honey of gladness and peace
were nowhere visible. The people we met were the most sturdily
inquisitive I ever saw. Nothing staggered them, and we found our
account in making a clean breast of it as soon as they approached.
We rode through the shire-town, Milam, without noticing it. Its
buildings, all told, are six in number.
We passed several immigrant trains in motion, in spite of the
weather. Their aspect was truly pitiful. Splashed with a new coating
of red mud, dripping, and staggering, beating still the bones of their
long worn-out cattle, they floundered helplessly on.
San Augustine made no very charming impression as we entered,
nor did we find any striking improvement on longer acquaintance. It
is a town of perhaps fifty or sixty houses, and half a dozen shops.
Most of the last front upon a central square acre of neglected mud.
The dwellings are clap-boarded, and of a much higher class than the
plantation dwellings. As to the people, a resident told us there was
but one man in the town that was not in the constant habit of getting
drunk, and that this gentleman relaxed his Puritanic severity during
our stay in view of the fact that Christmas came but once that year.
Late on Christmas eve, we were invited to the window by our
landlady, to see the pleasant local custom of The Christmas
Serenade. A band of pleasant spirits started from the square,
blowing tin horns, and beating tin pans, and visited in succession
every house in the village, kicking in doors, and pulling down fences,
until every male member of the family had appeared, with
appropriate instruments, and joined the merry party. They then
marched to the square, and ended the ceremony with a centupled tin
row. In this touching commemoration, as strangers, we were not
urged to participate.
A gentleman of the neighbourhood, addicted, as we knew, to a
partiality towards a Rip Van Winkle, tavern-lounging style of living,
told us he was himself regarded by many of his neighbours with an
evil eye, on account of his “stuck-up” deportment, and his habit of
minding too strictly his own business. He had been candidate for
representative, and had, he thought, probably been defeated on this
ground, as he was sure his politics were right.
Not far from the village stands an edifice, which, having three stories
and sashed windows, at once attracted our attention. On inquiry, we
learned a story, curiously illustrative of Texan and human life. It
appeared that two universities were chartered for San Augustine, the
one under the protection of the Methodists, the other of the
Presbyterians. The country being feebly settled, the supply of
students was short, and great was the consequent rivalry between
the institutions. The neighbouring people took sides upon the subject
so earnestly, that, one fine day, the president of the Presbyterian
University was shot down in the street. After this, both dwindled, and
seeing death by starvation staring them in the face, they made an
arrangement by which both were taken under charge of the fraternity
of Masons. The buildings are now used under the style of “The
Masonic Institute,” the one for boys, the other for girls. The boys
occupy only the third story, and the two lower stories are falling to
ludicrous decay—the boarding dropping off, and the windows on all
sides dashed in.
The Mexican habitations of which San Augustine was once
composed, have all disappeared. We could not find even a trace of
them.
END OF VOL. I.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] I greatly regret, after visiting Washington for this purpose, to
find that the returns of the Census of 1860, are not yet sufficiently
verified and digested to be given to the public. I have therefore
had to fall back upon those of 1850. The rate of increase of the
slave population in the meantime is stated at 25 per cent.
[2] See Appendix, A 2.
[3] Official Census—Compend., p. 94.
[4] Messrs. Neill Brothers, cotton merchants of New Orleans, the
most painstaking collectors of information about the cotton crop in
the country, state, in a recent circular, that many of the Mississippi
cotton plantations last year, after an extraordinary fertilizing flood,
produced sixteen bales to the hand. The slaves on these
plantations being to a large extent picked hands, as I elsewhere
show, the production per head was fully eight bales.
[5] In a careful article in the Austin State Gazette, six and a
quarter cents is given as the average net price of cotton in Texas.
The small planters, having no gins or presses of their own, usually
have their cotton prepared for market by large planters, for which
service they of course have to pay.
[6] There have been much larger aggregate crops since, and the
price may be a cent more to the planter, but the number of slaves
drawn to the larger plantations in the meantime has increased in
quite equal proportion.
[7] Census Compend., p. 95.
[8] The average size of plantations in the South-west, including
the farms and “patches” of the non-slaveholders, is 273 acres (p.
170, C. Compend.). Cotton plantations are not generally of less
than 400 acres.
[9] Compendium, p. 176.
[10] Evidence from Virginian witnesses is given in the Appendix,
A.
[11] “There is a small settlement of Germans, about three miles
from me, who, a few years since (with little or nothing beyond their
physical abilities to aid them), seated themselves down in a poor,
miserable, old field, and have, by their industry, and means
obtained by working round among the neighbours, effected a
change which is really surprising and pleasing to behold, and who
will, I have no doubt, become wealthy, provided they remain
prudent, as they have hitherto been industrious.”—F. A. Clopper
(Montgomery Co.), Maryland, in Patent Of. Rept., 1851.
[12] William Chambers has published the article in a separate
form, with some others, under the title of ‘American Slavery and
Colours.’ Mr. Russell, of the Times, has given a later case at
Montgomery.
[13] A slaveholder writing to me with regard to my cautious
statements on this subject, made in the Daily Times, says:—“In
the States of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky,
Tennessee, and Missouri, as much attention is paid to the
breeding and growth of negroes as to that of horses and mules.
Further South, we raise them both for use and for market.
Planters command their girls and women (married or unmarried)
to have children; and I have known a great many negro girls to be
sold off, because they did not have children. A breeding woman is
worth from one-sixth to one-fourth more than one that does not
breed.”
[14] Mr. Ellison, in his work, ‘Slavery and Secession,’ gives the
annual importation of negroes, for the ten years ending 1860, into
seven of the Southern Slave States, from the Slave-breeding
States, as 26·301
[15] Mr. Wise is reported to have stated, in his electioneering tour,
when candidate for Governor, in 1855, that, if slavery were
permitted in California, negroes would sell for $5,000 apiece.
[16] “An Ingenious Negro.—In Lafayette, Miss., a few days ago,
a negro, who, with his wife and three children, occupied a hut
upon the plantation of Col. Peques, was very much annoyed by
fleas. Believing that they congregated in great numbers beneath
the house, he resolved to destroy them by fire; and accordingly,
one night when his family were asleep, he raised a plank in the
floor of the cabin, and, procuring an armful of shucks, scattered
them on the ground beneath, and lighted them. The consequence
was, that the cabin was consumed, and the whole family, with the
exception of the man who lighted the fire, was burned to death.”—
Journal of Commerce.
[17] From 1850 to 1860, the rate of increase of the free population
has been 16·44 per cent; of the slave, 3·88. (From a recent official
statement of the Census Office.) A somewhat parallel case to that
of the Virginia slaveholder is that of a breeder of blooded stock. A
Flying Dutchman is used upon occasion as a charger, but under
no pressure of the harvest will you find him put before the cart. I
have more than once heard the phrase used, “Niggers are worth
too much” to be used in such and such work. Instances of this are
given hereafter.
[18] See ‘Patent Office Report, 1852.’
[19] Not something to eat but punishment with an instrument like a
ferule.
[20] The Richmond American has a letter from Raleigh, N.C.,
dated Sept. 18, which says: “On yesterday morning, a beautiful
young lady, Miss Virginia Frost, daughter of Austin Frost, an
engineer on the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad, and residing in
this city, was shot by a negro girl, and killed instantly. Cause—
reproving her for insolent language.”
[21] In the city of Columbia, S.C., the police are required to
prevent the negroes from running in this way after the military.
Any negro neglecting to leave the vicinity of a parade, when
ordered by a policeman or any military officer, is required, by the
ordinance, to be whipped at the guard-house.
[22] A ship’s officer told me that he had noticed that it took just
about three times as long to have the same repairs made in
Norfolk that it did in New York.
[23] “Old Man” is a common title of address to any middle-aged
negro in Virginia whose name is not known. “Boy” and “Old Man”
may be applied to the same person. Of course, in this case, the
slave is not to be supposed to be beyond his prime of strength.
[24] I have since seen a pack of negro-dogs, chained in couples,
and probably going to the field. They were all of a breed, and in
appearance between a Scotch stag-hound and a fox-hound.
[25] A South Carolina View of the Subject. (Correspondence of
Willis’s Musical World, New York.)—“Charlestown, Dec. 31.—I
take advantage of the season of compliments (being a subscriber
to your invaluable sheet), to tender you this scrap, as a reply to a