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 Chapter Plate Tectonics: A Scientific
7 Revolution Unfolds

Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds opens with a discussion of historical views about the
placement of continents and ocean basins. It continues by examining the lines of evidence that Alfred
Wegener used in the early 1900s to support his original continental drift hypothesis. This evidence included
the fit of the continents, fossils, rock types, structural similarities between continents, and paleoclimates. Also
presented are the main objections to Wegener’s ideas, particularly the lack of a driving mechanism.

Following a brief overview, the theory of plate tectonics is examined in detail. The distinction between
Wegener’s idea of continental drift and the science of plate tectonics is addressed. The movement of
lithospheric plates and different types of plate boundaries are examined extensively. This chapter looks at the
features associated with different types of plate boundaries and how these features shape Earth’s surface.
Ages and distribution of ocean-basin sediments, hot spots, and paleomagnetism are used to provide additional
support for plate tectonics. The chapter closes with comments about the driving mechanism of plate tectonics.

FOCUS ON CONCEPTS

After reading, studying, and discussing the chapter, students should be able to:

7.1 Discuss the view that most geologists held prior to the 1960s regarding the geographic positions of the
ocean basins and continents.
7.2 List and explain the evidence Wegener presented to support his continental drift hypothesis.
7.3 Discuss the two main objections to the continental drift hypothesis.
7.4 List the major differences between Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere and explain the importance
of each in the plate tectonics theory.
7.5 Sketch and describe the movement along a divergent plate boundary that results in the formation of
new oceanic lithosphere.
7.6 Compare and contrast the three types of convergent plate boundaries and name a location where each
type can be found.
7.7 Describe the relative motion along a transform plate boundary and locate several examples on a plate
boundary map.
7.8 Explain why plates such as the African and Antarctic plates are getting larger, while the Pacific plate is
getting smaller.
7.9 List and explain the evidence used to support the plate tectonics theory.
7.10 Describe two methods researchers use to measure relative plate motion.
7.11 Summarize what is meant by plate–mantle convection and explain two of the primary driving forces of
plate motion.

TEACHING PLATE TECTONICS

Plate tectonics is an important topic in geology. It can be more challenging to teach some later book chapters,
especially volcanoes, earthquakes, mountain building, and the ocean floor before having established a good
foundation in plate tectonics.
• When you introduce plate tectonics, you may find that many or most students are at least somewhat
familiar with the fact that the continents once fit together and have since moved. It is important to

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54
 stress, however, that this idea has been widely accepted only recently. This is a good opportunity to
remind students that while Earth is very old and people have made observations about the Earth for a
long time, geology itself is a relatively young science.
• When discussing Wegener and his hypothesis along with the theory of plate tectonics, this is a good
time to revisit or discuss the scientific method with students. You can discuss the difference between
a hypothesis and a theory and how a hypothesis might become a theory. The evolution of the
continental drift hypothesis to the plate tectonic theory is a nice illustration of the scientific method at
work.
• Mantle upwelling is part of the mantle convection process. You can demonstrate convection with a
hot light bulb and a piece of paper cut into a swirl shape. Explain that similar to in the mantle, the
warmer substance moves upwards where the cooler substance subsides. Alternately, you can describe
the example of a boiling pot of water to relate this topic to something with which students are already
familiar or bring in a lava lamp to show this process.
• The use of animations that show historical continent locations and future projections of continent
locations is helpful for visualizing how the surface of the Earth has changed over time due to plate
tectonics. See Additional Resources.
• Animations of motion at the three different types of plate boundaries are helpful supplements to the
illustrations in the text. They allow students to see how these plates move relative to each other.
• After introducing the three types of plate boundaries, have students draw them in their notebooks
along with the relative motions of each without referencing anything you have discussed. It will help
them reinforce these boundary types and how they differ.
• When you talk about subduction, it is a good time to revisit the topic of igneous rocks and remind
students of the composition of basalt and of granite. Remind students that the denser basalts will be
more likely to subduct, and you can relate this back to mineral content. It keeps students from
forgetting earlier course concepts and makes the topic more cohesive by tying earlier units into newer
ones.
• If you don’t mind food in your classroom, Oreos or similar sandwich style cookies can be used to
show plate motion and plate boundary types. Break the top portion of the cookie in half. It will then
slide about on the semi-solid filling layer. This is especially good for illustrating transform fault
motion.
• Print off several copies of a world map with plate boundaries and plate names on it. If you can print
this on a large piece of paper, it works a bit better. Cut apart the map at plate boundaries. Distribute
one “plate” to each student and have them find other “plates” to create a complete map. This gives
students an idea of how many plates exist and where they are found relative to each other.
• Although earthquakes and volcanoes are prominent plate boundary features, save in-depth discussions
of these two topics for the chapters dedicated to them. It is important to mention them in the context
of plate tectonics, but tell students you will discuss them in more detail later.

CONCEPT CHECK ANSWERS

Concept Check 7.1

1. Briefly describe the view held by most geologists regarding the ocean basins and continents prior to
the 1960s.
Ocean basins and continents had fixed geographic positions and were very old.

2. What group of geologists were the least receptive to the continental drift hypothesis? Explain.
North American geologists were the least receptive because most of the evidence was from Africa, South
America, and Australia; these continents were unfamiliar to these geologists.

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Concept Check 7.2

1. What was the first line of evidence that led early investigators to suspect that the continents were
once connected?
Similarity of continental coastlines and jigsaw-like fit of the continents.

2. Explain why the discovery of the fossil remains of Mesosaurus in both South America and Africa,
but nowhere else, supports the continental drift hypothesis.
Mesosaurus was a freshwater reptile and could not have migrated across the ocean. In addition, there is
no evidence of any bridge or other connector between these two continents.

3. Early in the twentieth century, what was the prevailing view of how land animals migrated across
vast expanses of open ocean?
Lower sea level and land bridges, rafting, and island stepping stones.

4. How did Wegener account for the existence of glaciers in the southern landmasses at a time when
areas in North America, Europe, and Asia supported lush tropical swamps?
Pangaea; southern continents were one landmass situated about the South Pole.

Concept Check 7.3

1. What two aspects of Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis were objectionable to most Earth
scientists?
Gravitational force of the Sun and Moon moved the continents the way they moved the tides and the idea
that continents plowed through the oceanic crust.

Concept Check 7.4

1. What major ocean floor feature did oceanographers discover after World War II?
Mid ocean ridge.

2. Compare and contrast the lithosphere and the asthenosphere.

The lithosphere is the hard outer portion of the Earth’s crust. The asthenosphere lies beneath and is more
ductile, allowing the lithospheric plates to “float” and be mobile.

3. List the seven largest lithospheric plates.

North American, South American, Pacific, African, Eurasian, Australian-Indian, and Antarctic.

4. List the three types of plate boundaries and describe the relative motion at each of them.
• Divergent – plates move apart.
• Convergent – plates move towards each other.
• Transform – plates slide laterally past each other.

Concept Check 7.5

1. Sketch or describe how two plates move in relation to each other along divergent plate boundaries.
Plates move apart, with new rock being formed between them due to magmatic upwelling.

2. What is the average rate of seafloor spreading in modern oceans?

5 cm (2 in) per year.

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3. List four facts that characterize the oceanic ridge system.
Long, continuous underwater mountain chain, divergent plate boundary, marked by formation of new
basaltic rock, rift valleys along the crest.

4. Briefly describe the process of continental rifting. Where is it occurring today?

Mantle plumes beneath continental crust generate magmatic upwelling and forces that pull the crust apart,
generating a new rift valley. The rift valley eventually widens to create a new ocean basin. It is occurring
today in East Africa.

Concept Check 7.6

1. Explain why the rate of lithosphere production roughly balances with the rate of lithosphere
destruction.
Subduction at convergent boundaries, which destroys old lithosphere, occurs at the same rate as seafloor
spreading and new rock generation at divergent plate boundaries.

2. Compare a continental volcanic arc and a volcanic island arc.

A continental volcanic arc occurs on the edge of a continental land mass near an ocean-continent
convergent plate boundary. These volcanoes tend to produce more felsic to intermediate magma. A
volcanic island arc occurs at ocean-ocean plate convergent plate boundaries and produces an island chain
in the ocean; these volcanic islands are basaltic.

3. Describe the process that leads to the formation of deep-ocean trenches.

When two oceanic plates collide, one is subducted. As one plate descends beneath the other, a trench is
formed; deeper trenches tend to form where older, denser basaltic ocean floor can descend very deeply
beneath the other plate, often at very steep angles.

4. Why does oceanic lithosphere subduct, while continental lithosphere does not?
Oceanic lithosphere is denser than continental lithosphere. Continental lithosphere is too buoyant to allow
for subduction.

5. Briefly describe how mountain belts such as the Himalayas form.

As two continental plates collide, the crust buckles, thickens vertically, and fractures. This leads to the
uplift of major mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.

Concept Check 7.7

1. Sketch or describe how two plates move in relation to each other along a transform plate boundary.
The plates slide laterally past each other. See Figure 7.21 for a diagram.

2. Differentiate between transform faults and the other types of plate boundaries.
Transform faults do not generate new lithosphere or destroy old lithosphere. The movement involves two
plates sliding past each other rather than moving apart or coming together.

Concept Check 7.8

1. What two plates are growing in size? Which plate is shrinking?

The African and Antarctic plates are growing and the Pacific plate is shrinking.

2. What new ocean basin was created by the breakup of Pangaea?

The Atlantic.

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3. Briefly describe some major changes to the globe when we extrapolate present-day plate
movements 50 million years into the future.
North America’s Baja Peninsula and parts of southern California will be closer to Alaska. Africa will
collide with Eurasia, closing the Mediterranean Sea. Australia will migrate towards the equator, North
and South America will separate, and the Atlantic Ocean basin will be larger.

Concept Check 7.9

1. What is the age of the oldest sediments recovered using deep-ocean drilling? How do the ages of
these sediments compare to the ages of the oldest continental rocks?
The oldest ocean sediments are 180 million years old, while the oldest continental rocks are more than 4
billion years old.

2. Assuming that hot spots remain fixed, in what direction was the Pacific plate moving while the
Hawaiian islands were forming? When Suiko Seamount was forming?
The Pacific plate was moving northwest when the Hawaiian islands were forming and moving north when
the Suiko Seamount was forming.

3. How do sediment cores from the ocean floor support the concept of seafloor spreading?
Sediment cores can be radiometrically dated, and their distance from a spreading center recorded. Data
have shown that older cores are further from the mid-ocean ridges while the youngest rocks and
sediments are near the ridges.

4. Describe how Fred Vine and D.H. Mathews related the seafloor-spreading hypothesis to magnetic
reversals.
They found that new rock made from cooling magma magnetizes itself in the current direction of Earth’s
magnetic polarity. They found lateral symmetry in magnetic patterns on either side of mid-ocean ridges,
showing that these separated stripes were formed at the same time at the mid-ocean ridges.

Concept Check 7.10

1. What do transform faults that connect spreading centers indicate about plate motion?
These transform faults are aligned parallel to the direction of spreading. Measuring their alignments
carefully will reveal the direction of plate movement.

2. Refer to Figure 7.35 and determine which three plates appear to exhibit the highest rates of motion.
The Pacific plate, the Australian-Indian plate, and the Nazca plate.

Concept Check 7.11

1. Describe slab pull and ridge push. Which of these forces appears to contribute more to plate
motion?
As old, dense lithosphere subducts, the slab is pulled deep into the mantle by gravity and destroyed. The
elevation of mid-ocean ridges allows new lithosphere to slide down; this is ridge push. Slab pull seems to
be the dominant force.

2. What role are mantle plumes thought to play in the convective flow in the mantle?
Mantle plumes are thought to originate deep within the mantle, close to the core. The heat from the
bottom of these plumes rises through the mantle, generating convective flow.

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3. Briefly describe the two models proposed for mantle-plate convection.
• Whole-mantle convection – also called the plume model. Subducted lithosphere descends to the core-
mantle boundary and this is balanced by buoyantly rising mantle plumes that move hot material to the
surface.
• Layer cake model – has two zones of convection; one is a thin, dynamic upper mantle layer and one is
slower and thicker in the lower mantle. Slow convection in the lower level carries heat upward but the
upper layer is what generates surface volcanism.

GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT ANSWERS

1. After referring to the section in the Introduction titled “The Nature of Scientific Inquiry,” answer
the following:
a. What observation led Alfred Wegener to develop his continental drift hypothesis?
b. Why did the majority of the scientific community reject the continental drift hypothesis?
c. Do you think Wegener followed the basic principles of scientific inquiry? Support your answer.

a. The puzzle-like fit of the coastal outlines of South America and Africa.
b. The continental drift hypothesis was rejected by the scientific community because Wegener lacked a
credible mechanism to explain why the continents were moving or drifting. Also, he incorrectly
proposed that the continents broke through the thinner oceanic crust although no evidence existed to
support this idea.
c. Yes, overall Wegener followed the basic principles of scientific inquiry. He proposed evidence to
support his various explanations although not all of his evidence supported his conclusions.

2. Referring to the accompanying diagrams that illustrate the three types of convergent plate
boundaries, complete the following:
a. Identify each type of convergent boundary.
b. On what type of crust do volcanic island arcs develop?
c. Why are volcanoes largely absent where two continental blocks collide?
d. Describe two ways that oceanic–oceanic convergent boundaries are different from oceanic–
continental boundaries. How are they similar?

a. A = ocean to continent convergence, B = ocean to ocean convergence, C = continent to continent

convergence
b. Oceanic crust
c. Volcanoes are absent at continent to continent convergent boundaries because there is no subduction
and therefore no mechanism to produce partial melting of mantle rocks.
d. Ocean to ocean convergent boundaries are different from ocean to continent convergent boundaries in
that the resulting volcanism occurs on the ocean floor rather than on land and the composition of the
volcanoes between the two would be somewhat different due to the interaction of continental rather
than oceanic crust. They are similar in that both of them produce volcanism, they both involve
subduction zones, and both are characterized by earthquakes.

3. Some predict that California will sink into the ocean. Is this idea consistent with the theory of plate
tectonics? Explain.
California will not necessarily sink into the ocean, but the continued motion of the Pacific plate will
separate a portion of California from the North American plate along the San Andreas Fault system. The
broken segment will then move with the Pacific plate as a large island since it is composed of continental
crust rather than oceanic.

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4. Refer to the accompanying hypothetical plate map to answer the following questions:
a. How many portions of plates are shown?
b. Are continents A, B, and C moving toward or away from each other? How did you determine
your answer?
c. Explain why active volcanoes are more likely to be found on continents A and B than on
continent C.
d. Provide at least one scenario in which volcanic activity might be triggered on continent C.

a. five
b. Continents A, B, and C are moving away from each other because of the divergent boundary that
occurs between all three of them.
c. Active volcanoes are found on both A and B because each of them has an oceanic plate that is
subducting underneath the continental plate.
d. Continent C does not have volcanoes because it does not have a plate boundary involving subduction
or rifting. Hot spot activity or continental rift could perhaps produce volcanoes in the future.

5. Volcanoes, such as the Hawaiian chain, that form over mantle plumes are some of the largest shield
volcanoes on Earth. However, several shield volcanoes on Mars are gigantic compared to those on
Earth. What does this difference tell us about the role of plate motion in shaping the Martian
surface?
The extremely large volcanoes on Mars suggests that either the tectonic plates were moving really slowly
when the volcanism occurred or perhaps Mars was lacking tectonic plates and the large volcanoes
resulted from hot, stationary plumes inside of Mars.

6. Imagine that you are studying seafloor spreading along two different oceanic ridges. Using data
from a magnetometer, you produced the two accompanying maps. From these maps, what can you
determine about the relative rates of seafloor spreading along these two ridges? Explain.
Along the first ridge, the plate movements were apparently steady and relatively fast (as evidenced by the
narrow magnetic stripes). On the second ridge, the movements are relatively slower over the most recent
geologic times, but the plates were apparently moving faster at some point further back in time.

7. Australian marsupials (kangaroos, koala bears, etc.) have direct fossil links to marsupial opossums
found in the Americas. Yet the modern marsupials in Australia are markedly different from their
American relatives. How does the breakup of Pangaea help to explain these differences (see
Figure 7.24)?
The break-up of Pangaea some 200 million years ago allowed for the separation of once-joined
landmasses and the isolation of common organisms to undergo a long period of evolutionary
development. The resulting organisms today share a common ancestry because of their common origins
on Pangaea, but the long period of time has allowed for distantly related groups to develop their own
unique characteristics.

8. Density is a key component in the behavior of Earth materials and is especially important in
understanding key aspects of plate tectonics. Describe three different ways that density and/or
density differences play a role in plate tectonics.
Density or density differences in plate tectonics play a key role in 1) the subduction of more dense
oceanic crust underneath continental crust; 2) the rising of hotter mantle material at divergent boundaries
and the sinking of colder lithospheric plates at subduction zones, thus creating the “conveyor belt” model
that somehow drives the plate tectonics engine; and 3) the collision and uplift of continental crust at
continent to continent convergent boundaries due to lower densities of continental rocks.

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9. Refer to the accompanying map and the pairs of cities below to complete the following:
(Boston, Denver), (London, Boston), (Honolulu, Beijing)
a. List the pair of cities that is moving apart as a result of plate motion.
b. List the pair of cities that is moving closer as a result of plate motion.
c. List the pair of cities that is presently not moving relative to each other.

a. London, Boston
b. Honolulu, Beijing
c. Boston, Denver

EXAMINING THE EARTH SYSTEM ANSWERS

1. The changing positions of the continents and the redistribution of land and water over Earth’s
surface have had a significant impact on Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere through
time. Atmospheric and oceanic circulations are interrelated systems driven by heat energy from the
Sun. As continents moved about, the distribution of heat energy over Earth’s surface varied, which,
in turn, caused changes in global wind patterns and ocean circulation. Different atmospheric and
oceanic circulation patterns produced changes in temperature, precipitation, storm tracks, and
global climates in general. Furthermore, when the continents were assembled into large
landmasses, their size and location produced climates much different from today.
Life on Earth was greatly affected by the distribution of landmasses and the resulting climates. At times
landmasses may have been arid and may have promoted the evolution of certain adaptable species. Then,
as a consequence of plate tectonics, the landmass may have split and/or changed global position and
become tropical, forcing extinctions and/or adaptations. A good example of the impact of plate tectonics
on life is found in the unique species that currently inhabit Australia.

2. Assume that plate tectonics did not cause the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. Use the
accompanying map of Pangaea to describe how the climate (atmosphere), vegetation and animal
life (biosphere), and geologic features (geosphere) would be different from the conditions that exist
today in the areas currently occupied by the cities of Miami, Florida; Chicago, Illinois; New York,
New York; and your college campus location.
Miami, FL: Miami would be situated on the equator, warmer, and perhaps a tropical rainforest. Without
the breakup of Pangaea, Miami would be landlocked and continental rather than having beaches and a
coast.
Chicago, IL: Chicago would be far removed from any moisture sources (the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of
Mexico do not exist) and therefore rather arid. Its location in the subtropics would probably result in
warm temperatures.
New York, NY: New York would be part of present northwest Africa and, like Chicago, inland from any
sources of moisture, dry, and subtropical. Pre-Pangaea continental collisions would have formed the
Appalachian Mountains.
Your college campus: (answers will vary)

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

DVDs and Movies

• How the Earth Was Made (2008) Narrated by Alec Baldwin. History Channel, 1 hour 34 minutes.
• Inside Planet Earth (2008) Narrated by Patrick Stewart. Discovery Channel, 2 hours.

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 • Earth Revealed, Episode 5: The Birth of a Theory (1992) Annenberg Media, 30 minutes. Available on
DVD or for free streaming video on demand from http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html
• Earth Revealed, Episode 6: Plate Dynamics (1992) Annenberg Media, 30 minutes. Available on
DVD or for free streaming video on demand from http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html
• Planet Earth, Episode 1: The Living Machine (1986) WQED/Pittsburgh in association with the
National Academy of Sciences, 1 hour. Discusses plate tectonics. Available on DVD or for free
streaming video on demand from http://www.learner.org/resources/series49.html
• Plate Tectonics. Science Channel, 2 minutes. Dr. Neal Driscoll shows California coastline features to
Bill Nye. Available for free streaming from http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/greatest-
discoveries/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-plate-tectonics.htm
• When Earth Erupts: Glaciers vs. Tectonics. Science Channel, 2 minutes. Exploration on New
Zealand’s South Island. Available for free streaming from http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-
shows/greatest-discoveries/videos/when-earth-erupts-glaciers-vs-tectonics-video.htm
• Peaceful Easy Obduction. Musical discussion of plate tectonic motion performed by Dr. Richard
Alley of Penn State University. 5 minutes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_BWRlx6VpA

Websites

• Plate Tectonics Animations. From the University of California, Berkeley.

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.html
• Mountain Maker, Earth Shaker. From PBS. Interactive plate tectonics activity that allows
manipulation of tectonic plates. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/#
• Thirteen different plate tectonics animations. From the U.S. Geological Survey and National Park
Service. You can choose the one that best suits your needs. http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/
usgsnps/animate/pltecan.html
• Plate Tectonic Movement Visualizations. From Carleton College. A collection of various
visualizations and descriptions of each. http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/geophysics/
visualizations/PTMovements.html

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
instant as the hoofs of a powerful grey strike showers of glowing sparks
from out the stones of the pavements, and a horse and rider thunder past at
breakneck speed on the way to Versailles.

III

Just before the main Paris-Chartres road plunges into the woods, about a
kilomètre from Maintenon, where two narrow roads which lead, the one to
Houdan and the other to Dreux, branch off from the diligence route, there
stood in this year of grace 1810 an isolated inn by the wayside. The house
itself was ugly enough; square and devoid of any engaging architectural
features, it was built of mottled brick, but it nestled at the cross roads on the
margin of the wood and was flanked by oak and chestnut coppice,
interspersed here and there with a stately beech or sycamore, and its
dilapidated sign bore the alluring legend, "The Farmer's Paradise."

The Paris-Chartres road with its intermittent traffic provided the

"Paradise" with a few customers—with some, at least, who were not to be
scared by the uninviting appearance of the house and its not too enviable
reputation. Wayfarers, coming from Houdan or from Dreux on their way to
Chartres, were forced to halt here in order to pick up the diligence, and
would sometimes turn into the squalid inn for a cup of that tepid, acid fluid
which Alain Gorot, the landlord, so grandiloquently termed "steaming
nectar." But during the greater part of the day the place appeared deserted.
The light-fingered gentry—footpads and vagabonds—who were its chief
customers, were wont to use it as a meeting-place at night, but during the
day they preferred the shelter of the woods, for the police were mostly
always at their heels.

On this cold winter's afternoon, however, quite a goodly company was

gathered in the coffee-room. A log fire blazed in the open hearth and lent a
semblance of cheeriness and comfort to the bare, ugly room, in which the
fumes of rank tobacco and wet, steaming clothes vied with the odour of
stale food and wine to create an almost insufferable atmosphere.
 The Paris-Chartres diligence had gone by an hour ago, and had picked
up one solitary passenger at the cross roads. Soon after that a hired chaise,
coming from Dreux, had driven up to the "Farmers Paradise." A lady and a
gentleman had alighted from it and gone into the house, while the driver
sought shelter for his horse in the tumbledown barn at the back of the house
and a warm corner for himself in the kitchen.

It was then three o'clock in the afternoon, and the roads and country
around appeared desolate and still. M. le Marquis de Trévargan sat with his
niece, Constance de Plélan, at a trestle-table in a corner of the coffee-room.
It was they who had driven over from Dreux in the hired chaise. The
landlord had served them with soup which, though unpalatable in other
ways, was, at any rate, hot and therefore very welcome after the long, cold
journey in the narrow, rickety chaise.

Three or four men—ill-clad, travel-stained and unwashed—were

assembled in the opposite corner of the room, talking in whispers, and near
the door a couple of farm labourers were settling accounts with mine host,
whilst a third, seemingly overcome by papa Gorot's "nectar," was sprawling
across the table with arms outstretched and face buried between them—fast
asleep.

Gorot, having settled with the two labourers, shook this lout vigorously
by the shoulder.

"Now, then," he shouted roughly. "Up you get! You cannot stay here all
night, you know!"

The sleeper raised a puckered, imbecile face to the disturber of his

peace.

"Can't I?" he said slowly with the deliberateness of the drunkard. And
his head fell down again with a thud upon his arm.

Gorot swore lustily.

"Out you get!" he shouted into the man's ear. "You drunken oaf—I'll put
you out if you don't go!"
 Once more the sleeper raised his head and stared with dim, bleary eyes
at his host.

"I am not drunk," he said thickly and with comical solemnity. "I am not
nearly so drunk as you think I am."

"We'll soon see about that," retorted Gorot. "Here!" he added, turning to
the three ruffians at the farther end of the room. "One of you give me a
hand. We'll put this lout the other side of the door."

There was more than one volunteer for the diverting job. One of the men
without more ado seized the sleeper under the armpits. Gorot took hold of
his legs, and together they carried him out of the room and deposited him in
the passage, where he rolled over contentedly and settled down to sleep in
the angle of the door even whilst he continued to mutter thickly: "I am not
nearly so drunk as you think I am."

When the landlord returned to the coffee-room he was summarily

ordered out again by M. de Trévargan, and he, nothing loth, accustomed as
he was to his house being used for every kind of secret machinations and
nameless plottings, shuffled out complacently—unastonished and incurious
—and retired to the purlieus of the kitchen, leaving his customers to settle
their own affairs without interference from himself.

IV

As soon as the door had closed on Alain Gorot, M. de Trévargan turned

to the crowd of ill-clad loafers in the corner.

"Now that we are rid of that fellow at last," he said with marked
impatience, "tell me just what you have done."

"We carried out your orders," replied one of the men, a grim-looking
giant, bearded and shaggy like a frowsy cat. "We strewed more than a kilo
of nails, bits of broken glass and pieces of flint across both the roads, at a
distance of about a kilomètre from here, and then we covered up the lot
with a thin layer of earth."

The others chuckled contentedly.

"When the sacré Corsican comes along in his fine chaise," said one of
them with a coarse laugh, "he'll have two or three spanking bays dead lame
as soon as they have pranced across our beautiful carpet."

M. de Trévargan turned to his niece.

"We couldn't think of a better plan," he said, "as we could only muster
one musket among us, and that one we owe to your kindness and foresight."

Constance de Plélan did not reply at once. She took up an old and
dilapidated musket from the nook behind her and examined it with deft
fingers and a critical eye.

"It will serve," she said coldly after a while.

"Serve? Of course it will serve," rejoined M. de Trévargan lightly. "What

say you, Blue-Heart?"

"That I wish you would let me have it, Monsieur le Marquis," answered
the old Chouan. "I'd guarantee that I would not miss the accursed
Corsican."

"And I'll not miss him either," said M. de Trévargan, as he rose from the
table and stood before his ruffianly followers the very embodiment of
power and determination. "And I myself desire to have the honour of
ridding France of that pestilential vermin."

"And now 'tis time we went," he added authoritatively. "Two of you go

up the Paris road—and two up the Dreux road. Take cover in the thicket,
and as soon as one of you perceives the rumble of wheels in the distance,
give the signal. We'll all be on the watch for it and hurry to the spot ere the
first of the bays goes lame."

M. de Trévargan then once more turned to his niece.

 "If we succeed, Constance," he said, and with sudden impulse he took
her hand and kissed it almost reverently, "the glory of it will be yours."

"I only did my duty," she replied coldly. "I am thankful that I happened
to be at Evreux, just when you wanted me most."

"Nay, dear child," he rejoined earnestly. "You must not belittle the
services you have rendered to me and to the King. If you had not known
how to bribe our warders at Evreux, and how to send us word and succour,
we could not have effected our escape. If you had not given us shelter we
must certainly have been recaptured. If you had not conveyed me hither, I—
in my indifferent state of health—could never have followed the others
across country; and if you had not found that old musket for us, we could
not have done for the Corsican at this hour, when God Himself is delivering
him into our hands. That is so, is it not, my men?" he concluded, turning to
his followers.

"Ay! Ay!" they replied unanimously.

"God grant you may succeed!" said Constance de Plélan, as she gently
disengaged her hand from his.

"We cannot fail," he declared firmly. "One or more of the Corsican's

horses must go dead lame over the carpet of nails and broken glass and
flint. The carriage must then halt, and the coachman and postilion will get
down to see to the injured beasts. That will be our opportunity. Blue-Heart
and the others will fall on the men and I shall hold Napoleon at the end of
my musket, and though it may be old, I know how to shoot straight and my
aim is not likely to err. And now let us get on," he added peremptorily. "The
Corsican's carriage cannot be far off."

Constance, without another word, handed him his hat and mantle. The
latter he fastened securely round his shoulders, leaving his arms free for
action. Then he turned to pick up the musket Blue-Heart and White-Beak
were ready to follow. They and the two others strode towards the door, with
backs bent and an eager, furtive look on their bearded faces, like feline
creatures on the hunt. Constance de Plélan was standing in the middle of the
room and her eyes were on the door, when it was suddenly thrown open.
The figure of the drunken labourer appeared, clear-cut against the dark
passage beyond. In an instant he had stepped into the room, closed the door
to behind him, and was now standing with his back to it and holding a
loaded pistol in his right hand.

It all happened so quickly that neither M. de Trévargan nor any of the

others had time to realise what had occurred; and for an instant they stood
as if rooted to the spot, staring at the unexpected apparition. Only
Constance de Plélan understood what the presence of this man, here and at
this hour, portended. She was gazing at him with fixed, dilated pupils, and
her cheeks had become livid.

"You!" came in a hoarse murmur through her bloodless lips.

Next moment, however, M. de Trévargan had recovered his presence of

mind.

"Out of the way, you lout!" he cried roughly.

And he stretched out his hand to grasp the musket, still believing that
this was merely a drunken boor who was feeling quarrelsome and who
could easily be scared away.

"If you touch that musket, Monsieur le Marquis," said the man at the
door quietly, "I fire."

Then only did de Trévargan, in his turn, look steadily at him. As in a

flash, remembrance came to him. He recognised that pale, colourless face,
those deep-set grey eyes which once before—at the Château de Trévargan
—had probed his very soul and wrested from him the secret of Darnier's
assassination.

"That accursed police agent!" he muttered between his teeth. "A moi,
Blue-Heart. Let him fire and be damned to him!"

But even Blue-Heart and White-Beak, those desperate and reckless

Chouans, who were always prepared to take any and every risk, and who
counted life more cheaply than they did the toss of a coin, paused,
awestruck, ere they obeyed; for the Man in Grey, with one of those swift
and sudden movements which were peculiar to him, had taken one step
forward, seized Constance de Plélan by the wrist, dragged her to him
against the door, and was even now holding the pistol to her side.

"One movement from any of you," he said with the same icy calm; "one
word, one step, one gesture, and by the living God, I swear that I will kill
her before your eyes!"

Absolute, death-like silence ensued. M. de Trévargan and the four

Chouans stood there, paralysed and rigid. To say that they did not stir, that
they did not breathe one word or utter as much as a sigh, would but ill
express the complete stillness which fell upon them, as if some hidden and
awful petrifying hand had suddenly turned them into stone. Constance de
Plélan had not stirred either. She also stood, motionless as a statue, her hand
held firmly in a steel-like grasp, the muzzle of the pistol against her breast.
Fearlessly, almost defiantly, she gazed straight into the eyes of this man
who had so reverently worshipped her and whom she had so nearly learned
to love.

"From my soul," he whispered, so low that even she could scarcely hear,
"I crave your pardon. From my soul I worship you still. But I would not
love you half so dearly, Constance, did I not love my Emperor and France
more dearly still."

"You coward!" came after a moment or two of tense suspense, from the
parched lips of M. de Trévargan. "Would you seize upon a woman——?"

"The Emperor's life or hers," broke in the Man in Grey coldly. "You give
me no other choice. What I do, I do, and am answerable for my actions to
God alone. So down on your knees every one of you!" he added firmly.
"Now! At once! Another movement, another word, and I fire!"

"Fire then, in the name of Satan, your friend!" cried Constance de Plélan
loudly. "Oncle Armand, do not hesitate. Blue-Heart, seize this miscreant!
Let him kill me first; but after that you will be five against one, and you can
at last rid us of this deadly foe!"
 "Down on your knees!" came in a tone of frigid calm from the police
agent. "If, ere I count three, I do not see you kneel—I fire!"

And even before the words were out of his mouth, the five Chouans
dropped on their knees, helpless before this relentless threat which deprived
them of every vestige of will-power.

"Oh, that I had not stayed Blue-Heart's hand that day in the woods!"
cried Constance de Plélan with a sigh of fierce regret. "He had you then, as
you have us now——"

"As he and the others would have the Emperor," rejoined the Man in
Grey. "If I allowed my heart to stay my hand."

And that relentless hand of his tightened its grip on Constance de

Plélan's wrist, till she felt sick and faint and fell back against the door. She
felt the muzzle of the pistol against her side: the hand which held it neither
swerved nor quaked. The keen, grey eyes which had once radiated the light
of his ineffable love for her held no pity or remorse in them now: they were
watching for the slightest movement on the part of the five Chouans.

Slowly the afternoon light faded into dusk. The figures of the Chouans
now appeared like dark and rigid ghosts in the twilight. The ticking of the
old clock in the ingle-nook alone broke the deathlike silence of the room.
Minute sped after minute while the conspirators remained as if under the
ban of some evil fairy, who was keeping them in an enchanted castle in a
dreamless trance from which perhaps they would never wake again. Minute
sped after minute, and they lost count of time, of place, of very existence.
They only appeared alive through the one sense of hearing, which had for
them become preternaturally acute. In the house, too, every sound was
hushed. The landlord and his servants had received their orders from the
accredited agent of His Majesty's Minister of Police, and they were not
likely to risk life and liberty by disobedience.

Outside, the air was damp and still, so still that through the open
casement there could be heard—very far away—the rumble of carriage
wheels and the patter of horses' hoofs on the muddy road.
 It seemed as if an electrical wave went right through the room at the
sound, and the police agent's grip tightened on Constance's wrist. A slight
tremor appeared to animate those five marble-like statues who were
kneeling on the floor.

The carriage was drawing nearer: it was less than a hundred mètres
away. The clang of hoofs upon the road, the rattle of metal chains, the
shouts of the postilion, could already be distinctly heard. Then suddenly the
carriage had come to stop.

A bitter groan went right through the room, like the wail of condemned
spirits in torment. But not one of the Chouans moved. How could they
when a woman's life was the price that would have to be paid now for the
success of their scheme.

Only a heartrending cry rose from Constance de Plélan's lips:

"In Heaven's name, Oncle Armand," she entreated, "let the man fire!
Think you I should not be glad to die? Blue-Heart, has your courage
forsaken you? What is one life when there is so much at stake? O God!" she
added in a fervent prayer, "give them the strength to forget everything save
their duty to our King!"

But not a sound—not a movement came in response to her passionate

appeal. Through the open casement a confused murmur of voices could be
distinctly heard some distance away, up the side-road which ran from
Dreux. The Emperor's carriage was obviously being held up. One, if not
more, of the spanking bays had gone dead lame while trotting across Blue-
Heart's well-laid carpet. The rough, stained hands of the Chouans opened
and closed till their thick knuckles cracked in an agony of impotence.

How long the torture of this well-nigh intolerable suspense lasted not
one of those present could have told. The twilight gradually faded into
gloom; darkness like a huge mantle slowly enveloped those motionless,
kneeling figures in the coffee-room of "The Farmer's Paradise."

But if some semblance of hope had crept into the hearts of the Chouans
at sight of the beneficent darkness, it was soon dispelled by the trenchant
warning which came like a blow from a steel-hammer from the police
agent's lips:

"If I hear the slightest movement through the darkness, one flutter, one
creak, even a sigh—I shall fire," he had said, as soon as the gloom of the
night had begun to creep into the more remote corners of the room. And
even through the darkness the over-strained ears of the kneeling Chouans
caught the sound of a metallic click—the cocking of the pistol which
threatened Constance de Plélan's life. And so they remained still—held
more securely on their knees by that one threat than by the pressure of giant
hands.

An hour went by. Through the open window the sound of the murmur of
voices had given place to renewed clanking of metal chains, to pawing of
the ground by high-mettled horses, to champing of bits, to snorting,
groaning and creaking, as the heavy travelling chaise once more started on
its way.

After that it seemed like eternity.

When once again the silent roads gave forth signs of life and movement;
when, from the direction of Paris there came the sound of a cavalcade, of a
number of horses galloping along at breakneck speed; when after a while it
dawned upon these enchanted statues here that a posse of police had arrived
at "The Farmer's Paradise," and the men were even now dismounting,
almost a sigh of relief rose from five oppressed breasts.

They knew the game was up; they knew that all that they had staked had
been swept aside by the ruthless, unerring hand of the man who had
terrorised and cowed and bent them to his will.

Constance de Plélan was resting against the door in a state of semi-

consciousness. Two or three minutes later the landlord, who, acting under
the orders given him by the secret agent, had gone to meet the posse of
police on the road and guided them to his house, now led them to the back
entrance of the coffee-room. The arrest of M. de Trévargan and the Chouans
was an easy matter. They were, in fact, too numb and dazed to resist.

All five were tried for the murder of Hector Duroy, the police messenger,
and for an attempted outrage against the person of the Emperor, and all five
were condemned to penal servitude for life. At the Restoration, however, M.
de Trévargan was publicly absolved of participation in the murder, and
honoured by the King for having made such a bold, if unsuccessful, attempt
to "remove" the Corsican usurper.

But Constance de Plélan was never brought to trial. Powerful influences

were said to have saved her.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAN IN
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