ASME B89.1.

10M-2001
[Revision of ASME/ANSI B89.1.10M-1987 (R1995)]
REAFFIRMED 2021
REAFFIRMED 2016

DIAL INDICATORS
(FOR LINEAR
MEASUREMENTS)
AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Intentionally left blank
A N A M E R I C A N N A T I O N A L S T A N D A R D

DIAL INDICATORS
(FOR LINEAR
MEASUREMENTS)

ASME B89.1.10M-2001
[Revision of ASME/ANSI B89.1.10M-1987 (R1995)]
 Date of Issuance: July 1, 2002

This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a
new edition. There will be no addenda issued to this edition.

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Copyright © 2002 by
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All Rights Reserved
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 CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Correspondence With the B89 Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4 Classification by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
5 Classification by Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
6 Dial Graduation Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
7 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
8 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figures
1 Type A-AD Dial Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Type B-AD Dial Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Type C-AD Dial Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Balanced Dial Showing Specimen Numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Continuous Dial Showing Specimen Numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6 Dial Showing Specimen Dial Marking and Revolution Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7 Calibration of a 0.0001-in. Graduation Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Tables
1 Nominal Design Dimensions for Type A Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Determination of Maximum Permissible Error (MPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Nonmandatory Appendices
A Testing, Operating, and Environmental Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
B Electronic Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
C Uncertainty for Indicator Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

iii
 FOREWORD

ASME Standards Committee B89 on Dimensional Metrology, under procedures approved

by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), prepares standards that encompass
the inspection and the means of measuring characteristics of such various geometric parameters
as diameter, length, flatness parallelism, concentricity, and squareness. Because dial indicators
are widely used for the measurement and comparison of some of these features, the chair
of the B89.1 Main Committee on Length authorized formation of Working Group B89.1.10
to prepare this Standard.
Most dial indicators used in the U.S. are built to inch measure specifications but
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards do not address all the needs
of U.S. industry. The inch measure portion of this Standard is strongly influence by
Commercial Standard CS(E) 119-45, effective January 1, 1945, which was prepared by the
American Gage Design Committee (from which the term AGD Standard is derived), and
distributed by the Department of Commerce. It is also based in part on Commercial Item
Description A-A-2348B, dated July 30, 1991, developed by the General Services Administra-
tion (GSA). It is also based on manufacturers’ current practices and technologies. The
metric measure portion of this Standard is based primarily on ISO efforts in support of
international commerce.
Working Group B89.1.10 wishes to acknowledge the leadership of its chair, Bruce
Robertson, whose untimely passing has prevented him from seeing the end result of his
contributions to the work of this group.
This Standard was approved by ANSI on April 10, 2001.

iv
 ASME STANDARDS COMMITTEE B89
Dimensional Metrology
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

OFFICERS
R. B. Hook, Chair
B. Parry, Vice Chair
P. Esteban, Secretary

COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
D. Beutel, Caterpillar Inc.
K. L. Blaedel, University of California
J. B. Bryan, Bryan Associates
T. Carpenter, U.S. Air Force
T. Charlton, Brown and Sharpe Manufacturing
P. Esteban, The American Society of Mechanical Engineeers
G. Hetland, Hutchinson Technology
R. J. Hocken, University of North Carolina
R. B. Hook, Metcon
B. Parry, Boeing Co.
B. R. Taylor, Renishaw PLC
R. C. Veale, National Institute of Standards and Technology

PROJECT TEAM 1.10: DIAL GAGES

D. Christy, Chair, Mahr Federal, Inc.
C. Anderson, Chicago Dial Industries
E. Blackwood, Boeing Commercial Airplane
J. Bodley, Bosch Braking Systems
D. Carlson, The L. S. Starrett Co.
D. Grammas, Chicago Dial Indicator Co.
C. Hayden, The L. S. Starrett Co.
K. Kokal, Micro Laboratories, Inc.
W. Letimus, Gagedoctor LLC
M. Moran, General Service Administration
M. Stanczyk, SKF OSA/MRC Bearings

v
 CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE B89 COMMITTEE

General. ASME Codes and Standards are developed and maintained with the intent to
represent the consensus of concerned interests. As such, users of this Standard may interact
with the Committee by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending Committee
meetings. Correspondence should be addressed to:
Secretary, B89 Main Committee
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016

Proposed Revisions. Revisions are made periodically to the standard to incorporate changes
that appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from the
application of the standard. Approved revisions will be published periodically.
The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this Standard. Such proposals should
be as specif c as possible: citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a
detailed description of the reasons for the proposal, including any pertinent documentation.
Interpretations. Upon request, the B89 Committee will render an interpretation of any
requirement of the standard. Interpretations can only be rendered in response to a written
request sent to the Secretary of the B89 Main Committee.
The request for interpretation should be clear and unambiguous. It is further recommended
that the inquirer submit his/her request in the following format:
Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s) and provide a concise description.
Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the standard for which the interpretation
is being requested.
Question: Phrase the question as a request for an interpretation of a specif c
requirement suitable for general understanding and use, not as a request
for an approval of a proprietary design or situation.
Requests that are not in this format may be rewritten in the appropriate format by the
Committee prior to being answered, which may inadvertently change the intent of the
original request.
ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional
information which might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by
an interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME committee or subcommittee. ASME
does not ‘‘approve,’’ ‘‘certify,’’ ‘‘rate,’’ or ‘‘endorse’’ any item, construction, proprietary
device, or activity.
Attending Committee Meetings. The B89 Main Committee regularly holds meetings that
are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting should contact the Secretary
of the B89 Main Committee.

vi
 ASME B89.1.10M-2001

DIAL INDICATORS (FOR LINEAR MEASUREMENTS)

1 SCOPE perpendicular to the dial face (see Fig. 2).

(c) Type C. Dial indicators in which the measuring
This Standard is intended to provide the essential
contact member is a lever. These are also known as
requirements for dial indicators as a basis for mutual
dial test indicators (see Fig. 3).
understanding between manufacturers and consumers.
Described herein are various types and groups of dial
indicators used to measure a linear dimension of a 5 CLASSIFICATION BY GROUP
variation from a reference dimension.
Group members are assigned in accordance with
nominal bezel diameter and apply only to Type A and
2 REFERENCES B indicators (Table 1). For Type C indicators, which
are available in a variety of sizes and designs, refer to
CS(E) 119-45 Dial Indicators (For Linear Measurements) the various manufacturers’ standards. Group descriptions
Publisher: Department of Commerce, 1401 Constitution are as follows:
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20230 (a) Group 0. Dial indicators having nominal bezel
A-A-2348B Indicator, Dial, Accessories, and Test Set diameters from 1 in. (25 mm) up to and including 13⁄8
in. (35 mm).
Publisher: General Services Administration, 1800 F
(b) Group 1. Dial indicators having nominal bezel
Street NW, Washington, DC 20405
diameters from above 13⁄8 in. (35 mm) up to and
MIL-I-8422D Indicators, Dial and Accessories including 2 in. (50 mm).
Publisher: National Technical Information Service (c) Group 2. Dial indicators having nominal bezel
(NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield VA diameters from above 2 in. (50 mm) up to and including
22161 23⁄8 in. (60 mm).
(d) Group 3. Dial indicators having nominal bezel
ISO R/463 Dial Gauges Reading in 0.01 mm, 0.001 diameters from above 23⁄8 in. (60 mm) up to and
in. and 0.0001 in. including 3 in. (76 mm).
Publisher: International Organization for Standardization (e) Group 4. Dial indicators having nominal bezel
(ISO), 1 rue de Varembé, Case Postale 56, CH- diameters from above 3 in. (76 mm) up to and including
1211, Genève, Switzerland/Suisse 33⁄4 in. (95 mm).

3 GLOSSARY 6 DIAL GRADUATION VALUES

dial indicator: a measuring instrument in which small All types of indicators shall have least graduations
displacements of a spindle or a lever are magnifie by arranged either in four classes of inch values (i.e.,
suitable mechanical means to a pointer rotating in front 0.00005 in., 0.0001 in., 0.0005 in., and 0.001 in.) or
of a circular dial having a graduated scale. in four classes of metric values (i.e., 0.001 mm, 0.002
mm, 0.01 mm, and 0.02 mm).
error of indication: the amount by which the displayed
value on a measurement device differs from the true NOTE: Other values for graduations are sometimes used in industry.
input. The supplier and the customer should agree on the determination of
the maximum permissible error for dial indicators with graduations
not mentioned in this Standard.
4 CLASSIFICATION BY TYPE
7 NOMENCLATURE
(a) Type A. Dial indicators in which the spindle is
parallel to the dial face (see Fig. 1). For the purposes of this Standard, the nomenclature
(b) Type B. Dial indicators in which the spindle is in Figs. 1 through 6 shall apply.

1
ASME B89.1.10M-2001 DIAL INDICATORS (FOR LINEAR MEASUREMENTS)

3/ in.
4
AD
1/ in.
1/ in. 4
4 D AD AD
AD

M AD
Minimum distance 5/ in.
16
from center of AD 0.375 in.
hole to nearest diameter AD
projection on back

1/ in. AD No. 4-48

4
Range AD thread AD

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) In Type A design, the spindle is parallel to the dial face.
(b) This illustration represents the dimensions for size groups 1 through 4. For size group 0, consult the individual manufacturer’s
dimensional specification.
(c) For D and M dimensions, see Table 1.
(d) AD is the symbol for American Gage Design.

FIG. 1 TYPE A-AD DIAL INDICATOR

8 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 8.2 Construction

8.1 Materials 8.2.1 Position. The zero position of the dials shall
be adjustable over a range of 360 deg and the desired
position f xed by a locking device or held by friction
8.1.1 Bearings. All types of indicators are furnished
means between the case and bezel.
with either plain or jeweled bearings, or a combination
of both. 8.2.2 Dial Hands. The width of the tip shall be
approximately the same as that of a graduation line
8.1.2 Case. Dial indicator cases shall be of such on the dial face. Type A, 21⁄2-revolution indicators,
strength and rigidity as to ensure free movement of shall have their hands set at approximately the nine
the mechanism under normal shop condition. o’clock position when the spindle is fully extended.
One-revolution indicators shall have their hands set at
approximately the six o’clock position at the bottom
8.1.3 Contact Points. Contact points shall be of of the indicator dial. Type B indicators shall have their
hardened steel or other wear-resistant material with hands set in accordance with individual manufacturer’s
smooth uniform gaging surfaces. Except for Type A, practice. Type C indicators will have their hands set
Group 0, and Type C dial test indicators, all points at either the six o’clock or twelve o’clock position
shall have a #4–48 thread. with the lever at rest.

8.2.3 Dial Indicator Range. For Type A indica-

8.1.4 Crystals. The crystals shall be clear and tors, the minimum range shall be 21⁄2 revolutions of
preferably of nonshattering material. the indicating hand unless specif cally intended for use

2
DIAL INDICATORS (FOR LINEAR MEASUREMENTS) ASME B89.1.10M-2001

Range

0.375 in.
No. 4-48
diameter
thread

GENERAL NOTE: In Type B design, the spindle is perpendicular to the dial face.

FIG. 2 TYPE B-AD DIAL INDICATOR

as a one-revolution indicator or unless specif ed for 8.2.7 Dial Numbering. The dial numbering shall
applications requiring shorter or greater travel. Types always indicate thousandths of an inch or hundredths
B and C shall have a minimum range of one revolution of a millimeter, regardless of the class of dial marking.
of the dial hand. Dial indicators with longer than
specif ed range are referenced in para. 8.4. 8.3 Repeatability
Readings at any point within the range of the indicator
8.2.4 Physical Dimensions. Refer to Fig. 1 for
shall be reproducible through successive movements of
standard dimensions of Type A dial indicators. Types
the spindle or lever within ±1⁄5 least dial graduation
B and C (Figs. 2 and 3) are illustrated for general
for all types of indicators.
appearance. The individual manufacturer’s standard
practice should be consulted. Table 1 shows size group 8.3.1 Determination of Repeatability. The fol-
limits for nominal bezel diameters and corresponding lowing procedures are recommended for determining
minimum position distances along the spindle axis repeatability.
between contact point and center of dial for Type A (a) Spindle Retraction. With the indicator mounted
indicators. normally in a rigid system and its contact point bearing
against a nondeforming stop, the spindle or lever is
8.2.5 Dial Faces. The dial faces shall have sharp, retracted at least f ve times, an amount approximately
distinct graduations and f gures. Metric dials shall be equal to 1⁄2 revolution, and allowed to return gently
yellow. One-revolution dial indicators may have a dead against the stop. This procedure should be followed at
zone at the bottom of the dial face indicating an out- approximately 25%, 50%, and 75% of full range.
of-range condition. The dead zone may occupy no more (b) Use of Gage Blocks. With the indicator rigidly
than 20% of the circumference of the indicator. There mounted normal to a f at anvil, position the indicator
shall be no graduations or numbering within the area such that the contact point is slightly lower than the
occupied by the dead zone. gage block length. Slide a gage block between the
contact point and the anvil from four directions: front,
8.2.6 Dial Markings. Dial markings shall indicate rear, left, and right.
the value of the least graduation, either inch or millime- (c) The maximum deviation in any of the readings
ter, and shall be in decimals [i.e. 0.001 in., not 1⁄1000 for (a) and (b) above shall not exceed ±1⁄5 least dial
in.; or 0.01 mm, not 1⁄100 mm (Fig. 6)]. graduation.

3
ASME B89.1.10M-2001 DIAL INDICATORS (FOR LINEAR MEASUREMENTS)

220 deg
swivel

(a) Dial Test Indicator

R 0.015 in. max.

0.065 in. min.

60 deg
0.250 in.
0.004

(b) Dovetail Typical

GENERAL NOTE: In Type C design, the measuring contact is a lever. These are also known as dial test indicators.

FIG. 3 TYPE C-AD DIAL INDICATORS

8.4 Accuracy
Dial graduations
8.4.1 All types of indicators shall meet the require- Dial numbering
ments of Table 2. When determining whether an indica- 0
tor meets the requirements, the measurement uncertainty 10 10
of the calibration process must be taken into account.
20 20
8.4.2 Determination of Error of Indication. The
error of indication of a dial indicator is the degree to
which the displayed values vary from known displace- 30 30
ments of the spindle or lever. The determination of
error of indication may be done with a micrometer 40 40
f xture, an electronic gage, gage blocks, an interferome- 50
ter, or other means. Proper techniques would require
that the error of the calibrating means and its resolution GENERAL NOTE: Balanced dials will be furnished in all sizes
be no more than 10% of the least graduation value of and classes, unless continuous reading is specified.
the indicator being checked or no more than 25% for
indicators having least graduation of 0.0001 in. (0.002 FIG. 4 BALANCED DIAL SHOWING
mm) or smaller. SPECIMEN NUMBERING
(a) Type A and B indicators are calibrated against
a suitable device of known accuracy at a minimum of

4
DIAL INDICATORS (FOR LINEAR MEASUREMENTS) ASME B89.1.10M-2001

Dial graduations
TABLE 1 NOMINAL DESIGN DIMENSIONS
Dial numbering FOR TYPE A INDICATORS
0
10 Nominal Bezel Diameters, D
90
Up to and Minimum
80 20 Size
Above Including Position, M
Group in. mm in. mm in. mm

70 30 0 1.0 25 1.4 35 1.3 31

1 1.4 35 2.0 50 1.6 41
2 2.0 50 2.4 60 2.0 50
60 40 3 2.4 60 3.0 70 2.2 54
50 4 3.0 76 3.8 95 2.6 65

GENERAL NOTE: Refer to Fig. 1 for an illustration of a Type

GENERAL NOTE: Continuous reading dial will be furnished A indicator.
in all sizes and classes, when specified.

indicator dial. The maximum difference between the

FIG. 5 CONTINUOUS DIAL SHOWING points on the inward calibration curve and the correspond-
SPECIMEN NUMBERING ing points of the outward calibration curve, known as
hysteresis, shall not exceed the limit def ned in Table 3.
Figure 7 shows the charting of a sample calibration,
Dial marking: with the inward movement, the outward movement,
located to suit and hysteresis.
each manufacturer’s
preference
0.001 in. 8.5 Gaging Force
10 For any indicator with a range of 10 revolutions or
less, the starting force should be at least 50 g. The
2
3
maximum force, when the spindle is pushed all the
Revolution counter way in, should not exceed 180 g for dial indicators
optional extra for having 0.01 mm, 0.001 in., or 0.0005 in. graduations;
Type A, groups 1
and 250 g for dial indicators having 0.0001 in. (0.002
through 4 — located
to suit each mm) or 0.00005 in. (0.001 mm) graduations. The
manufacturer’s difference between the starting force (spindle all the
practice way out) and the maximum force (spindle all the way
in) should be no greater than 90 g for any indicator,
and there should be no points in the movement where
FIG. 6 DIAL SHOWING SPECIMEN DIAL
the force goes any higher than 90 g more than the
MARKING AND REVOLUTION COUNTER starting force.
four equal increments per revolution over the range, For any indicator with a range greater than 10
starting at approximately the ten o’clock position, after revolutions, refer to the manufacturer’s specif cations.
setting the pointer to dial zero at the twelve o’clock
position. One revolution indicators shall be started at 8.6 Marking
approximately the seven o’clock position, after setting
Each indicator shall be marked in a plain and perma-
the pointer to dial zero at the twelve o’clock position.
nent manner with the manufacturer’s name or trademark
(b) Type C indicators are calibrated against a suitable
and model number for source identif cation. One revolu-
device of known accuracy through one revolution of
tion indicators shall be identif ed as such on the dial face.
the pointer at a minimum of four equal increments in
the clockwise and counterclockwise modes after setting
8.7 Interchangeability
pointer and dial to zero just beyond the pointer rest
position. To ensure interchangeability in industrial gages and
(c) Indicators of all types shall be calibrated for re- f xtures, the individual manufacturer shall indicate, in
sponse to inward and outward movements of the spindle. the catalogs and literature, conformance to appropriate
Immediately after an inward movement is made, an out- dimensions of Type A indicators with the symbol AD
ward movement shall be started without resetting the (American Gage Design).

5
ASME B89.1.10M-2001 DIAL INDICATORS (FOR LINEAR MEASUREMENTS)

0.00015

Upper specification limit = +0.0001 in.

0.0001
Deviation in Inches

0.00005
Hysteresis = 0.00004 in.
Outward
0

Inward
– 0.00005

– 0.0001
Lower specification limit = – 0.0001 in.

– 0.00015
– 0.002 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Target Positions in Inches

FIG. 7 CALIBRATION OF A 0.0001-in. GRADUATION INDICATOR

TABLE 2 DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE ERROR (MPE)

Deviation in Least Graduation
Error of Indication
>10 Through 20
Least Graduation
One First 21⁄2 >21⁄2 Through Revolutions
in. mm Repeatability Hysteresis Revolution Revolutions 10 Revolutions [Note (1)]

0.00005 0.001 ±0.2 1.00 ±1 ±1 ±4 ...

0.00010 0.002 ±0.2 1.00 ±1 ±1 ±3 ±4
0.00050 0.010 ±0.2 0.33 ±1 ±1 ±3 ±4
0.00100 0.020 ±0.2 0.33 ±1 ±1 ±2 ±4

GENERAL NOTE: For dial indicators with least graduations other than those listed above, the user and supplier should agree
on the MPE.
NOTE:
(1) For more than 20 revolutions, consult the individual manufacturer for the standard practice.

6
 ASME B89.1.10M-2001

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
TESTING, OPERATING, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

A1 GENERAL A3 TESTING AND OPERATING

CONSIDERATIONS
This Appendix is intended to provide general guid-
ance and awareness regarding testing, operating, and
A3.1 Mounting and Fixturing the Indicator
environmental considerations of indicators. Any condi-
tions that exceed the testing, operating, and environmen- The most common cause for inaccurate readings is
tal recommendations and limitations of the instrument unstable or f imsy mounting and f xturing equipment,
should be investigated, for the effect on the accuracy as well as incorrect contact tip length. The manner
and repeatability of the indicator. and type of equipment used to mount or f xture the
indicator will affect the readings. The indicator should
be mounted as in as stable a conf guration as possible,
to ensure accurate readings.

A2 PRECONDITION
A3.2 Direction of Movement
A2.1 Soak Out When readings or measurements are recorded from
Allow the indicator to come to the same temperature opposite directions of the contact movement, the read-
as the test equipment. This can usually be achieved ings will include the hysteresis of the indicator. More
by mounting the indicator in the test f xture and then accurate readings can be obtained by approaching the
allowing it to “soak out” for at least 1 hr before surface to be measured from the same direction of
beginning the test procedure. contact movement.

A3.3 Alignment Error: Type C Indicators

A2.2 Visual Inspection Type C indicators typically allow the contact to be
adjusted, for access to work surfaces. When the contact
The indicator should be checked for damaged or
is adjusted to an angle other than the angle recommended
missing parts. Check the dial indicator for wear points
by the manufacturer, the reading should be corrected
on the gaging tip ball and ensure that no f at places
to compensate for the cosine error introduced.
are worn on the ball. Ensure that the mechanical action
of the gaging mechanism moves smoothly, with no
evidence of sticking or binding, and makes no abnormal
A4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
sounds when it is extended and retracted several times
through its full range. Verify that there is no interference
A4.1 Temperature
among the hands, dial face, and crystal and that the
contact point is on tight. Ensure that the lever style The temperature of the indicator, f xture, and environ-
indicator has the correct contact tip length, as specif ed ment can effect the accuracy and repeatability of read-
by the manufacturer. ings. Most indicators and f xtures are made of different
materials, and the materials have different coeff cients
of expansion. When measurements are made, the tem-
perature should be kept as near to the reference tempera-
A2.3 Revolution Counter
ture of 68°F (20°C) to minimize the differences in
Ensure that the revolution counter indicates ±1⁄2 divi- expansion. When indicators are used, especially in
sion of zero position of revolution counter when the production shops, working temperatures are seldom at
indicator dial is zeroed. the reference temperature. If parts made of aluminum

7
ASME B89.1.10M-2001 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A

or magnesium were checked by steel gages, an allow- smooth operation. Many applications are performed in
ance for temperature differences would have to be very humid environments, and shielding or moisture
considered, as the coeff cient of expansion for aluminum proof ng the instrument may be required.
is approximately twice that of steel, while the coeff cient
of expansion for magnesium is even greater. A4.3 Cleanliness
Cleanliness of indicators and equipment is an impor-
A4.2 Humidity
tant requirement for accurate readings. Small particles
The relative humidity or moisture content in the of dirt or foreign material, on measuring surfaces or
work area should preferably be kept at a level that internally, can cause reading errors and possible prema-
would minimize the possibility of corrosion or inhibit ture wear of the instrument.

8
 ASME B89.1.10M-2001

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B
ELECTRONIC INDICATORS

B1 DEFINITION [e.g., 0.00001 in. (0.0002 mm) or 0.00002 in. (0.0005

An electronic indicator is a self-contained measuring mm)]. Analog-style displays or other display symbols
instrument intended to perform the same function as shall be considered secondary to the digital display.
a mechanical dial indicator. Displacements of a spindle Analog number markings (if present) shall correspond
or lever are detected by suitable electronic means and with paras. 8.2.6 and 8.2.7. The face of the instrument
are displayed on a digital display, which is an integral shall clearly indicate which system of units is currently
part of the instrument. being displayed.

B2 GENERAL B6 ACCURACY
The use of electronic indicators and mechanical dial
In assessing the accuracy of an electronic indicator,
indicators are the same, so much of this Standard is
the following factors should be considered:
directly applicable to either style of indicator. Some
areas of this Standard, however, contain terminology (a) overall magnif cation and linearity
and requirements that do not apply to some features (b) accuracy of interpolation between scale elements
and performance characteristics of electronic indicators. of the indicator’s encoder
This Appendix will attempt to standardize a methodol- (c) contribution due to the uncertainty of the least
ogy for determining the accuracy of electronic indicators digit
to facilitate mutual understanding between manufactur- (d) repeatability
ers and consumers. (e) hysteresis
By nature of digital display systems, assuming the
B3 DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS last digit represents a rounded-off value, the accuracy
cannot be better than ±1⁄2 the minimum displayed digit.
To ensure interchangeability between Type A dial The uncertainty is a uniform distribution with a width
indicators and electronic indicators in industrial applica- of one digit. The digitization of the data contributes
tions, individual manufacturers shall indicate, in their an effective standard deviation of 1⁄2 the value of the
catalogs and literature, conformance to appropriate di- least digit divided by 冪3 to the evaluation of the
mensions (see Fig. 1) with the symbol AD (American uncertainty of measurement.
Gage Design). Calibration of electronic indicators should be per-
formed by standards or instruments of known accuracy.
B4 DISPLAYS The inaccuracies of the standards or instrumentation
The numbers on the display shall have good contrast should preferably be less than 10% of the accuracy
with the background, and the least-count digit shall requirement, of the indicator under test, and should not
agree with the analog reading (if present) within one be greater than 25% of that value.
digit of the least count. If the device loses count (e.g., Electronic indicators should meet the following accu-
due to a low battery condition or too quick of a spindle racy requirements:
movement) an appropriate error indication will appear Repeatability: ±1 count
on the display. Hysteresis: 1 count
Overall magnif cation
B5 UNITS OF MEASURE AND RESOLUTION and linearity: ±3 counts
Electronic indicators shall have minimum digital reso-
NOTE: 1 count p 1 least resolution
lutions corresponding to the dial graduation classes for
dial indicators as given in para. 6, or higher resolutions

9
ASME B89.1.10M-2001 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B

0.0002

Upper specification limit (+3 counts) = +0.00015 in.

0.00015
Hysteresis = 0.00005 in.
0.0001
Deviation in Inches

0.00005
Inward

Outward
– 0.00005

– 0.0001

– 0.00015
Lower specification limit (– 3 counts) = – 0.00015 in.

– 0.0002
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Target Positions in Inches

FIG. B1 OVERALL CALIBRATION OF AN ELECTRONIC INDICATOR HAVING

0.00005-in. RESOLUTION AND 0.500-in. RANGE

0.0002

Upper specification limit (+3 counts) = +0.00015 in.

0.00015

0.0001
Hysteresis = 0.00005 in.
Deviation in Inches

0.00005
Outward
Inward
0

– 0.00005

– 0.0001

– 0.00015
Lower specification limit (– 3 counts) = – 0.00015 in.

– 0.0002
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Target Positions in Inches

FIG. B2 MICROCALIBRATION OF AN ELECTRONIC INDICATOR HAVING

0.00005-in. RESOLUTION AND 0.500-in. RANGE

B7 DETERMINATION OF ACCURACY be determined from the data taken during inward move-
(a) Electronic indicators should be checked for re- ment. The evaluation of hysteresis should be determined
sponse in the inward and outward movement of the from the maximum difference in the data taken between
spindle. Evaluation of magnif cation and linearity should the inward and outward movement, at the same test point.

10
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B ASME B89.1.10M-2001

(b) The calibration should begin at a point within in. (0.1 mm). Results of a typical microcalibration are
10% of the at-rest position of the spindle and should end shown in Fig. B2.
at a point beyond 90% of the range of the instrument. Set (d) The results of the overall calibration and the
the starting point to zero and take at least 10 readings microcalibration should both meet the requirements of
at equally spaced intervals covering the range. Readings para. B6.
should be taken with the spindle moving in and with
the spindle moving out. Results of a typical calibration B8 OUTPUT
are shown in Fig. B1.
Electronic indicators used as data generating devices
(c) For electronic indicators with ranges of greater directly integrated into data collection systems are
than 0.200 in. (5 mm), a “microcalibration” should equipped with data output capability. In such cases,
also be performed. To evaluate the “microcalibration” manufacturers shall make details of the output protocol
of the instrument, start from the original zero position readily available, in enough detail to facilitate integration
and take 10 additional readings at intervals of 0.005 of these devices into data collection systems.

11
ASME B89.1.10M-2001

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C
UNCERTAINTY FOR INDICATOR CALIBRATIONS

C1 SCOPE C4 COMPONENTS OF UNCERTAINTY

This Appendix is intended to provide guidance in In general, an uncertainty budget for the calibration
the development and application of the concept of of an indicator will consist of at least three non-
measurement uncertainty as it applies to indicator cali- negligible components.
bration. For additional and more specif c information
about measurement uncertainty, refer to the references
listed in this Appendix. To assist the user, examples
C4.1 Uncertainty of the Master
of uncertainty budgets are included for two different
types of indicators. The master may be either an instrument designed
for calibrating indicators, or it may consist of a series
C2 GLOSSARY of gage blocks. In some cases the actual value of the
gage block or a correction from the calibration curve
measurement uncertainty: parameter associated with for the calibrator are used. In other cases the only
the result of a measurement that characterizes the information available may be that the calibration device
dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attrib- (gage block or calibrator) is within its specif cation
uted to the measured (quantity being measured). limits.
repeatability: ability of a measuring instrument to
provide the same result for repeated measurements
under the same conditions. C4.2 Repeatability, Reproducibility, and
Resolution
reproducibility: ability of a measuring instrument to
provide the same result for repeated measurements The greater of the repeatability or the resolution of
under differing conditions. the instrument is used in the uncertainty budget. If an
uncertainty budget is being developed for a measurement
resolution: smallest difference between indications of
process, and the process includes the use of different
a displaying device that can be meaningfully distin-
observers or different calibration devices, reproducibility
guished.
rather than repeatability should be used in the uncer-
tainty budget.
C3 REFERENCES
ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measure-
C4.3 Uncertainty Components Due to
ment. 1993.
Thermal Effects
Publisher: International Organization for Standardization
(ISO), 1 rue de Varembé, Case Postale 56, CH- Components of the uncertainty budget due to tempera-
1211, Genève, Switzerland/Suisse ture can be caused by
(a) uncertainty in the calibration of the thermometer
Taylor, Barry N., and Chris E. Kuyatt. 1994. Guidelines
(b) uncertainty in knowing the thermal coeff cients
for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of
of the materials if the temperature is not at the standard
NIST Measurement Results. NIST Technical Note
temperature of 68°F (20°C)
1297.
(c) the test item and the reference standard being
Publisher: National Technical Information Service at different temperatures
(NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springf eld, VA
22161

12
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C ASME B89.1.10M-2001

TABLE C1 UNCERTAINTY BUDGET FOR A MECHANICAL INDICATOR CALIBRATION

Standard Standard
Source of Uncertainty Value, ␮in. Distribution Divisor Uncertainty Uncertainty2

Calibration device MPE 30 Uniform (type B) 冪3 17 289

Calibration device uncertainty 20 Normal (type B) 2 10 100
Repeatability 300 Normal (type A) 1 300 90,000
Resolution 200 Uniform (type B) 冪3 Not used Not used
Thermal effects 11.5 Uniform (type B) 冪3 7 49

Combined Standard Uncertainty2: 90,438

Combined Standard Uncertainty: ≈ 300 ␮in.
Expanded Uncertainty Expressed Using k p 2: ≈ 600 ␮in.

C5 CREATING AN UNCERTAINTY BUDGET normal distribution and is the expanded uncertainty, so

AND CALCULATING UNCERTAINTY a divisor of 2 is used to convert this value to a standard
uncertainty.
The f rst step in creating an uncertainty budget is
to list all possible sources of uncertainty in the measure- NOTE: It is assumed that this uncertainty came from a calibration
ment process. Next, the uncertainty for that component certif cate stating the expanded uncertainty in a form that complies
is expressed as one standard uncertainty. Finally, the with the GUM guidelines (see para. C3). It can be considered as a
Type B uncertainty with a normal distribution.
standard uncertainties are combined by taking the square
root of the sum of their squares. C5.1.2 Repeatability, Reproducibility, and
NOTE: For Type B uncertainties, standard uncertainty is an estimate Resolution. In this example the repeatability of the
of the standard deviation. For Type A uncertainties, the standard indicator was determined by taking 30 separate readings
deviation is equal to the standard uncertainty. See the references at one position of the indicator. The standard deviation
cited in para. C3 for detailed information on computing the standard
of this repeat test was 0.0003 in. The standard uncer-
uncertainty for distributions other than normal distributions. The most
common case in the following examples is when the distribution is tainty is equal to one standard deviation from this
uniform over some interval. An example of this is the case where study. This is a Type A uncertainty (see Note in
only the MPE (maximum permissible error) of a device is known, para. C5).
so the actual error might be anywhere within that span, with an The reproducibility was not used, because the process
equal probability that it is at any one particular value. Gage blocks
did not use multiple operators, calibrators, or other
within their grade tolerance, or calibrators within their stated specif -
cation are examples of this. In this particular case, the standard variables. Because there was only one set of conditions
uncertainty is estimated by dividing the half-width of the distribution present, repeatability adequately represents the variation
by the square root of three. of the process.
For mechanical indicators having dial graduations,
resolution is too complex to determine exactly. In these
C5.1 Example 1: Mechanical Dial Indicator
examples it is typically estimated to be a uniform zone
With 0.001 in. Graduations
with a width of ±1⁄5 of a graduation or less. This would
The f rst example, summarized in Table C1, is an make the associated standard uncertainty at Type B
uncertainty budget for a mechanical dial indicator with uncertainty, determined by taking the half-width (1⁄5
0.001 in. graduations and a working range of 1.000 graduation, or 0.0002 in.) and dividing by the square
in. It was calibrated using a micrometer-type calibrator. root of three. This gives a value of 0.00012 in. for
The calibration report for the instrument listed the MPE the standard uncertainty of the resolution, which is
as 30 ␮in., and gave a measurement uncertainty for smaller than the value obtained for repeatability.
the process as 20 ␮in. The process was carried out in The value for repeatability is larger than the value
a room controlled to ±1°C. for resolution so it is used in the uncertainty budget
because it is the more representative value for the
C5.1.1 Calibration Device. The MPE of the cali- readability of the indicator.
bration device (micrometer-based calibrator) could be
up to 30 ␮in. It is assumed to be uniformly distributed C5.1.3 Thermal Effects. In this example, tests are
with a half-width of 30 ␮in., so a divisor of 冪3 is carried out in a controlled-temperature environment.
used to convert this to a standard uncertainty. The Because the temperature is close to 68°F (20°C) most
stated uncertainty of the calibration (20 ␮in.) has a of the uncertainties caused by thermal effects will be

13
ASME B89.1.10M-2001 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C

TABLE C2 UNCERTAINTY BUDGET FOR AN ELECTRONIC INDICATOR CALIBRATION

Standard Standard
Source of Uncertainty Value, ␮in. Distribution Divisor Uncertainty Uncertainty2

Gage block tolerance 3 Uniform (type B) 冪3 2 4

Gage block uncertainty Not used Normal (type B) 2 Not used Not used
Repeatability 10 Normal (type A) 1 Not used Not used
Resolution 50 Uniform (type B) 冪3 29 841
Thermal effects 6.5 Uniform (type B) 冪3 4 16

Combined Standard Uncertainty2: 861

Combined Standard Uncertainty: ≈ 30 ␮in.
Expanded Uncertainty Expressed Using k p 2: ≈ 60 ␮in.

insignif cantly small. The only possible non-negligible C5.2.1 Calibration Device. In this example, blocks
source of error would be the difference in temperature from a Grade 2 set of blocks were used to check the
between the calibrator and the indicator. Because the indicator travel. The actual values of the blocks were
calibrator is handled by the operator, it was estimated not known; it was only known that they were within
that its temperature might be as much as 2°C warmer Grade 2 tolerances. Because the blocks could have
than the indicator. The change in length measured by been anywhere between the limits for Grade 2 blocks,
the micrometer, due to a 2°C change in temperature is: a uniform distribution was assumed and one standard
uncertainty was obtained by dividing the half-width of
⌬L p range ⴛ ⌬T ⴛ coefficient of expansion the distribution by the square root of three. The tolerance
for Grade 2 blocks is +4/−2, so the half-width is 3
p 1.00 in. ⴛ 2°C ⴛ 11.5 ⴛ 10 −2 ⁄ C
␮in. If a calibrated value for the actual size of the
p 23 ␮in.
block had been used, the standard uncertainty would
have been one-half of the expanded uncertainty, reported
Assuming a uniform distribution, with a half-width on the block’s calibration report.
of 11.5 ␮in., the standard uncertainty is calculated by
dividing by the square root of three, giving a value C5.2.2 Repeatability, Reproducibility, and
of approximately 7 ␮in. Resolution. The larger of either the repeatability or
the resolution is used in the uncertainty budget. In this
C5.1.4 Expanded Uncertainty. Table C1 is the example the resolution is the larger of the two.
summary of the uncertainty budget for this example. The repeatability of the indicator was determined by
The expanded uncertainty is calculated as outlined in taking 30 separate readings at one position of the
para. C5. The results indicate that the single most indicator. The standard deviation of this repeat test was
significan item determining the uncertainty is the repeat- 0.00001 in. The standard uncertainty is equal to one
ability of the indicator. The value for the uncertainty standard deviation from this study. This is a Type A
of the master can be lowered by using actual values uncertainty (see Note in para. C5).
from a calibration error graph, rather than assuming The resolution of a digital indicator is ±1 least
that the instrument is within its specificatio limits; significan digit if the indicator truncates values beyond
however, this would not improve the overall uncertainty the least significan displayed digit and is ±1⁄2 of the
significantly least significan digit if the indicator rounds off internally
before displaying that digit. In this example it was
C5.2 Example 2: Electronic Indicator With determined that the indicator rounds off, so the resolu-
0.0001 in. Least Significant Digit tion is a uniform distribution with a half-width of
0.00005 in.
The second example, summarized in Table C2, is
an uncertainty budget for an electronic indicator with C5.2.3 Thermal Effects. In this example, tests are
0.0001 in. least significan digit and a working range carried out in a controlled-temperature environment.
of 0.500 in. It was calibrated using Grade 2 gage Because the temperature is close to 68°F (20°C) most
blocks. The process was carried out in a room controlled of the uncertainties caused by thermal effects will be
to ±1°C. insignificantl small. The only possible non-negligible

14
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C ASME B89.1.10M-2001

source of error would be the difference in temperature Assuming a uniform distribution, with a half-width
between the gage blocks and the indicator. Because of 5.75 ␮in., the standard uncertainty is calculated by
the gage blocks are handled by the operator, it was dividing by the square root of three, giving a value
estimated that their temperature might be as much as of approximately 3.4 ␮in.
2°C warmer than the indicator. The change in length of
the gage blocks, due to a 2°C change in temperature is: C5.2.4 Expanded Uncertainty. Table C2 is the
summary of the uncertainty budget for this example.
The expanded uncertainty is calculated as outlined in
⌬L p range ⴛ ⌬T ⴛ coefficient of expansion para. C5. It can be seen from the results that the single
p 0.50 in. ⴛ 2°C ⴛ 11.5 ⴛ 10 −6 ⁄ C most signif cant item determining the uncertainty is the
p 11.5 ␮in. resolution of the indicator.

15
Intentionally left blank
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY
AND CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS

Technical Paper 1990, Space Plate Test Recommendations for

Coordinate Measuring Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89
Technical Report 1990, Parametric Calibration of Coordinate
Measuring Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89
Calibration of Gage Blocks by Contact Comparison Methods
(Through 20 in. and 500 mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.1.2M-1991
Measurement of Plain External Diameters for Use as Master
Discs or Cylindrical Plug Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.1.5-1998
Measurement of Qualified Plain Internal Diameters for Use as
Master Rings and Ring Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B89.1.6M-1984(R1997)
Gage Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.1.9-2002
Dial Indicators (For Linear Measurements) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.1.10M-2001
Measurement of Thread Measuring Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.1.17-2001
Measurement of Out-of-Roundness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.3.1-1972(R1997)
Axes of Rotation — Methods for Specifying and Testing . . . . . . . . . .B89.3.4M-1985(R1992)
Methods for Performance Evaluation of Coordinate Measuring
Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.4.1-1997
Methods for Performance Evaluation of Coordinate Measuring
System Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.4.10-2000
Temperature and Humidity Environment for Dimensional
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.6.2-1973(R1995)
Dimensional Measurement Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.7.2-1999
Guidelines for Decision Rules: Considering Measurement Uncertainty
in Determining Conformance to Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.7.3.1-2001

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