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A comparative analysis of BIM standards and guidelines between UK

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IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973 (2021) 012176 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012176

A comparative analysis of BIM standards and guidelines

between UK and USA

Mwafaq Yousif Ibrahim1 and Dhuha Abdulgani Al-Kazzaz2

1
Dept. of Architecture, Coll. of Engineering, University of Mosul, Iraq
2
Dept. of Architecture, Coll. of Engineering, University of Mosul, Iraq

E-mail address: mwafaq.yousif80@gmail.com

Abstract. Architectural projects, carried out by the public sector in Iraq using traditional
methods suffer from lots of problems such as the inaccurate estimation of time and cost, and
the poor cooperation among project team members. To tackle these problems, it is important to
benefit from the experiences of the pioneering countries in this field such as the UK and USA.
These countries kept pace with digital development and established new systems in
construction, namely Building Information Modelling (BIM). This paper investigates the
similarities and differences between the BIM standards and guidelines in the UK and USA.
The findings of this comparative analysis can build a knowledge base for establishing BIM
standards in Iraq. The paper identified the similar aspects to be adopted in the Iraqi standard of
BIM, such as the design techniques, the designers’ roles and responsibilities, and some aspects
in the information management. In addition, their differences are distinguished, which indicate
the specificity of BIM application in each country. For the different aspects, the Iraqi BIM
standard can either adopt the descriptions of the UK or USA such as the method of structuring
design data, or reflect the Iraqi specificity such as the national library of BIM.

1. Introduction
In the era of digital technology, Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a new approach in a
building life cycle, from design phases to construction, operation, and maintenance. The construction
sector has witnessed a digital transformation through the application of BIM in the field of building
engineering. Designers can generate a virtual digital model of building that supports all design stages
and allows for better analysis and control of manual processes. The digitally designed models contain
the accurate engineering data necessary to support work activities in the construction, manufacturing,
and installation phases and through which building, operation, and maintenance objectives are
achieved. Architectural and engineering studies have addressed the definition of BIM from many
aspects of engineering work. The BIM model is defined by the National BIM Standard in the USA
(NBIMS), as a “digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility”. It is
considered as a source of shared knowledge and information about a building [1]. It is a platform to
support the collaboration and integration in the working environments of building project management
[2]. BIM is facilitated by digital techniques to describe tools and processes about the building
planning, design, construction and operation. It is a methodology for a digital format management of
building design and project data during the building's life cycle [3]. This modelling technology has a
set of processes to generate, communicate, and evaluate building models. BIM models are building
components (objects) that are represented digitally to incorporate computable graphic, data attributes,
and parametric rules that enable them to be handled in an intelligent manner [4].
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IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973 (2021) 012176 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012176

In the next sections, the importance of BIM in building design and construction was identified. Then
the research problem and objective were outlined to highlight the requirements of BIM application in
Iraq. The research methodology was to determine the most important aspects of BIM, to conduct a
comparative analysis between the standards and guidelines of BIM in the UK and USA, and to review
the results and conclusions. Figure 1 shows the structure of the research.

Determine the field of study research

problem and objectives

A review of the BIM literature

Determining the variables

A Comparative analysis of BIM standards between UK and USA

Discussion of findings

The varied aspects of BIM The similar aspects of BIM

Conclusions

Present a future vision for implementing BIM in Iraq

Figure 1. The structure of the research.

2. The Importance of BIM in Architectural Practice

The building delivery process has traditionally been fragmented, depending on paper-based approach
of communication. Paper documents have a lot of errors and omissions resulting in unanticipated
costs, delays, and legal actions between the project team parties. To tackle such problems, alternative
organizational methods such as the (design-build) has been suggested as one of the BIM
implementation methods [5]. The importance of BIM in architectural practice can be summarised as
follows:

2.1. Level of details

BIM is the solution developed to address problems in traditional systems, including poor detailed
documentation. In traditional CAD methods, data are only graphical entities such as lines and arcs,
unlike the intelligent contextual semantic models of BIM models such as walls and columns [6]. Also,
the traditional CAD system includes non-parametric tools, unlike the BIM system, in which the editing
in one of the parametric variables is transmitted to others leading to updated model [7].

2.2. Level of coordination between the designs of the engineering disciplines

The collaboration and coordination of design teams in architectural projects is one of the challenges.
Comparing varied 2D drawings is a commonly practiced process for checking and detecting issues. On
the other hand, the use of BIM model brings the plans of different disciplines together to detect the
clashes [8].

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IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973 (2021) 012176 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012176

2.3. Level of communication and participation

The BIM system also addressed the problem of single linear workflow among designers in traditional
practice. Design teams of different disciplines work in isolation from each other, lack of
communication during the preparation of design. Figure 2 shows the differences between the linear
workflow in the traditional CAD system and the concurrent workflow in BIM [9].

Figure 2. The difference in the project workflow between the BIM system and the traditional CAD
method [9].
2.4. Level of database
In the traditional CAD method, there was no reliable digital database for the various operations of the
project. There is a loss of data after the completion of the project therefore, it cannot be used in the
operation and maintenance stages. In contrast, the BIM provides a virtual 3D model of the building to
be a single source that contains all the information and documents of the project in one three-
dimensional model and within a synchronized database [7].

2.5. Level of design complexity

BIM also addresses complex design problems to find solutions to them through technologies that
enable alternative solutions to achieve several design goals. For example, the size and complexity of
the Shanghai Tower have created many challenges, but BIM has made the construction process easier
and faster by discovering clashes between different models, and removing the potential risks. In
addition, BIM model is able to simulate the main difficulties and continuously revealing the
relationships between construction processes and their time sequences, as shown in figure 3 [10].

Figure 3. The work stages of the Shanghai Tower using the BIM system [10].

Also, in the Foundation Louis Vuitton project, the use of the BIM system helped to eliminate many
problems that typically arise from poor communication and technological regulation. Parametric

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IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973 (2021) 012176 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012176

modelling was combined with advanced automated manufacturing processes to produce components
and to control the quality that promoted the entire production chain, as shown in figure 4 [4].

Figure 4. The Foundation Louis Vuitton project according to BIM [4].

2.6. Level of time scheduling

One of the advantages of BIM in addressing the traditional CAD problems is to provide a visualization
of the execution sequence and schedule of construction work stages, which cannot be achieved
through 2D graphics [11].

2.7. Level of cost estimation

The BIM tools also allows for automatic data analysis, quantification, and accurate cost calculation.
This eliminates the error-prone process of manually formatting spread sheets [12].

2.8. Level of improving energy efficiency and sustainability

Sustainable construction has faced many global challenges, including the inefficiency in the entire life-
cycle data arrangement and in sharing data analysis with project participants. BIM can manage and
store the data of building project related to sustainable construction such as energy consumption and
day-lighting simulation and offer workflow data in detail during construction operation. Thus, BIM
users can achieve the goals of energy-saving and improve the sustainable development [13].

Built on the aforementioned, the importance of adopting BIM in the architectural practice across the
world is evident. This calls for the need to adopt it in Iraq to benefit from its advantages and to address
the problems that the building and construction sector suffers from.

3. Research problem, Objectives and Methodology

The research problem was to identify the requirements of BIM application in Iraq. Based on a
thorough review of previous studies, it can be said that there is a lack of a clear vision on the similar
and different aspects of BIM in the standards and guidelines of pioneering countries such as the UK
and USA. The results of a comparative analysis can be adopted as a knowledge base for establishing
the standards and guidelines of BIM application in Iraq in the future, to contribute in solving some of
the problems that the construction and reconstruction sector in Iraq suffers from.
The research aimed to build a database for Iraqi BIM standards and guidelines based on the relevant
standards in the developed countries such as the UK and USA.

The research methodology included the following steps:

 To identify the most important aspects in the application of BIM in architectural practice.
 To investigate these aspects in BIM standards and guidelines of the UK and USA and to
conduct a comparative analysis between them.
 To conclude the similarities and differences in BIM aspects in the BIM standards and guidelines
of the UK and USA. Similar specifications can be adopted in the Iraqi standards and

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IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973 (2021) 012176 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012176

guidelines of BIM, and the different specifications that require a local specificity in their
definition can be investigated in future studies.
4. The main aspects of BIM
The paper investigated many studies on the theory and practices of BIM such as, [1],[4],[14],[15],[16]
and [17]. Based on them, the most important aspects in the application of BIM can be categorised in
its work strategy, utilizing of information, and the participating parties.

4.1. Work strategy in BIM

The work strategy in BIM can be defined in terms of many
aspects, such as: the dimensions of BIM and the tasks
performed in each dimension, which vary from (3D to 7D).
The 3D dimension includes the three-dimensional
components of buildings, in which the object modelling is
based on the relationships (spatial engineering) and properties
(physical and mechanical) [15]. The 4D model is defined as
creating a 3D model with time scheduling attached to it. It
provides users with a virtual simulation of project
construction time and a visualization of the path of various
construction activities, and allow users to comment on them
in a proactive manner and on time. 5D BIM model is defined
Figure 5. The dimensions of BIM
as the model in which the 3D model is linked to both time
[17].
schedule and cost estimation using an appropriate program
[16]. The 6D model represents the sustainability model and the 7D model is concerned with operation
and maintenance as clarified in figure 5 [17].
Other aspects are the timing of the use of BIM in the building life cycle which ranges from (design,
construction, operation, and maintenance phase), and the design techniques employed in the BIM
system which in turn range from many techniques such as parametric techniques, simulation, virtual
reality, etc.

4.2. Utilizing of information in BIM

The use of information in BIM is subjected to varied data processing methods and different
computerised techniques. The date processing includes several aspects that define the methods of
structuring information into various levels of BIM, the methods of storing design database in BIM -
BIM libraries, the methods of coordinating and classifying building information in BIM, and the
methods of representing design information in BIM. The digital techniques that support the use of
information in BIM can be defined in terms of the method of a digital collection of information in
BIM namely Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBie a), the methods of
digital storing of information in BIM and the methods of digital security of computer systems and
design information in BIM, the methods of digital organization for managing and sharing information
in BIM, and the methods of integration and interoperability in the digital representation of information
in BIM [18].

4.3. The participating parties in BIM

There are different participating parties in BIM. The roles and responsibilities of the participating team
members can be architects, engineers, owner, contractor, information manager, and BIM director. In
addition, there are varied methods of communication and sharing among team members such as the
content of legal contracts in BIM, the place and time of communication among the participating
a
COBie is a digital standard technology to collect information required during the design and construction process, to be handed over to the
owner to operate and maintain the building. The system is characterized by classification and structuring of information. It provides a
framework for storing information, and for retrospective exchange it in the database.

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IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973 (2021) 012176 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012176

parties in BIM, the modes of communication and sharing, and the patterns of design workflow among
the participating parties in BIM [5], [19], [20], [21].
5. A Comparative Analysis of BIM Standards and Guidelines Between UK and USA
The authors did a comprehensive review of 40 BIM standards and guidelines, 14 of them issued by the
institutions in the United Kingdom and 26 issued by the institutions in the United States of America
[22]. They have been analysed to identify the similarities and differences in their descriptions of the
main aspects of BIM specified in section 4. The comparative analysis focused on the knowledge
content in the definition of each aspect of BIM in the standards and guidelines of these two countries.
The results obtained from the comparison range between the existence of similarities in the content
description of a BIM aspect, or the differences in the content description of a BIM aspect. In case of
the differences, they can be total differences or partial differences at the level of titles, details or the
laws in contracts.

6. Discussion of Findings
The similarities and differences in the standards and guidelines of BIM between the UK and the USA
can be summarised as follows:
6.1. The similar aspects of BIM
 The standards and guidelines of the two countries are identical in their content description of
BIM aspects such as the timing of using BIM in the construction, operation, and maintenance
phases. In addition, there are similarities in the definition of design techniques of BIM such as
parametric modeling, virtual reality, time scheduling simulation, structural analysis,
coordination and conflict detection. Also, same descriptions of BIM aspects are found in BIM
dimensions (3D,4D,5D), digital information collection/ COBie methods, digital information
security organization methods of BIM, integration and interoperability in the digital
representation of information in BIM, communication and sharing methods, and workflow
methodology among design teams. According to that, the descriptions of these aspects can be
adopted in the Iraqi standard and guidelines of BIM.

 There is a high similarity in the content description of digital organization methods for
managing and exchanging information in BIM between the standards of the two countries.
Therefore, its descriptions can be adopted in the Iraqi standard of BIM.

6.2. The varied aspects of BIM

The content descriptions of BIM aspects are varied in the standards and guidelines of the UK and
USA. They are as follows:
 Total difference: From the comparative analysis, the total difference in the content at the level
of titles and details can be found in the definitions of information classification system,
namely the Uniclassb and OmniClassc systems. Accordingly, one of the above classification
methods can be adopted in the Iraqi standard of BIM or a special classification for Iraq can be
suggested.

 Partial difference: at the comprehensive level, the differences between the standards and
guidelines of the UK and the USA is not fully.

 The content descriptions of the timing of using BIM at the design stages vary in terms of their
details between the BIM standards in the UK and USA. The BIM standards of the UK
determine the path of the design process within a specific methodology without deviating
b
Uniclass, is the UK Building Information Classification System which provide a set of hierarchical tables for identifying and categorizing
everything from site (at the macro level) to floor tiles (at the micro level) [23].
c
OmniClass, is a Building Information Classification System in the USA and especially in North America starting from material
organization, catalog organization, product data, and project information providing a classification structure for electronic databases [24].

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IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973 (2021) 012176 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012176

from the set plan and within levels ranging from (0,1,2,3). On the other hand, the USA
standards give the designer freedom to model according to the need for each stage and
according to five levels namely the Level of Details or the Level of Development LOD 100-
500. Accordingly, for this aspect, the UK standards can be adopted in the Iraqi standard.

 Other partial difference can be found in the content description of the two countries' standards
regarding the simulation of environmental analysis. They vary in terms of the data adopted in
the environmental analysis and according to the geographical context of each region.
In addition, there is a difference in the details of BIM 6D or 7D dimensions of sustainability
depending on each country criteria for the classification of the degree of obtaining green
buildings. This indicates the necessity for building Iraqi database for environmental analysis
taking into consideration the Iraqi codes of elements and materials to be used in the design of
sustainable buildings. Also, to facilitate the use of BIM for sustainable design, it is necessary
to prepare the Iraqi standard for assessing the degree of building sustainability by the research
centers or universities.

 The content descriptions of the two countries' standards differ in their definition of the 6D and
7D models, as the UK standards define the 6D model for operation and maintenance of
building and the 7D model for sustainability. The US standards define the 6D model as the
sustainability model and the 7D model as the operation and maintenance model. Accordingly,
descriptions of one of them can be adopted in the Iraqi standard. The content descriptions of
the design data structuring methods at the various levels of the BIM varies between the
standards of the two countries. Since the standards of the UK and USA clarify the
methodology of work and the steps required at each stage, it is therefore possible to adopt one
of them in the Iraqi standard.

 The results indicated the variance in the naming and terminology used in the two countries'
standards. Thus, it is possible to adopt specific naming and terminology in the Iraqi standard
for BIM.

 There is a variance at the level of details in the content descriptions of the methods of storing
the design database in BIM / BIM libraries between the standards of the two countries. This
result indicates the necessity for building Iraqi database to represent the national library
according to the Iraqi standard of BIM.

 The methods of digital storing of information differ in the two countries' standards and
guidelines. The UK standards are characterized by a full explanation of the methodology of
storing information, which makes it possible to adopt their descriptions in the Iraqi standard of
BIM.

 There is a partial difference at the level of details between the UK and US standards in their
focus of the roles and responsibilities of the participating parties. At the same time they are
similar in defining the roles and responsibilities of the participants, which makes it possible to
be adopted in the Iraqi standard of BIM.

 There are differences in the content descriptions of BIM standards and guidelines in the UK
and USA in terms of the information of contracts and laws. According to that, Iraqi laws can
be adopted when concluding agreements between the contractor and the employer, to define
the requirements and objectives of modeling, the required processes, and the workflow stages
of BIM.

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IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973 (2021) 012176 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012176

7. Conclusions
The paper conducted a comparative analysis between BIM Standards and Guidelines in UK and USA.
The results of the analysis revealed the similarities and differences in the descriptions of BIM
standards and guidelines of these two countries. The similar aspects of BIM that can be adopted in the
Iraqi standards and guidelines of BIM are the timing of using BIM in the construction, operation, and
maintenance phase, the design techniques, as well as the dimensions of BIM (3D, 4D, 5D). In
addition, there are similar methods of digital organization for information management and exchange,
similar methods of a digital collection of information / COBie, and similar methods of digital
organization for information security. Other similar aspects are the integration and interoperability in a
digital representation of information in BIM, the communication and sharing methods, and the design
team workflow methodology.
On the other hand, there are varied aspects in the BIM standards and guidelines between UK and
USA. There is a difference in the timing of using BIM in the design stages. As the UK standards
determine the design process in a specific sequence within four levels of (0,1,2,3). Contrary to the
standards of USA, which give flexibility in modeling according to the need within five levels of
details (LOD 100 to 500). Also, the UK standards define the 6D model for operation and maintenance
of building, and the 7D model for sustainability, while the USA standards define the 6D model as the
sustainability model and the 7D model as the operation and maintenance model. In addition, there is a
variation in the classification systems of building information, as the UK adopts the Uniclass and the
USA adopts the OmniClass. For these varied aspects, the Iraqi standard and guidelines of BIM can
adopt the descriptions of one of the two countries.
Furthermore, the results distinguished the varied aspects that need to reflect the specialty of each
country such as the classification of the degree of obtaining green buildings, the methods of
structuring the design data, the naming and terminology of files, storing the design database in BIM
libraries, as well as the contracts subject to the building laws of each country. These aspects require to
be defined in compatible with the specialty of Iraq.
However, the paper did not cover in detail important aspects necessary for the implementation of BIM
in Iraq such as the BIM library and sustainability standards of BIM which can be adopted in future
research.Based on the aforementioned, table 1 provides a summary of the conclusion as a future vision
for implementing BIM in Iraq.

Table 1. A future vision for implementing BIM in Iraq.

Identical aspects of in The timing of using BIM at:

the UK and USA which -The construction stage
can adopted in the Iraqi -Operation and maintenance stage
standard of BIM. The design techniques used in the design processes are:
-Parametric modeling
-Algorithms
-Virtual Reality
-Simulation
-Coordination and clash detection
BIM dimension models (3D, 4D, 5D(
Information Collection System. COBie
Integration and information interoperability.
Digital organization of information security
Information management systems and their digital exchange between
the participating parties on the web

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IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973 (2021) 012176 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012176

The CDE Common Data Environment is a web-based platform and

central storage base for information
Methods of communication and sharing
Roles and responsibilities for the participants
Workflow between the design team
Different aspects of Adopting the design Either according to UK standards from level
BIM. It is possible to data structuring 0 to level 3
adopt one of the options system Or according to US standards LOD 100-500
in the UK or USA Adopting a specific Either according to the UK standard:
standards. coordination and Uniclass
classification system Or according to the American standard:
for information OmniClass
The use of BIM is at UK Standards –Specific sequence in using
the design stage standards and working levels from (0,1,2,3(
American Standards - Freedom to choose the
sequence of modeling standards within the
LOD100-500 levels
6D,7D models According to the UK standards, the 6D is the
operation and maintenance model, and the
7D is the sustainability model
According to the USA standards, the 6D is
the sustainability model, and the 7D is the
operation and maintenance model
Different aspects of BIM Preparing the BIM National Library according to approved Iraqi
that can be set up to give codes, to contain elements, materials, and shapes.
it a local specificity Preparing a method for representing the design information in terms
of terminology and naming of files in a common language
Preparing sustainability standards in consistent with the Iraqi
specifications that include the requirements to be implemented in the
building according to its functions, and the points that are attained
according to the standard
Information content in legal contracts to include building codes in
Iraq

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973 (2021) 012176 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012176

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