Test Bank For Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary Society, 10th Edition, William Yarber, Barbara Sayad Download PDF Full Chapter

Test Bank for Human Sexuality:
Diversity in Contemporary Society, 10th

Edition, William Yarber, Barbara Sayad
Go to download the full and correct content document:
http://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-human-sexuality-diversity-in-contempora
ry-society-10th-edition-william-yarber-barbara-sayad/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Test Bank for Human Sexuality Diversity in Contemporary

America, 8th Edition : Yarber
https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-human-sexuality-
diversity-in-contemporary-america-8th-edition-yarber/
Test Bank for Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity,

8th Edition: Rathus
in-a-world-of-diversity-8th-edition-rathus/
Test Bank for Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity

6th Canadian Edition Rathus
in-a-world-of-diversity-6th-canadian-edition-rathus/
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity Fourth Canadian

Canadian 4th Edition Rathus Test Bank
https://testbankbell.com/product/human-sexuality-in-a-world-of-
diversity-fourth-canadian-canadian-4th-edition-rathus-test-bank/
Solution Manual for Human Sexuality in a World of
Diversity, Fifth Canadian Edition, 5/E
https://testbankbell.com/product/solution-manual-for-human-
sexuality-in-a-world-of-diversity-fifth-canadian-edition-5-e/
Test Bank for Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity,

9/E 9th Edition Spencer A. Rathus, Jeffrey S. Nevid,
Lois Fichner-Rathus
in-a-world-of-diversity-9-e-9th-edition-spencer-a-rathus-jeffrey-
s-nevid-lois-fichner-rathus/
Test Bank for Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity, 6th

Edition, Janell L. Carroll
https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-sexuality-now-
embracing-diversity-6th-edition-janell-l-carroll-2/
Test Bank for Human Communication in Society 4th

Edition
https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-human-
communication-in-society-4th-edition/
Test Bank for Human Sexuality, 3rd Edition : Hock
https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-human-
sexuality-3rd-edition-hock/
Test Bank for Human Sexuality: Diversity in
Contemporary Society, 10th Edition, William
Yarber, Barbara Sayad
Full download link at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-human-sexuality-diversity-
in-contemporary-society-10th-edition-william-yarber-barbara-sayad/
Human Sexuality, 10e (Yarber)

Chapter 1 Perspectives on Human Sexuality
1) Which of the following best describes the attitude of the current culture toward sexuality?
A) repressive
B) hidden
C) hostile
D) open
Answer: D
Explanation: Studying Human Sexuality
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Studying Human Sexuality
Learning Objective: Recognize why we study human sexuality.
Bloom's: Understand
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
2) Martin's family was surprised about his choice of subject for his undergraduate studies. They
were unable to convince him to select a course that kept away from a vast array of taboos, fears,
prejudices, and hypocrisy. However, Martin did not regret his decision and found himself
exploring topics whose discussions were prohibited by his family and religion. In this scenario,
Martin has most likely decided to pursue the study of ________.
A) human behavior
B) human beauty
C) human sexuality
D) human mind
Answer: C
Explanation: Studying Human Sexuality
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Studying Human Sexuality
Learning Objective: Recognize why we study human sexuality.
Bloom's: Apply
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
1
Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3) Which of the following media content is least likely to be aired on national television?
A) an advertisement for a website selling clothes for women
B) a film that comprises explicit shots of older couples indulging in sexual acts
C) an article about the number of deaths due to Ebola
D) a reality show that humiliates people based on their physical characteristics
Answer: B
Explanation: Sexuality, Popular Culture, and the Media
Topic: Media Portrayals of Sexuality
Learning Objective: Understand the relationship between sexuality, popular culture, and the
media.
Bloom's: Understand
4) Identify a true statement about media presentations of sexuality.

A) Interracial dating is a frequent feature in media depictions.
B) Mass media censor sexually objectifying portrayals of women.
C) Mainstream media do not present "real" depictions of sexuality.
D) Media portrayals of sexuality are meant to educate the audience rather than entertain them.
Answer: C
media.
Bloom's: Understand
2
5) Which of the following is true of sexuality in video games?
A) Female characters are portrayed as violent figures whose primary purpose is to destroy.
B) Male characters mouth sexy dialogues more often than female characters.
C) The sexualization and stereotyping of female characters has declined since 2006.
D) Video games that promote violent attitude toward women are banned in the United States.
Answer: C
Topic: Television
media.
Bloom's: Understand
6) Most television programs that Natalie sees focus on muscular men trying to woo slim women
in scanty clothing to sleep with them. Ronald has a collection of men's magazines that focus
mainly on sex. Janice reads romance novels that emphasize the importance of physical
appearance for girls. Therefore, it can be inferred that today's media content about sexuality
reflects
A) the realities of today's social world.
B) stereotypical gender roles.
C) relatively equal gender roles.
D) diversity in relationships.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Television
media.
Bloom's: Apply
3
7) The content of American television is regulated by
A) the U.S. Congress.
B) a single ratings board for individual shows.
C) local governments.
D) an informal consensus.
Answer: D
Topic: Television
media.
Bloom's: Understand
8) Which of the following statements is true of sexual content in magazines?

A) Only male-oriented magazines focus on sex.
B) Magazines targeted toward preadolescents and young teens avoid articles with sexual themes.
C) Many if not most men's magazines promote men as sexual aggressors.
D) Sexual content in magazines is regulated by a ratings board.
Answer: C
media.
Bloom's: Understand
4
9) What is the problem with depending on the media as a source for sexual attitudes and
information?
A) Because of their entertainment orientation, there are few realistic depictions of sexuality.
B) They provide such an overload of moral and socially responsible information that most people
"tune out."
C) Because of consumer demographics, media are aimed at a relatively uneducated and
unsophisticated audience.
D) Media overemphasize the emotional context of sexual relationships.
Answer: A
media.
Bloom's: Understand
10) The objective of mass-media depictions of sexuality is to

A) further liberal causes and ideas.
B) educate the public concerning the dangers of sexuality.
C) entertain and exploit.
D) establish new norms for sexual behaviors and attitudes.
Answer: C
media.
Bloom's: Understand
5
11) Which of the following TV show formats is likely to fulfill the objectives of mass-media
depictions of sexuality?
A) a reality show based on the idea of selecting the most beautiful woman and man in a country
B) a show that educates the masses about the most important people involved in the World Wars
C) an animated cartoon that teaches children about good habits and manners
D) a show for women empowerment
Answer: A
media.
Bloom's: Understand
12) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between
popular media and sexuality?
A) Mainstream media often portray sexual activities explicitly.
B) The media only target males for images depicting sexuality.
C) Media images of sexuality permeate a variety of areas in people's lives.
D) The media use sexuality to discourage sexual activity.
Answer: C
media.
Bloom's: Understand
6
13) Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the statement, "The media images of women
and men reflect and reproduce a set of stereotypical and unequal but changing gender roles"?
A) A plump 16-year-old Gina watches reality shows to boost her self-confidence and feel good
about herself.
B) Inspired by a TV soap, Sean exercises vigorously to become muscular so that all the girls in
his class will want to sleep with him.
C) Xavier learns from a TV program that one should not discriminate against homosexuals, yet
he continues to do so.
D) Sex-related programs educate people about the dire consequences of indulging in sexual
activities.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Television
media.
Bloom's: Apply
14) Everyday exposure to sexual content in mainstream media leads to

A) increased levels of body dissatisfaction.
B) a positive view of women’s competence, morality, and humanity.
C) intolerance of sexual violence against women.
D) withdrawal from sexist beliefs.
Answer: A
media.
Bloom's: Understand
7
15) During the mid-1970s, Lily fought for the rights of women in the United States. She
challenged stereotypes associated with women's roles and also demanded that abortion be made
legal in the United States. Lily was part of ________.
A) the gender revolution
B) the sexual revolution
C) the American revolution
D) the Victorian revolution
Answer: B
Explanation: Sexuality Across Cultures and Times
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Sexual Revolution
Learning Objective: Understand sexual interests, sexual orientation, and gender across cultures
and time.
Bloom's: Apply
16) According to the declaration of sexual rights, forced sterilization is illegal as it violates
A) the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its application.
B) the right to participation in public and political life.
C) the right to the highest attainable standard of health, including sexual health, with the
possibility of pleasurable, satisfying, and safe sexual experiences.
D) the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment or punishment.
Answer: D
Explanation: Societal Norms and Sexuality
Topic: Societal Norms
Learning Objective: Explain natural and normal sexual behavior and sexual variations.
Bloom's: Understand
8
17) Luke is addicted to video games. He downloads treasure quests games, car racing games, and
war games that involve violence. Most of these games also portray sexual images. Which of the
following images is Luke most likely to view in such games?
A) unrealistically shaped and submissive women
B) powerful and dominant women
C) men in very little clothing
D) romance between the male and female characters
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Music and Video Games
media.
Bloom's: Apply
18) Jake is a teenager who spends most of his time watching music videos online. When he isn't
using the computer, he is either glued to the television or using his smartphone. Which of the
following is the most likely consequence of his media addiction?
A) He will fall into a routine life that will keep him physically and mentally fit.
B) He will score top marks in all his class examinations.
C) He will develop unhealthy eating habits, leading to obesity.
D) He will develop a multiple personality psychological disorder.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Feature-Length Films
media.
Bloom's: Apply
9
19) Which of the following is a suggestion made by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
with regard to viewing television and music videos?
A) Children must avoid viewing news broadcast as it contains political propaganda.
B) Parents must teach young people to balance media use with other healthy behaviors.
C) Schools must discourage children from viewing music videos.
D) Parents must ensure that children below the age of 5 are exposed to cartoons.
Answer: B
media.
Bloom's: Understand
20) Gay men are generally portrayed in Hollywood films

A) in a realistic and sensitive manner.
B) as super-masculine.
C) as being happy and satisfied with their lives.
D) in stereotypes, as effeminate or closeted.
Answer: D
Topic: GLBT in Film and Television
media.
Bloom's: Understand
10
21) Lesbian women are generally stereotyped in Hollywood films
A) as unreliable.
B) as creative and imaginative.
C) as flighty or arty.
D) as super-feminine or super-masculine.
Answer: D
media.
Bloom's: Understand
22) Gay men, lesbian women, and bisexual and transgender individuals are
A) seldom defined in terms of their sexual orientation in films.
B) slowly being integrated into mainstream films and television.
C) not subjected to stereotypes.
D) prohibited from appearing in television programs.
Answer: B
media.
Bloom's: Understand
11
23) Which of the following is true of mainstream films and television that portray gay
characters?
A) They frequently show adults, particularly two males, kissing on screen as their heterosexual
counterparts would.
B) They stereotype gay men as being effeminate or flighty.
C) They avoid exposing the vulnerability of gay students being bullied in schools.
D) They refrain from showing the identity issues of queers.
Answer: B
media.
Bloom's: Understand
24) Identify a recreational activity that has altered communication means and interpersonal
relationships between individuals.
A) sleeping
B) web surfing
C) relaxing at a spa
D) wave surfing
Answer: B
Topic: Online Social Networks
media.
Bloom's: Understand
12
25) Shyla and Chris were paired through an online dating website that decided compatibility
based on a questionnaire. They have been together for almost 3 years now. Jules does not wish to
be in a relationship; instead, she prefers to meet new individuals for sex through online dating
sites. These two scenarios suggest that the Internet has ________.
A) an adverse effect on human relationships
B) set a standard for intimate relationships
C) shaped sexual culture
D) set an informal consensus about sex
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard
media.
Bloom's: Apply
26) Which governmental regulation of sexual material on the Internet was declared a violation of
freedom of speech?
A) The Defense of Marriage Act
B) The Communications Decency Act
C) The Comstock Act
D) The Limited Free Speech Amendment
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
media.
Bloom's: Remember
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
13
27) In the Hindu tradition, sexuality is viewed as
A) a force that is basically evil but necessary to create the next generation.
B) the cause of chaos and upheaval in the world.
C) a means of spiritual enlightenment.
D) the tool used by the devil to entice people to commit sins.
Answer: C
Topic: History of Sexuality
and time.
Bloom's: Understand
28) Gary takes seminude pictures of himself and sends them to Fiona, his neighbor. Fiona
responds to Gary's messages by sending him a picture of herself in a bikini and a sexually
suggestive text. In this scenario, both Gary and Fiona are indulging in
A) dating.
B) sexting.
C) e-flirting.
D) tagging.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
media.
Bloom's: Apply
14
29) In which of the following cultures is sex considered relatively unimportant?
A) the Mangaia
B) the Dani
C) the Sambia
D) the Victorians
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Dani
and time.
Bloom's: Remember
30) Information about patterns of sexual behavior among the Mangaia and the Dani helps us see
that
A) culture is a primary determinant in how sexual interests and attractions are expressed.
B) members of many societies are taught abnormal and unnatural ways to express their sexual
impulses.
C) civilization and industrialization lead to a more natural pattern of sexual expression.
D) there are biological basics for the greater sexual interest and activity among males.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Sexual Interests
and time.
Bloom's: Analyze
15
31) Kayla descends from the Mangaia of Polynesia. In her culture, it is very important that a
woman is sexually satisfied by her partner. Which of the following is a likely consequence if this
does not happen?
A) The woman learns to be content with her partner's skills.
B) The woman leaves her partner and ruins his reputation.
C) The woman has an extramarital affair.
D) The woman helps her partner improve his lovemaking skills.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Mangaia
and time.
Bloom's: Apply
32) In which culture is a young adolescent given instructions about how to please a girl and bring
her to orgasm?
A) the Mangaia
B) the Dani
C) the ancient Greeks
D) the Victorians
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Mangaia
and time.
Bloom's: Remember
16
33) Who among the following believes that women have no sexual desire, only reproductive
desire, but men have insatiable sexual appetites?
A) Victorian Americans
B) the Dani from New Guinea
C) African Asians
D) the Mangaia of Polynesia
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Victorian Americans
and time.
Bloom's: Remember
34) In which culture do mothers and fathers go through 5 years of sexual abstinence after the
birth of a child?
A) the Mangaia
B) the Dani
C) the Zulu
D) the Sambians
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Dani
and time.
Bloom's: Remember
17
35) The nineteenth-century Victorian Americans believed that
A) men had only reproductive desires.
B) male sexuality was dangerous, uncontrolled, and animal-like.
C) a man's duty was to tame a woman's sexual impulses.
D) men had to teach their wives to enjoy sexual relations.
Answer: B
and time.
Bloom's: Understand
36) It is 1870, and Hephzibah Jones loves her husband dearly. Sometimes when she looks at him
or when he touches her, she feels strong sexual desires. According to White middle-class
Americans of the nineteenth century, Hephzibah is most likely to
A) feel only reproductive desire.
B) put her desires into action with her husband.
C) masturbate to relieve her tension.
D) pray for forgiveness.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
and time.
Bloom's: Apply
18
37) Which of the following is true of Victorian American's view of sexuality?
A) They considered sex as an unimportant aspect of life.
B) They considered same-sex relationships between men as the highest form of love.
C) They believed that men experienced decline in their sexual desire during adolescence.
D) They believed that women were sexually passive.
Answer: D
and time.
Bloom's: Understand
38) Women's rights, relationship status, and individual self-expression and autonomy were
challenged during the ________.
A) gender revolution
B) Victorian revolution
C) American revolution
D) sexual revolution
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Sexual Revolution
and time.
Bloom's: Remember
19
39) Karen's first strong sexual attraction was to another woman. All through her adult years, her
significant sexual involvements have been with women. Here, we are describing Karen's
A) sexual orientation.
B) values and morals.
C) gender identity.
D) sex role.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Sexual Orientation
and time.
Bloom's: Apply
40) In ancient Greece, the male-male relationship was based on

A) strictly sexual exchanges of favors.
B) the friendship of courtesans.
C) love and reciprocity.
D) power and companionship.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Ancient Greece
and time.
Bloom's: Remember
20
41) Which of the following statements about same-sex relationships in ancient Greece is
accurate?
A) It was considered unnatural for older men to become sexually involved with boys.
B) Same-sex relationships between older men and young adolescent boys were considered the
highest form of love.
C) Same-sex relationships were substitutes for male-female marriage.
D) Older men who indulged in same-sex relationships were considered abnormal and criminal.
Answer: B
and time.
Bloom's: Understand
42) It is 650 BCE, and Marcus is a young Grecian pledged for marriage. Traditions of ancient
Greece viewed wives as domestics and bearers of children. Therefore, to satisfy his sexual
pleasure, Marcus is most likely to
A) marry another attractive woman.
B) view erotic wall murals.
C) seduce other men's wives.
D) turn to courtesans or hetaerae.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
and time.
Bloom's: Apply
21
43) Which of the following examples accurately depicts the sexual orientation of the Sambians
of New Guinea?
A) A young male first indulges in sexual activities with older boys. During his teenage years, he
is involved in sexual relations with both males and females. Once he matures, he engages in
sexual activities only with a female partner.
B) A young male is approached by an older woman who becomes his mentor and forms an
emotional bond with him. Once he reaches adulthood, she marries him and continues to indulge
in sexual activities with him.
C) A young female begins her sexual activities by being involved with older women of her tribe
and continues this homosexual relationship throughout her adulthood as well.
D) A young female is married to an older male to learn about different forms of sexual activities.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Sambians
and time.
Bloom's: Analyze
44) Among the Sambians, adolescent males typically have sexual contact with
A) only adolescent females.
B) only adolescent males.
C) both males and females.
D) sexually experienced older females.
Answer: C
Topic: Sambians
and time.
Bloom's: Understand
22
45) Which of the following statements is true of the Sambians of New Guinea?
A) During adolescence, Sambian males begin sexual relationships with other males.
B) Sambian women experience decline in their sexual desire during adulthood.
C) Sambians believe that a boy can grow into a man only by the ingestion of semen.
D) Sambians consider same-sex relationships between men as the highest form of love.
Answer: C
Topic: Sambians
and time.
Bloom's: Understand
46) What does information about the ancient Grecians and the Sambians suggest about sexual
orientation?
A) Exposure to, or participation in, same-sex sexual behavior at a young age determines a
person's sexual orientation for life.
B) One's attractions are biologically based.
C) Culture can give same-sex sexual behavior very different social and personal significance.
D) Some cultures encourage the development of transsexuals.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Sexual Orientation
and time.
Bloom's: Analyze
23
47) Thirteen-year-old Diego starts smoking after being influenced by advertisements that suggest
women prefer men who smoke. Which of the following is true of Diego's habit of smoking?
A) It will affect Diego's sexual well-being.
B) It will increase Diego's self-confidence.
C) It will increase Diego's popularity in school.
D) It will affect Diego's sexual interests.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
media.
Bloom's: Apply
48) A phenomenon in which a person intends to live through actions, dress, hormone therapy, or
surgery as a gender other than that which he or she was assigned at birth is known as
A) transsexuality.
B) transvestism.
C) homosexuality.
D) genital anomaly.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Gender
and time.
Bloom's: Remember
24
49) Which of the following is true of "two-spirits"?
A) They convey their gender through sexual practices.
B) They are viewed as perverted and untrustworthy in the South Asian society.
C) They were respected as fundamental components of the Native American cultures.
D) The U.S. government and missionaries supported American Indian two-spirits.
Answer: C
Topic: Two-Spirits
and time.
Bloom's: Understand
50) A person is anatomically a man but identifies as a woman. He assumes female dress and
gender role. In his culture, he has high status and privileges, and it is believed that he has great
spiritual power. This man is likely to be
A) cisgender.
B) a two-spirit.
C) lesbian.
D) gay
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Two-Spirits
and time.
Bloom's: Remember
25
51) An individual models his behavior after Christ and sets it as norm. He tries to be perfect by
sticking to actions that are in accordance with the norm. However, if his actions deviate even
slightly from the norm, he feels extreme guilt and shame. According to Leonore Tiefer, this
person exemplifies the
A) idealistically "normal" behavior.
B) communally "normal" behavior.
C) clinically "normal" behavior.
D) objectively "normal" behavior.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Normal Sexual Behavior
Bloom's: Apply
52) In the late 1800s, oral sex or stimulation of genitals orally was taboo and viewed as a
shameful act. Today, most of the population indulges in oral sex, and it has become an
acceptable behavior. According to Leonore Tiefer, the act of oral sex is a(n)
A) statistically "normal" behavior.
B) subjectively "normal" behavior.
C) idealistically "normal" behavior.
D) culturally "normal" behavior.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
26
53) According to psychologist Leonore Tiefer, which of the following statements is true of
statistically "normal" behavior?
A) Behaviors that replicate successful personalities are abnormal.
B) Behaviors that are similar to one's own are considered normal.
C) Behaviors that conform with religious teachings are normal.
D) Behaviors that are not common are considered abnormal.
Answer: D
Bloom's: Understand
54) Which of the following statements is true of natural sexual behavior?

A) It conforms to a culture's sexual norms.
B) It excludes sexual activity that is not heterosexual in nature.
C) It is a sexual behavior that satisfies one's psychological desires.
D) It is consistent across cultures.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
27
55) The measure of ________ explains why an individual's notions of normalcy do not always
agree with those of people from other countries, religions, communities, and historical periods.
A) idealistically "normal" behavior
B) communally "normal" behavior
C) clinically "normal" behavior
D) culturally "normal" behavior
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
56) Normal sexual behavior is that which

A) reflects the average or median behavior of a group.
B) is supported by religious teachings.
C) reflects the preferences of those of high status in a society.
D) leads to successful reproduction.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
28
57) Myra's parents belong to the Mehinaku tribe of the Amazon rain forest. Though the family is
settled in the suburbs, the parents still value their tribe's culture. When they see Myra kissing a
boy, they disapprove of it and ground her. Which of the following is a likely explanation for their
behavior?
A) Myra's parents are extremely conservative and do not want her involved in any sexual
relationship until she gets married.
B) The Mehinaku tribe's culture dictates that kissing is a disgusting sexual abnormality, and
therefore no one indulges in it.
C) The Mehinaku tribe emphasizes homosexual relationships during adolescence and
heterosexual relationships during adulthood.
D) Myra's father believes that women of his tribe should abstain from any form of sexual
activities.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: History of Sexuality
and time.
Bloom's: Apply
58) Don has unique sexual fantasies. Ruth has developed an unusual technique for masturbation.
Silas and Patrick are most aroused if they make love during rainstorms. These examples
demonstrate that human sexuality is characterized by
A) perversity and immorality.
B) variety and diversity.
C) normality and abnormality.
D) a narrow range of behaviors.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Sexual Variation
Bloom's: Apply
29
59) Because human sexual activity has such diversity, most sex researchers have advocated that
in place of such terms as normal/abnormal or natural/unnatural, we use the term
A) sexual deviancy.
B) sexual variation.
C) sexual morality.
D) sexual anomaly.
Answer: B
Bloom's: Understand
60) Sex researchers view sexual behaviors

A) as normal or abnormal.
B) on a continuum ranging from typical to atypical of a specific group.
C) as enhancing or decreasing mental health.
D) on a continuum ranging from reproductive to nonreproductive.
Answer: B
Bloom's: Understand
61) Sex researchers believe that the most that can be said of a person is that his or her behaviors
are more or less
A) typical or atypical of the group average.
B) deviant or conventional.
C) normal or abnormal depending upon the situation.
D) procreative or nonprocreative.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
30
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
modern Wales, but reaching a unique level in Switzerland with its seven
institutions of university rank and their relatively enormous student
population. The value of the Swiss Universities has brought them students
from all over the world, and the hospitality of Switzerland to refugees and to
tourists has made the country a most important international centre, as the
Red Cross and the League of Nations head-quarters testify. Side by side with
this has grown the importance of Switzerland as a banking centre, this line of
work being much promoted by the growing tension in economic relations in
Europe, due to the huge development of militarist aggression since 1895.
Another aspect of this development of banking has been that connected with
the industrial transformation of several parts of Switzerland through
application of hydro-electric power, a process which has brought
Switzerland into closer relation with South Germany and North Italy, and
has made her external commerce an important matter. It need hardly be said
that Switzerland's hospitality to refugees has brought her craftsmen, thinkers,
and artists for centuries, and has thus enormously enriched her life. The
debts of Holland and of the British Isles to refugees from the intellectual
elite of other lands may be compared with that of Switzerland. In Britain the
families at the centre of the commercial and intellectual life of our cities are
often closely bound up with groups of refugees, as their association with
Unitarian Churches and the Society of Friends often shows.
Another region which may appropriately be treated after consideration of

the Romance and the German Teutonic peoples is the British Isles.
Reference has already been made to the British and Irish peoples in the
chapter on races (p. 11) and the section on the Celtic languages (p. 18). It
was there suggested that these islands were a remote fringing region in
ancient times, and as such retain old types of long-headed men, with
comparatively little alteration, such as the types of Combe Capelle man of
Aurignacian times, the related river-bed types, and the long-barrow types of
later, but probably still pre-Bronze Age, times.
At the dawn of the Bronze Age came others, mainly broad-headed types,
among whom we can distinguish the brawny, rough-browed 'Beaker-making'
people found in the round barrows and surviving, much refined in some
cases, in the modern population, the strongly built and sometimes tall, dark
broad-heads still found on patches along our western coasts and around the
coasts of Ireland, and provisionally identified with the prospectors for tin
and copper who spread from the eastern Mediterranean in the third and
perhaps the second millennium before Christ, the broad-heads of the short
cist graves of our east coasts especially from the Humber to Caithness, the
tall longer-headed people of the Iron Age (La Tene) movements, and the
descendants of Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes, and Vikings, all more or less
tall and fair, and for the most part long-headed. The Norman Conquest
seems to have brought in broad-heads from across the Channel, as one
judges from contents of mediaeval ossuaries, which sometimes contrast
strikingly with the modern populations of their districts. It seems likely that
the growth of modern industrialism has led to a resurgence of the older and
dark long-headed types, which seem able to withstand the evil conditions of
the slums to some extent, while the tall, fair long-heads and the descendants
of the beaker-makers seem inclined to drift off, unless circumstances allow
them to rise to a position of leadership and comfort.
The study of language shows how completely Teutonic speech replaced

Celtic, even as regards names of settlements, on the English plain, though
eager etymology may have exaggerated this completeness and may have
unduly emphasized the change of population supposed to be involved. The
fractionation of old elements among the Welsh hills has permitted the old
language to survive, though it is now spoken not so much by the physical
heirs of the people who brought it to Britain as by the older stocks to whom
they taught it. The openness and good centres of the Central Lowland of
Scotland were unfavourable to the survival of Celtic, which it was so hard to
mingle with Teutonic speech, but this compact region, well marked off from
the English plain by the southern uplands, the Cheviots, and the moorlands
of north England, kept a sufficient organization (largely of the Celtic
Church) through the post-Roman centuries to hand on many of the old place-
names and to develop an organized national consciousness at the earliest
opportunity. Wales, lacking an administrative centre, has lost its law but kept
its language. Scotland, with the great centres of its Central Lowland, has
developed its own law, but its old languages are almost gone.
History follows out for us the growth of national consciousness on the

English plain in Plantagenet times right up to its organization under the
Tudors and its great outburst under Elizabeth, when the common revolt of
the English plain and central Scotland against Rome drew the two historic
units towards one another, helped by community of language and by the
weakening of old ties between Lowland Scotland and Catholic Bourbon
France. The rise of industrialism may be said to have consummated the
union, albeit with an attendant loss of valuable elements of the population in
the events following eighteenth-century highland rebellions and nineteenth-
century evictions for the creation of deer forests. The remnants of old-time
people and ways in the western Highlands and the Hebrides are nevertheless
interesting and important from several points of view; they preserve valuable
elements of traditional civilization, and possibly even distinctive spiritual
faculties, which our industrial civilization seems to kill, or at any rate to
damp down.
Ireland, it will be seen, was not led to co-operation with England in at all
the same ways, and it also illustrates the diversity which is so apt to persist
in off-shore islands, largely because of the diverse outlooks of their different
shores (compare Ceylon, Java, Crete, &c.). In the case of Ireland the poverty
of its centre has played a great part in maintaining disunion. But neither was
it led to revolt against Rome along with England and Scotland, nor was it
transformed as they were by industrialism, save in its north-east corner. So,
mutatis mutandis, the small, if interesting survivals of old tradition and
feeling noticed in the western Highlands are the characteristic of large areas
of Ireland, and its Catholicism has been ever deeper rooted in the people's
minds by the bitterly cruel persecutions maintained by England. The net
result has thus been, as in Czechoslovakia, a tendency to redevelop separate
and antagonistic national consciousness, and to make it likely that
association rather than subordination is the line of solution of this difficult
problem. The openness of Ireland to the sea and her many connexions with
the Continent seem to have been, along with repressive politics, causes of
loss of native language which, in any case, would have been difficult to
adjust to modern needs, so that Ireland is a case of nationality in which the
language basis is not a real vital fact, however much enthusiasts may try to
insist on it. But apart from this the cases of Ireland and Czechoslovakia are
remarkably analogous; the latter is as much within striking distance of the
German centres as Ireland is within striking distance of us, they both have an
industrial element which finds it difficult to co-operate with the agricultural
majority and claims separate treatment, both look back to centuries of
unhappy memories of undoubted wrongs, and both have strong claims on the
thoughts of those who desire peace.
The Scottish people have found a modus vivendi, and with the recent
growth of toleration a modus vivendi has almost been attained for the Welsh
people, but in any case the matter of Wales is different from that of Ireland;
the language difference in Wales does not cut so deep as the religious
difference in Ireland, and the industrialized population is a majority in
Wales, but a minority in Ireland. The gradation of Welsh into English on the
Welsh side of the border is another important factor in the case of Wales, and
that country is becomingly increasingly able to develop the spiritual heritage
of her rural areas in pacific fashion. With moderation on the part of England
there seems hope that Great Britain may thus be able to maintain and
develop a scheme of unity-in-diversity, and recent developments hold out
hopes for Ireland too.
Man with its Gaelic and Norse elements, the Hebrides with their
immemorial survivals, Orkney and Shetland with their Norse background,
are all of great interest to the ethnologist, and contribute interesting
diversities to the enrichment of British civilization, but hardly constitute
serious problems.
Peoples of Low German and Scandinavian Speech
We now come to the Low German and Scandinavian peoples.
The Dutch include the fair-haired Nordic and Nordic Alpine people of
what may be called the mainland, and the dark broad-heads of the islands of
the Rhine mouth. Whether these latter are Alpine peoples or maritime
settlers of prehistoric time one does not know, but their strong seafaring
interests, on the whole, support the latter hypothesis, in spite of the power of
environment. The common effort and common sacrifices to fight the sea
have been a cement for the people of Holland, and, beyond the Rhine, they
were comparatively little influenced by Rome. Their absorption in the
struggle with the sea and their apartness from Romance Europe of the
Middle Ages have had results in their provision of refuge for Jews and
heretics, in their secession from Rome during the religious schism, and in
their increasing separateness from their Flemish linguistic cousins on the
Roman side of the fateful river. The thoughtfulness encouraged by old-
established, if incomplete, toleration has made Holland contribute to thought
in a way quite disproportionate to her size; and her sea-beggars, becoming in
time sailors of the world's seas, inherited the East Indies from the
Portuguese, and inaugurated what, under the English name of New York, has
become the biggest port of the world. If vulnerability to organized militarism
beyond her borders and England's advantages of position for maritime
primacy have led Holland, especially with the growth of British
industrialism, to fall somewhat to the rear commercially, her people,
nevertheless, remain a most important element both in the life of Europe and
in the commercial relations of the world. Her language has developed a
literary standard to which have been approximated the Flemish dialects of a
people struggling for recognition, but unlikely to seek union with Holland
because of religious divergence. This nevertheless increases the strength of
the Dutch tradition, while the growth of German industry has meant almost
as much for both Rotterdam and Amsterdam as it has for Antwerp. Further,
the provisioning of the big centres of industry has given Holland new
commercial opportunities, and she is thus in a position to play her part in
relation to her big German and English neighbours, while nevertheless
maintaining her own individuality, and, indeed, making that individuality
rather a difficulty in connexion with the complex international problem of
Antwerp and the Scheldt. That problem, being one of economics rather than
of peoples, need not be discussed here beyond an indication of the extremely
international development of that premier outlet for the European plain prior
to 1914.
Standardized German has not ousted old forms of speech in the rural
parts of the north-west German coasts, and there has been a tendency to give
Frisian literary expression in the nineteenth century, but this movement, like
that in favour of Provençal, has not gone far enough to have economic
influence or to bear much upon politics. On the whole, with the growth of
systems of education, Frisian has receded, and is now chiefly spoken on the
west coast of Holstein and of the part of Slesvig which, by plebiscite, has
recently decided to remain German.
Denmark at the Baltic entry, and linked to the life of that sea especially
by its islands and the important passage of the Sound, makes with Norway
and Sweden the Scandinavian sub-group in the Teutonic family of
languages, and here nations and languages correspond reasonably closely.
Whereas Holstein, at the base of the peninsula of Jutland, became

included in the Holy Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, Slesvig remained
outside that attempted organization. German speech and thought pervaded
South Slesvig as far north as the fjord which has Flensburg at its head, but in
spite of political effort, 1864-1914, North Slesvig remained steadily Danish
in feeling, and has now been liberated to rejoin the little kingdom. The
boundary chosen seems to show a fair-minded interpretation of the recent
plebiscite, though there are minorities on both sides of the line.
Denmark has a very long story from the days of her prehistoric kitchen-
middens onwards, and she owes something to the fact that Jutland was in
some sort a north-western terminus of a belt of loess, heath, and sand-hill,
stretching westward from the steppe border of South Russia. Along this belt
came to her the pre-Bronze Age immigrants distinguished by their 'Beaker
pottery', and the amber trade seems to have used a part of this route.
The Danes have thus long been a racial complex, but the fair Nordic type
predominates on the whole. Denmark's share, especially in the organizing
aspects of the great maritime movements of post-Roman times, is well
known, but Petersson's view that this occurred during a period of favourable
climate and ice-free coasts in the northern seas helps one to realize the
connexion of that activity with a particular period. The association of
Denmark and Norway in maritime activity was long continued, and when the
latter fell on bad times in the Middle Ages, the domination of the former
became very marked. The political aspect of the matter is outside our scope,
but with the nineteenth century the weakening of Denmark under German
pressure loosed the bonds, and circumstances gave Norway in the end a
remarkable opportunity. It thus came about that in 1864 Denmark saw the
end of her ancien régime, and began a new career. The name of her Bishop
Grundtvig stands out in company with that of Abbé of Jena and a few others
in the drab century of commercial imperialisms. He set out to re-educate the
Danish people in co-operation and simplicity, and, with his high schools for
the development not so much of the technicalities as of the amenities of life,
he became one of those who builded better than he knew. The sheer financial
success of the new agriculture of Denmark, thanks to skilled co-operative
organization, is an outstanding phenomenon, however much may be due to
the general increase of prosperity of the stock-raiser in the regions round the
manufacturing centres. Copenhagen has become a centre for the wholesale
marketing of butter, with train ferries and other communications making
links with Esbjerg, with Germany, with Sweden, and across to the east side
of the Baltic. Like Switzerland and Holland, Denmark contributes in no
small measure to the intellectual life of Europe, partly through the
opportunities her sons find in Berlin and other large centres of the big
nations.
Of the first peopling of Norway comparatively little is known, but the

population must have been sparse indeed until man was fairly well equipped
to cope with that region's serious difficulties. It is a country of ledges along a
broken coast, fantastically cut by fjords which are deep valleys of the edge
of a high plateau modified by ice and then partially submerged under the sea.
The partial submergence has converted outlying hillocks into a maze of
islands, between which and the land there is, for long distances, a fairly open
channel, an old longitudinal valley no doubt. The men of the fjords are in
large measure of the tall, fair, long-headed Nordic type, but around the
seaward ends of the southern fjords are dark broad-heads, who in this case
are almost beyond doubt settlers from the sea. The physical geography of
Trondhjem Fjord, on land and water, helps to make clear its special early
importance, particularly during a period of good climate, but the whole of
Norway suffered sadly in the fourteenth century from bad harvests and
Hanseatic interference, and from that time onwards to the nineteenth century
Norway's fortunes were low.
As in other lands of ancient poverty (note Finland and Switzerland) the

nineteenth century brought the final merging of the old aristocracy in the
people; the relation with Denmark was loosed and a temporary link with
Sweden, partly under fear of Russian Tsarist aggression, did not take deep
root in the lives of the people. Much importance must be attached to the
linguistic and literary revival of which the famous Bjornsen is the central
figure. Meanwhile British Free Trade, and especially the repeal of the British
Navigation Acts (1849), gave the Norse sailor and shipbuilder a chance, and
the country developed a great mercantile marine, which managed to
maintain itself until 1914, in spite of the advent of the iron ship and steamer.
During and since the war Norway has not managed to keep pace with other
mercantile marines like those of the United States of America and Japan.
Internally, Norway was from far-off times till quite recently a people of
fisher-farmers prizing individual property on the small cultivable ledges
beside the fjords, and leading cattle to summer pastures on the high
grasslands of the great mountain plateau. The practice of inheritance by the
first-born son is traditionally associated with these little farms so difficult to
subdivide, and the long-continued absences of much of the male part of the
population (fishing) are another feature. The latter fact is said to be
accountable for the unique power of women in Norwegian affairs, and the
women have certainly contributed much to the modern development of
Norway as a pacific, self-reliant democracy. In the twentieth century there
has already been a great growth of industry based on the hydro-electric
power available in such quantity in the fjords; the chemical industry,
including the preparation of nitrates from atmospheric nitrogen, is a feature.
Since the war the value of Norwegian currency has gone down with the
slackness of shipping and the inability of Germany to trade as she used to
do, but the depreciation is not very great, and may well right itself if the war-
clouds clear. Fish and timber have long been, and are likely to remain,
valuable commercial assets; the need of imported cereals is a permanent
difficulty.
At the back of Norway, on the high mountain plateau, are the Lapps,
whose seasonal wanderings disregard the international frontier between
Norway and Sweden. Fortunately, therefore, when Sweden and Norway gave
up (in 1905) their artificial and temporary union, it was mutually agreed, as
became enlightened peoples, that the frontier would be entirely
demilitarized. The separation coincided with a great development of
Norway's trade, based upon the application of hydro-electric power to
industry.
The Norwegian people centuries ago seemed to be giving up their

language for Danish, but here, as in so many other countries (Bohemia,
Serbia, Finland, Flanders, Catalonia, and Wales), the nineteenth century
brought a resurgence of local speech, and the work of Bjornsen and Ibsen
gave that speech a literary standard, and made its literature a power in the
modern world, fortunately with comparatively little development of
international antagonism, for by this time there was no language competing
locally with Norwegian; Danish had retired and Swedish was too far off to
matter seriously, though its pressure was at one time threatened.
The Western Scandinavians of late Viking times spread across the

northern seas to Iceland, Greenland, and 'Wineland', which has been
identified with the New England coast of North America. The connexion
with America was lost, and that with Greenland almost, if not quite, lost as
well, probably in the severities of climate of the fourteenth century, but that
with the Faroes and Iceland persisted. In this way Iceland has become in
some sort a repository of the Scandinavian past, and thence has spread in
modern times a knowledge and appreciation of the ancient sagas of the
Norse rovers, with elements embedded in them that date back far beyond
Viking times. Icelandic and the literature embodied in it have thus become
an important matter for students of European tradition and literary history,
and the influence thence exerted on modern Germany, notably through
Wagner, has been far-reaching and many-sided.
Sweden's associations are necessarily very different from those of

Norway. It is true that the high plateau is fairly sharply marked off from the
rest of Sweden, but the steps down are less precipitous than on the
Norwegian side, and though Sweden has a Lapp-world as her mystery soil
for folk-tale, yet contacts between Swede and Lapp and Finn do take place
and influence type. The recent beautiful atlas of photographs of Swedish
types illustrates this for that country, but shows that the most characteristic
element, as in Norway, is the tall, fair Nordic type.
It is apparently chiefly since the recovery of the north from the severities
of the fourteenth-century climate that Sweden as a unit people has shown the
most marked activity. A factor in this was undoubtedly the weakening effect
of the great religious schism in Germany with the opportunities this gave to
the France of the Counter-Reformation and the Bourbons.
Sweden even went through a phase of control of nearly the whole of the
Baltic (c. 1660), but this could not be maintained, though the southern
peninsula of Scania has never returned to its old associations, which date
back to prehistoric times, with Denmark. The rise of Russia brought about
the withdrawal of the Swedish influence from the east side of the Baltic, but
the Finlanders of the south-west include several Swedish-speaking groups,
and 96 per cent. in Aland use that language. The episode of military glory
contributed to the maintenance of a local aristocracy, which has made
Sweden very distinct, socially, from Norway, though democratization has
gone a long way even here, and no new titles of nobility are created. Her
more extensive lowlands, with possibilities of wheat in the southern half,
make farming a richer matter than it can be in either Norway or Finland,
while timber and good iron ore open up industrial and commercial
possibilities, to which the zone of lakes and its canal system contribute not a
little in the way of transport facilities. Sweden is thus a relatively rich Baltic
land, though many features are shared in common with the peoples of the
other (Finnish, Lettish, and German) Baltic coasts, and her natural
associations with Baltic Germany should be understood and appreciated.
Sweden has come through the war with her money at a general European
premium, a distinction she shares with Holland and Switzerland alone
among all the peoples of Europe.
The Peoples on the Eastern Border of

Europe-of-the-Sea
We have now surveyed the linguistic groups of Romance, Celtic, and

Teutonic speech, and may note that among those of Celtic speech we find the
most marked survivals of antiquity in social features. Among the Romance-
and Teutonic-speaking peoples we find that there has long been a tendency
towards closer accord between linguistic and political groupings, and that
now, with some exceptions it is true, the political units are also linguistic
ones. The regions of Romance and Teutonic speech are the great regions of
organization of the State; they have a stable scheme of administration and
revenue, a settled legal order, an approach to representative government
based upon a franchise; in short, they are the regions of the patriotic nation-
state. The exceptions have been noted here and there in the above sketch.
Alsace is Alemannic in speech but French in attachment in many respects.
Switzerland is a unique combination of units belonging to three language
groups. Flanders, or the area of Flemish speech, is partly in France and
partly in Belgium. Flanders and Alsace are two of the most serious of
European problems, and even if they be mitigated by political foresight, the
dangers from them are not likely to diminish definitively unless the 'nation-
state' can be made to occupy less of the political horizon.
When we turn our attention eastwards from the lands of Romance and
Teutonic to those of Slavonic and Baltic languages, we find that, until
recently at all events, there was no accord between the political and the
linguistic units, and that, even now, the accord is fragmentary enough. We
find also that in place of the principle of 'one region, one language', which
applies broadly in the west, there is nearly always a minority language
alongside the majority one. The 1914-18 crisis has shown how very unstable
were the political units of the last fifty years, and the 'nation-state', that is a
settled administration worthy of the name of 'state' combined with a social
unit based upon tradition, has only just begun its career in Eastern Europe.
Furthermore, in this eastern part of Europe we find languages of non-
European character in Finland, Esthonia, Hungary, and Turkey, and to some
extent in Bulgaria. This is then the zone of Euro-Asiatic contacts and
interpenetrations, and these contacts have determined a great deal of the
characteristics of the social order in this part of the Continent.
While the above statement is broadly true, it must, nevertheless, be stated

that history records considerable and persistent, if partially unsuccessful,
efforts to develop the nation-state in those western Slavonic lands which felt
the influence of Rome either through the Empire or through the Church,
while the contagion of nineteenth-century nationalism has spread far and
wide.
During the period of close settlement and fixation of language and of

growth of administration in the west there were periods of pressure
Europewards from Asia, illustrated by the coming of Szeklers and Magyars,
and the formation of the Magyar kingdom of Hungary, by the advance of the
Bulgars, since practically Slavonized, by the pressure of the Mongols on
Russia, and by the spread of the Turks. The spread of Finn or Finno-Ugrian
peoples westward along the north is probably older, and has been more
gradual and less organized.
Apart from this northern Finn-route and subordinate Finn-ways (Perm,

Kazan, Samara) to the Volga, the westward roads have been along the loess,
either that of the Polish platform or that of Wallachia and the Hungarian
plain, and the defence of the west against pressure along these ways gathered
chiefly around Vienna and around Poland (Cracow in earlier times and
Warsaw later on). Austria, as we now know it, was once the Ostmark, the
eastern march or frontier domain of the German-speaking peoples, and the
Austro-Hungarian Empire which has just collapsed after a long process of
decay was the fruition of the organization that defended Western Europe
from Asiatic pressure on the south-east. It was obviously not a nation-state,
for besides its German and Magyar elements it included under its control the
many Slavonic and partially Slavonic people of the hill frame around the
middle Danube. Its day of greatness coincided with the holding up and the
beginning of retreat of the Turkish pressure; its subsequent history is one of
clever diplomacy aiming at maintaining a power created for a purpose that
was now no more. The improbability of any renewal of effective pressure
from Asia on the now so highly armed west of Europe did away with the
raison d'être of Vienna as a city of camp and court, and it will require a
higher development of European unity to make Vienna take its definitive
place as the nerve centre of the Continent's land-communications. For the
present, therefore, the size and magnificence of Vienna seem to lack
justification, and there is manifest distress. A far smaller city would do
admirably for the capital of the small area henceforward to be called Austria,
and the past traditions of Vienna expressed in palaces and luxuries are hardly
what would naturally grow up around a modern railway centre. When,
however, we realize the need for increased unity of Europe we cannot but
feel how valuable the University Museums and Libraries of Vienna might be
were they internationally developed so as to give Europe a natural culture-
centre second only to Paris. The suggestion to make Vienna the capital of the
League of Nations revealed an over-emphasis on the military and diplomatic
tradition of Vienna, an aspect of that city's life which it might be perilous to
redevelop.
But as we are concerned with the peoples of Europe rather than with the
states, this slight mention of Vienna must suffice, and we may proceed to
deal with the linguistic groups of Europe east of the Teutonic and Romance
areas in the way in which we have touched upon those of the west.
The Baltic or Letto-Lithuanian languages have already been mentioned,

and little more need be said save that they have long felt the double pressure
of Teutonic and Slavonic influences and have absorbed words from both.
Apart from them, the languages spoken are largely of the Slavonic family,
and it is frequently said that the Slavonic languages are less distinct from
one another than are the languages of the Romance and the Teutonic
families. They have been less influenced by written forms than have the
latter; oral tradition has counted for more, and differences have consequently
not become so fixed as farther west. There is a certain amount of dispute as
to the primary home of Slavonic speech, but it seems increasingly likely that
it arose as an adaptation of older forms of Indo-European languages by the
people of the Carpathian arc and the Polish platform on its north-eastern
flank, and that it spread thence especially in the post-Roman centuries.
Schlüter has found reason to believe in a considerable movement from the
hills to the valleys and plains in those centuries, and with this we may
connect progress of forest clearings and spread of Slav languages, especially
towards Muscovy. Most of the regions of Slav speech came into touch with
Christianity first of all through Constantinople, but in the case of the more
westerly ones the influence of the Roman Church outweighed that of its
eastern sister before many centuries had passed, and the Roman principles
spread eastward as far as the bounds of what has been called above 'Europe-
of-the-Sea'.
The Slav-speaking Peoples and the Borders

of the East
Of the western Slavonic-speaking peoples the Czechs, inhabiting the hill-
girt country of Bohemia, are among the most important. They were first
Christianized by the Eastern Church, but became Roman Catholic, the early
religious centre being at Taus (Domazlice), at the Bohemian exit of a pass
from Bavaria. Later on, Prague was founded and became the capital, and it
should be noticed that in it, as in many other cities of Slavonic language, the
cathedral is within the castle, typifying association between religious and
political leadership, both being frequently more western (German) than the
rest of the population. It was natural both that the small, compact, and
distinct mass of Czechs should early attain a sort of national self-
consciousness, and that their country, in spite of its physical separateness,
should receive German immigrants, especially up the Elbe gap. The
distinctive personality of Bohemia is illustrated by the fact that the
University of Prague, founded on the Paris model, was the first University
established beyond the Rhine; it is illustrated also by the fact that Bohemia
at so early a date, under John Huss (c. A.D. 1398), revolted against Papal
abuses, and would undoubtedly have become schismatic had military force
not been exerted strongly from without. Nevertheless Bohemia has not been
able to maintain political independence in the past. After a short period of
power it subsided under Hapsburg influence as Vienna began to gather
Europe around her to defend Christianity. And later on (1620) the Czechs
were subjugated, and the Counter-Reformation and the Jesuits with their
universalist and anti-nationalist ideas repressed the Slavonic tradition until it
broke loose once more in the revival of Romantic literature and Nationalist
feeling which was such a feature of the nineteenth century. In that century
the rise of industry brought many more Germans into North and North-west
Bohemia, making that region a sort of 'Ulster', distinct in feeling from the
rest of Bohemia, which is far more agricultural. But the rise of Czech feeling
spread afresh the use of that language in spite of two centuries of severe
repression, and Prague had to develop Czech and German Universities side
by side. The relation of Bohemia to Vienna politically was also reflected
financially; Vienna was until 1918 to a large extent the money centre for
Bohemia, while that country supplied the rest of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire with a large proportion of its needs in manufactured goods. As a
result of the defeat of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Bohemia has risen to
power again, and has many advantages for the immediate future in spite of
dire need of fertilizers, machinery, and credit. Her new government is
promising well, and stands out in favourable contrast to those of some of the
other countries which have risen suddenly after the war. Its problems will be
that of arranging for German co-operation and that of devising substitutes
for the old financial links with Vienna.
Between Bohemia and the Carpathians, or more strictly the Tatra, is a

physiographical trough such as so often occurs between fold-mountains (e.g.
Tatra) and old blocks (e.g. Bohemia). It is occupied by the March (or
Morava) river, is called Moravia, and is known as the Moravian gate, for
through it Vienna communicates north-eastward not only with the Oder
basin via Breslau, but also with the Vistula basin via Cracow. Somewhat
more German than Bohemia the Moravian gate is still mainly Slavonic, with
dialects grading eastwards towards Polish. There has been some difficulty in
settling the limits of Moravia and Poland, the former having properly been
allocated to the Czech, or better, Czechoslovak, state in the recent treaties.
The dispute centred chiefly upon Děčin (formerly called Teschen), and was
solved by the cession to Czechoslovakia of the greater part of the coalfield
and the railway which lies in Czechoslovakia, both before it enters and after
it leaves Děčin territory. The town of Děčin itself goes to Poland. Not only
does Czechoslovakia include Moravia, but it also stretches along the south
flank of the Carpathians through a region of Slovak speech and rural life
right on to the small district where Ruthenian just emerges west of the
Carpathians. Thanks to their different language these Ruthenians are to have
local autonomy under Czechoslovakia.
The new state is thus of considerable size, and includes several dialects of
Slav; it is both agricultural and industrial; it is keenly patriotic, and disposed,
one hears, to split off from the Roman Church, just as it was so disposed in
the Middle Ages. This state is contrasted to some extent with the majority of
the Slavonic regions, in that, in spite of a large German element, there is
more homogeneity and strength of cultural tradition throughout the Czech
country than there is among many other Slav-speaking peoples.
Farther east the pressure from the Asiatic grasslands and plateaux
hindered the development of social settled life in the Middle Ages, when it
was progressing farther west, and as a consequence the population of the
towns is often different in tradition from that of the country. In the rural
districts, again, the culture connexions of the ruling classes have often been
different from those of the simple village folk. The result is that in many
parts there have long been three social strata, often differing in language,
religion, and political association. Upper Silesia has, in parts, German towns
set in Polish country, and though some of the German element is of fairly
recent introduction (and connected with industrial development), it
nevertheless illustrates the social and political problem.
In the Middle Ages the Jews previously inhabiting the Rhine lands found
it difficult to fit into western schemes, as we know from English history, and
some moved eastwards (Ashkenazim) into the Slav lands to form an
important element of the population of the towns, especially in Poland,
where their numbers were increased by Tsarist restrictions on their
settlement in Russia itself. Their language, Yiddish, is generally described as
a modified German dialect written in Hebrew characters and owing some
debt to Hebrew tradition in other respects. As they have a linguistic and
religious entity of their own, and as inter-marriage with Gentiles has been
restricted, it follows that they form a very distinct block, most difficult to
work into any State organization of a western type. It must therefore be very
open to question whether the recent treaties endeavouring to spread western
state-theory eastwards are the best ways to provide for the life of the people
concerned. A modern state needs towns and industry; the Jewish element in
the towns of East-Central Europe is enormously important, and cannot be
dispensed with save at great cost, as well as with the greatest injustice, and
yet assimilation of Jew to Gentile in East-Central Europe is almost out of the
question. The development of a nation-state is necessarily held back when
there are such diverse elements, and League of Nations schemes for
protection of minorities offer a valuable line of progress if they can be
realized.
In western Poland the peasantry are Polish for the most part, the
townsfolk are Jews and Germans with a few Poles, and the aristocracy until
1914 was to some extent German. Farther east the aristocracy was Polish
and largely anti-German, the peasantry Polish, and the intermediate people
still largely German and Jew. Farther east still the middle class of the towns
continued the same general character, but while the aristocracy was Polish,
the peasantry was Lithuanian or White Russian or Ruthenian, according to
district. One needs but to play upon the possible combinations among these
elements to realize how difficult it is to secure unity. It is often the natural
fate of aristocracies to fade out unless they can recruit themselves from
below, and that recruitment has usually meant the ultimate merging of the
aristocracy in the tradition of the simple folk, the classic case being the
merging of the Norman aristocracy of Britain in the Anglo-Celtic heritage of
the commoners. But the merging of aristocracies would not bring unity
because of the burgher element, largely German, and the labouring element,
largely Jewish. Farther west the petit-bourgeois element of the market towns
has often mediated differences between peasant elements of different
regions, but as in Poland the former is not to any extent Polish, it is
inconceivable that it should mediate between the Polish peasantry farther
west and the Ruthenian and other elements farther east. In Rumania the
difficulties are analogous, and so are those of Hungary. Parts of Yugoslavia
seem fortunate in having a simpler problem.
A mere catalogue of the peoples of East-Central Europe with appended

notes would hardly justify the space it would need in this small book,
especially as information of the kind is easily available in standard works of
reference. It therefore seems more useful to sketch in broad outline the
physical and vegetational facts of East-Central and Eastern Europe in order
to bring out the essentials of the setting of human life and the variation of
that setting with the region so that peoples of diverging outlook and
traditions have grown up in those regions.
The first and simplest physical fact is the immense broadening out of the
European plain, which, in the region between the Rhine and Vistula, is
practically Prussia alone, while farther east it has added to it the ancient
land-elements of the north, so that its effective extent is from the White Sea
to the Black Sea through degrees of latitude, and consequently through
marked gradations of climate. The climatic facts are equally well known.
The great extent of the land surface, and still more the fact that it is but a
small extension of the far greater land surface of the Asiatic interior, give it a
condition of dense dry cold air through the winter.
The form of the plain, with the consequent possibility of ingress of

westerly winds eastwards along the plain in summer, i.e. when the cold
anticyclone has gone, gives a wedge of summer rain, alternating with
considerable warmth, and this wedge is of the utmost importance in human
geography. It is the area in which the summer green and winter black and
white forest can grow, but as already stated the beech grows only in its
western portion, and stops along a line from about Danzig or Königsberg to
the east of Bukovina.
Farther east the wedge is occupied by oak and elm, but the valuable
beech is absent. The deciduous forest region includes South-west Finland,
and its northern boundary runs eastward from the vicinity of Petrograd past
Vologda. In many current maps its southern boundary is made much too
sharp; the possibility of its growth depends here largely upon moisture, so it
spreads into the drier south-east along river and other lines of relative
dampness. The country with zones of deciduous forest interspersed with
grass land is known as the 'Ukraine' or 'Border', and on its border towards
the grasslands and semi-desert we have the Cossack country, with the Don
Cossacks on the western side of the barren patches near the lower Volga, and
the Orenburg Cossacks on their eastern side. The Ukraine and its eastern
extensions are floored to a large extent with earth rich in organic matter
(black earth, Tchernoziom), and have possibilities of considerable
agricultural development if a settled scheme of life can be devised. In the
south-west the language of the peasantry is Ruthenian, farther east Russian,
both variants of Slavonic speech, but variants which seem fated to diverge
from one another more and more. The climate of the Russian plain largely
inhibits the higher grades of intellectual activity during the seasons of severe
cold and heat, with the result that those whose circumstances do not give
them artificial protection from the weather must depend to a large extent on
routine for the continuance of social organization. Conditions are thus not
favourable for development of a complex unity over a wide area, and
localism is therefore the prevailing tendency, carrying with it probabilities of
maintenance and even of development of dialect-differences rather than of
linguistic unification. These brief indications give us an insight into some of
the more serious, if less appreciated, problems of governmental schemes in
the varied vegetative regions of what was once Russia, which yet lacks
convenient orographical boundary lines between its different parts.
Our memories from earliest years are stored largely in verbal forms, and
as a consequence the language of our early youth has deep-seated
associations, which remain as conscious or unconscious memories, the latter
if we forget our early speech and learn a new language. That the old
language is not completely lost seems to be proved by experiments in
hypnosis, which show that the associations of that old language remain, and
that therefore the associations with the second language learnt tend to remain
incomplete unless a very special personal effort is made, made therefore by a
supernormal mind, to overcome this difficulty. Common language-
associations of early childhood are thus a most important link between men,
promoting mutual understanding and easing intercourse and mutual
confidence for the subnormal and normal, rather than supernormal,
individuals who form the bulk of a population, and this helps us to see why
the linguistic unit is so important in political matters, and unity of language
is so often the basis of the successful state, which is consequently so difficult
to organize in Eastern Europe.
These reflections apply more particularly to the region formerly known

politically as Russia, but they also apply to some extent in South-east
Europe, though the phenomena of language are there to some extent masked
by others. The region commonly known as the Balkan Peninsula is to a very
large extent high land, with opportunities for seasonal pasturage on the hills,
and this, together with the unsettlement due to the strikingly contrasted life
of the thin coastal fringe and to the pressures from Asia Minor and from the
North, has impeded the evolution of the settled life, the market town, and the
nation-state.
The thin coastal fringe is a zone of Mediterranean life in which, already

prior to classical times, hoe-culture and the tending of fruit trees had become
one of the mainstays of life, but commerce was almost equally important. It
is the home of the city-state, and in times of peace Greek became the chief
language, with Latin, and later Italian, on the Adriatic coast. In times of
disturbance the commercial element seems to have been partly submerged,
and Slavonic or Slavonized elements have spread in, so that in Dalmatia it is
possible to debate indefinitely the affinities of the people's social heritage,
and much the same might be said of various portions of the north coast of
the Aegean.
Inland the great height implies cold winters, and these supervene even in
the lowlands when the latter are open to the north (Vardar) or to the east
(Danube). The conditions here are thus practically those of Central and even
of East-Central Europe, and as social evolution has been impeded we find
here still a good deal of seasonal nomadism or transhumance (p. 90), a
marked survival of the large family unit holding and working lands in
common (the Serb Zadruga), and an early and still feebly organized type of
town (especially the lesser towns of Rumania). A Jewish element
(Ashkenazim in Rumania) is valuable commercially in most of the towns,
and the vestiges of the Turk are found far and wide.
Whereas lands which now have Romance, Celtic, or Teutonic speech

have received large elements of civilization, and therewith of religion, from
or through Rome and the western Mediterranean, the east of Europe has
been largely outside the sphere of Roman influence, and has received
contributions to its civilization and religious organization from
Constantinople, with results that are different in many ways, though
Constantinople owes a great deal to Rome, and though both Rome and
Constantinople look back to ancient Mediterranean civilization.
Rome, through empire or through church, has spread her ideas to the
eastern bounds of Europe-of-the-Sea, to the border of the Pripet Marshes in
the centre, and farther north, to the surround of the Baltic Sea. On the south
the boundary of Roman work persistent in the Church is largely the
periphery of the Adriatic Sea, with complex interrelations between Rome
and Byzantium all over South-east Europe. In the parts of the Balkan
Peninsula more easily reached from Constantinople, and on the Russian
plain with its prehistoric links via Kief, &c., with Byzantium and the
Aegean, the Byzantine organization of the Church has persisted. In South-
east Europe, the Danubian lands and the Carpathian arc, we have the
debatable zone between the two organizations, the wedge of weakness into
which Islam was able to penetrate, as Prof. Stanley Roberts has pointed out
to me.
Even as far west as Bohemia the first arrival of Christianity was due to
Byzantine work, but the conflict of Constantinople with Asia and the
difficulty of communications were against the persistence of this element,
and the Roman tradition established itself in Bohemia, Poland, Hungary,
Croatia, and largely in Slavonia.
In the eastern Carpathians an interesting compromise was reached in the

seventeenth century by the recognition of the Uniate Church acknowledging
the Pope, but keeping a Slavonic ritual. The persecution of that church by

Test Bank For Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary Society, 10th Edition, William Yarber, Barbara Sayad Download PDF Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank For Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary Society, 10th Edition, William Yarber, Barbara Sayad Download PDF Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank For Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary Society, 10th Edition, William Yarber, Barbara Sayad Download PDF Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank for Human Sexuality:

Diversity in Contemporary Society, 10th

Test Bank for Human Sexuality Diversity in Contemporary

Test Bank for Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity,

Test Bank for Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity

Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity Fourth Canadian

Test Bank for Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity,

Test Bank for Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity, 6th

Test Bank for Human Communication in Society 4th

Test Bank for Human Sexuality, 3rd Edition : Hock

Human Sexuality, 10e (Yarber)

4) Identify a true statement about media presentations of sexuality.

8) Which of the following statements is true of sexual content in magazines?

10) The objective of mass-media depictions of sexuality is to

14) Everyday exposure to sexual content in mainstream media leads to

20) Gay men are generally portrayed in Hollywood films

40) In ancient Greece, the male-male relationship was based on

54) Which of the following statements is true of natural sexual behavior?

56) Normal sexual behavior is that which

60) Sex researchers view sexual behaviors

Another region which may appropriately be treated after consideration of

The study of language shows how completely Teutonic speech replaced

History follows out for us the growth of national consciousness on the

Peoples of Low German and Scandinavian Speech

We now come to the Low German and Scandinavian peoples.

Whereas Holstein, at the base of the peninsula of Jutland, became

Of the first peopling of Norway comparatively little is known, but the

As in other lands of ancient poverty (note Finland and Switzerland) the

The Norwegian people centuries ago seemed to be giving up their

The Western Scandinavians of late Viking times spread across the

Sweden's associations are necessarily very different from those of

The Peoples on the Eastern Border of

We have now surveyed the linguistic groups of Romance, Celtic, and

While the above statement is broadly true, it must, nevertheless, be stated

During the period of close settlement and fixation of language and of

Apart from this northern Finn-route and subordinate Finn-ways (Perm,

The Baltic or Letto-Lithuanian languages have already been mentioned,

The Slav-speaking Peoples and the Borders

Between Bohemia and the Carpathians, or more strictly the Tatra, is a

A mere catalogue of the peoples of East-Central Europe with appended

The form of the plain, with the consequent possibility of ingress of

These reflections apply more particularly to the region formerly known

The thin coastal fringe is a zone of Mediterranean life in which, already

Whereas lands which now have Romance, Celtic, or Teutonic speech

In the eastern Carpathians an interesting compromise was reached in the

You might also like