FencesGatesandBridges 10288374
FencesGatesandBridges 10288374
FencesGatesandBridges 10288374
AN D
B RI D G E S .
A P RA C T I C A L MA N U AL .
E DITE D B Y
GE O RG E A . MA RT I N .
T HR E E HU ’
N D RE D
NE W Y O RK
O RA N G E J U DD CO MP A N Y ,
1892 .
En tered , a cco rd i ng to Act o f C on g re ss, i n th e yea r 1887 , b y th e
'
0 . J UDD CU .
,
RY .
CHAPTE R I .
r n n
an d i g ; A Fe c e o f ta k e
ir n d R i de s ; A P o le
n s an r
c e ; Fe c e s fo Soi l Li a bl e to H e a ve ; Oth er P i mi
n r r
tive Fe ces n .
CHAPT ER II .
Ston e an d So d Fe c e s 18 23
‘
CHAPTE R III .
Bo ar d Fen ces 24 .
30
d
B u il i n g B o a r d Fen c es ; F e c es f L an d Su bj ect to
n or
ve
O r fl ow A e n c F e Boa d Holde Re i n for c i n g a Board
- r r -
Fen c e .
CHAPTE R IV .
Pi cket Fen ce s 31 42
de Fe c e ; A S the Pi cket Fen ce ;
A Go o d Ga r n n ou rn
Fe ce f Spli t Pi cket ; O m e t l Pi c ket F c ;
n s o s rna n a en es
R ti c Pi c ket Fe c e ; Li h t Pi c ket Fe c e H d
us n s n s
'
an
m de W i e
a d Pi c k etr ; Fan c e f Wi e d e n ces en o r an
Pi c k t e s .
CHAPT E R V .
Ba r b-W i e Fe ce
r n 61
tati sti c s an d F orm s o f B ar b W ir e H
S o w to Se t B ar b
W i e F n c e ; U n r eeli
r e a d Str etc h i n g B a b W ir e ;
n n r
W i e tr e tc h e s ; B u i l g W ir e Fen c e on U n even
érou n g
r r
CHAPTE R VI .
CHAPTE R VII .
Th e B e s H dg t e e Pl
a n ts ; P a n in g l t an de o f O s ag e
C ar
H e d e s ; H dg s for th e So u h ;
e e t Or a mental Hedg e s
n
an d cr e c h e .
VI TA B L E O F CO N T ENTS .
W i r e an d Ir o n e n ce s .
r s
M e di n g 3 Spli t Po st ; B oo k for W
n P o s ts Dr a w
in g Fe ce P o ts ; Li fti n g Po sts b
n s an d
; Spli c i ng
Fen c e Po sts ; A ppli ca ti on of W oo d r vati ves Ir o n
Fen c e Pos ts .
Fen ce La w
Cou n tr y B r i dg e s an d lve t
Cu r s 176-188
Stre n B i dg e e e Abu t
fi
h of r s ; Br ac s a n d Tr uss s ;
e rs d Ri li
an a n g s ; B ri d e
s for Gul i s
; l e Road
g
FENCES GATES AND B IDGES , R .
C HA P T E R I .
RAIL AND OT E R PR H
IMTIVE W OOD FENCES .
V IRGIN IA R AI L FE N C E .
tions This fence ten 1 ails high and propped with two
.
, ,
( 7)
8 FE N C E S ,
G A TE S AN D B RID GE S .
, ,
. 9
L AYI N G A R AI L FE NCE .
F ig 2. .
Fig 3 —’ I‘HE. . F EN C E E E GU N .
support the first corner is laid dire c tly un der the end of
the ho ri z ont a l arm , an d the first r ail laid w ith on e en d
EN C E S R I DG E S
:
10 F ,
G ATE S A N D B .
and all others are laid the gauge being moved from ,
ST A K IN G AN D W I RIN G .
Fi g 4 —STAE:ES
. . IN LOCK '. Fig 5 . .
- S TAKE S IN AN G EL S .
. .
’
RAI L A N D OT HE R P RI M ITI VE wO O D F E N CE S .
11
A FE N CE OF S TA KE S AN D R I DE R S .
Fig 6 —A
. . S TAKE AND RID ER FE N CE .
p a r
— a t considerable distance apart— a n d l a in in them l ong
y g
p ol es horizontally In this case th e stakes should be set
.
F ig 7 — A . . PO LE FE NC E .
A P OL E F E N CE .
r ec e i ve th e
pins When they are set the pins are dri ve n
'
.
,
“
as to break j oints '
A mo d ification of this fenc e i s
.
FE N C E S FO R SO I L L IA B L E TO HE AVE .
F ig 10— E ND
. . VIE W OF FE NCE .
Fig 11 — S IDE
. . e w or FEN CE .
Fi g 12 — F E NC E W ITH
. . RON H OO KS
I .
.
RAI L AND OTHE R PRIM ITI VE W O O D F EN ES C . 15
Fig . 13 .
—HORIZ O NT AL SE C T ION .
b o ards .
OT HE R P RIM ITIV E FE N C E S .
the settler s a fe w
years a g o were making far ms by felling
’
.
,
four and a half fee t long and often as thick were placed ,
Fi g 14 — LOG
. . PO ST S .
Fi g l 5 —STUMP
. . FE NC E .
Fig 1 6 —W ICRE R FE NC E
. . .
in figure 1 5.
HOW A STO N E W A LL SH O U LD BE B U I LT
.
Fi g 1 8 — W E LL
. . LAID W ALL .
B U IL D I N G A STO N E FE NC E .
( )
1 8
STON E AN D SOD F EN C ES . 9
Fig 19
. .
— LAr rN G UP A
‘
S TO NE FEN CE .
which will tilt and loosen the best laid wall on wet soil .
top of the fence i s most secure when covered with lar ger
20. F E N C ES ,
G A TES AND BRI GES D .
T RU C K FO R MOVIN G ST ONE S .
F i g 20 —T B U C K
. . F OB S TO NE .
laid with one end against the wall and the other resting
on the ground A groove is cut at the upper en d for the
.
B EI N F O RC IN G A STON E W A LL
.
rai l s are used and if the w o rk i s prope rly perf o rmed the
,
,
A C O M P O SITE F E N CE .
Fi g 22
. .
—C o m o s rm FE NCE .
bot to m o f the p o st s .
A PRAIRIE SO D F E N CE .
F ig 23 . .
—s o D r'
C u' r EE .
This is run three times along the line of the fen ce mak ,
ing nin e cuts the cutte rs being held down by a man rid
,
tr u ck ( figure
,
and laid on the so d wall care being ,
Fig 234
. .
-
TE E SO D C U T .
'
light stakes along the sum mit, and s tringing two s trand s
o f barbe d W ir e to t h em .
C H A PT E R III .
BO A D R FENC ES .
B UI L D IN G B O A RD FE N C ES .
Fi g 25 — F E O F E EL Y
. . C ON STE U C TE D DO AE D FENCE .
ily Pr operly used this ins trument w ill p ack the s oil
.
,
( ) 24
26 F E N CES , G A TE S AND B RID GE S .
t h e b o t tom and the top board are only eight feet long ,
are -Of the full l ength sixteen feet By thi s mean s they
,
.
'
break j oin ts A f te r the board s are n ailed o n the top
.
,
Fig 2 7 —A
. . A
N E T F AE M FE N CE .
r o t of
f.
Fig 28 — P AN E
. . L .
F ig 29
. . Fi g 30
. .
like the trestle used for d rying clothes The posts are .
F i g 34
. .
A FE N C E B O A RD H O LD ER
.
another length When the boards are too long they can
.
,
RE IN FO RC IN G A B OA RD FE N CE .
Fi g 38 — ST RE NG THE NIN G
. . A BO ARD FE N C E .
.
,
PIC KE T FE NCES .
A GO O D G A RD E N F E N CE .
Fig 39 — A
. . LA TE AN D PIC E T K FE N CE .
“
rounding a garden or yard may be lathed in th e '
,
A SOUT H E RN PIC E T K FE N C E
‘
( )
31
32 FEN CES, G TE S AN D B R
A I D GES .
fi g 41 — B E N C E
. . FO R S AW IN G P ICKE TS
.
Fi g 43 -CE E AF
. . FE N C E O F SP IT TIL MB ER .
strong s tring-piece at to p .
Fi g 44 -C Om
. . IO N PI C KE T FEN CE .
n ailed on wi t h an nealed s te el n ai l s .
Fi g 45 —O RN
. . AMEN AL
T P IC KE T FENCE . Fi g 46
. .
F i g 47 — A
. . P L AINE R P IC KE T F E NC E .
RU STIC P IC K ET FE N C ES .
F ig 48
. .
- RU STIC SAF LIN G FE N CE .
Fi g 49 —
. . RUSTI C P IC KE T FE N C E .
increa se s i ts durability .
L IG H T PI C K E T F E N CE S .
suffi ciently high for the A sia tic and other heavy a nd
q uiet fowl s The panels are sixteen fee t long an d ar e
.
,
F ig 50— P
. . AN LE O F PI C KE T FE N CE .
half inches apart ; the top ends O f the lat h exte n ding
ten inches above the uppe r edg e o f the to p rail P osts .
,
th r ee c r o ss - iece s of Si x b
p y Si x
,
fo u r feet l o n
g u p on ,
38 FE N C ES , G A TES AND B RID GES .
'
Fig 51 — FR
. , AME FO R MA KIN G FE N CE .
in position .
Fi g 52
. . Fi g 53
. .
. 39
generally used .
ce nt p e r sq u ar e f oo t .
H AND -M A D E W I RE AN D P I C K ET F E N CE S .
Fi g 54 — SID E VIEW
. . OF B EN C R.
thi s work but it can be done by han d with the aid of the
,
feet long and have a scre w at each corner for raising and
l o weri ng the h oldi ng bars F or the s crews a t the end s
.
RID GE S
°
40 FE N C E S ,
G A TES AND B .
Fi g 55 — TO P
. . VIE W OF B E NC H .
Fi g 56 — P O RTIO N O F
. . H FE N C E
T E .
42 FE N C E S ,
G A T ES A ND B RID GES .
to be stre tched n ear the top of the posts and one near the
groun d When the wires are stretched taut fa sten them ,
B A RB - W I RE F E N C E.
TO T AL S
t o ns .
( )
43
'
44 FEN C E S , GA T E S AND B RI D GE S .
ou s
Fig 58 — TR
. .E KE LLY BA B R WI R E.
o f barb wire are : F irst— econ omy not only in the com ,
—
s truction an d ease of moving F ou rth freedom from .
—
h arb o ring weeds and cr eating sn o w drifts F ifth dura
,
.
bil ity.
Fig 59 —E O RSE-N
. . AIL B ARB .
wi e
r c o n s i s ted o f d o uble p oin ted-m etallic di s cs , stru n g
B AR B -W IRE FE N C E
‘
. 45
Fig 61 - STE R
. L1N G
. R
BA E W IRE .
Fi g 63 . .
—IOW A F O UR-PO INTE D RRW IRE
BA .
po inted bar b wi re .
46 FE N C ES ,
G A TE S AN D B Ri DGEs .
Fi g 65 . .
—GLIDDE N
L Tw o-PO INT P ATENT STEE .
“ '
6 6 shows the thick se t which h as barbs like the othe r
-
,
66 —G LIDD EN
'
Fig . .
P ATE NT STEE L H
T IC K SE T .
s ame form as the two other styles that is a sha r ply prick
,
u pon which the other wire i s twis ted holdi ng the barb
,
RW
BA B- IRE FE NC E . 47
and d oes not form a h ook but a straigh t short steel thorn
,
.
Fi g 67 . .
—GLIDDE N P A TE N T F OUR-PO INT .
W E IGHT OF W IRE .
t
1 S r an d . 3 S ra n d
t .
LB S . LB S .
60 Ro ds .
20 A c res
40 A c re s 1 M il e .
80 A c r e s
2 Mi l e s .
Fi g 68 —B RIN KERROFF
. . STEE L RAP
ST AND B ARR .
pensive than w i re and are empl oyed o nly in limi ted quan
,
Fi g 70— BB IN K E RH
. . OFF FE N C IN G TW ISTE D .
posts select some o f the best trees about six teen inches
, ,
Fig 76 — A W I R
. , E FE N C E WE LL B RAC ED .
UN RE E LI N G AN D STRETC H I N G B A RB W I RE .
Fig 77 —
. . DE VIC E FO R UNROLLI N G W IRE .
.
,
Sho w n at A figure 7 8
, ,
to which is attached one end o f a
pi ece of smooth wire , some te n feet long The other .
h ub a s sho wn
, The wire t h u s fas
i n the illustra tion .
Fig 80 —TE E
. . A 'LE .
s .
,
Fi g 81
. .
—A L
S E D W IRE-H O L D ER .
an d h ave a b o y lead
’
mslowly
along the fence li n e
hi .
.
,
Fi g 82 — AN O T E E R S
. . LE D FO R W IRE .
th e sled .
,
F ig 83
. .
—TIGE TE NING TE E W I E R .
B .
55
.
,
W IRE STRE TC H E RS .
C LARK R H R
ST E TC E .
C l ark s tre tc h er
the manner o f u sing it A not h er
an d .
'
stretcher called the C ome A long stretcher figu re 85
, , ,
Fi g 86
. .
—
IIO ME ~BIAD E W IRE STRE T cm s :
Fig 90
. .
ho ld the wire .
L
SP IC I NG R
BA B WI RES .
h a m m e r it
‘
flat
until it is on e inch wide With a cold .
fi g s 91
. an d 92 .
— TEE SP L ICE R .
93 —
. MARING TE E SP ICE L .
i eh ed splic e .
Fi g 96 — FE
. . NCE ON UNE VE N ROUND
G .
s i ons , b ut in the i r
place at the lowest spots a heavy ston e
‘
.
When the fence is buil t the fence wires are brough t down
,
top This pre v ents the wire from raising and d oes away
.
,
i s suc ce s sful .
C H A PT E R VI .
Fi g 97 — MANNE B
. . OF B RA C IN G E ND -P OST .
that the posts can be set thirty f eet apart but s ixteen
‘
F ig 98 — SE C TI O N
. . OF F E N CE CO MP LE TE D .
that the animals may see the fence and be able to avoid ,
Fi g 99 —A
. . C HE AP AND GO O D F E NC E .
A BRA C K ETE D FE N C E .
A barb -wire is attac hed to the s hort arm of the brac kets ,
two six -inch boards s ixteen feet l ong three stakes abo u t
, ,
Fi g 101 — IRO
. , N B RA CKE T .
, ,
D OG-P ROO F F E N C E S .
Fi g 104 . .
-
A FE NCE AGAINST DOGS .
equ al n umber of barb -wi res for the upper portion and a ,
Fi g 105 — A
. . OM AP E B FE N CE .
“
‘
'
F or fencing Sh eep against dogs the t hi ck s et barb
-
,
HE DGES .
HE
T B E ST H E D GE P L ANTS .
this country until after civi l ization had reached the tree
less prairies Then the wan t of fe n cing material tu r ned
.
,
many miles of them were plan ted not only i n the prai rie ,
re g ion but also in the more eas tern States where cheaper
, ,
( )
6 7
68 r EN C S, R A
G TES A ND BRI D GES .
, ,
P LANTIN G AN D C A RE OF O SA GE H E DGES .
.
,
Fi g 107 — HE
. . DG E P LAN T ON HA RD RID GE .
Fig 108. .
—PROPERL Y P LOW E D G ROUND .
F ig 109
. .
— EE D GE P LANT IN ME LL OW SOI L .
a: a: a:
'
It is an advantage to p u ddle the roots which is done ,
earth and h alf fresh manure from the cow stable wet ,
Fi g 110— E FFE C T
. . OF C UL IV A
T TIO N .
leave the hedge broad at the base with a reg ular slope to
,
F ig 1 1 1 — HE
. . D GE P LAS HE D ' .
is seriously questioned .
duri ng the year when the bran ches are small and soft
, ,
by the win ter The loss of sap i s less than when the
.
high The plants that were i n the line of the fen ce were
.
Fig l l 3 —B R
. . ANCH OF J P A AN 'UINC E . Fi g 1 14 — F R
. . UI AND FL OW ER
T .
, ,
.
,
g a r i
, s also makes an excee di ngly pretty screen in time ,
'
a rgen tea has been tried for h edges but for some reason
, ,
occi d en ta l zs ,
p u rp os e .
C H A PT E R V III .
R
PO TAB LE FE NCE S AND HU RDLES .
PO RTA B LE B OA RD F E N CE S .
F ig . Ha t -T E E P O STS .
Fi g 116
.
— “HORSE S
. FO R MAKING H
T E m an.
F ig 1 1 7 — A
ANE L . . N
SI G E PL .
Fi g . 1 18 .
—T EE FE NC E IN P O SITIO N .
t hr o u gh b o th
PO RTA B LE FE N C E S O F PO LE S OR W IRE .
augu r holes are bored a few inches apart and small poles ,
Fi g 119 — P O RT
. . AB LE PO EL F E NC E .
of the
po s t s tied together with wire In sit u ati o n s .
Fi g 120— P O RT
. . AB L E W IRE FE N C E .
Fi g l 2 l — P ORT
. . AB LE FE NC E L
OF PO E S O R RAILS .
weeds an d rubbish .
PO RTA B LE F E N C E S FO R W IND B RE AK S .
F i g 122 —
. . PO RT AB L E FE N CE .
80 FE N C E S, G A TE S AND BRID GES .
mallet are all the tools re q uire d to set up the fence This .
PO RT A B LE PO U LTRY FE N C ES .
'
have the same angle as the laths the y hold the s ections ,
Fi g 1 2 7 — C E O SS—
. . E LO C K FO R FE N CE .
PO RTA B LE FO L D IN G F E N CE .
Fi g 128
. .
—
FE N CE IN P O SITIO N .
Fi g 129 — FE N C E
. . F O LD E D .
Fi g 130 — As
. . A SD I E H ILL F E NC E .
Several Ends
of wi re and iron fence s are used in
F rance to make temporary enclosures for exh i b i tion pur
p o se s Two form s are illu s trated herewi th F igure 1 3 1
. .
F i g l 31
. .
-
’1‘E MP O B AB Y W IRE F E N CE .
Fi g 132 — TE
. MP O RARY RON F E NC E
I .
at the lo wer end and driven into the ground then fas
, ,
C H A PTER I' .
F LOO D FE N C E S .
Fig 1 33
. .
—STE ONG FLOO D-GATE .
Fig 135 — FE C E
. . N FO R A F O RE ST ST RE AM .
around and left on the bank ; af ter the wate r has sub
sided s u ffi c ien tl y the logs may be dra gged b a ck to t h eir
,
As the fl o ods come down the rails are washed fro m the
,
Fig 1 36 — F E CE
. . N OF MOVABLE RAIL S .
Fig 137 — AN
. . E 'TE MPO RISE D FLO O D-FE N CE .
to pu t a cr o ss It is in e ffect tw o p an els of
Fi g l 39 — A
. . M ISSO URI FLO O D-F E N C E .
oth er p os ts
,
to w hich the pla n ks are n ai l ed, ar e bol ted .
F EN C E S ,
F O_ R STREA M S AND G U LLIE S . 91
Fi g 1 40 — F E E SRE T
. . FEN C E .
feet l o ng The rails are dri ven in the groun d about two
.
feet deep ; the u pper ends project above the sil l two or
three feet an d are Spiked down to the s ill with large
,
Fi g 141
. .
—C ALIF ORNI A GUL C R FE N CE .
clai med for this gate is that it i s not apt to ga ther the
p assing debri s .
Fig 143 — A
. . FRESHE T F E N C E .
P O RTA B LE TI D E F E N CE .
w hi c h ar e f o ur feet h i g h .
Fi g 145
. .
-A C LEAN W AT E RING P LA CE .
sult the horses get the scratches the cows come to the
, ,
are inj ured by the crowding in the mud Hogs are often .
be more than two feet wide that the animals may easily
,
C HA PTE R ' .
M A K IN G FE N C E P O STS .
the other— not a good s hape for there wil l be little heart
,
A
'
PO ST H O LDE R .
F ig 1 48 —A
. . P O ST H OLD ER .
Fi g l 5o — M AUL
. . FO R D RIVING POSTS .
but when the corners only are cut away the chip should ,
Fi g 153
. .
be u e s d . It i s a pi ece
o f t o ugh hard wood s cantling e , ,
Fig 1 54 — SC
. . AN L NG
T I w rm HAND LE IN PO SITI O N .
po s t as required .
A P OW E RFU L PO ST D RIV E R .
Fig 155 . . HE
-
T P O ST-DRIVER .
are fasten ed by li nch -pins lea v ing about six feet space be
,
Fig 1 57
. .
—TOP OF UPRIGHT .
lass over the pulley a t the top down an d under the pul ,
the follower will ru n down the guides and stri king the , ,
m aul will
“ '
click the latch into place ready for a n
, ,
pr o ceed to drive it .
SETTI NG A GA TE PO ST .
Fig 158 — A
. . G A TE P O ST SE T IN CE ME N T .
'
turb the post for a few da ys until the cement has set , .
Fi g 159
. .
—GATE PO ST B RA C E D W ITH STO NES .
e s t pre s sure from the foot of the post When the post is .
Fig 162
. .
i s sta ple d to the tree the bark and wood will in time
,
ME ND IN G A L
SP IT P O ST .
Fig 163 — ME N
. . D NG A
I SP LIT POST .
or two across the split part j ust belo w the holes in the
,
posts Thi s answers fairly well but does not draw the
.
,
B RI D GE S .
H OO K FO R W I RI N G P O STS .
164 — A S T K E
. A DRAW E R USE D IN W IRIN G F E NCE S
.
Fi g 166 — A
. . CO NVE NIE NT PO ST LIFTE R .
Fig 167 . .
— LIF TIN G A PO ST.
P LICIN G FE N C E PO STS
S .
, ,
When th e p o s ts a r e se t in a n u p r ig ht p os i ti on a pr ese r v
‘ ,
1 14 FE N CE S , G ATES AN D B RID GES .
I RON F E N CE PO STS .
172 — PO ST W ITH L
TI ES .
across the top with two loop s for inserting the i ron post
i
, .
This is driven into the ground and the iron post dri ven ,
.
,
F i g 1 74 — P O ST W ITH
. . I RO N GRO UND P IE C E .
Fig 1 75 — C
. . AS T-I RON G RO UND-P IE CE .
Fi g 1 77
. .
the latch may be ligh ter F ive cross pieces are enough
.
-
.
F ig 1 80
. .
F ig 18 1
. . Fi g 182
. .
Fi g 183
. . F ig 184
. .
1 20 F E N C ES ,
G A TE S I D GE S .
Fig 186
. .
Fi g 1 87
. .
s e r ted
in the e n d piec e of th e gate may rest in a slot
sawed in the post or on a shoulder of the post Fi gu re
,
.
'
U
S B ST ANTIAL GATE . Fi g 1 90
. .
A STRON G AN D NE AT G A TE .
are eig ht inches square an d stan d five and one half feet
,
in ches thick four an d three quar ter feet long are mor
, ,
LL-MADE GATE
Fi g 192 — A W E
. . .
not only cheap and easily made but acts as a brace for ,
Fi g 193 — A
. . LIGHT I RON G ATE .
Fig 194 —A W RO
. . UG H T I RO N A
G TE .
F i g 198 — SE
. . LF C LO SIN G FARM GATE
-
.
“
hinge has two thumbs which are emb r aced by two
,
thi s case are three inches in diam ete r an d when the gate ,
prevent creaking .
12 8 F EN C ES ,
G A TES AN D B RI DG ES .
G A TE FO R V I LLAGE LOT .
A C H I N E SE DO O R O R GATE SP RIN G .
Fig 203
. .
—GATE O PE N .
the arc h way and then out along hori zontal arm s at right
,
Fig 204 —A
. . SE LF-O PE NIN G A
G TE .
. LA TC H P OST
Fig 205 —
.
- Fi g 206 — TH
. E GA T E O P E N . .
LO SE D
F i g 207 —
. . T HE G A TE C .
Fi gur e 2 10 shows R
n i mproved form of
th is ga te with
ou t posts In this cas e the s m all board str ips ar e ou t
.
Fi g 21 0 — A
. . S MALL GATE IN A PI C KE T FE N CE .
eng ra vi ng The hi n ges are fas te ned to the hori zon tal
.
These ope nings are not designed for a regular gate and ,
'
Fi g 211 —
. . M OVAB LE P ANEL .
mg . 2 12 — A G
. ATE L
N O T C O GGE D W ITH S OWN .
RU STIC G ATE S .
a h al f f eet long the Sho rter one fou r and a h alf feet
,
.
136 F E N C E S GA TE S AND
, B RID GE S .
Fi g 2 13
. .
—O RNAME NT AL G ATE .
Fig 2 14 —
. . LIGHT RUSTIC GATE .
'
w ed ged s ecurely F or the upper hinge a piece of pl ank
.
Fig 216 -C
. . AROL NA AL AN CE GAT
I B E .
F ig 2 1 7 — A
. . TI DY B ALAN CE GATE .
G A TE FO R SNO W Y W E A THE R .
the gate can swing and slide easily B oards can be used .
Fi g 218
. .
—G ATE FO R SNOW Y WE ATHER .
h eigh t .
W E ST I ND IA F A RM G A TE S .
i
Fg 2 19 — W1D E
. . F ARM A
G TE .
140 FE N C ES ,
G A TE S AND B RID GE S .
Fi g 220 —
. . AN O HR W D
T E I E F ARM A
G TE .
,
b y a p ivot ,
as s een in o ur ill u strati o n .
142 FE NC ES, G A TE S AND BRI DG ES .
Fi g 223 — A w r r R
. . E HI NGE .
F ig re
u 2 25 small han d-gate hung u pon an
r ep r es en ts a '
DOU B LE GATE S .
F ig 226 — A
. . D O U B LE G ATE .
1 44 FE N CE S , G A TES AND BRID GES .
and the hinge bolts pass through the post thu s preven t ,
Fi g 227
. .
—
D OUB LE B ALAN CE GATE .
the pivot on which the gate turns With this gate one .
lifting of thi s ben t rod will allow the two bars t o come
t o get h er an d w h en droppe d i t will h old t h em firmly
, .
D O UB L E -L ATC H E D G ATE S .
bu t if one atte mpt it with this it can only raise one latch ,
through for the lower latch prevents the gate from open
,
and down in the slides c c and when the gate i s fas tened
, ,
Fi g 232 — A
. . KA
G TE F O R ALL LIVE STO C .
g a t
,e an d the form an d arrangemen t of the latche s an d
IM P
ATE RO VE D L DE
S I G .
,
G I DGES .
the boards are one or two small iron or hard wood wheels ,
F i g 234 — TH
. E . A
G TE C O MP LE TE .
ing over and bearing down on the gate Where hogs are .
A C O M B I N E D H I N GE AN D S I D IN G GA TE L .
1 50 F E NCES ,
G AT ES A N D B .
G ATE S OF W O OD AN D W IRE .
Fi g 23 1 — A
. NE A A
T G TE O F SC ANTL N G AND
I W IRE .
1 51
make t hes e one and a half inch or half the wi dth of the ,
half inches from the top end Fi t the strips into the .
the wires pass them alte rn ately o n Oppo site sides of the
,
A GOOD AN D C H E A P F A RM GATE .
AN I M P RO VE D W IRE GA TE .
Fi gu re 2 39
shows an improved form of wi re farm
gate in w hic h the wires can be made tight at
, .
Fi g 239 — IMP RO
. . VE D W IRE G TEA .
-h alf feet
a nd one -half feet and the cente r four and one .
Fi g 241
. .
-
B ARB D
E W IRE TN A GATE .
TA KI N G UP T HE SA G I N G A TE S .
Fi g 242 — RE
. . ME DY FO RA A
S GGI NG GA TE .
board is shown at d .
F i g 243 — A
. . LIF T B AR F OR A GA TE
- .
a is fastene d at d
, by mean s of a bolt through it an d th e
,
,
, , ,
Fi g 244 — A
. . RE M E DY FO RA AGGING GA TE
S .
w
do n The lower en d of the gate turns in a hole bore d
.
d -
in a har wood block placed in the ground near the foot
o f the post .
“
piece of se as oned hick o ry o r other elastic wood cut in
, ,
Fi g 248 —
. . L ATC H IN P O SITIO N .
Fi g 2 51
. .
- L AT C H W ITH T O P LE VE R .
2 51 ,
_ nabl es a p e r so n on horseback to open o r close the
e
that the gate is securely close d The l atch does not cost .
will l as t as l o ng a s the ga te .
Fi g 252 . .
-G ATE L ATC H .
Fi g 253 —
. L A T C H AN D PI N .
Fig 25 1 — G
. . A TE LATC H .
G A TE W AY S IN W IRE F E N CE .
Fi g 2 56 — G
. . AT W AY
E IN A W IRE F E N CE .
'
v a n i ze d iron chains h ave a swi v el near the end by ,
F i g 259 — TH
. E A
G TE C O SE L D .
Fi g 260— TH
. E. G ATE OPE N
.
is loo s ened and s wings out when the sh arp end i s thrust
,
Figu re 2 61 S .
gate tak e thi s pole or gate -head and p u t the lower end
,
F ig 26 1 —A W IRE
. . G TEA .
back of the lower pin an d spring the upper end beh ind
,
C HAPTER 'I I .
W IC KE TS AND STILE S .
I RON W I C K E TS .
1 66 FE N C E S ,
G AT ES
Fi g 26 4 — A
. G A TE FO R FOO T-P ATH .
Fi g 267 — A C O
. . NVE N IE NT L
STI E .
,
'
Fi g 269 — SW I N GIN G
. . STI E L .
Fig 2 70 — A
. . NE AT G AT E .
co fp u l en t p erson s It
ori ginate d an
.
C H A PT E R 'I I I .
F E N C IN G OUT O B F E N CI N G IN :
'
be came the law of the origi nal States,
to fence his lan d at all E very p erson i.
’
every one ,
th e m selve s
.
D IVISION F E N C E S .
i s ts
. Such fence s are to be built on the b oundary lin e ,
lic o fi i cer s cal led fence -vie w ers are elected annually i n
, ,
-
.
1 72 F E N C ES ,
G A TES AND B RI D G E S .
occ upant o f land ref use s to buil d Or main tain h alf the di
vi sion fence or cannot agree with his adj oining neighbor
,
thereof disagree respe cting its posi tion the fence viewers ,
bu ild and maintain his part of the fen ce the other sh all ,
a
p y ,
Y ork December 1 7 1 8 8 5
, The action w as brough t by
, .
ground that the animal recei v e d the inj uries through the
co ntributory n egligence of its owner A mong the rul .
, ,
a legal fence .
W HA T Is A LE G A L F E N C E ?
In M
,
, ,
.
, , ,
fee t high with ditches o n each side three feet deep in the
,
RA IL RO A D F E N C ES .
c o urts in all the States that in the absence of such fen ces ,
1 76 FEN C ES, G ATES A D B R N
ID GE S .
u nc o n st ituti o nal .
C H A PT E R 'I V .
ST ER N GTH OF B RI D GE S .
'
Fi g 275
. .
-A SI MP LE F O RM OF B RID GE SP AN .
F i g 2 76 —A
. . ST RO N GE R SP AN .
F i g 277 — A
. . S HO RT B RID GE .
f
placed a g ainst the ends of the sills to keep them in place ,
F i g 278
. .
—
A BO LT T RC SS .
one foot The lower s ide may be cut away giving the
.
,
Fig 279—B RI
. DG E B RAC E D F RO M B ELOW .
he r
. The en ds of the planks fi t clo se ly agai n st th e i n
side of the truss sills th ereby k eeping the plan k s secu rel y
,
in place .
A B UTME NTS ,
P IE RS AND RA ILI N GS .
Fi g 280—E N D
. . OF A B RIDGE .
Fig 285 — P
. . L ANK FL OO R O F B RIDG E .
B RI D GE S FO R G ULLIES .
against the ends 6 b which must be sunk a lit tle into the
, ,
bed of the cre ek at its l o west point The posts are mor .
a
, , , , , , , ,
Two logs are laid across the gully their ends resting on ,
Fig 28 7
. . C ON
— VE NIE N T FARM B RID GE .
O RNA M E N T A L B RI D G E S .
Fi g 288 —RUSTIC
. . B RI DGE .
Fi g 289 - A
. . B RID GE OF B O OKS.
'
Fi g 29 1 — STO
. . NE C ULVE RT .
Fi g 292 — C HE
. . AP E R STO NE C ULVERT .
—
of them This protection of stones on the top is valu
.
Fi g 293 —
. . ARC H D
E CO N C RE TE C ULV E RT .
i
Fg 29.4 — AN GULAR C ONCRE TE C ULVE RT .
'
c o ncrete h a s become thoroughly we l l set the light ,
188 FE N C E S
, G ATE S AND B RID GES .
in fi g u r e 2 9 4
. Such a culvert is more easily built than
the la s t b u t i s not as strong The best an d most dur
,
.