(Ebook PDF) (Ebook PDF) Governing Texas (Second Edition) by Anthony Champagne All Chapter
(Ebook PDF) (Ebook PDF) Governing Texas (Second Edition) by Anthony Champagne All Chapter
(Ebook PDF) (Ebook PDF) Governing Texas (Second Edition) by Anthony Champagne All Chapter
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3 ● Texas in the Federal System 79
Understanding Federalism 80
Federalism in Early America 83
Dual Federalism 86
Marble-Cake Federalism 87
● TEXAS AND THE NATION Federal Funds to Texas versus
Other States 89
Coercive Federalism 90
● WHO ARE TEXANS? How Do Federal Funds Flow to Texas? 91
Major U.S. Constitutional and Statutory Restrictions on the States 93
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 93
The Equal Protection Clause 94
● YOU DECIDE Voting and Redistricting in Texas 95
State Regulation of Voting 97
Flexibility for States under the Constitution: Independent
State Grounds 99
Thinking Critically about the Federalism 100
Study Guide 101
Recommended Websites 103
C o n t e n t s v i i
5 ● Election in Texas 137
Features of Elections in Texas 139
Primary Elections 139
General Elections 140
Special Elections 140
Running as an Independent 141
Participation in Texas Elections 142
Earlier Restrictions on the Franchise 142
Expanding the Franchise 145
Contracting the Franchise? 146
● YOU DECIDE Voter Identification Laws 147
Qualifications to Vote 148
Low Voter Turnout 148
● WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Votes in Texas? 151
Early Voting 152
● TEXAS AND THE NATION How Did Texans Vote in 2012? 153
The Importance of the Republican Primary 154
Racial and Ethnic Variations in Voting and Participation 154
Redistricting in Texas 156
Contemporary Barriers to Voting 157
Campaigns 160
Important Issues in Texas Campaigns 164
Thinking Critically about Election in Texas 166
Study Guide 168
Recommended Websites 169
v i i i c o n t e n t s
7 ● The Texas Legislature 199
Structure of the Texas Legislature 201
Bicameralism 201
Membership 202
Sessions of the Legislature 204
Regular Sessions 204
Special Sessions 204
● WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Are the Members of the
Texas Legislature? 205
Powers of the Legislature 206
Legislative Powers 206
● TEXAS AND THE NATION Characteristics of Texas Legislators
Compared to Other States 207
● YOU DECIDE A Full-Time or Part-Time Legislature? 208
Nonlegislative Powers 209
How a Bill Becomes Law in Texas 210
Introduction in the House 211
Referral 211
Committee Action 211
Floor Action 211
Conference Committee 215
The Governor 216
Additional Players in the Legislative Process 217
The Comptroller of Public Accounts 218
The Media 218
The Courts 218
Lobbyists 218
The Public 219
Power and Partisanship in the Legislature 219
Leadership 219
Centralizing Power: Sources of the Leadership’s Power 221
Partisanship in the Texas Legislature 224
Redistricting 226
How Redistricting Works 226
Power and Partisanship in the Redistricting Battle 227
Thinking Critically about the Texas Legislature 229
Study Guide 230
Recommended Websites 233
C o n t e n t s i x
● TEXAS AND THE NATION Comparing the Governor of Texas with the
Governors of Other States 241
Succession 242
● WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Elected Governor Greg Abbott in 2014? 243
Compensation 244
Staff 244
Executive Powers of the Governor 245
Legislative Powers of the Governor 251
Judicial Powers of the Governor 253
The Office and Its Occupants 253
The Plural Executive 254
Secretary of State 256
Lieutenant Governor 257
Attorney General 259
Commissioner of the General Land Office 260
Commissioner of Agriculture 260
Comptroller of Public Accounts 261
Accountability of the Plural Executive 261
● YOU DECIDE A Plural or Single Executive? 262
The Plural Executive and the Governor 263
Boards, Commissions, and Regulatory Agencies 263
Multimember Appointed Boards 264
Appointed Single Executives 265
Multimember Elected Boards 267
Making Agencies Accountable 269
Thinking Critically about the Executive in Texas 269
Study Guide 271
Recommended Websites 273
x c o n t e n t s
Thinking Critically about the Judiciary in Texas 305
Study Guide 307
Recommended Websites 309
C o n t e n t s x i
Budget Crises in Twenty-First-Century Texas 372
Looking Beyond the Budget Crisis of 2011 376
Thinking Critically about Public Finance in Texas 378
Study Guide 379
Recommended Websites 381
x i i c o n t e n t s
Trial and Sentencing 429
Does the Criminal Justice System Create Criminals? 429
Crime and Texas District Attorneys 430
Crime and Criminal Defense 433
Crime, Corrections, and the Texas Prison System 434
● WHO ARE TEXANS? Who Is in Prison in Texas? 435
History of the Prison System 436
The Prison System Today 437
● TEXAS AND THE NATION How Does Criminal Justice in Texas
Compare to Other States? 441
● YOU DECIDE Concealed Weapons on Campus 442
The Death Penalty 443
The Integrity of the Texas Criminal Justice System 445
How Fair Is the Criminal Justice System? 446
Reforms 450
Thinking Critically about Criminal Justice in Texas 451
Study Guide 453
Recommended Websites 455
Appendix A1
Glossary A23
Endnotes A31
Credits A53
Index A55
C o n t e n t s x i i i
preface
O
ur goal in this text is to offer readers a broad understanding of the fac-
tors that are reshaping political processes and institutions in the Lone
Star State in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. We are par-
ticularly concerned with explaining how the principles underlying con-
stitutional government in Texas are being reworked in the face of new political,
economic, and demographic changes. By supplementing our institutional analysis
with concrete examples from everyday political life in Texas, we hope to show the
reader that politics and government in Texas are not only important to their lives
but endlessly fascinating as well.
xv
exercises in the online coursepacks and slides in the PowerPoints make it
easy for instructors to bring these graphics into their online or face-to-face
classrooms.
• “You
Decide” boxes in every chapter address controversial issues in Texas
politics that students care about. These boxes encourage students to think
beyond their knee-jerk reactions and consider all sides of the debate.
• “What
Government Does and Why It Matters” chapter introductions draw
students into the chapter by showing them why they should care about the
chapter’s topic.
x v i p r e fa c e
Norton Coursepacks: Our content, your course
Rachel Bzostek, University of Texas, Tyler
Jeremy Duff, Midwestern State University
Alexander Hogan, Lone Star College, CyFair
Sharon Navarro, University of Texas, San Antonio
Easily add high-quality Norton digital media to your online, hybrid, or lecture
course—all at no cost. Norton Coursepacks work with and leverage your existing
Learning Management System, so there’s no new system to learn, and access is free
and easy. Comprehensive Coursepacks are ready to use, right from the start, but
are easy to customize, using the system you already know and understand. Norton
Coursepacks include exclusive multimedia content and assessment tools that are
not found anywhere else, such as test banks and quizzes, interactive learning tools,
and exercises covering chapter objectives and tagged to State Learning Outcomes.
Every chapter includes:
• Video exercises from The Texas Tribune and ABC News to help students
retain and apply information through current events
• NEW “Who Are Texans?” and “Texas and the Nation” animated infographics
to guide students through interpreting data
• Simulations to get students thinking about how Texas government really
works
• NEW “You Decide” exercises to help students engage varying views on
contemporary issues
• NEW “By the Numbers” exercises to help students practice quantitative
skills by exploring key datagraphics from the text
Lecture PowerPoints
Ronald Vardy, Wharton County Junior College
The second edition of Governing Texas offers fully customizable lecture slides with
clicker questions, teaching ideas, and discussion questions in the instructor-only
notes field. “Who Are Texans?” and “Texas and the Nation” slides feature popular
infographics and pop quiz questions for the optimal lecture experience.
Art Slides
Photographs and drawn figures from the book are available for classroom use.
Instructor’s Manual
Jeremy Duff, Midwestern State University
The Instructor’s Manual includes chapter outlines, class activities, and group dis-
cussion questions. Each chapter also offers suggested video clips with links and
discussion questions.
x v i i
Test Bank
Sharon Navarro, University of Texas, San Antonio
The revised test bank assesses chapter learning goals and Texas Student Learning
Outcomes, applies Bloom’s Taxonomy across these goals and outcomes, and im-
proves the overall quality and accuracy of our assessment through extensive peer
review.
x v i i i p r e fa c e
acknowledgments
W
e are grateful for the suggestions that we have received from many
thoughtful and experienced government instructors across the state.
For their input on the plan and execution of this book, we thank:
xix
Robert Locander, Lone Star College–North Harris Donna Rhea, Houston Community College–Northwest
Nicholas Long, St. Edward’s University Laurie Robertstad, Navarro College
George Lyon, El Paso Community College Mario Salas, University of Texas at San Antonio
Mitzi Mahoney, Sam Houston State University Larry Salazar, McLennan Community College
Lynne Manganaro, Texas A&M International University Michael Sanchez, San Antonio College
Sharon Manna, North Lake College Raymond Sandoval, Richland College
Bobby J. Martinez, Northwest Vista College Gilbert Schorlemmer, Blinn College
David McClendon, Tyler Junior College Mark Shomaker, Blinn College
Mike McConachie, Collin College Dennis Simon, Southern Methodist University
Elizabeth McLane, Wharton County Junior College Shannon Sinegal, Temple College
Phil McMahan, Collin College Brian William Smith, St. Edward’s University
Eddie Meaders, University of North Texas Michael Smith, South Plains College
Banks Miller, University of Texas at Dallas Thomas E. Sowers II, Lamar University
Eric Miller, Blinn College John Speer, Houston Community College
Patrick Moore, Richland College Jim Startin, University of Texas at San Antonio
Sherri Mora, Texas State University–San Marcos Andrew Teas, Houston Community College–Northwest
Dana Morales, Lone Star College–Montgomery John Theis, Lone Star College Kingwood
Amy Moreland, Sul Ross State University Sean Theriault, University of Texas at Austin
Rick Moser, Kilgore College John Todd, University of North Texas
Mark R. Murray, South Texas College Delaina Toothman, Texas State University
James Myers, Odessa College Steven Tran, Houston Community College
Sugumaran Narayanan, Midwestern State University Homer D. Trevino, McLennan Community College
Sharon Navarro, University of Texas at San Antonio Christopher Turner, Laredo Community College
Jalal Nejad, Northwest Vista College Ronald W. Vardy, University of Houston
Timothy Nokken, Texas Tech University Linda Veazey, Midwestern State University
James Norris, Texas A &M International University Albert Waite, Central Texas College
John Osterman, San Jacinto College David Watson, Sul Ross State University
Cissie Owen, Lamar University Clay Wiegand, Cisco College
David Putz, Lone Star College Kingwood Neal Wise, St. Edward’s University
Himanshin Raizada, Lamar University Kathryn Yates, Richland College
Prudencio E. Ramirez, San Jacinto College Michael Young, Trinity Valley Community College
John Raulston, Kilgore College Tyler Young, Collin College
Daniel Regalado, Odessa College Rogerio J. Zapata, South Texas College
Darrial Reynolds, South Texas College
We also thank Jason Casellas of the University of Houston for his contributions
to the book. Jason developed Chapters 4 and 5 on parties and elections, bringing
a current perspective and important insights to these topics. Jason also revised
and created new “Who Are Texans?,” “Texas and the Nation,” and “You Decide”
features. We thank the following University of Texas at Dallas students for their as-
sistance: Lisa Holmes, Josh Payne, Ali Charania, Alan Roderick, Basel Musharbash,
Liza Miadzvedskaya, and Sachi Dave.
At W. W. Norton, Peter Lesser provided editorial guidance throughout the pro-
cess of developing and publishing the book. Project editor Christine D’Antonio
and editorial assistants Sarah Wolf and Samantha Held kept everything organized.
Copy editor Ellen Lohman helped polish the text. Production manager Ashley
Horna made sure we ended up with a high-quality book, right on schedule. Media
editor Toni Magyar and associate media editor Laura Musich worked with the au-
thors of accompanying resources to develop useful tools for students and instruc-
tors. Our sincere thanks to all of them.
Anthony Champagne
Edward J. Harpham
December 2014
x x A C K N O W L ED G ME N T S
Second Edition
Governing Texas
In some ways state-level politics in
Texas resembles national politics,
but in other ways Texas’s political
culture is quite distinctive.
The Political
1
Culture, People,
and Economy
of Texas
WHY Texas’s Political Culture MATTERS In his Travels with Charley, John Steinbeck once
described Texas as “a state of mind . . . a mystique closely approximating a religion.” Americans pas-
sionately loved or hated Texas. Steinbeck believed that Texas, despite its vast space, its varying topog-
raphy, its many cultures and ways of life, had a cohesiveness that may be stronger than any other part of
America. He writes, “Rich, poor, Panhandle, Gulf, city, country, Texas is the obsession, the proper study
and the passionate possession of all Texans.”
Certain myths define the obsession that is Texas—and Texans—in the popular imagination. The
cowboy who challenges both Native American and Mexican rule, the rancher and farmer who cherish their
economic independence, the wildcatter who is willing to risk everything for one more roll of the dice, and
the independent entrepreneur who fears the needless intrusion of government into his life—such are the
myths about Texans.
These myths extend far into the popular imagination when we think about various politicians who have
led the state since its founding: the visionary Stephen F. Austin locked in a Mexican jail after presenting
Texas grievances to the authorities, the military hero Sam Houston who wins the Battle of San Jacinto
but is thrown out of office because of his rejection of secession, the irrepressible Ma and Pa Ferguson
who both served as governors, and the larger-than-life Lyndon Baines Johnson who began his career as a
schoolteacher in Cotulla, Texas, and completed it as a champion of civil rights and the poor.
The reality of Texas today, its people and its leaders, is much more complicated than the Texas of
popular myths. Texas is not only the second-largest state in the Union, comprising more than 261,000
3
square miles; it is also the second most populous. Texas has a population of
more than 26 million people, and that population is rapidly growing and becom-
ing more and more diverse. Whites constitute a little more than 45 percent of
the population, while Latinos constitute more than 38 percent. Just fewer than
12 percent of the population are African American, and roughly 4 percent are
Asian. Eighty-five percent of Texans live in urban areas, with many involved in an
economy driven by high-tech industry and globalization. More than a quarter of
the population has a bachelor’s degree. On the whole, Texans are young, with
26.8 percent under the age of 18 and 10.9 percent over the age of 65.
Texas politics today is a political community that is dominated by the Repub-
lican Party. The Democratic Party of Vice President John Nance Garner (1868–
1967), Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn (1882–1961), President Lyndon
Johnson (1908–1973), and Lieutenant Governor Bob Bullock (1929–1999) no
longer controls the key political offices in the state. Since the mid-1990s, Texas
politics and government have been largely controlled by an establishment within
the Republican Party led by such individuals as President George W. Bush (b. 1946),
Governor Rick Perry (b. 1950), Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst (b. 1945),
and Texas Speaker of the House Joe Straus (b. 1959). In recent years, however,
this establishment has been challenged from within the party. An increasingly
aggressive group of dissidents tied into the Tea Party movement have advanced
hyperconservative political positions on a variety of social and economic issues,
including abortion, birth control, same-sex marriage, immigration, and taxes. Led
by politicians like Senator Ted Cruz (b. 1970), Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick
(b. 1956), and Attorney General Ken Paxton (b. 1962), Tea Party supporters have
pushed Texas Republicans further to the right by melding a cultural conservatism
on issues like abortion and gay rights to an anti-Washington rhetoric that calls for
lower taxes, less government spending and regulation, and a balanced budget.
The Democratic Party, too, has moved in new directions, spurred on by new
and younger leaders. Gubernatorial candidate Wendy Davis (b. 1963) gave her
party a shot in the arm when she filibustered against antiabortion laws at the end
of the 2013 legislative session. Likewise, the twin brothers Julian and Joaquin
Castro (b. 1974) represent something new to the party and the state. Educated
at Stanford and Harvard Law School, the former has served two terms as the
mayor of San Antonio before moving on to a cabinet position in the Obama admin
istration. The latter, meanwhile, has entered the U.S. House of Representatives.
Undoubtedly, Tea Party Republicans like Ted Cruz and up-and-coming Demo-
crats like Wendy Davis and the Castro brothers will give rise to new myths about
the people and politicians found in Texas. We should be careful before we fully
accept any of these myths. As in the past, the reality of Texas—its people and
its politics—is much more complex than the myths we spin about it. Conser-
vative Republicans may control today’s political agenda, but their long-term
dominance in politics and government is not certain. Increasing racial and ethnic
diversity points to a new Texas, one that looks sharply different from the one in
the history books and one that appears to favor Democrats (the party preferred
today by most Latinos, African Americans, and recent immigrants). The future of
the state and its people will be determined in large part by the struggle between
an assertive Republican majority and a resurgent Democratic minority as both
Niin, näin pitkälle olivat asiat nyt menneet! Olipa aikoja, joina tuo
ylpeä kuningatar, joka oli nähnyt valtikkaan putoavan kädestänsä,
joutuakseen hänen nuoren, korskean poikansa haltuun, myöskin sai
tuta, että hänen täytyi tämän edessä nöyryyttää niskansa ja, mitä
tämän seikkoihin tuli, punnita sanansa varovaisuuden va'alla.
— Entä jos hänkin jää tulematta… jos hänelläkin on niin ylen paljo
työtä…
— Jos ei Nordenskiöld…(5)