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Chapter: Chapter 1, The Vista of Nursing
Objective: 4. Describe the history of nursing at both the LPN/LVN and RN levels.
Page: 2
Heading: History of Nursing—A Look at Where We Have Been
Integrated Processes: Teaching and Learning
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Coordinated Care
Cognitive Level: Application [Applying]
Concept: Quality Improvement
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. The American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools
for Nurses, which later became the National League for Nursing Education, was
established to set standards and rules in nursing education and continues in that
function today.
2 This is incorrect. The American Journal of Nursing was published to keep nurses
aware of the newest medical information and newest information about nursing
education.
3 This is correct. In 1897, in Baltimore, Maryland, the Nurses Associated Alumnae
of the United States was formed in an effort to oversee training to protect patients
from incompetent nurses.
4 This is incorrect. The American Journal of Nursing was published to keep nurses
aware of the newest information about nursing education.
PTS: 1 CON: Quality Improvement
3. The nurse reviewed the state nurse practice act with a new colleague. Which statement
indicates that the new nurse understands the role and function of this act?
1. “The Nurse Practice Act is the same in every state.”
2. “The Nurse Practice Act does not specify who can supervise a nurse.”
3. “The Nurse Practice Act is determined by the American Nurses Association.”
4. “The Nurse Practice Act establishes the scope of practice for each level of nurse.”
ANS: 4
Objective: 7. Identify commonalities of nurse practice acts in all states.
Page: 4
Heading: Advancing Your Career > Specialization in Nursing
Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing]
Concept: Professionalism
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Every state has a Nurse Practice Act to govern nurses’ actions,
but these are not the same in every state.
2 This is incorrect. In every state, licensed practical/vocational nurses are required
by law to practice under the supervision of a registered nurse or physician, and
registered nurses are required to practice under the supervision of a physician.
3 This is incorrect. The Board of Nursing in each state determines and enforces the
contents of the Nurse Practice Act.
4 This is correct. The Nurse Practice Act in each state establishes the scope of
practice for each level of nurse based on educational preparation.
PTS: 1 CON: Professionalism
4. While caring for a patient, the nurse performs an intervention that is beyond the scope of
practice. The nurse has violated the expectations of which regulatory body?
1. Ethics Committee
2. Nurse Practice Act
3. State Department of Health
4. National League for Nursing Education
ANS: 2
Objective: 8. Define scope of practice.
Page: 4
Integrated Processes: Clinical Problem-Solving Process (Nursing Process)
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Every state has a Nurse Practice Act to govern nurses’ actions.
To perform an action outside of one’s scope of practice would be a violation of
this act, not of an Ethics Committee.
2 This is correct. All nurses are responsible for knowing their own scope of practice,
or the limitations and allowances of what they can do as nurses. Every state has a
Nurse Practice Act to govern nurses’ actions. To perform an action outside of
one’s scope of practice would be a violation of this act.
3 This is incorrect. All nurses are responsible for knowing their own scope of
practice, or the limitations and allowances of what they can do as nurses. Every
state has a Nurse Practice Act to govern nurses’ actions. To perform an action
outside of one’s scope of practice would be a violation of this act, not of the State
Department of Health.
4 This is incorrect. The National League for Nursing Education was established to
set standards and rules in nursing education, and it continues in that function
today. It does not, however, govern nurses’ actions as the Nurse Practice Act does.
5. The nurse researches the Nurse Practice Act before completing a skill. Which body is
responsible for enforcing this Act?
1. State Board of Nursing
2. County Health Department
3. State Department of Health
4. National League for Nursing
ANS: 1
Objective: 1. Define various terms associated with nursing practice.
Page: 4
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
1 This is correct. The Board of Nursing in each state determines and enforces the
contents of the Nurse Practice Act.
2 This is incorrect. The Board of Nursing in each state, not the County Health
Department, determines and enforces the contents of the Nurse Practice Act.
3 This is incorrect. The Board of Nursing in each state, not the State Department of
Health, determines and enforces the contents of the Nurse Practice Act.
4 This is incorrect. The Board of Nursing in each state, not the National League for
Nursing, determines and enforces the contents of the Nurse Practice Act.
6. The nurse reviews with a student the responsibilities of a student nurse. Which student
statement indicates additional teaching is required?
1. “I will check laboratory results for my patients often.”
2. “I am responsible for noting abnormal assessment findings.”
3. “I will frequently check the patient’s chart for diagnostic test results.”
4. “It is not within my scope of practice to notify someone of abnormal findings.”
ANS: 4
Objective: 15. Discuss information found in the Connection features in this chapter.
Page: 7
Heading: Characteristics of Nurses > Being Organized
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. It is the responsibility of the student nurse to check laboratory
and diagnostic tests often, to note any abnormal findings, and to notify the
appropriate health-care professionals of significant abnormal findings.
4 This is correct. It is the responsibility of the student nurse to check laboratory and
diagnostic tests often, to note any abnormal findings, and to notify the appropriate
health-care professionals of significant abnormal findings.
7. The nursing instructor reviews the importance of joining a professional organization with a
group of students. For which student comment should the instructor provide more
information?
1. “Professional organizations allow me to have a collective voice.”
2. “Professional organizations limit my ability to influence laws and policies.”
3. “Professional behavior is demonstrated by joining a professional organization.”
4. “By joining a professional organization, I will have opportunities for leadership.”
ANS: 2
Objective: 11. Discuss the purposes of professional organizations you can join as a nursing
student.
Page: 8
Heading: Professionalism in Nursing > Professional Organizations
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Professional organizations give nurses and student nurses a
collective voice that will be heard by those who enact laws and establish policy for
health care.
2 This is correct. Professional organizations give nurses and student nurses a
collective voice that will be heard by those who enact laws and establish policy for
health care.
3 This is incorrect. An aspect of professional behavior is participation in
professional organizations, both as a student and as a nurse.
4 This is incorrect. Professional organizations provide opportunities for leadership
in nursing.
8. A student nurse is learning about nursing history. Which statement should the student use to
describe Lillian Wald?
1. Instrumental in providing nursing care during the Crimean War
2. The first visiting nurse and founder of the Henry Street Settlement
3. Instrumental in establishing a 3-year training program for nurses
4. The first president of what is known today as the American Red Cross
ANS: 2
Objective: 3. Summarize the development of modern nursing.
Page: 3
Heading: History of Nursing—A Look at Where We Have Been
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Florence Nightingale is famous for her nursing care during the
Crimean War.
2 This is correct. Lillian Wald is known as the first visiting nurse. She opened the
Henry Street Settlement to provide health care to the poor.
3 This is incorrect. Isabel Hampton Robb was an activist for nursing labor reform in
the late 1800s. She helped usher in 12-hour shifts with meal breaks when 24 hours
had been standard. She also was instrumental in establishing a 3-year training
program for nurses and worked for licensure examinations and nursing
registration.
4 This is incorrect. Clara Barton was the first president of the Red Cross
Association, now the American Red Cross.
9. A participant at a health career fair is interested in attending a diploma program for nursing.
Which should be explained to this participant about the program?
1. It is a hospital-based nursing education program.
2. Courses to achieve a college degree are required.
3. This is the most basic of all the entry-level options for nurses.
4. A private or community college is attended for a minimum of 2 years.
ANS: 1
Objective: 5. Differentiate four pathways for entering nursing education.
Page: 4
Heading: Options for Entering Nursing
Feedback
1 This is correct. A diploma program is a hospital-based nursing education program.
2 This is incorrect. A baccalaureate program requires courses to achieve a college
degree.
3 This is incorrect. The LPN/LVN program is the most basic of all entry-level
options for nurses.
4 This is incorrect. Attendance at a community or private college for 2 years is a
requirement for an associated degree in nursing.
10. A high school graduate plans to attend a One Plus One Program. How should this student
explain the program to her friends?
1. “I can have my LPN courses applied to a baccalaureate degree.”
2. “My courses from the LPN program will be placed toward an associate degree.”
3. “I can apply to a Master of Science in Nursing degree program after two years.”
4. “I’ll become an LPN first and then take another year of classes while I work as a
nurse.”
ANS: 4
Objective: 6. Discuss career ladders and specialization in nursing.
Page: 4
Heading: Advancing Your Career
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. The LPN courses can be applied to a PN to BSN program.
2 This is incorrect. The LPN courses can be applied to a PN to ADN program.
3 This is incorrect. The LPN would need to achieve a baccalaureate degree before
applying to an MSN program.
4 This is correct. The One Plus One Program is offered at community and state
colleges. In this program the student becomes an LPN in the first year and can
work as a nurse while taking courses in preparation to take the NCLEX-RN exam
as a registered nurse.
11. The diploma nurse applied to a program to earn a baccalaureate degree before applying to a
Master of Science Degree in Nursing program. Which career track is this nurse following?
1. One Plus One
2. PN to diploma
3. Diploma to AD
4. Diploma to BSN
ANS: 4
Objective: 6. Discuss career ladders and specialization in nursing.
Page: 5
Heading: Advancing Your Career
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. The One Plus One Program is offered at community and state
colleges. In this program the student becomes an LPN in the first year and can
work as a nurse while taking courses in preparation to take the NCLEX-RN exam
as a registered nurse.
2 This is incorrect. The nurse already has a diploma degree.
3 This is incorrect. The nurse is seeking a baccalaureate degree and not an associate
degree.
4 This is correct. In a diploma to BSN program, all entry-level nursing education
programs are credited toward the course requirements for a baccalaureate degree,
which is required before the nurse can apply to an MSN program.
12. While providing medications, the nurse realizes that an incorrect dose was provided to a
patient. Which characteristic does the nurse demonstrate when the error is reported to the
manager?
1. Being caring
2. Being honest
3. Being organized
4. Being responsible
ANS: 2
Objective: 9. Describe four characteristics of nurses.
Page: 6
Heading: Characteristics of Nurses
Integrated Processes: Communication and Documentation
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control
Concept: Safety
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. When caring, nurses respond to patients in a way that confirms
their individuality, emotions, and needs.
2 This is correct. Being honest means admitting when a mistake is made and
following up with appropriate actions.
3 This is incorrect. Being organized means keeping track of all of the information
and needs for assigned patients.
4 This is incorrect. Being responsible means caring for patients’ needs, helping
families, and noticing changes in the patient’s condition.
PTS: 1 CON: Safety
13. The nurse notes that a patient’s blood pressure has dropped. The patient is experiencing
nausea, dizziness, and abdominal pain. Which characteristic does the nurse demonstrate when
the healthcare provider is notified with the patient’s condition?
1. Being caring
2. Being honest
3. Being organized
4. Being responsible
ANS: 4
Objective: 9. Describe four characteristics of nurses.
Page: 6
Heading: Characteristics of Nurses
Integrated Processes: Communication and Documentation
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control
Concept: Collaboration
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. When caring, nurses respond to patients in a way that confirms
their individuality, emotions, and needs.
2 This is incorrect. Being honest means admitting when a mistake is made and
following up with appropriate actions.
3 This is incorrect. Being organized means keeping track of all of the information
and needs for assigned patients.
4 This is correct. Being responsible means caring for patients’ needs, helping
families, and noticing changes in the patient’s condition.
PTS: 1 CON: Collaboration
14. The nurse provides care and meets the needs of a patient until the patient is able to resume
self-care. Which nursing theory is this nurse implementing?
1. Levine
2. Johnson
3. Neuman
4. Henderson
ANS: 4
Objective: 13. Discuss selected nursing theories and theorists.
Page: 9
Heading: Nursing Theories and Theorists
Integrated Processes: Caring
Client Need: Basic Care and Comfort
Concept: Patient-Centered Care
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Myra Levine’s theory is a conservation model, which is designed
to promote adaptation of the person while maintaining wholeness or health.
2 This is incorrect. Dorothy Johnson developed the behavioral system model, which
incorporates five principles of systems thinking to establish a balance or
equilibrium in the person.
3 This is incorrect. Betty Neuman’s systems model is based on general systems
theory and reflects the nature of living organisms as open systems.
4 This is correct. Virginia Henderson’s theory is built upon 14 basic needs addressed
by nursing care and defines nursing as doing for the patient what he or she cannot
do for himself or herself.
PTS: 1 CON: Patient-Centered Care
15. During a community health fair, a former patient reports not smoking for 6 months since
receiving the smoking cessation material while hospitalized. In which way should the nurse
process this patient’s report?
1. Positive impact on health
2. Reason to talk to an acquaintance
3. Effective recovery from hospitalization
4. Role-model for others desiring to stop smoking
ANS: 1
Objective: 14. Explain the impact of nurses on patients’ lives.
Page: 11
Heading: The Impact of Nursing
Integrated Processes: Caring
Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Concept: Health Promotion
Feedback
1 This is correct. Learning how providing smoking cessation material caused the
patient to stop smoking for 6 months indicates a positive impact on the patient’s
life.
2 This is incorrect. The patient did not report smoking cessation behavior as a
reason to talk with an acquaintance.
3 This is incorrect. The patient’s report is not an indication of effective recovery
from the hospitalization.
4 This is incorrect. The patient did not report smoking cessation behavior in order to
be viewed as a role-model for others desiring to stop smoking.
PTS: 1 CON: Health Promotion
16. The nurse reviews a new medication prescribed for a patient and contacts the pharmacy to ask
questions about the prescribed dose and route. Which behavior did the nurse demonstrate in
this situation?
1. Safety
2. Quality
3. Teamwork
4. Collaboration
ANS: 1
Objective: 16. Identify specific safety information.
Page: 9
Heading: Trends in Nursing Practice
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Safety and Infection Control
Concept: Collaboration
Feedback
1 This is correct. Preventing risk and harm to patients demonstrates safety.
2 This is incorrect. Quality requires a review and evaluation of care provided to
improve processes.
3 This is incorrect. Teamwork requires functioning effectively within the nursing
team and with other professionals.
4 This is incorrect. Collaboration requires functioning effectively within the nursing
team and with other professionals.
PTS: 1 CON: Collaboration
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. The manager reviews the organizational policy about unprofessional conduct. Which actions
should the manager describe that would lead to revoking or suspending a nursing license?
Select all that apply.
1. Accidentally causing a skin tear on a frail elderly patient
2. Conduct that violates the Nurse Practice Act
3. Documenting patient care at the end of the shift
4. The use of drugs or alcohol while on duty
5. Failure to supervise nursing assistants and unlicensed assistive personnel
ANS: 2, 4, 5
Objective: 12. Discuss unprofessional conduct and its consequences.
Page: 7
Heading: Professionalism in Nursing > Professional Appearance and Behavior
Integrated Processes: N/A
Concept: Addiction | Professionalism
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Some examples of unprofessional conduct that could result in
the loss of one’s nursing license include use of drugs or alcohol in a way that
could endanger patients, diversion of drugs from prescribed patient to personal
use, and failure to adequately care for patients or conform to minimum
standards of nursing practice.
2 This is correct. Some examples of unprofessional conduct that could result in
the loss of one’s nursing license include use of drugs or alcohol in a way that
could endanger patients, diversion of drugs from prescribed patient to personal
use, failure to supervise nursing assistants and unlicensed assistive personnel
adequately, and failure to adequately care for patients or conform to minimum
standards of nursing practice.
3 This is incorrect. Unprofessional conduct that could result in the loss of one’s
nursing license includes failure to supervise nursing assistants and unlicensed
assistive personnel adequately, and failure to adequately care for patients or
conform to minimum standards of nursing practice.
4 This is correct. One example of unprofessional conduct that could result in the
loss of one’s nursing license is use of drugs or alcohol in a way that could
endanger patients.
5 This is correct. Failure to supervise nursing assistants and unlicensed assistive
personnel adequately is an example of unprofessional conduct that could result
in loss of one’s nursing license.
PTS: 1 CON: Addiction | Professionalism
2. The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project was established to equip the
next generation of nurses to help make needed changes in health care. Which are included in
the six prelicensure knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) for nursing and graduate
students? Select all that apply.
1. Patient-centered care
2. Appearance
3. Leadership
4. Teamwork and collaboration
5. Evidence-based practice
ANS: 1, 4, 5
Objective: 17. Describe trends in nursing practice, including evidence-based practice and
QSEN.
Page: 11
Heading: Trends in Nursing Practice > Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Feedback
1 This is correct. QSEN focuses on these six prelicensure KSAs, which includes
patient-centered care.
2 This is incorrect. QSEN focuses on these six prelicensure KSAs, but appearance
is not included in these KSAs.
3 This is incorrect. QSEN focuses on these six prelicensure KSAs; however,
leadership is not included in these KSAs.
4 This is correct. QSEN focuses on these six prelicensure KSAs. One of these
includes teamwork and collaboration.
5 This is correct. QSEN focuses on these six prelicensure KSAs, including
evidence-based practice.
3. A high school student wants to become a nurse midwife. Which levels of education should
this student prepare to pursue in order to achieve the desired role in nursing? Select all that
apply.
1. Doctorate in nursing
2. Master of science in nursing
3. Registered nurse, associate degree
4. Registered nurse, diploma program
5. Registered nurse, baccalaureate degree
ANS: 2, 5
Objective: 5. Differentiate four pathways for entering nursing education.
Page: 4
Heading: Options for Entering Nursing
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. A Doctorate in Nursing is not required to become a nurse
midwife.
2 This is correct. A Master of Science in Nursing degree is required in order to
specialize as a nurse midwife.
3 This is incorrect. The nurse would need more than an associate degree to
become a nurse midwife.
4 This is incorrect. The nurse would need more than a diploma to become a
nurse midwife.
5 This is correct. A baccalaureate degree is required in order to attend a Master
Degree of Science in Nursing to become a nurse midwife.
4. The manager is preparing an annual performance review for a new nurse. Which behaviors
indicate that the nurse is demonstrating professional behaviors? Select all that apply.
1. Arrives to work on time
2. Identifies the mistakes of others
3. Asks for help when appropriate
4. Covers patient care assignments for other nurses
5. Adheres to the required length of time for breaks
ANS: 1, 3, 4, 5
Objective: 10. Evaluate professional appearance and behavior.
Page: 7
Heading: Professional Appearance and Behavior
Feedback
1 This is correct. Arriving to work on time is an example of professional
behavior.
2 This is incorrect. Criticizing others is not a professional behavior.
3 This is correct. Asking for help and offering to help others are professional
behaviors.
4 This is correct. Assuming the responsibility for others’ assignments is a
professional behavior.
5 This is correct. Taking breaks and lunch on time and returning on time is a
professional behavior.

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such fancies as that it was conceivably meant to be charming, you are
tangled by that weakness in some underhand imagination of its
possibly, one of these days, as a riper fruit of time, becoming so. To
do that, you indeed sneakingly provide, it must get away from itself;
but you are ready to follow its hypothetic dance even to the mainland
and to the very end of its tether. What makes the general relation of
your adventure with it is that, at bottom, you are all the while
wondering, in presence of the aspects of its genius and its shame,
what elements or parts, if any, would be worth its saving, worth
carrying off for the fresh embodiment and the better life, and which
of them would have, on the other hand, to face the notoriety of going
first by the board. I have literally heard you qualify the monster as
‘shameless’—though that was wrung from you, I admit, by the worst
of the winter conditions, when circulation, in any fashion consistent
with personal decency or dignity, was merely mocked at, when the
stony-hearted ‘trolleys,’ cars of Juggernaut in their power to squash,
triumphed all along the line, when the February blasts became as
cyclones in the darkened gorges of masonry (which down-town, in
particular, put on, at their mouths, the semblance of black rat-holes,
holes of gigantic rats, inhabited by whirlwinds;) when all the
pretences and impunities and infirmities, in fine, had massed
themselves to be hurled at you in the fury of the elements, in the
character of the traffic, in the unadapted state of the place to almost
any dense movement, and, beyond everything, in that pitch of all the
noises which acted on your nerves as so much wanton provocation,
so much conscious cynicism. The fury of sound took the form of
derision of the rest of your woe, and thus it might, I admit, have
struck you as brazen that the horrible place should, in such confessed
collapse, still be swaggering and shouting. It might have struck you
that great cities, with the eyes of the world on them, as the phrase is,
should be capable either of a proper form or (failing this) of a proper
compunction; which tributes to propriety were, on the part of New
York, equally wanting. This made you remark, precisely, that nothing
was wanting, on the other hand, to that analogy with the character of
the bad bold beauty, the creature the most blatant of whose
pretensions is that she is one of those to whom everything is always
forgiven. On what ground ‘forgiven’? of course you ask; but note that
you ask it while you’re in the very act of forgiving. Oh yes, you are;
you’ve as much as said so yourself. So there it all is; arrange it as you
can. Poor dear bad bold beauty; there must indeed be something
about her——!”
Let me grant then, to get on, that there was doubtless, in the better
time, something about her; there was enough about her, at all events,
to conduce to that distinct cultivation of her company for which the
contemplative stroll, when there was time for it, was but another
name. The analogy was in truth complete; since the repetition of
such walks, and the admission of the beguiled state contained in
them, resembled nothing so much as the visits so often still
incorrigibly made to compromised charmers. I defy even a master of
morbid observation to perambulate New York unless he be
interested; so that in a case of memories so gathered the interest
must be taken as a final fact. Let me figure it, to this end, as lively in
every connection—and so indeed no more lively at one mild crisis
than at another. The crisis—even of observation at the morbid pitch
—is inevitably mild in cities intensely new; and it was with the quite
peculiarly insistent newness of the upper reaches of the town that the
spirit of romantic inquiry had always, at the best, to reckon. There
are new cities enough about the world, goodness knows, and there
are new parts enough of old cities—for examples of which we need go
no farther than London, Paris and Rome, all of late so mercilessly
renovated. But the newness of New York—unlike even that of Boston,
I seemed to discern—had this mark of its very own, that it affects
one, in every case, as having treated itself as still more provisional, if
possible, than any poor dear little interest of antiquity it may have
annihilated. The very sign of its energy is that it doesn’t believe in
itself; it fails to succeed, even at a cost of millions, in persuading you
that it does. Its mission would appear to be, exactly, to gild the
temporary, with its gold, as many inches thick as may be, and then,
with a fresh shrug, a shrug of its splendid cynicism for its freshly
detected inability to convince, give up its actual work, however
exorbitant, as the merest of stop-gaps. The difficulty with the
compromised charmer is just this constant inability to convince; to
convince ever, I mean, that she is serious, serious about any form
whatever, or about anything but that perpetual passionate pecuniary
purpose which plays with all forms, which derides and devours them,
though it may pile up the cost of them in order to rest a while, spent
and haggard, in the illusion of their finality.
The perception of this truth grows for you by your simply walking
up Fifth Avenue and pausing a little in presence of certain forms,
certain exorbitant structures, in other words, the elegant domiciliary,
as to which the illusion of finality was within one’s memory
magnificent and complete, but as to which one feels to-day that their
life wouldn’t be, as against any whisper of a higher interest, worth an
hour’s purchase. They sit there in the florid majesty of the taste of
their time—a light now, alas, generally clouded; and I pretend of
course to speak, in alluding to them, of no individual case of danger
or doom. It is only a question of that unintending and unconvincing
expression of New York everywhere, as yet, on the matter of the
maintenance of a given effect—which comes back to the general
insincerity of effects, and truly even (as I have already noted) to the
insincerity of the effect of the sky-scrapers themselves. There results
from all this—and as much where the place most smells of its
millions as elsewhere—that unmistakable New York admission of
unattempted, impossible maturity. The new Paris and the new Rome
do at least propose, I think, to be old—one of these days; the new
London even, erect as she is on leaseholds destitute of dignity, yet
does, for the period, appear to believe in herself. The vice I glance at
is, however, when showing, in our flagrant example, on the forehead
of its victims, much more a cause for pitying than for decrying them.
Again and again, in the upper reaches, you pause with that pity; you
learn, on the occasion of a kindly glance up and down a quiet cross-
street (there being objects and aspects in many of them appealing to
kindness), that such and such a house, or a row, is “coming down”;
and you gasp, in presence of the elements involved, at the
strangeness of the moral so pointed. It rings out like the crack of that
lash in the sky, the play of some mighty teamster’s whip, which ends
by affecting you as the poor New Yorker’s one association with the
idea of “powers above.” “No”—this is the tune to which the whip
seems flourished—“there’s no step at which you shall rest, no form,
as I’m constantly showing you, to which, consistently with my
interests, you can. I build you up but to tear you down, for if I were
to let sentiment and sincerity once take root, were to let any
tenderness of association once accumulate, or any ‘love of the old’
once pass unsnubbed, what would become of us, who have our hands
on the whipstock, please? Fortunately we’ve learned the secret for
keeping association at bay. We’ve learned that the great thing is not
to suffer it to so much as begin. Wherever it does begin we find we’re
lost; but as that takes some time we get in ahead. It’s the reason, if
you must know, why you shall ‘run,’ all, without exception, to the
fifty floors. We defy you even to aspire to venerate shapes so grossly
constructed as the arrangement in fifty floors. You may have a feeling
for keeping on with an old staircase, consecrated by the tread of
generations—especially when it’s ‘good,’ and old staircases are often
so lovely; but how can you have a feeling for keeping on with an old
elevator, how can you have it any more than for keeping on with an
old omnibus? You’d be ashamed to venerate the arrangement in fifty
floors, accordingly, even if you could; whereby, saving you any moral
trouble or struggle, they are conceived and constructed—and you
must do us the justice of this care for your sensibility—in a manner to
put the thing out of the question. In such a manner, moreover, as
that there shall be immeasurably more of them, in quantity, to tear
down than of the actual past that we are now sweeping away.
Wherefore we shall be kept in precious practice. The word will
perhaps be then—who knows?—for building from the earth-surface
downwards; in which case it will be a question of tearing, so to speak,
‘up.’ It little matters, so long as we blight the superstition of rest.”
Yet even in the midst of this vision of eternal waste, of conscious,
sentient-looking houses and rows, full sections of streets, to which
the rich taste of history is forbidden even while their fresh young lips
are just touching the cup, something charmingly done, here and
there, some bid for the ampler permanence, seems to say to you that
the particular place only asks, as a human home, to lead the life it has
begun, only asks to enfold generations and gather in traditions, to
show itself capable of growing up to character and authority. Houses
of the best taste are like clothes of the best tailors—it takes their age
to show us how good they are; and I frequently recognized, in the
region of the upper reaches, this direct appeal of the individual case
of happy construction. Construction at large abounds in the upper
reaches, construction indescribably precipitate and elaborate—the
latter fact about it always so oddly hand in hand with the former; and
we should exceed in saying that felicity is always its mark. But some
highly liberal, some extravagant intention almost always is, and we
meet here even that happy accident, already encountered and
acclaimed, in its few examples, down-town, of the object shining
almost absurdly in the light of its merely comparative distinction. All
but lost in the welter of instances of sham refinement, the shy little
case of real refinement detaches itself ridiculously, as being (like the
saved City Hall, or like the pleasant old garden-walled house on the
north-west corner of Washington Square and Fifth Avenue) of so
beneficent an admonition as to show, relatively speaking, for
priceless. These things, which I may not take time to pick out, are the
salt that saves, and it is enough to say for their delicacy that they are
the direct counterpart of those other dreadful presences, looming
round them, which embody the imagination of new kinds and new
clustered, emphasized quantities of vulgarity. To recall these fine
notes and these loud ones, the whole play of wealth and energy and
untutored liberty, of the movement of a breathless civilization
reflected, as brick and stone and marble may reflect, through all the
contrasts of prodigious flight and portentous stumble, is to
acknowledge, positively, that one’s rambles were delightful, and that
the district abutting on the east side of the Park, in particular, never
engaged my attention without, by the same stroke, making the social
question dance before it in a hundred interesting forms.
The social question quite fills the air, in New York, for any
spectator whose impressions at all follow themselves up; it wears, at
any rate, in what I have called the upper reaches, the perpetual
strange appearance as of Property perched high aloft and yet itself
looking about, all ruefully, in the wonder of what it is exactly doing
there. We see it perched, assuredly, in other and older cities, other
and older social orders; but it strikes us in those situations as
knowing a little more where it is. It strikes us as knowing how it has
got up and why it must, infallibly, stay up; it has not the frightened
look, measuring the spaces around, of a small child set on a
mantelshelf and about to cry out. If old societies are interesting,
however, I am far from thinking that young ones may not be more so
—with their collective countenance so much more presented,
precisely, to observation, as by their artless need to get themselves
explained. The American world produces almost everywhere the
impression of appealing to any attested interest for the word, the fin
mot, of what it may mean; but I somehow see those parts of it most
at a loss that are already explained not a little by the ample
possession of money. This is the amiable side there of the large
developments of private ease in general—the amiable side of those
numerous groups that are rich enough and, in the happy vulgar
phrase, bloated enough, to be candidates for the classic imputation of
haughtiness. The amiability proceeds from an essential vagueness;
whereas real haughtiness is never vague about itself—it is only vague
about others. That is the human note in the huge American rattle of
gold—so far as the “social” field is the scene of the rattle. The
“business” field is a different matter—as to which the determination
of the audibility in it of the human note (so interesting to try for if
one had but the warrant) is a line of research closed to me, alas, by
my fatally uninitiated state. My point is, at all events, that you cannot
be “hard,” really, with any society that affects you as ready to learn
from you, and from this resource for it of your detachment
combining with your proximity, what in the name of all its
possessions and all its destitutions it would honestly be “at.”
III
NEW YORK AND THE HUDSON
A SPRING IMPRESSION
I
It was a concomitant, always, of the down-town hour that it could
be felt as most playing into the surrendered consciousness and
making the sharpest impression; yet, since the up-town hour was
apt, in its turn, to claim the same distinction, I could only let each of
them take its way with me as it would. The oddity was that they
seemed not at all to speak of different things—by so quick a process
does any one aspect, in the United States, in general, I was to note,
connect itself with the rest; so little does any link in the huge
looseness of New York, in especial, appear to come as a whole, or as
final, out of the fusion. The fusion, as of elements in solution in a
vast hot pot, is always going on, and one stage of the process is as
typical or as vivid as another. Whatever I might be looking at, or be
struck with, the object or the phase was an item in the pressing
conditions of the place, and as such had more in common with its
sister items than it had in difference from them. It mattered little,
moreover, whether this might be a proof that New York, among
cities, most deeply languishes and palpitates, or vibrates and
flourishes (whichever way one may put it) under the breath of her
conditions, or whether, simply, this habit of finding a little of all my
impressions reflected in any one of them testified to the enjoyment of
a real relation with the subject. I like indeed to think of my relation
to New York as, in that manner, almost inexpressibly intimate, and
as hence making, for daily sensation, a keyboard as continuous, and
as free from hard transitions, as if swept by the fingers of a master-
pianist. You cannot, surely, say more for your sense of the underlying
unity of an occasion than that the taste of each dish in the banquet
recalls the taste of most of the others; which is what I mean by the
“continuity,” not to say the affinity, on the island of Manhattan,
between the fish and the sweets, between the soup and the game. The
whole feast affects one as eaten—that is the point—with the general
queer sauce of New York; a preparation as freely diffused, somehow,
on the East side as on the West, in the quarter of Grand Street as in
the quarter of Murray Hill. No fact, I hasten to add, would appear to
make the place more amenable to delineations of the order that may
be spoken of as hanging together.
I must confess, notwithstanding, to not being quite ready to point
directly to the common element in the dense Italian neighbourhoods
of the lower East side, and in the upper reaches of Fifth and of
Madison Avenues; though indeed I wonder at this inability in
recollecting two or three of those charming afternoons of early
summer, in Central Park, which showed the fruit of the foreign tree
as shaken down there with a force that smothered everything else.
The long residential vistas I have named were within a quarter of an
hour’s walk, but the alien was as truly in possession, under the high
“aristocratic” nose, as if he had had but three steps to come. If it be
asked why, the alien still striking you so as an alien, the singleness of
impression, throughout the place, should still be so marked, the
answer, close at hand, would seem to be that the alien himself fairly
makes the singleness of impression. Is not the universal sauce
essentially his sauce, and do we not feel ourselves feeding, half the
time, from the ladle, as greasy as he chooses to leave it for us, that he
holds out? Such questions were in my ears, at all events, with the
cheerful hum of that babel of tongues established in the vernal Park,
and they supplied, beyond doubt, the livelier interest of any hour of
contemplation there. I hate to drift into dealing with them at the
expense of a proper tribute, kept distinct and vivid, to the charming
bosky precinct itself, the great field of recreation with which they
swarmed; but it could not be the fault of the brooding visitor, and
still less that of the restored absentee, if he was conscious of the need
of mental adjustment to phenomena absolutely fresh. He could
remember still how, months before, a day or two after his
restoration, a noted element of one of his first impressions had been
this particular revealed anomaly. He had been, on the Jersey shore,
walking with a couple of friends through the grounds of a large new
rural residence, where groups of diggers and ditchers were working,
on those lines of breathless haste which seem always, in the United
States, of the essence of any question, toward an expensive effect of
landscape gardening. To pause before them, for interest in their
labour, was, and would have been everywhere, instinctive; but what
came home to me on the spot was that whatever more would have
been anywhere else involved had here inevitably to lapse.
What lapsed, on the spot, was the element of communication with
the workers, as I may call it for want of a better name; that element
which, in a European country, would have operated, from side to
side, as the play of mutual recognition, founded on old familiarities
and heredities, and involving, for the moment, some impalpable
exchange. The men, in the case I speak of, were Italians, of
superlatively southern type, and any impalpable exchange struck me
as absent from the air to positive intensity, to mere unthinkability. It
was as if contact were out of the question and the sterility of the
passage between us recorded, with due dryness, in our staring
silence. This impression was for one of the party a shock—a member
of the party for whom, on the other side of the world, the
imagination of the main furniture, as it might be called, of any rural
excursion, of the rural in particular, had been, during years, the easy
sense, for the excursionist, of a social relation with any encountered
type, from whichever end of the scale proceeding. Had that not ever
been, exactly, a part of the vague warmth, the intrinsic colour, of any
honest man’s rural walk in his England or his Italy, his Germany or
his France, and was not the effect of its so suddenly dropping out, in
the land of universal brotherhood—for I was to find it drop out again
and again—rather a chill, straightway, for the heart, and rather a
puzzle, not less, for the head? Shortly after the spring of this question
was first touched for me I found it ring out again with a sharper
stroke. Happening to have lost my way, during a long ramble among
the New Hampshire hills, I appealed, for information, at a parting of
the roads, to a young man whom, at the moment of my need, I
happily saw emerge from a neighbouring wood. But his stare was
blank, in answer to my inquiry, and, seeing that he failed to
understand me and that he had a dark-eyed “Latin” look, I jumped to
the inference of his being a French Canadian. My repetition of my
query in French, however, forwarded the case as little, and my trying
him with Italian had no better effect. “What are you then?” I
wonderingly asked—on which my accent loosened in him the faculty
of speech. “I’m an Armenian,” he replied, as if it were the most
natural thing in the world for a wage-earning youth in the heart of
New England to be—so that all I could do was to try and make my
profit of the lesson. I could have made it better, for the occasion, if,
even on the Armenian basis, he had appeared to expect brotherhood;
but this had been as little his seeming as it had been that of the
diggers by the Jersey shore.
To inquire of these things on the spot, to betray, that is, one’s
sense of the “chill” of which I have spoken, is of course to hear it
admitted, promptly enough, that there is no claim to brotherhood
with aliens in the first grossness of their alienism. The material of
which they consist is being dressed and prepared, at this stage, for
brotherhood, and the consummation, in respect to many of them,
will not be, can not from the nature of the case be, in any lifetime of
their own. Their children are another matter—as in fact the children
throughout the United States, are an immense matter, are almost the
greatest matter of all; it is the younger generation who will fully
profit, rise to the occasion and enter into the privilege. The
machinery is colossal—nothing is more characteristic of the country
than the development of this machinery, in the form of the political
and social habit, the common school and the newspaper; so that
there are always millions of little transformed strangers growing up
in regard to whom the idea of intimacy of relation may be as freely
cherished as you like. They are the stuff of whom brothers and sisters
are made, and the making proceeds on a scale that really need leave
nothing to desire. All this you take in, with a wondering mind, and in
the light of it the great “ethnic” question rises before you on a
corresponding scale and with a corresponding majesty. Once it has
set your observation, to say nothing of your imagination, working, it
becomes for you, as you go and come, the wonderment to which
everything ministers and that is quickened well-nigh to madness, in
some places and on some occasions, by every face and every accent
that meet your eyes and ears. The sense of the elements in the
cauldron—the cauldron of the “American” character—becomes thus
about as vivid a thing as you can at all quietly manage, and the
question settles into a form which makes the intelligible answer
further and further recede. “What meaning, in the presence of such
impressions, can continue to attach to such a term as the ‘American’
character?—what type, as the result of such a prodigious amalgam,
such a hotch-potch of racial ingredients, is to be conceived as
shaping itself?” The challenge to speculation, fed thus by a thousand
sources, is so intense as to be, as I say, irritating; but practically,
beyond doubt, I should also say, you take refuge from it—since your
case would otherwise be hard; and you find your relief not in the
least in any direct satisfaction or solution, but absolutely in that blest
general drop of the immediate need of conclusions, or rather in that
blest general feeling for the impossibility of them, to which the
philosophy of any really fine observation of the American spectacle
must reduce itself, and the large intellectual, quite even the large
æsthetic, margin supplied by which accompanies the spectator as his
one positively complete comfort.
It is more than a comfort to him, truly, in all the conditions, this
accepted vision of the too-defiant scale of numerosity and quantity—
the effect of which is so to multiply the possibilities, so to open, by
the million, contingent doors and windows: he rests in it at last as an
absolute luxury, converting it even into a substitute, into the constant
substitute, for many luxuries that are absent. He doesn’t know, he
can’t say, before the facts, and he doesn’t even want to know or to
say; the facts themselves loom, before the understanding, in too large
a mass for a mere mouthful: it is as if the syllables were too
numerous to make a legible word. The illegible word, accordingly,
the great inscrutable answer to questions, hangs in the vast
American sky, to his imagination, as something fantastic and
abracadabrant, belonging to no known language, and it is under this
convenient ensign that he travels and considers and contemplates,
and, to the best of his ability, enjoys. The interesting point, in the
connection, is moreover that this particular effect of the scale of
things is the only effect that, throughout the land, is not directly
adverse to joy. Extent and reduplication, the multiplication of
cognate items and the continuity of motion, are elements that count,
there, in general, for fatigue and satiety, prompting the earnest
observer, overburdened perhaps already a little by his earnestness, to
the reflection that the country is too large for any human
convenience, that it can scarce, in the scheme of Providence, have
been meant to be dealt with as we are trying, perhaps all in vain, to
deal with it, and that its very possibilities of population themselves
cause one to wince in the light of the question of intercourse and
contact. That relation to its superficies and content—the relation of
flat fatigue—is, with the traveller, a constant quantity; so that he feels
himself justified of the inward, the philosophic, escape into the
immensity. And as it is the restored absentee, with his acquired habit
of nearer limits and shorter journeys and more muffled concussions,
who is doubtless most subject to flat fatigue, so it is this same
personage who most avails himself of the liberty of waiting to see. It
is an advantage—acting often in the way of a compensation, or of an
appeal from the immediate—that he becomes, early in his period of
inquiry, conscious of intimately invoking, in whatever apparent
inconsistency it may lodge him. There is too much of the whole thing,
he sighs, for the personal relation with it; and yet he would desire no
inch less for the relation that he describes to himself best perhaps
either as the provisionally-imaginative or as the distantly-respectful.
Diminution of quantity, even by that inch, might mark the difference
of his having to begin to recognize from afar, as through a rift in the
obscurity, the gleam of some propriety of opinion. What would a
man make, many things still being as they are, he finds himself
asking, of a small America?—and what may a big one, on the other
hand, still not make of itself? Goodness be thanked, accordingly, for
the bigness. The state of flat fatigue, obviously, is not an opinion,
save in the sense attributed to the slumber of the gentleman of the
anecdote who had lost consciousness during the reading of the play—
it belongs to the order of mere sensation and impression; and as to
these the case is quite different: he may have as many of each as he
can carry.
II
The process of the mitigation and, still more, of the conversion of
the alien goes on, meanwhile, obviously, not by leaps and bounds or
any form of easy magic, but under its own mystic laws and with an
outward air of quite declining to be unduly precipitated. How little it
may be thought of in New York as a quick business we readily
perceive as the effect of merely remembering the vast numbers of
their kind that the arriving reinforcements, from whatever ends of
the earth, find already in possession of the field. There awaits the
disembarked Armenian, for instance, so warm and furnished an
Armenian corner that the need of hurrying to get rid of the sense of it
must become less and less a pressing preliminary. The corner
growing warmer and warmer, it is to be supposed, by rich accretions,
he may take his time, more and more, for becoming absorbed in the
surrounding element, and he may in fact feel more and more that he
can do so on his own conditions. I seem to find indeed in this latter
truth a hint for the best expression of a whole side of New York—the
best expression of much of the medium in which one consciously
moves. It is formed by this fact that the alien is taking his time, and
that you go about with him meanwhile, sharing, all respectfully, in
his deliberation, waiting on his convenience, watching him at his
interesting work. The vast foreign quarters of the city present him as
thus engaged in it, and they are curious and portentous and
“picturesque” just by reason of their doing so. You recognize in them,
freely, those elements that are not elements of swift convertibility,
and you lose yourself in the wonder of what becomes, as it were, of
the obstinate, the unconverted residuum. The country at large, as
you cross it in different senses, keeps up its character for you as the
hugest thinkable organism for successful “assimilation”; but the
assimilative force itself has the residuum still to count with. The
operation of the immense machine, identical after all with the total of
American life, trembles away into mysteries that are beyond our
present notation and that reduce us in many a mood to renouncing
analysis.
Who and what is an alien, when it comes to that, in a country
peopled from the first under the jealous eye of history?—peopled,
that is, by migrations at once extremely recent, perfectly traceable
and urgently required. They are still, it would appear, urgently
required—if we look about far enough for the urgency; though of that
truth such a scene as New York may well make one doubt. Which is
the American, by these scant measures?—which is not the alien, over
a large part of the country at least, and where does one put a finger
on the dividing line, or, for that matter, “spot” and identify any
particular phase of the conversion, any one of its successive
moments? The sense of the interest of so doing is doubtless half the
interest of the general question—the possibility of our seeing lucidly
presented some such phenomenon, in a given group of persons, or
even in a felicitous individual, as the dawn of the American spirit
while the declining rays of the Croatian, say, or of the Calabrian, or of
the Lusitanian, still linger more or less pensively in the sky. Fifty
doubts and queries come up, in regard to any such possibility, as one
circulates in New York, with the so ambiguous element in the
launched foreign personality always in one’s eyes; the wonder, above
all, of whether there be, comparatively, in the vastly greater number
of the representatives of the fresh contingent, any spirit that the
American does not find an easy prey. Repeatedly, in the electric cars,
one seemed invited to take that for granted—there being occasions,
days and weeks together, when the electric cars offer you nothing
else to think of. The carful, again and again, is a foreign carful; a row
of faces, up and down, testifying, without exception, to alienism
unmistakable, alienism undisguised and unashamed. You do here, in
a manner perhaps, discriminate; the launched condition, as I have
called it, is more developed in some types than in others; but I
remember observing how, in the Broadway and the Bowery
conveyances in especial, they tended, almost alike, to make the
observer gasp with the sense of isolation. It was not for this that the
observer on whose behalf I more particularly write had sought to
take up again the sweet sense of the natal air.
The great fact about his companions was that, foreign as they
might be, newly inducted as they might be, they were at home, really
more at home, at the end of their few weeks or months or their year
or two, than they had ever in their lives been before; and that he was
at home too, quite with the same intensity: and yet that it was this
very equality of condition that, from side to side, made the whole
medium so strange. Here again, however, relief may be sought and
found—and I say this at the risk of perhaps picturing the restored
absentee as too constantly requiring it; for there is fascination in the
study of the innumerable ways in which this sense of being at home,
on the part of all the types, may show forth. New York offers to such
a study a well-nigh unlimited field, but I seem to recall winter days,
harsh, dusky, sloshy winter afternoons, in the densely-packed East-
side street-cars, as an especially intimate surrender to it. It took its
place thus, I think, under the general American law of all relief from
the great equalizing pressure: it took on that last disinterestedness
which consists of one’s getting away from one’s subject by plunging
into it, for sweet truth’s sake, still deeper. If I speak, moreover, of
this general first grossness of alienism as presented in “types,” I use
that word for easy convenience and not in respect to its indicating
marked variety. There are many different ways, certainly, in which
obscure fighters of the battle of life may look, under new high lights,
queer and crude and unwrought; but the striking thing, precisely, in
the crepuscular, tunnel-like avenues that the “Elevated” overarches—
yet without quenching, either, that constant power of any American
exhibition rather luridly to light itself—the striking thing, and the
beguiling, was always the manner in which figure after figure and
face after face already betrayed the common consequence and action
of their whereabouts. Face after face, unmistakably, was “low”—
particularly in the men, squared all solidly in their new security and
portability, their vague but growing sense of many unprecedented
things; and as signs of the reinforcing of a large local conception of
manners and relations it was difficult to say if they most affected one
as promising or as portentous.
The great thing, at any rate, was that they were all together so
visibly on the new, the lifted level—that of consciously not being
what they had been, and that this immediately glazed them over as
with some mixture, of indescribable hue and consistency, the
wholesale varnish of consecration, that might have been applied, out
of a bottomless receptacle, by a huge white-washing brush. Here,
perhaps, was the nearest approach to a seizable step in the evolution
of the oncoming citizen, the stage of his no longer being for you—for
any complacency of the romantic, or even verily of the fraternizing,
sense in you—the foreigner of the quality, of the kind, that he might
have been chez lui. Whatever he might see himself becoming, he was
never to see himself that again, any more than you were ever to see
him. He became then, to my vision (which I have called fascinated
for want of a better description of it), a creature promptly despoiled
of those “manners” which were the grace (as I am again reduced to
calling it) by which one had best known and, on opportunity, best
liked him. He presents himself thus, most of all, to be plain—and not
only in New York, but throughout the country—as wonderingly
conscious that his manners of the other world, that everything you
have there known and praised him for, have been a huge mistake: to
that degree that the sense of this luminous discovery is what we
mainly imagine his weighted communications to those he has left
behind charged with; those rich letters home as to the number and
content of which the Post Office gives us so remarkable a statistic. If
there are several lights in which the great assimilative organism itself
may be looked at, does it not still perhaps loom largest as an agent
for revealing to the citizen-to-be the error in question? He hears it,
under this aegis, proclaimed in a thousand voices, and it is as
listening to these and as, according to the individual, more or less
swiftly, but always infallibly, penetrated and convinced by them, that
I felt myself see him go about his business, see him above all, for
some odd reason, sit there in the street-car, and with a slow,
brooding gravity, a dim calculation of bearings, which yet never takes
a backward step, expand to the full measure of it.
So, in New York, largely, the “American” value of the immigrant
who arrives at all mature is restricted to the enjoyment (all prepared
to increase) of that important preliminary truth; which makes him
for us, we must own, till more comes of it, a tolerably neutral and
colourless image. He resembles for the time the dog who sniffs round
the freshly-acquired bone, giving it a push and a lick, betraying a
sense of its possibilities, but not—and quite as from a positive deep
tremor of consciousness—directly attacking it. There are categories
of foreigners, truly, meanwhile, of whom we are moved to say that
only a mechanism working with scientific force could have
performed this feat of making them colourless. The Italians, who,
over the whole land, strike us, I am afraid, as, after the Negro and the
Chinaman, the human value most easily produced, the Italians meet
us, at every turn, only to make us ask what has become of that
element of the agreeable address in them which has, from far back,
so enhanced for the stranger the interest and pleasure of a visit to
their beautiful country. They shed it utterly, I couldn’t but observe,
on their advent, after a deep inhalation or two of the clear native air;
shed it with a conscientious completeness which leaves one looking
for any faint trace of it. “Colour,” of that pleasant sort, was what they
had appeared, among the races of the European family, most to have;
so that the effect I speak of, the rapid action of the ambient air, is like
that of the tub of hot water that reduces a piece of bright-hued stuff,
on immersion, to the proved state of not “washing”: the only fault of
my image indeed being that if the stuff loses its brightness the water
of the tub at least is more or less agreeably dyed with it. That is
doubtless not the case for the ambient air operating after the fashion
I here note—since we surely fail to observe that the property washed
out of the new subject begins to tint with its pink or its azure his
fellow-soakers in the terrible tank. If this property that has quitted
him—the general amenity of attitude in the absence of provocation to
its opposite—could be accounted for by its having rubbed off on any
number of surrounding persons, the whole process would be easier
and perhaps more comforting to follow. It will not have been his first
occasion of taking leave of short-sighted comfort in the United
States, however, if the patient inquirer postpones that ideal to the
real solicitation of the question I here touch on.
What does become of the various positive properties, on the part of
certain of the installed tribes, the good manners, say, among them,
as to which the process of shedding and the fact of eclipse come so
promptly into play? It has taken long ages of history, in the other
world, to produce them, and you ask yourself, with independent
curiosity, if they may really be thus extinguished in an hour. And if
they are not extinguished, into what pathless tracts of the native
atmosphere do they virtually, do they provisionally, and so all
undiscoverably, melt? Do they burrow underground, to await their
day again?—or in what strange secret places are they held in deposit
and in trust? The “American” identity that has profited by their
sacrifice has meanwhile acquired (in the happiest cases) all apparent
confidence and consistency; but may not the doubt remain of
whether the extinction of qualities ingrained in generations is to be
taken for quite complete? Isn’t it conceivable that, for something like
a final efflorescence, the business of slow comminglings and
makings-over at last ended, they may rise again to the surface,
affirming their vitality and value and playing their part? It would be
for them, of course, in this event, to attest that they had been worth
waiting so long for; but the speculation, at any rate, irresistibly
forced upon us, is a sign of the interest, in the American world, of
what I have called the “ethnic” outlook. The cauldron, for the great
stew, has such circumference and such depth that we can only deal
here with ultimate syntheses, ultimate combinations and
possibilities. Yet I am well aware that if these vague evocations of
them, in their nebulous remoteness, may charm the ingenuity of the
student of the scene, there are matters of the foreground that they
have no call to supplant. Any temptation to let them do so is
meanwhile, no doubt, but a proof of that impulse irresponsibly to
escape from the formidable foreground which so often, in the
American world, lies in wait for the spirit of intellectual dalliance.
III
New York really, I think, is all formidable foreground; or, if it be
not, there is more than enough of this pressure of the present and the
immediate to cut out the close sketcher’s work for him. These things
are a thick growth all round him, and when I recall the intensity of
the material picture in the dense Yiddish quarter, for instance, I
wonder at its not having forestalled, on my page, mere musings and,
as they will doubtless be called, moonings. There abides with me,
ineffaceably, the memory of a summer evening spent there by
invitation of a high public functionary domiciled on the spot—to the
extreme enhancement of the romantic interest his visitor found him
foredoomed to inspire—who was to prove one of the most liberal of
hosts and most luminous of guides. I can scarce help it if this
brilliant personality, on that occasion the very medium itself through
which the whole spectacle showed, so colours my impressions that if
I speak, by intention, of the facts that played into them I may really
but reflect the rich talk and the general privilege of the hour. That
accident moreover must take its place simply as the highest value
and the strongest note in the total show—so much did it testify to the
quality of appealing, surrounding life. The sense of this quality was
already strong in my drive, with a companion, through the long,
warm June twilight, from a comparatively conventional
neighbourhood; it was the sense, after all, of a great swarming, a
swarming that had begun to thicken, infinitely, as soon as we had
crossed to the East side and long before we had got to Rutgers Street.
There is no swarming like that of Israel when once Israel has got a
start, and the scene here bristled, at every step, with the signs and
sounds, immitigable, unmistakable, of a Jewry that had burst all
bounds. That it has burst all bounds in New York, almost any
combination of figures or of objects taken at hazard sufficiently
proclaims; but I remember how the rising waters, on this summer
night, rose, to the imagination, even above the housetops and
seemed to sound their murmur to the pale distant stars. It was as if
we had been thus, in the crowded, hustled roadway, where
multiplication, multiplication of everything, was the dominant note,

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PTS: 1 CON: Professionalism

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PTS: 1 CON: Professionalism

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