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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study

The disposal of plastics waste is one of today’s most pressing

environmental issues due to its low biodegradability and presence in large

quantities. Plastics are increasingly being used as packaging materials and in

products such as bottles, polythene sheets, containers, packaging strips, and

other items. As a result, plastic garbage is produced by a wide range of people

from industrial makers to home consumers. To avoid a pollution catastrophe,

many goods are made from reusable waste plastic. Waste reuse is significant

because it helps in the recycling and conservation of energy in the manufacturing

process, as well as reducing pollution and preserving non-renewable natural

resources. Using plastic waste in the material sectors is an eco–friendly way to

reduce the amount of waste incinerated in landfills. Plastic has been proved to

work in concrete studies, and this sort of material has become a prominent study

topic in recent years.

The use of eco-friendly blocks as a construction approach to alleviate the

problem of excess plastic accumulation in places that lack adequate waste

management systems. Other countries, including South Africa, the Philippines,

and few others, quickly caught on and adopted the idea. Rapid urban migration

has resulted in waste levels that are becoming increasingly unmanageable in

most southern African countries. Garbage management is a serious concern for


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public health and safety, according to the South African Development Community

(SADC, 2015), and it now faces three major challenges: "high volumes of waste,

low capacity to manage, and high costs involved in management" ("Waste

Management," 2012). Because local governments have been unable to

successfully address these concerns, most waste disposal has been privatized

across the region, with mixed results in some regions and worsening situations in

others.

As a result, researchers came up with this study to aid in the preservation

and protection of the environment by removing plastics from the environment,

preserving them, and repurpose them in new ways. Furthermore, with this

innovation people can help reduce the plastic waste pollution by using this eco-

friendly concrete block in building structures.

The objective of this study is to test the effectiveness of employing

shredded plastic waste in the production of concrete blocks. As an alternative,

the researcher will create a concrete block from common materials which

produce good quality and stronger concrete blocks. These materials are all found

in the locality. The output of this study is an eco-friendly concrete block for a

solution to plastic waste pollution.


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Theoretical Background

Waste Management Theory (2004) and Zero Waste Theory (2009)

The study is based on Waste Management Theory (2004) by Green

Alliance and in addition to Zero Waste Theory (2009).

Theory Waste Management (2004) states that a unified body of

knowledge about waste and waste management, and it is founded on the

expectation that waste management is to prevent waste to cause harm to human

health and the environment and promote resource use optimization. Waste

Management Theory (2004) is to be constructed under the paradigm of Industrial

Ecology as Industrial Ecology is equally adaptable to incorporate waste

minimization and/or resource use optimization goals and values. (Pongrácz,

Phillips, Keiski, 2008).

Waste Management Theory (WMT, 2004) has been introduced to channel

environmental sciences into engineering design. It is an effort to organize the

diverse variables of the waste management system as it stands today. WMT is

considered within the paradigm of Industrial Ecology and built side-by-side with

other relevant theories, most notably Design Theory. Design Theory is a

relatively new discipline, still under development. Following its development

offers valuable insights about evolving technical theories. According to Love

(2002), it is crucial to theory development to integrate theories from other bodies

of knowledge, as well as the clarification of the definitions.

The Theory of Waste Management (2004) represents a more in-depth

account of the domain and contains conceptual analyses of waste, the activity
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upon waste, and a holistic view of the goals of waste management. The proper

definition of waste is crucial to constructing a sustainable agenda of waste

management. It is largely the case that current legislation attends to existing

waste. Definitions emerging from this condition may, however, conflict with the

goals of waste prevention, because something that already exists cannot be

prevented from arising. When material is assigned the label of ‘waste’, it will be

treated as such; consequently, despite its explicit wish of waste prevention,

implicitly, legislation essentially amasses waste. The inherent philosophical

implication of such definitions is that they are not able to facilitate a sustainable

waste management system. Therefore, new, dynamic definitions for waste and

waste management must be sought, which can explain why waste is created and

can offer an intrinsic solution to the problem. The Republic Act (RA) 9003,

otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000,

provides the necessary policy framework, institutional mechanisms and mandate

to the local government units (LGUs) to achieve 25% waste reduction through

establishing an integrated solid waste management plan based on 3Rs (reduce,

reuse, recycle).

The Zero Waste Theory (2009) on the other hand, states that other

materials will be used as resources in the lifestyle and practices to emulate

sustainable natural cycles. It was related in a way that the purpose of the crafting

of the eco-friendly concrete block is to help people in reducing their construction

cost and it shows higher workability and reduce environmental waste.


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The Theory of Waste Management of Green


Alliance along with the Zero Waste
International Alliance

EMPLOYING SHREDDED PLASTIC


WASTE IN THE PRODUCTION OF
CONCRETE BLOCK

Eco-friendly Concrete Block

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the Study


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The Problem
Statement of the Problem

The researchers seek to determine the effectiveness and satisfaction of

construction workers on the eco – friendly concrete block as a good substitute for

commercial concrete block in building structure.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following sub-problems:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1 Length of Service as construction worker

2. What is the level of satisfaction of the respondents between the eco – friendly

block compared to commercial concrete block in terms of

2.1 Effectiveness

2.2 Compressive Strength

2.3 Density

2.4 Appearance

3 Is there a significant difference in the satisfaction of the respondents between

the eco – friendly concrete block and commercial concrete block?

Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant difference in the satisfaction of respondents

between the eco-friendly concrete block and the commercial concrete

block.
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Significance of the Study

The goal of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the eco –

friendly concrete block as a good substitute for commercial concrete block in

building structure.

Community. Through this study, the community could create an

improvement in building and repairing infrastructures at the same time cleaning

the environment to have building materials that would otherwise end up in

landfills.

School. Through this study, the school can build an eco-friendly

infrastructure and at the same time they can help minimize the plastic waste.

Teachers. Through this study, it can help the teachers in lessening the

plastic waste of the surroundings and this can make their students safe from

complications.

Students. Through this study, students can harness their talents by using

their intellect and resourcefulness to make an innovative experiment.

Researchers. This proposed study may serve as a reference material and

may guide future researchers in examining and investigating further on this topic

and in making improvements and modifications.

Respondents. Through this study, the respondents will inspire to craft

devices that can help the surroundings and save the environment.
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Research Methodology

Research methodology serves as guide to the researchers in gathering,

tabulating, and analyzing data used in the study.

Materials and Tools

In conducting the capstone project, it includes materials and tools during

the development of the product. The materials involved were simple and can

easily be found. There are six main materials in making the product: cement,

cement trowel, sand, shredded plastics, water, and molder. All dried materials

were carefully mixed together including the shredded plastics. After combining

every dry material, the water was then gradually added to form the mixture of an

eco-block. In the process of the development of the product, the researchers

assured to follow safety guidelines and asked for extra information from experts

while in the process of making.

Research design used

The researchers used survey method for it aimed to find out the

effectiveness and level of satisfaction of the construction workers on the eco –

friendly concrete block. The researchers used a survey questionnaire to

determine the effectiveness and level of satisfaction of the respondents.


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Instrument
The researchers used a survey questionnaire in the study. The

questionnaire contained questions about the satisfaction of the respondents on

the eco – friendly concrete block. After collecting the data needed, tabulation was

done then analysis was made to come up with findings and conclusion.

Environment

The study is conducted within the Municipality of La Libertad. It is a third-

class municipality in the province of Negros Oriental, Philippines. La Libertad is

one of the provinces with fine community. According to 2020 census, the

population of La Libertad is 41, 089. Except for those who have stable jobs, the

residents of the town have various means of income. The upper barangay

residents’ resort to farming while the coastal barangay residents went on fishing.

Poblacion North is a barangay in the Municipality of La Libertad, this is where we

conduct our research.

La Libertad is located in 107 km north of Dumaguete, the main city of

Negros Oriental. It has 29 barangays with 27 elementary schools, two public high

schools and a private school.


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Figure 2. Map of the Study

Respondents
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The respondents of this study were the 10 male construction workers of G &

N Hardware. G & N Hardware is located at North Poblacion, La Libertad, Negros

Oriental and is owned by Mr. Leonardo M. Cabildo. G & N Hardware is a

hardware store basically a retail shop and is operating for more than one year. Its

target clients are the small business owners, homeowners or contractors.

Flow of the Study

The flow of the study included making the eco-friendly concrete block with

the use of cement, sand, plastic waste and testing its effectiveness. Then, survey

questionnaires were distributed to the respondents to gather data for the study.

The first part of the questionnaire is about the respondents’ profile, while the

second part includes questions on the effectiveness of the product. The data

were computed using frequency count, percentage formula and weighted mean,

and analyzed using Paired Sample t-Test. After testing, the eco-friendly concrete

block can be enhanced by the researchers for a good quality and a stronger

concrete block. The eco-friendly concrete block will then be useful in building

structures.

INPUT
 Make the eco–friendly
concrete block
 Test the eco-friendly
concrete block
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PROCESS
 Testing the effectiveness of the
shredded plastic waste in the
production of the eco-friendly
concrete block
 Test the level of satisfaction on
the eco-friendly concrete block

OUTPUT

 Eco-friendly Concrete Block

Figure 3. Flow of the Study

Data Collection Process


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Survey questionnaires are distributed to the respondents to gather data for

the study. The first part of the questionnaire is about the respondents’ profile,

while the second part includes questions on the effectiveness of the product. The

data were computed using frequency count, percentage formula and weighted

mean, and analyzed using Paired Sample t-Test. After testing, the eco – friendly

concrete block can be enhanced by the researchers for a good quality and a

stronger concrete block. The eco - friendly concrete block will then be useful in

building structures.

Scoring Procedure

The scoring procedure is divided into four levels; very satisfactory is equal to

four(4) and describes that the respondent has an outstanding feedback on the

effects and use of the Eco-friendly Concrete Block; satisfactory has the score of

three(3) and explains that the respondent is satisfied with equal reaction and

effect of the eco-friendly concrete block; slightly satisfied has total score of two

(2) which means that the effectiveness of the eco-friendly concrete block has low

effect to the respondent; and not satisfied which means one (1) or that the eco-

friendly concrete block is not effective to the respondent.

Scale Weighted Mean Descriptive Interpretation

4 3.26 – 4.00 Very Satisfactory

3 2.51 – 3.25 Satisfactory

2 1.76 – 2.50 Slightly Satisfactory

1 1.00 – 1.75 Not Satisfactory


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Table 1: Scoring Procedure

Treatment of Data

1. To identify the profile of the respondents, the simple percentage was

used.

2. To determine the level of satisfaction on the effectiveness of eco –

friendly concrete block, frequency count and Weighted Mean Formula

were utilized.

3. To identify the level of satisfaction between eco – friendly concrete

block and commercial concrete block, frequency count was used.

4. To determine the significant difference in the satisfaction between the

eco – friendly concrete block and commercial concrete block,

Weighted Mean Formula and Paired Sample t-Test were employed.

A. Definition of Terms

To make this research study more meaningful and explicable, the

researchers included the definition of terms to enable clearer insight of the study.

The following terms are operationally defined to clearly understand the study.

Alleviate. To remove or correct portion of accumulated plastic waste.

Catastrophe. Involving or causing sudden great damage of suffering. Plastic

waste pollution can lead to a pollution catastrophe.


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Cement. Used to build mortar or concrete by mixing it with water and sand and

gravel. It is one of the substances used in making the eco-friendly concrete

block.

Cement Trowel. A tool used in mixing the mixture of the eco-friendly concrete

block.

Concrete Blocks. Is one of various precast concrete building materials.

Industrial ecology. Is a field of study focused on the stages of the product

processes of goods and services from a point of view of nature, trying to mimic a

natural system by conserving and reusing resources.

Plastic Waste. The build-up of plastic objects in the environment, which has a

negative impact on wildlife, wildlife habitat, and humans. It is one of the

substances used in making the eco-friendly concrete block.

Polythene sheets. Is a light, generally thin, soft plastic that is commonly used to

make bags or to keep items dry or fresh.

Shredded. The word means to torn or cut the plastic waste into shreds so it

could be mixed in the production of the concrete block.

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Chapter 2

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA


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This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the findings based on the

data gathered on the effectiveness of Eco-friendly concrete block as tested by

the construction workers of G & N Hardware. The discussion follows the

sequence of variables in the statement of the problem that were set on the outset

of the study.

PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

The first problem of the study is on the profile of the respondents. This

includes the name, and the length of service of the construction worker.

Table 2: Respondents Profile

Respondents’ Length
Frequency Percentage
of Service

Below 1 Year 8 80

1 Year – 3 Years 2 20

4 Years 0 0

Total 10 100

Level of Satisfaction
17

Table 3 shows the level of satisfaction of the respondents between the

Eco-friendly Concrete Block and the Commercial Concrete Block. Eco-friendly

Concrete Block got 3.31 or Very Satisfactory in terms of its efficiency,

compressive strength, density and appearance. The Commercial Concrete Block

on the other hand, got 3.22 or Very Satisfactory in terms of its efficiency,

compressive strength, density and appearance.

Table 3
Level of Satisfaction of the Respondents Between the Eco-friendly and
Commercial Concrete Block

Eco-friendly Concrete Commercial Concrete


Block Block
Variables
Weighted Weighted
Descriptor Descriptor
Mean Mean
Very
Efficiency 3.25 Satisfactory 3.37
Satisfactory
Compressive Very
3.70 3.10 Satisfactory
Strength Satisfactory
Density 2.90 Satisfactory 3 Satisfactory
Very Very
Appearance 3.40 3.40
Satisfactory Satisfactory
Very Very
Weighted Mean 3.31 3.22
Satisfactory Satisfactory

Significant Difference on the Level of Satisfaction on Eco-friendly Concrete


Block and Commercial Concrete Block
18

The comparison is shown by presenting the level of satisfaction on the

Eco-friendly Concrete Block and the Commercial Concrete Block.

As seen in the table, the computed value is .558. The p-value is 0.616

with 0.05 as the level of the significance. This implies that the null hypothesis

was accepted since the p-value is greater than the alpha value and the

significant difference between the level of satisfaction on the Eco-friendly

Concrete Block and the Commercial Concrete Block was not significant.

Table 4
Significant Difference on the Level of Satisfaction on Eco-friendly Concrete
Block and Commercial Concrete Block
Variables Computed P-Value Alpha Decision Conclusion
Value
Level of satisfaction on
the Eco-friendly
Accept Not
Concrete Block versus .558 0.616 0.05
Ho significant
Commercial Concrete
Block

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Chapter 3
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter contains the summary, conclusion and

recommendation of the study.

SUMMARY

The disposal of plastics waste is one of today’s most pressing

environmental issues due to its low biodegradability and presence in large

quantities. Plastic has been proved to work in concrete studies, and this sort of

material has become a prominent study topic in recent years. The researchers

come up with this study to aid in the preservation and protection of the

environment by removing plastics from the environment, preserving them, and

repurposing them in new ways. The study is based on Waste Management

Theory (2004) by Green Alliance and in addition with Zero Waste Theory (2009).

The main aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the eco-friendly

concrete block as a substitute to the commercial concrete block. Survey method

was used in this study. To gather data, survey questionnaires were utilized by

the researchers. The study was conducted at G & N Hardware located at North

Poblacion, La Libertad, Negros Oriental. Data were analyzed using Paired

Sample t-Test. The level of satisfaction of the respondents on the Eco-friendly

Concrete Block got 3.31 or Very Satisfactory in terms of its efficiency,

compressive strength, density and appearance and the Commercial Concrete

Block on the other hand, got 3.22 or Very Satisfactory in terms of its efficiency,

compressive strength, density and appearance. The computed value is .558.

The p-value is 0.616 with 0.05 as the level of the significance. This implies that
20

the null hypothesis was accepted since the p-value is greater than the alpha

value and the significant difference between the level of satisfaction on the Eco-

friendly Concrete Block and the Commercial Concrete Block was not significant.

CONCLUSION

With an alpha of 0.05, computed value of .558 and a p-value of

0.616 the data suggested to accept the null hypothesis since the p-value is

greater than the alpha value. The null hypothesis was not rejected suggesting

that there is no significant difference existing between the Eco-friendly Concrete

Block and the Commercial Concrete Block. Therefore, the level of satisfaction of

the 10 male construction workers from G & N Hardware in the effectiveness of

the eco-friendly concrete block and the commercial concrete block are the same.

These imply that Eco-friendly Concrete Block can be a good substitute to the

Traditional Concrete Block.

RECOMMENDATION

The researchers recommend the enhancement in making of the

Eco-friendly Concrete Block specifically to improve its efficiency and density. In

addition, the researchers commend that in the process of making the eco-friendly

concrete block future researchers should also make a commercial concrete block

to determine their differences in terms of measuring the ingredients that will be

used, its efficiency, compressive strength, density and appearance.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
21

Keiski RL, Pongrácz E & Phillips PS (2004). Evolving the Theory of Waste Management

– Implications to waste minimization. Retrieved May 3, 2022 from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229015605_Evolving_the_Theory_of_

Waste_Management-Implications_to_waste_minimization

Canete AL, Nagaishi M & Premakumara JDG (2012). Policy Implementation of the

Republic Act (RA) 9003 in the Philippines: A Case Study of Cebu City. Retrieved

June 18, 2022 from https://www.iges.or.jp/en/pub/policy-implementation-

republic-act-ra 9003/en#:~:text=The%20Republic%20Act%20(RA)

%209003%2C%20otherwise%20known%20as%20the,waste%20management

%20plans%20based%20on

Zero Waste International Alliance (2004). Zero Waste Definition.Retrieved May 5, 2022

from https://zwia.org/zero-waste-definition

Appendix A: Letter

Republic of the Philippines


Department of Education
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Region VII, Central Visayas


Division of Negros Oriental
LA LIBERTAD TECHNICAL – VOCATIONAL SCHOOL
North Poblacion, La Libertad, Negros Oriental
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Email: lalibertadtvsnegor@yahoo.com Website: lalibertadtvs.weeby.com Facebook: lalibertadtvsnegor@yahoo.com

June 13, 2022

MR. LEONARDO M. CABILDO

North Poblacion, La Libertad, Negros Oriental

Sir:

GOOD DAY!

The students of Grade 12 STEM of the Senior High School of La Libertad Technical-
Vocational School are conducting a study entitled “The Efficiency of Employing
Shredded Plastic Waste in the Production of Concrete Blocks” as a partial
fulfillment in Research Project and Research Capstone.

In relation to this, we ask permission from your good office to allow us to administer our
questionnaire and interview the labourers who make concrete blocks in your
construction at your preferred day and time.

Hope for your kindest response to this request.

Sincerely,

JAMES KARL M. DESO-ACIDO XYLENE MARIE C. CODILLA

CATHERINE S. TIMTIM JESSAH F. TRINIDAD

Noted by: Approved by:

CHRISTY BLEZEILLE P. AMPIL MR. LEONARDO M. CABILDO


Research Project Teacher G&N Hardware Owner

LITTIE BETH S. BERNADEZ CHRISTINE G. DE PADUA


Research Capstone Teacher Teacher In-Charge, Senior HS

Appendix B: Questionnaire

Name: _________________________
23

I. Respondent’s Profile
Direction: Please answer the following questions by putting a checkmark
(√) on the blank space provided before each option. Please answer every
question honestly.
Length of Service as construction worker:
__ below 1 year __ 1 year – 3 years __ 4 years and above

II. Level of Satisfaction


Eco-friendly Concrete Block

Very Slightly Not


Properties of Eco-friendly Satisfactory
Satisfactory Satisfactory Satisfactory
Concrete Block (3)
(4) (2) (1)
Efficiency
1. What is your level of
satisfaction in the
eco-friendly
concrete block as a
substitute to the
commercial concrete
block?
2. What is your level of
satisfaction in the
eco-friendly
concrete block as
use in building
structures?
3. What is your level of
satisfaction in using
plastic waste in the
production of the
eco-friendly
concrete block?
Compressive Strength
4. How will you rate the
eco-friendly
concrete block
strength?
Density
5. What is your level of
satisfaction in the
density of the eco-
friendly concrete
block?
Appearance
24

6. What is your level of


satisfaction in the
appearance of the
eco-friendly
concrete block?
Properties of Very Slightly Not
Satisfactory
Commercial Concrete Satisfactory Satisfactory Satisfactory
(3)
Block (4) (2) (1)
Efficiency
1. What is your level
of satisfaction in
the commercial
concrete block?
2. What is your level
of satisfaction in
the commercial
concrete block as
use in building
structures?
3. What is your level
of satisfaction if
plastic waste is not
use in the
production of the
commercial
concrete block?
Compressive Strength
4. How will you rate
the commercial
concrete block
strength?
Density
5. What is your level
of satisfaction in
the density of the
commercial
concrete block?
Appearance
6. What is your level
of satisfaction in
the appearance of
the commercial
concrete block?

Commercial Concrete Block


25

Appendix C: SPSS Results

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

VAR00001 4 2.90 3.70 3.3125 .33260


VAR00002 4 3.00 3.40 3.2175 .19805
Valid N (listwise) 4

One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

VAR00001 VAR00002

N 4 4
a,b
Normal Parameters Mean 3.3125 3.2175
Std. Deviation .33260 .19805
Most Extreme Differences Absolute .175 .279
Positive .146 .224
Negative -.175 -.279
Test Statistic .175 .279
c,d
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) . .c,d

a. Test distribution is Normal.


b. Calculated from data.
c. Lilliefors Significance Correction.
d. Significance can not be computed because sum of case weights is less
than 5.

Hypothesis Testing: Eco-friendly Concrete Block versus Commercial


Concrete Block

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

95% Confidence Interval

Std. Std. Error of the Difference Sig. (2-


Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df tailed)

Pair VAR00001 -
.09500 .34073 .17037 -.44718 .63718 .558 3 .616
1 VAR00002

CURRICULUM VITAE
26

Personal Background

Name JAMES KARL M. DESO-ACIDO


Date of Birth August 30, 2003
Place of Birth Cantupa, La Libertad, Neg. Or.
Parents Alberto D. Deso-acido
Mary Jane A. Deso-acido
Siblings Kimbert M. Deso-acido
Mhekyla Deso-acido
Mia Rica Deso-acido
Email address karldesoacido@gmail.com
Contact number 09071894009

Educational Background

Secondary Science, Technological, Engineering and


Mathematics
La Libertad-Technical-Vocational School
North Poblacion, La Libertad, Negros Oriental

Elementary La Libertad Central Elementary School


CURRICULUM VITAE
27

Personal Background

Name XYLENE MARIE C. CODILLA


Date of Birth October 10,2003
Place of Birth Mabalacat Pampanga
Parents Ian T. Codilla
Marycel C. Codilla
Siblings Zache Ellysa C. Codilla
Febian Miguel C. Codilla
Email address codilla.xylene@gmail.com
Contact number 09950739437

Educational Background

Secondary Science, Technological, Engineering and


Mathematics
La Libertad-Technical-Vocational School
North Poblacion, La Libertad, Negros Oriental

Elementary La Libertad Central Elementary School


CURRICULUM VITAE
28

Personal Background

Name CATHERINE S. TIMTIM


Date of Birth July 5, 2004
Place of Birth Guihulngan, Neg. Or.
Parents Pio T. Timtim
Concepcion S. Timtim
Siblings Cathy Mae S. Timtim
Email address timtimcatherine74@gmail.com
Contact number 09506608011

Educational Background

Secondary Science, Technology, Engineering and


Mathematics
La Libertad-Technical-Vocational School
North Poblacion, La Libertad, Negros Oriental

Elementary Manghulyawon Elementary School


29

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name JESSAH F. TRINIDAD


Date of Birth December 17, 2003
Place of Birth Maragondong, La Libertad, Neg. Or.
Parents Lynmar V. Trinidad
Gemma F. Trinidad
Siblings Jaymark F. Trinidad
Email address jessahtrinidad18@gmail.com
Contact number 09675211028

Educational Background

Secondary Science, Technological, Engineering and


Mathematics
La Libertad-Technical-Vocational School
North Poblacion, La Libertad, Negros Oriental

Elementary La Libertad Central Elementary School

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