entence

Construction
 Dependent/ subordinate clause
Independent Clause Dependent Clause

• You study • NOUN Clause

how you study
• He is poor • ADJECTIVE Clause
who is smiling
• He is smiling • ADVERB Clause
although he is poor
 Adjective Clause

Words used to introduced an adjective clause Wh-, How

NOUN + adjective Clause

He caught a fish. It was one meter long

which was one meter long
He caught a fish which was one meter long

The boy was my cousin. She met him yesterday in town

whom
whom she met yesterday in town
The boy whom she met yesterday in town was my cousin.
 The subordinate in adjective clauses are called
relative pronouns.

1. who, whom, that, which. are the most important relative

pronouns:
These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects
of verbs, objects of prepositions, do not follow the preposition.
WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people.
It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or
things.
It can be the subject of a verb. In informal writing (but not in
academic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb.
WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people.
It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or
things.
It can be the object of a verb or preposition.
It cannot be the subject of a verb.
WHICH replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or
things.
It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people.
It can be the subject of a verb.
It can also be the object of a verb or preposition.

THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people,

animals or things.
It can be the subject of a verb.
It can also be the object of a verb or preposition (but that
cannot follow a preposition;
whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that
can follow a preposition).
WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns.
It can refer to people, animals or things.
It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a verb or
preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object.
Whose cannot be omitted.

The man is happy. + I found the man’s wallet. =

whose wallet
whose wallet I found
The man whose wallet I found is happy.

The girl is excited. Her mother won the lottery. =

whose mother
The girl whose mother won the lottery is excited.
 Adverb relative (When, Where, why)
WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). It
cannot be a subject.
It can be omitted.

I will never forget the day. + I graduated on that day.=

when
when I graduated
I will never forget the day when I graduated.

The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

I will never forget the day on which I graduated.

I will never forget the day that I graduated.
I will never forget the day I graduated.
WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in + city, at +
school,...).
It cannot be a subject.
It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be
added.

The building is new. + He works in the building. =

where
where he works
The building where he works is new.

The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

The building in which he works is new.

The building which he works in is new.
The building that he works in is new.
The building he works in is new
You can combine two independent clauses to make
one sentence containing an adjective clause by
following these steps:

1. You must have two clauses which contain a

repeated noun (or pronoun, or noun and pronoun
which refer to the same thing).

The book is on the table. I like the book.

The man is here. The man wants the book.
2. Delete the repeated noun and replace it with a relative
pronoun in the clause you want to make dependent.

The book is on the table. + I like the book

which
The man is here. + the man wants the book
who

3. Move the relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it

is not already there).
The clause is now an adjective clause.

The book is on the table. + which I like

The man is here. + who wants the book

4. Put the adjective clause immediately after the noun phrase

it modifies (the repeated noun):

The book which I like is on the table.

The man who wants the book is here.
1. Pizza, which most people love, is not very healthy.
2. Those people whose names are on the list will go to
camp.
3. Grandpa remembers the old days when there was
no television.
4. Fruit that is grown organically is expensive.
5. Students who are intelligent get good grades.
6. Eco-friendly cars that run on electricity help the
environment.
7. I know someone whose father served in World War
II.
1. The slurping noise he makes is the main reason
why Sue does not like to eat soup with her
brother.
2. The kids who were called first will have the best
chance of getting a seat.
3. I enjoy telling people about Janet Evanovich,
whose latest book was fantastic.
4. The store where the new phone was being sold
had a huge line of people outside it.
5. "He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand
rapt in awe is as good as dead." - Albert Einstein
6. "Those who do not complain are never pitied." -
Jane Austen
 Adjective clauses can be RESTRICTIVE or NONRESTRICTIVE.

A restrictive adjective clause A nonrestrictive adjective clause

contains information that is gives additional information about the

necessary to identify the noun it noun it modifies
modifies.

If a restrictive adjective clause is If a nonrestrictive adjective clause is

removed from a sentence, the removed from a sentence, the
meaning of the main clause meaning of the main clause does not
changes. change.

A restrictive adjective clause is A nonrestrictive adjective clause is

not separated from the main separated from the main clause by a
clause by a comma comma

Most adjective clauses are The relative pronoun that cannot be

restrictive used in nonrestrictive adjective
clauses.
The relative pronoun cannot be
omitted from a nonrestrictive clause.
A restrictive adjective clause A nonrestrictive adjective clause
People who can’t swim should not Billy, who couldn’t swim, should not
jump into the ocean. have jumped into the ocean

Many people congratulated the Many people congratulated William

man who has just won the Noble faulkener, who has just won the
Prize for literature Noble Prize for literature

A mother who loves him very The boy’s mother, who loves him very
much has made many sacrifices much, has made many sacrifices for
for his happiness his happiness

The coffee which had been Late in the evening they sent out for
boiling for a long time will taste some coffee. The coffee, which had
rancid. been boiling for a long time, tasted
rancid

The chairs which were in bad The chairs (in this class), which were
condition were sent out to be in bad condition, were sent out to
repaired and refinished be repaired and refinished.
 Reducing Adjective Clauses to Phrases

An adjective clause that has a subject

pronoun (which, that, or who) can also be
shortened into an adjective phrase.
You can shorten an adjective clause in two
ways:
1.Omit the subject pronoun and verb.
2.Omit the subject pronoun and change the
verb so it ends in -ing
Here are some examples to help you create an adjective
phrase:
•Adj Cl: The books that were borrowed from class must
be returned.
•Adj Ph: The books borrowed from class must
be returned.
•Adj Cl: The girl who is leading the parade is my best
friend.
•Adj Ph: The girl leading the parade is my best
friend.
•Adj Cl: His share of the money, which consisted of
$100,000, was given to him on Monday.
•Adj Ph: His share of the money, consisting of
$100,000, was given to him on Monday.
•Adj Cl: Something that smells bad may be rotten.
•Adj Ph: Something smelling bad may be rotten.
 Adjective clauses can often be reduced to phrases.

•The relative pronoun (RP) must RP + OTHER VERB (not BE) = OTHER
be the subject of the verb in the VERB + ing
adjective clause.

People who are living in glass People who live in glass houses should
houses should not throw stones. not throw stones. (clause)
(clause)
People living in glass People living in glass houses should
houses should not throw stones. not throw stones. (phrase)
(phrase)
Mary applied for a job that was Students who sit in the front row
advertised in the paper. usually participate more. (clause)
(clause) Students sitting in the front row
Mary applied for a job usually participate more.
advertised in the paper. (phrase)
phrase
1. The man was sick. He looked very pale.
2. He was sitting in the emergency room. It was
very crowded.
3. A nurse was nearby. He called to her.
4. The nurse called a doctor. He came quickly.
5. The doctor asked him to lie down. She looked
very worried.
6. She gave the man an injection. It made him go
to sleep.
Underline the adjective clause
1. The lady who lives across the street is my aunt.
2. The book that is on the chair belongs to Marvin.
3. I do not like people who are mean to animals.
4. Did you go to the school where my friend Jim goes?
5. The moment when the clown burst in to surprise the
teacher was great!
6. The reason why I left is a secret.
7. Can you see the bird that is on the fence?
8. The cat whom we are watching just caught a mouse!
9. The boy whose shoes are on the floor is my little brother.
10. I like pizza,which is also the favorite of my sister Jean.
 Adverb Clause

Word : He came unwillingly

Phrase : He came against his will
Clause : He came although he is unwilling

:
After she had graduated, she got a job
While I was walking home, it began to rain
I use my umbrella whenever it rains
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, the party will be
held outside
I will go even if you say no.

Words used to introduced an adverb clause:

The subordinators in adverb clauses are called
subordinating conjunctions.
They cannot be omitted.
They cannot be subjects.

Here are some of the subordinating conjunctions:

Time: after, before, when, while, as, by the time,
whenever, since, until, as soon as, once, as long as
Cause and effect: because, since, now that, as, as
long as, inasmuch as, so (that), in order that
Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas,
while
Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even
if, providing (that), provided (that), in case, in the
event (that).
(a) An Adverb Clause of Manner indicates how an action is
performed.
Such a clause is usually introduced by the conjunctions
'as" 'as if, `as though" etc.
I did the work as it ought to be done.
He ran as if a tiger was after him.
The artist painted as though he was inspired.

(b) An Adverb Clause of Time tells us when an action is

performed.
Such a clause is introduced by the conjunctions
'when, 'while" 'after" `before', 'since, 'as soon as, etc.
They arrested the thief when he was leaving the shop.
She studied Home Science while she was in school.
The bus came after we had waited for nearly an hour.
He did not go home until he had finished his work.
• (c) An Adverb Clause of Place denotes where an action
took place.
• Such a clause is introduced by the conjunctions
• `where' and 'wherever'

• I will place this chair where you tell me.

• She will inform them where we are going to have our
picnic.
• It follows him wherever he goes.

• d) An Adverb Clause of Reason tells us why an action is

performed.
• Such a clause is generally introduced by the conjunctions
'because, `since, 'as" for" etc.

• You'd better lead the way as you have been here before.
• I can't go to see the football match because I have no
ticket.
• You might as well stay at home since it's raining.
• The children must go to sleep now for it's their bedtime.
• (e) An Adverb Clause of Purpose is used with the
conjunctions
• `so that'. `in order that, 'in case, 'for fear that, etc.

• I made a note of it so that I might not forget.

• I've come early so that I may help you with the
preparations.
• We rang the bell again in case they might not have heard
it.
• They evacuated to a safer place for fear that the flood will
reach them.

• (f) An Adverb Clause of Result is usually introduced by

the conjunction
• `that, 'so, or 'so that‘

• He had been there a few times, so he could find his way

easily.
• Is she dumb that she cannot answer any questions?
• She was talking loudly, so that everyone would be able to
hear her.
• It was raining, so we had to use our umbrellas.
(g) An Adverb Clause of Condition is introduced
by the conjunctions
‘If, 'unless" 'whether or not, 'provided that, etc.
If you like it, I shall buy it for you.
You will fail unless you work harder.
She will forgive you on condition that you apologize
to her.
You must go whether you hear from her or not.
(h) An Adverb Clause of Concession is generally
used with conjunction like
'though " 'although " 'even if, 'whatever, etc.
She remained blind although she had had a
number of eye operations.
Even if they threaten him, he won't do it.
I will go there, whatever people may say.
The soldier remained in critical condition however
hard the doctors tried to save his life.
i) An Adverb Clause of Comparison is introduced
by the conjunctions 'as' or 'than'

She always works harder than I do.

The situation is more serious than I thought.
The problem is not as (or so) easy as you think.
He is as foolish as he is lazy
Reduction of Adverb clause to Modifying Phrases

While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend

While walking to class, I ran into an old friend

When the child was told to go bed, he started to cry

When told to go bed, he started to cry

While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep

Before I left for work, I ate breakfast

Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast

Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends
Since coming to this country, she has made many friends
Mary has made many friends since coming to this country
after as as soon as before now that
since until when whenever while

Complete the sentences with the most appropriate adjective

clauses.
Top of Form
1. He likes to draw pictures of animals on the board …….. he gets a
chance.
2. Tidy your room ……… your friend has gone.
3. I will sign the contract ………I read and understand all the terms.
4. We were watching TV ………she suddenly came in.
5. Jenna was singing ………she was taking a bath.
6. Take the trash out ………you go to sleep.
7. Save some energy and don't turn on the lights ………it gets dark.
8. Anthony had eaten nonstop ………his parents came back from
vacation.
9. I don't want to be falling in love ………she's walking away.
Expressing the idea of “DURING THE SAME TIME”
in modifying phrase

While I was walking down the street, I ran into an old friend
While walking down the street, I ran into an old friend
walking down the street, I ran into an old friend

Hiking through the woods yesterday we saw a tiger

 Expressing CAUSE & EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
in modifying phrase

Because she needed some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a check
Needing some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a check

Because I have seen that movie before, I don’t want to go again

Having seen that movie before, I don’t want to go again

Because I had seen that movie before, I didn’t want to go again

Having seen that movie before, I didn’t want to go again
Expressing Negative Condition
If you don’t hurry, you will be late
Unless you don’t hurry, you will be late
You’d better hurry, otherwise you will be late
You’d better hurry, or (else) you will be late
after as as soon as before now that
since until when whenever while

1. I couldn't read the sign ………it was too late to make the turn.
2. He has made a lot of friends ………he started school.
3. I didn't hear the news ………I got home that day.
4. Leave a message ………the tone.
5. Please call me ………you hear from your father, I am worried about
him.
6. I was thinking of you ………we were looking at the pictures.
7. In her childhood, Pam would get scared ………she saw any kind of
animal on TV.
8. We had forgotten about her ………we came across an old card she
had sent us.
9. Finish your homework ………you sleep tonight.
10.He was riding his horse ………he fell and broke his knee.
11.Allen has been studying English ………he was four.
 Each sentence contains a clause in CAPITAL letters.
Decide whether this clause is dependent or independent

1. If you don't fix the car, IT WILL CONTINUE TO LEAK OIL.

2. WHILE THE CAR IS BEING FIXED, we will need to take the bus.
3. It isn't necessary to cram all night IF YOU HAVE STUDIED A
LITTLE EACH DAY.
4. Before you begin studying for the exam, YOU WILL PROBABLY
WANT TO REST.
5. I can't go to the movies SINCE I DON'T HAVE ANY MONEY.
6. WHETHER HE ATTENDS THE PARTY OR NOT, I have decided to
go.
7. I WILL STOP PLAYING THE DRUMS when you go to sleep.
8. SINCE YOU'VE TAKEN YOUR EXAM IN BIOLOGY, you probably
don't feel like studying for tomorrow's exam in math.
9. Until he apologizes to me for his rude behavior, I REFUSE TO SEE
HIM.
10.I wore my boots BECAUSE IT LOOKED LIKE IT MIGHT SNOW.
Each sentence contains a clause in CAPITAL letters. Decide whether this
clause is dependent or independent

1. I WILL GO ON A TRIP if the car is in good working order.

2. SINCE THE TIRE IS FLAT, we had better get it fixed before traveling.
3. I want to see the Corning Glass Museum BECAUSE I AM INTERESTED
IN GLASS BLOWING.
4. When we get there, I WOULD LIKE TO LOOK AT THE DISPLAYS.
5. I would like to leave home early UNLESS THE TRAFFIC IS SLOW.
6. HE TOLD ME THE MUSEUM WAS CLOSED ON MONDAYS though it
wasn't listed on the schedule.
7. Even though it takes a long time to get there, WE WOULD STILL LIKE
TO GO.
8. WHEN WE DROVE THERE, we got lost.
9. SINCE THE DISPLAYS WERE GREAT, I am glad we went.
10. IN CASE YOU ARE WONDERING HOW TO GET THERE, I will give you
a map with the directions.
 Continuing the same idea

The city provides many cultural opportunities.

It has an excellent art museum moreover it has a fine symphony orchestra
It has an excellent art museum furthermore it has a fine symphony orchestra
It has an excellent art museum in addition it has a fine symphony orchestra
It has an excellent art museum besides it has a fine symphony orchestra
It has an excellent art museum also it has a fine symphony orchestra

In addition to an excellent art museum, it has a fine symphony orchestra

Besides to an excellent art museum, it has a fine symphony orchestra
 To express the same meaning we can use:

• A CONJUNCTION
I did not study, so I failed the test
It was cold, yet /but I still went swimming
John was sick, so he didn’t come to school

• A CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
I did not study, therefore / consequently I failed the test
It was cold, however I went swimming
John was sick, therefore he didn’t come to school

• A SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION
I failed the test because I did not study
Although It was cold, I went swimming
John didn’t come to school because he was sick