Flora of Australia, Volume 29, Solanaceae (PDFDrive)

FLORA OF
AUSTRALIA
Volume 29
Solanaceae
This volume was published before the Commonwealth Government

moved to Creative Commons Licensing.
© Commonwealth of Australia 1982.

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FLORA OF
AUSTRALIA
In this volume all 206 species of the family
Solanaceae known to be indigenous or
naturalised in Australia are described. The
family includes important toxic plants,
weeds and drug plants.
The family Solanaceae in Australia
contains 140 indigenous species such as
boxthorn, wild tobacco, wild tomato,
Pituri and tailflower. The 66 naturalised
members include nightshade, tomato,
thornapple, petunia, henbane, capsicum
and Cape Gooseberry.
There are keys for the identification of
all genera and species. References are
given for accepted names and synonyms.
Maps are provided showing the
distribution of nearly all species. Many are
illustrated by line drawings or colour
plates. Notes on habitat, variation and
relationships are included.
The volume is based on the most recent
taxonomic research on the Solanaceae in
Australia.
Cover: Solanum semiarmatum F . Muell.

Painting by Margaret Stones. Reproduced by
courtesy of David Symon.
Contents of volumes in the Flora of Australia, the faiimilies arranged according to the
system of A.J. Cronquist (1981).
Volume 1 Cannabaceae Volume 7 Volume 10 Haloragales

Moraceae Haloragaceae
Introduction Urticaceae Malvales Ebenales Gunneraceae
Elaeocarpaceae Sapotaceae
Fagales Tiliaceae Ebenaceae Myrtales
Balanopaceae Sterculiaceae Symplocaceae Sonneratiaceae
Volume 2 Betulaceae Bombacaceae Lythraceae
Fagaceae Malvaceae Primulales Thymelaeaceae
Magnoliales Myrsinaceae Punicaceae
Winteraceae Casuarinales Primulaceae Onagraceae
Himantandraceae Casuarinaceae
Volume 8 Melastomataceae
Eupomatiaceae Rosales
Combretaceae
Austrobaileyaceae Connaraceae
Lecythidales Trapaceae
Magnoliaceae Volume 4 Eucryphiaceae
Annonaceae Lecythidaceae Cunoniaceae
Myristicaceae Davidsoniaceae
Caryophyllales Nepenthales Volumes 19–21
Pittosporaceae
Laurales Phytolaccaceae Nepenthaceae Byblidaceae
Monimiaceae Nyctaginaceae Droseraceae Grossulariaceae Myrtaceae
Idiospermaceae Aizoaceae Crassulaceae
Cactaceae Violales
Lauraceae Cephalotaceae
Chenopodiaceae Flacourtiaceae
Hernandiaceae Saxifragaceae
Bixaceae Volume 22
Rosaceae
Piperales Cistaceae
Chrysobalanaceae
Piperaceae Violaceae Rhizophorales
Volume 5 Surianaceae
Tamaricaceae Rhizophoraceae
Aristolochiales Amaranthaceae Frankeniaceae
Aristolochiaceae Portulacaceae Passifloraceae Cornales
Basellaceae Cucurbitaceae Volumes 11, 12 Alangiaceae
Nymphaeales Molluginaceae Datiscaceae
Nelumbonaceae Caryophyllaceae Fabales Santalales
Nymphaeaceae Salicales Mimosaceae Olacaceae
Cabombaceae Polygonales Salicaceae Caesalpiniaceae Opiliaceae
Ceratophyllaceae Polygonaceae Santalaceae
Capparales
Plumbaginales Capparaceae Loranthaceae
Ranunculales Volumes 13–15
Plumbaginaceae Brassicaceae Viscaceae
Ranunculaceae
Moringaceae Balanophoraceae
Berberidaceae Fabaceae
Menispermaceae Resedaceae
Rafflesiales
Volume 6 Batales Rafflesiaceae
Papaverales
Papaveraceae Gyrostemonaceae Volumes 16, 17
Dilleniales Bataceae Celastrales
Fumariaceae Celastraceae
Dilleniaceae
Proteales
Hippocrateaceae
Theales Elaeagnaceae
Stackhousiaceae
Volume 3 Ochnaceae Volume 9 Proteaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Theaceae Icacinaceae
Hamamelidales Actinidiaceae Ericales Cardiopteridaceae
Hamamelidaceae Elatinaceae Epacridaceae Volume 18 Corynocarpaceae
Clusiaceae Ericaceae
Dichapetalaceae
Urticales Podostemales
Ulmaceae Podostemaceae
Volume 23 Volume 28 Bignoniaceae Cymodoceaceae Bromeliales
Lentibulariaceae Zosteraceae Bromeliaceae
Euphorbiales Gentianales
Loganiaceae Triuridales Zingiberales
Euphorbiaceae
Gentianaceae Triuridaceae Musaceae
Volume 34
Apocynaceae Zingiberaceae
Arecales Costaceae
Asclepiadaceae Campanulales
Volume 24 Arecaceae Cannaceae
Sphenocleaceae Marantaceae
Campanulaceae Pandanales
Rhamnales
Volume 29 Stylidiaceae Pandanaceae Liliales
Rhamnaceae
Donatiaceae Philydraceae
Leeaceae Arales
Solanales Pontederiaceae
Vitaceae Araceae Haemodoraceae
Solanaceae
Volume 35 Lemnaceae Liliaceae
Linales
Erythroxylaceae
Linaceae Volume 30 Brunoniaceae
Goodeniaceae Volume 40 Volume 46
Polygalales Convolvulaceae
Malpighiaceae Commelinales Iridaceae
Cuscutaceae
Xyridaceae Agavaceae
Tremandraceae Menyanthaceae Volume 36 Xanthorrhoeaceae
Polygalaceae Polemoniaceae Commelinaceae
Hanguanaceae
Xanthophyllaceae Hydrophyllaceae Rubiales Eriocaulales Taccaceae
Rubiaceae Stemonaceae
Lamiales Eriocaulaceae
Boraginaceae Smilacaceae
Volume 25 Dipsacales Dioscoreaceae
Verbenaceae Restionales
Caprifoliaceae
Flagellariaceae
Valerianaceae
Sapindales Restionaceae
Dipsacaceae
Melianthaceae Volume 31 Centrolepidaceae Volume 47
Akaniaceae
Sapindaceae Juncales Orchidales
Lamiaceae Volumes 37, 38 Juncaceae Burmanniaceae
Aceraceae
Burseraceae Corsiaceae
Asterales Orchidaceae
Anacardiaceae
Volume 32 Asteraceae Volumes 41, 42
Simaroubaceae
Callitrichales Cyperales Volume 48
Callitrichaceae Volume 39 Cyperaceae
Volume 26 Gymnospermae
Plantaginales
Alismatales Pteridophyta
Meliaceae Plantaginaceae
Limnocharitaceae Volumes 43, 44
Rutaceae Alismataceae
Scrophulariales
Zygophyllaceae Oleaceae
Hydrocharitales Poaceae Volume 49 et seq.
Scrophulariaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Non-vascular
Volume 27 Najadales
Volume 45 plants and floras of
Volume 33 Aponogetonaceae adminstered
Geraniales Juncaginaceae territories
Oxalidaceae Potamogetonaceae Hydatellales
Myoporaceae
Geraniaceae Ruppiaceae Hydatellaceae
Orobanchaceae
Tropaeolaceae Gesneriaceae Najadaceae
Typhales
Acanthaceae Zannichelliaceae
Sparganiaceae
Apiales Pedaliaceae Posidoniaceae
Typhaceae
Araliaceae
Apiaceae
FLORA OF AUSTRALIA
Solanum semiarmatum F. Muell. Painting by Margaret Stones. Reproduced by courtesy
of David Symon.
BUREAU OF FLORA AND FAUNA, CANBERRA
FLORA OF
AUSTRALIA
Volume 29
Solanaceae
Australian Government Publishing Service Canberra 1982

© Commonwealth of Australia 1982
ISBN 0 642 07014 8 (case bound)
ISBN 0 642 07013 X (series — case bound)
ISBN 0 642 07015 6 (soft bound)
ISBN 0 642 07016 4 (series — soft bound)
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Sir Rutherford Robertson (Chairman)
Barbara G. Briggs
Hansjoerg Eichler
Leslie Pedley
James H. Ross
David E. Symon
Paul G. Wilson
Alison McCusker (Secretary)
Executive Editor
Alexander S. George
Printed at Griffen Press Limited, Marion Road, Netley, South Australia

CONTENTS
Contributors to Volume 29 vi
Introduction vii
Solanaceae 1
Abbreviations and Contractions 198
Publication date of the previous volume 200
Index 201
Endpapers
Front: Contents of volumes in the Flora of Australia, the families
arranged according to the system of A.Cronquist (1981).
Back: Flora of Australia: Index to families of flowering plants.
v
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 29
Dr Laurie Haegi, Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs Macquarie’s Road

Sydney, New South Wales 2000.
Dr Rosemary W. Purdie, c/- Herbarium Australiense,

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,
P.O. Box 1600, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory 2601.
Mr David E. Symon, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen

Osmond, South Australia 5064.
Ms Betsy Osborn, Illustrator
vi
INTRODUCTION
This is the first of the descriptive volumes in the Flora of Australia to be published. The
Solanaceae was chosen because taxonomic studies in most genera were due for
completion by the anticipated date of publication of the volume. Revisions by Laurie Haegi,
Philippa Horton and David Symon, botanists based or trained at the Waite
Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, have provided the basis for the
present treatment which has been substantially prepared by Rosemary Purdie.
Descriptions and discussion are concise but are supplemented by important
references, synonymy, and information on type collections, cytology, distribution, habitat
and illustrations published elsewhere. Descriptions are based on Australian material
except in the case of some naturalised taxa for which the collections in Australian
herbaria are inadequate. Likewise, synonymy is restricted to names based on Australian
types or widely used in Australian literature. Misapplied names are given in square
brackets together with an example of the misapplication. Alien taxa which are
established in one or more localities, but not under cultivation, are considered
naturalised and are included in the Flora; they are marked with an asterisk.
Genera and species are arranged to show natural relationships as currently
interpreted. Although relationships cannot be shown adequately in a linear sequence,
such an arrangement in a Flora usually assists comparison of closely related taxa.
Infraspecific taxa are keyed out under the relevant species. Up to five collections are
cited for each species and infraspecific taxon. Distribution maps are arranged in the
same sequence as the text, grouped 15 on a page, and placed such that the last taxon on
the page closely follows its position in the text. Thus, for any taxon, the reader will
always find the map on a later page. The volume contains no new names or
combinations.
As noted in Volume 1, the recommended abbreviation for this work is ‘Fl.
Australia’.
Acknowledgments
The format for the Flora has evolved through much consultation not only among the
Editorial Committee but also with the Australian Government Publishing Service,
members of the botanical community in Australia and the staff of the Bureau of Flora and
Fauna. The assistance of all those involved is gratefully acknowledged.
David Symon kindly made available the painting of Solanum semiarmatum by
Margaret Stones, for the cover and the frontispiece. Those who have provided colour
slides are also thanked; they are cited in the captions to the colour figures.
Within the Bureau of Flora and Fauna, assistance in editing the volume was received
from Alison McCusker, Arthur Chapman and Helen Hewson. The volume was typeset
by John Busby, with the assistance of Geetha Sriprakash. Wendy Riley and Geetha
Sriprakash typed the manuscript.
vii
SOLANACEAE
R. W. Purdie, D. E. Symon and L. Haegi
Herbs, shrubs or small trees, rarely (not in Australia) woody vines, glabrous or
pubescent; prickles present or absent. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite,
simple to pinnate, exstipulate. Inflorescence terminal, lateral, axillary or
leaf-opposed, appearing cymose, racemose, paniculate or sub-umbellate, or flowers solitary.
Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, bisexual or rarely unisexual. Calyx tubular to
campanulate, with 5 (3–9) lobes, persistent. Corolla campanulate, tubular, funnel-shaped,
urn-shaped or salver-shaped; limb rotate to stellate, with 5 (3–9) lobes,
the lobes valvate, plicate, induplicate or imbricate in bud. Stamens usually 5 or 4, rarely
1, 2, 3 or 8, equal or unequal in length, inserted in corolla-tube and alternate with
lobes; anthers bilocular or unilocular, sometimes cohering, dehiscing by longitudinal
slits or terminal pores. Ovary superior, 2–5-locular, often on a hypogynous disc; style
simple; stigma capitate. Ovules numerous, rarely few; placentation axile. Fruit a
capsule or berry, usually bilocular. Seeds usually numerous, often flattened; embryo curved,
spiral or straight; endosperm present.
A family of about 90 genera and over 2600 species, widely distributed in tropical
and temperate regions but mostly native to Central and South America and, to a less
extent, Australia. Represented in Australia by 23 genera and about 200 species of
which 6 genera and 132 species are endemic and 65 species naturalised. The family
contains important food plants such as potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), eggplant (S.
melongena L.), tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Karsten ex Farwell), chili,
peppers and capsicum (Capsicum spp.), and Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana
L.). Species of Browallia, Brunfelsia, Cestrum, Datura, Lycium, Nicotiana,
Nierembergia, Petunia, Physalis, Salpiglossis, Schizanthus, Solanum, Solandra and
Streptosolen are often cultivated as ornamentals. Some species have a high alkaloid
content and are poisonous, or are drug plants used medicinally or as narcotics, e.g.
tobacco (Nicotiana spp.), Deadly Nightshade (Atropa belladonna L.), thornapple
(Datura spp.) and Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.).
The inflorescence of the Solanaceae is almost always terminal or modified from a
terminal arrangement. In many cases the entire terminal portion of the plant may be
given over to the inflorescence— all branches ending in a flower or aggregation of
flowers (e.g. Duboisia). In a few instances the flowering region is confined to spur
shoots (e.g. Lycium). The branching of the plant in the flowering region is sympodial,
with the following season's vegetative growth arising from axils immediately below
the flowering portion of the current season. Although the phyllotaxy is always spiral
in the vegetative region, it is often opposite in the upper flowering parts, with a
dichasial cymose arrangement. The transition may be abrupt or gradual. The cymes
are sometimes not fully developed and some sections may appear monochasial
through the lack of development of one of the axillary buds of a triad. In other cases,
cymes are reduced to single flowers subtended by a pair of 'bracteoles'. Frequently,
apparent adnation of various axes to the next highest node or partly along an
internode results in extra-axillary, pseudo-axillary and leaf-opposed arrangements of
flowers (e.g. Cyphanthera microphylla Miers). The pedicels of such flowers bear no
'bracteoles', and various patterns may be observed on a single plant. In Solanum,
leaves and bracts are usually absent within inflorescences, which are frequently extra-
axillary through concaulescence.
1
SOLANACEAE
In order to avoid complicated terminology and descriptions, inflorescences in this

treatment have, where necessary, been described by comparison with a commonly
recognised arrangement to which they are most similar e.g. 'raceme-like'. Throughout
the treatment of the family, filament lengths refer to the free portion of the filaments.
R. Brown, Solaneae, Prodr. 443–449 (1810); F. Dunal, Solaneae, in A. P. de Can–
dolle (ed.), Prodr. 13(1): 1–690 (1852); G. Bentham, Solaneae, Fl. Austral. 4:
442–470 (1868); G. Bentham, Solanaceae, in G. Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Genera
Plantarum 2(1): 882–913 (1873); K. Domin, Beiträge zur Flora und
Pflanzengeographie Australiens, Solanaceae, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 571–595 (1928–29);
H. Melchior, Solanaceae, in A.Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 12th edn, 2:
444–447 (1964); C. B. Heiser, Nightshades: The Paradoxical Plants (1969); S. L.
Everist, Poisonous Plants of Australia 441–484 (1974); J. G. Hawkes, R. N. Lester
& A. D. Skelding (eds), The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae, Linn. Soc.
Symp. Ser. 7 (1979); N. Peterson, Aboriginal uses of Australian Solanaceae, in
Hawkes et al., op. cit. 171–190.
KEY TO SUBFAMILIES AND TRIBES

Key adapted from A. T. Hunziker in J. G. Hawkes et al., op. cit. 49–51.
1 Seeds prismatic, reniform, or subglobose, or of a different form but

never discoidal-compressed; embryo straight or bent, but then with
incumbent or oblique cotyledons Subfam. I. CESTROIDEAE
2 Pedicels articulated; corolla actinomorphic; shrubs or trees
(Cestrum) Trib. II. CESTREAE
2: Pedicels not articulated; corolla actinomorphic or zygomorphic; herbs
or shrubs
3 Aestivation volutive; corolla regular, 5–lobed, streaked; stamens 4
or 5, anthers dehiscing extrorsely by long slits, thecae confluent in
5/7 genera; shrubs (Anthocercis, Anthotroche, Crenidium,
Cyphanthera, Duboisia, Grammosolen, Symonanthus) Trib. I. ANTHOCERCIDEAE
3: Aestivation contorted-conduplicate, imbricate-conduplicate,
imbricate or cochlear; corolla actinomorphic or sub-zygomorphic
4 Stamens 5, 1 usually inserted at a different level (in Australian
species); corolla actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic; herbs,
rarely shrubs (Nicotiana, Petunia, Nierembergia) Trib. III. NICOTIANEAE
4: Stamens 4, usually didynamous; corolla zygomorphic; herbs
(Browallia) Trib. IV. SALPIGLOSSIDEAE
1: Seeds discoidal or more or less kidney-shaped, flat, compressed; embryo
circinnate or curved Subfam. II. SOLANOIDEAE
5 Aestivation valvate, induplicate, plicate or conduplicate (i.e.,
corolla-lobes never overlapping)
6 Filaments inserted generally near centre of anthers on dorsal face;
climber (Salpichroa) Trib. VI. JABOROSEAE
6: Filaments inserted at or near base of anthers
7 Aestivation conduplicate-contorted; herbs or shrubs (Datura) Trib. IX. DATUREAE
7: Aestivation valvate, induplicate or plicate, never conduplicate-
contorted; herbs or shrubs (Capsicum, Cyphomandra,
Lycianthes, Lycopersicon, Physalis, Solanum, Withania) Trib. VII. SOLANEAE
2
SOLANACEAE Key to tribes
5: Aestivation imbricate, cochlear or quincuncial

8 Fruit a berry; corolla regular
9 Calyx scarcely enlarged; gynoecium 2–carpellary; shrubs
(Lycium) Trib. V. LYCIEAE
9: Calyx scarious, enclosing berry; gynoecium 2–5–carpellary;
herbs (Nicandra) Trib. VIII. NICANDREAE
8: Fruit capsular, dehiscent by an operculum; calyx indurated,
reticulate-costate; herbs (Hyoscyamus) Trib. X. HYOSCYAMEAE
KEY TO GENERA
1 Anthers dehiscing by terminal pores or short slits

2 Connective large, conspicuous at back of anther 15. CYPHOMANDRA
2: Connective small, inconspicuous at back of anther
3 Flowers in pedunculate inflorescences; calyx distinctly 5–lobed
(rarely shortly so); leaves often lobed or dentate 16. SOLANUM
3: Flowers in axillary clusters or solitary; calyx truncate or minutely
5–10–dentate; leaves always entire LYCIANTHES †
1: Anthers dehiscing by slits running the entire length of the loculi
4 Flowers unisexual (rudimentary ovary or stamens sometimes
present) 2. SYMONANTHUS
4: Flowers bisexual
5 Stamens 4
6 Fruit a berry
7 Shrubs or trees without spines; flowers in panicles; anthers
unilocular 3. DUBOISIA
7: Spinescent shrubs, intricately branched; flowers in axillary
clusters; anthers bilocular 13. LYCIUM
6: Fruit a capsule
8 Annual herbs; stamens inserted high on corolla-tube, their
filaments short; corolla blue 12. BROWALLIA
8: Shrubs; stamens inserted at base of corolla-tube; corolla white,
cream or yellow, often striated in throat
9 Anthers bilocular 1. ANTHOCERCIS
9: Anthers unilocular
10 Leafless, spinescent shrubs; stamens and style exserted 7. CRENIDIUM
10: Shrubs with (sometimes small) leaves; stamens and style
not exserted 4. CYPHANTHERA
5: Stamens 5
11 Fruit a capsule
12 Capsule more than 20 mm long, spiny or tuberculate 22. DATURA
12: Capsule less than 15 mm long, smooth or nearly so
13 Calyx enlarged after flowering, the teeth becoming spiny;
capsule circumscissile 23. HYOSCYAMUS
13: Calyx not or scarcely enlarged after flowering, the teeth not
becoming spiny; capsule not circumscissile
3
Key to genera SOLANACEAE
14 Herbs
15 Corolla-tube about 1 mm wide for about 3/4 of its
length, abruptly dilated at the top into a broad, shallow
cup 11. NIEREMBERGIA
15: Corolla-tube more than 1 mm wide near the base,
widening gradually
16 Calyx segments fused for about half their length; valves
of capsule 4 (rarely 2) 9. NICOTIANA
16: Calyx segments free almost to base; valves of capsule 2,
entire or bifid 10. PETUNIA
14: Shrubs
17 Plants single-stemmed or sparingly branched, glabrous;
corolla-tube at least 25 mm long 9. NICOTIANA
17: Much-branched shrubs with a dense tomentum at least
on immature parts; corolla-tube up to 15 mm long
18 Plants leafless, spinescent; corolla yellow, the tube
narrow; stamens and style much exserted 7. CRENIDIUM
18: Plants leafy; corolla deep violet or white, the tube
broad, expanded into a limb at the top or, if narrow,
the stamens and style not exserted
19 Bracts present within inflorescence; corolla white with
purple striations, the lobes glabrous on upper (inner)
face, free and erect in bud 5. GRAMMOSOLEN
19: Bracts absent from inflorescence; corolla deep violet
(rarely white), the lobes densely pubescent on upper
(inner) face, cohering and with incurved apices in bud 6. ANTHOTROCHE
11: Fruit a berry, sometimes firm or dryish
20 Leaves pinnatisect; anthers with terminal appendages 17. LYCOPERSICON
20: Leaves entire or lobed; anthers without appendages
21 Calyx enlarged in fruit, becoming longer than berry and
often enclosing it
22 Mature berry bright red or black
23 Corolla more than 15 mm long, purple-brown; berry
shining black ATROPA †
23: Corolla less than 10 mm long, greenish-yellow; berry
bright red 20. WITHANIA
22: Mature berry various shades of yellow or green, rarely
purple, red or orange
24 Calyx-lobes at fruiting stage much longer than tube,
saggitate at base; corolla blue 21. NICANDRA
24: Calyx-lobes at fruiting stage much shorter than tube,
not saggitate; corolla purple or yellowish
25 Flowers in lateral cymes; corolla purple; calyx at
fruiting stage more or less globular, never ribbed 16. SOLANUM
25: Inflorescence solitary; corolla yellow, sometimes with
dark markings; calyx at fruiting stage not globular,
often ribbed 19. PHYSALIS
4
SOLANACEAE Key to genera
21: Calyx not or scarcely enlarged in fruit, always shorter than

berry
26 Corolla stellate, the lobes as long as tube 18. CAPSICUM
26: Corolla-tube narrow, funnel-shaped or urn-shaped, the
lobes much shorter than tube
27 Spinescent shrubs; leaves somewhat fleshy; corolla
funnel-shaped 13. LYCIUM
27: Non-spinescent shrubs or herbs; leaves not fleshy; corolla
urn-shaped or tubular
28 Scrambling or climbing herbs; flowers solitary in axils;
corolla urn-shaped 14. SALPICHROA
28: Erect shrubs or small trees; flowers in panicles or
racemes; corolla narrow 8. CESTRUM
The genera marked with a dagger (†) are keyed out here but will not be treated
further in this work. Lycianthes has been recently collected from offshore islands in
north Queensland but is inadequately recorded. Atropa (Deadly Nightshade) has
sometimes been incorrectly recorded as naturalised in Australia.
Subfam. I. CESTROIDEAE
Solanaceae subfam. Cestroideae Reiche, Fl. Chile 5: 310 (1910) (as Cestreas).
Type genus: Cestrum L.
Seeds prismatic, reniform or subglobose or otherwise, but not discoidal and
compressed; embryo straight, or bent (not strongly curved) and then with incumbent or
oblique cotyledons; endosperm copious.
In Australia contains the tribes Anthocercideae, Cestreae, Nicotianeae and Salpi–glossideae.
Trib. I. ANTHOCERCIDEAE Don
Trib. Anthocercideae Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 479 (1837) (as Anthocerceae).

Type genus: Anthocercis Labill.
Duboisieae Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 3: 165 (1849)
Woody shrubs. Calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit. Corolla regular or nearly so, 5–lobed,
the tube shortly funnel-shaped and striated; aestivation volutive, margins of each
lobe inrolled, one overlapping the other. Stamens 5, or 4 with a staminode, inserted
near base of corolla-tube; anthers with extrorse dehiscence. Fruit a berry or capsule.
Seeds sub-reniform with reticulate testa; embryo slightly curved.
Seven genera, all species endemic in Australia except Duboisia myoporoides R. Br.
which extends to New Caledonia.
5
Anthocercis SOLANACEAE
1. ANTHOCERCIS
Anthocercis Labill., Nov. Holl. Pl. 2: 19 (1806); from the Greek anthos (a flower)
and kerkis (a ray), in reference to the narrow corolla-lobes.
Type species: A. littorea Labill.
Shrubs, glabrous, or pubescent with glandular or non-glandular hairs. Leaves alternate
or rarely clustered, simple. Inflorescence cyme-, raceme- or panicle-like, terminal and
axillary; flowers rarely solitary. Flowers bisexual, slightly zygomorphic, each
subtended by a pair of opposite bracts. Calyx campanulate to cupular, 5–lobed.
Corolla regular or almost so, narrowly tubular with spreading limb, white, cream or
yellow, with dark striations in tube; limb 5–lobed, the lobes volute in bud. Stamens
4, didynamous or subequal, inserted at base of corolla-tube; a staminode sometimes present;
anthers bilocular, not cohering, dorsifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits.
Ovary bilocular; stigma capitate, very shortly bilobed. Fruit a smooth capsule,
opening from apex by two bifid valves, the lower part enclosed by persistent calyx.
Seeds sub-reniform. n=36; L. Haegi, Telopea 2: 176 (1981).
A genus of 9 species endemic in southern temperate Australia, with its centre of
distribution in the South West Botanical Province of W.A. All species contain
tropane alkaloids; some have occasionally caused poisoning in children or have been
suspected of poisoning stock.
G. Bentham, Anthocercis (in Scrophulariaceae), in A. de Candolle (ed.), Prodr. 10:
191–192 (1846); J. Miers, On the genera of the tribe Duboisieae, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 2, 11: 370–375 (1853); G. Bentham, Anthocercis p.p. (in Scrophularineae),
Fl. Austral. 4: 474–481 (1868); L. Haegi, Australian genera of the Solanaceae, in
J. G. Hawkes et al., Linn. Soc. Symp. Ser. 7: 121–124 (1979); L. Haegi, A
conspectus of Solanaceae tribe Anthocercideae, Telopea 2: 173–180 (1981).
1 Branchlets spinescent
2 Branches and leaves conspicuously pubescent 8. A. anisantha
2: Branches and leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent
3 Inflorescence usually branched; pedicels pubescent; most leaves at
least 3 mm wide 6. A. intricata
3: Inflorescence not branched; pedicels glabrous or sparsely
pubescent; most leaves 0.5–2.5 mm wide
4 Corolla-lobes with tuft of hairs at apex 7. A. genistoides
4: Corolla-lobes glabrous at apex 8. A. anisantha
1: Branchlets not spinescent
5 Plant glandular-pubescent, rarely almost glabrous
6 Leaves 10–30 mm wide 1. A. viscosa
6: Leaves 0.5–10 mm wide
7 Corolla 9–16 mm long, the lobes 4–9 mm long 2. A. fasciculata
7: Corolla 15–28 mm long, the lobes 10–20 mm long
8 Leaves, pedicels and calyces pubescent with conspicuous
glandular hairs; corolla-tube narrowly funnel-shaped 3. A. angustifolia
8: Leaves, pedicels and calyces glabrous or sparsely pubescent
with inconspicuous hairs; corolla-tube inflated, slightly
constricted at apex 9. A. gracilis
6
SOLANACEAE Anthocercis
5: Plant glabrous, rarely pubescent, the branches sometimes with

prickles
9 Leaves 1–2 mm wide, few at flowering; flowers in small groups 9. A. gracilis
9: Leaves 4–35 mm wide; branches leafy; inflorescence raceme- or
panicle-like
10 Plant much-branched from base; inflorescence a leafy raceme;
corolla-tube not more than one-third of corolla length, the lobes
narrow 4. A. littorea
10: Plant with 1 or 2 main stems; inflorescence a pyramidal panicle
leafless except at base; corolla-tube one-third to one-half of
corolla length, the lobes broad 5. A. ilicifolia
1. Anthocercis viscosa R. Br., Prodr. 448 (1810)

T: King George Sound, W.A., R. Brown s.n.; syn: BM.
Erect, sometimes spreading or straggling viscid shrub to 3 m, pubescent with
glandular hairs. Leaves obovate to ovate, almost sessile, 20–60 mm long, usually
10–30 mm wide, minutely serrulate-crenulate. Inflorescence a cyme, 1–3–flowered,
pedunculate; pedicels 5–15 mm long. Calyx 3–15 mm long. Corolla 20–48 mm long,
white to creamy-white, the striations green or purplish; lobes ovate-triangular to
linear, 12–25 mm long, sometimes with pale purple streaks. Stamens 4.5–12.5 mm
long. Capsule ovoid to ellipsoid, acute or apiculate, 8–19 mm long. Seeds 1.8–3 mm
long. Sticky Tailflower.
Endemic in W.A. along the southern coastline westwards from Cape Arid. Always
associated with granite outcrops. Suspected of poisoning stock. There are two
subspecies.
Corolla-lobes 1.5–2.5 times longer than wide and less than 1.5 times as
long as corolla-tube 1a. subsp. viscosa
Corolla-lobes 3–5 times longer than wide and usually twice as long as
corolla-tube 1b. subsp. caudata
1a. Anthocercis viscosa R. Br. subsp. viscosa

A. viscosa var. baueriana Benth. in DC., Prodr. 10: 191 (1846).
T: based on Endl., Iconogr. Gen. Pl. t. 68 (1839).
Calyx usually 8–13 mm long. Corolla usually 30–40 mm long; tube about half length
of corolla; lobes 7–15 mm wide. Stamens 8–13 mm long.
Occurs from Bremer Bay to Albany, and near Denmark, W.A. Map 1.
W.A.: Albany, A. M. Ashby 1993 (AD); Two Peoples Bay, N. T. Burbidge 8140 (ADW, CANB);
Frenchman Bay, R. Garraty 43 (PERTH); Bremer Bay area, L. Haegi 1858 (BRI, CORD, F, MEL,
NSW, PERTH).
1b. Anthocercis viscosa subsp. caudata Haegi, Telopea 2: 175 (1981)

T: Condingup Peak, c. 62 km ENE of Esperance, W.A., 6 Oct. 1976, L. Haegi 1225; holo: PERTH;
iso: AD, CANB, K, L, MO, NSW.
Calyx 3–6.5 mm long. Corolla 20–30 mm long; tube about one-quarter to one-third
length of corolla; lobes 3.5–6.5 mm wide. Stamens 4–8 mm long. Fig. 1.
7
Occurs between Esperance and Mt Ragged, and in the Walpole-Nornalup National

Park W.A. Map 2.
W.A.: c. 10 km ESE of Howick Hill, N. N. Donner 2638 (AD, CANB, PERTH); c. 117 km E of
Esperance, L. Haegi 1237 (AD, BIRM, BRI, F, NSW, PERTH); Sandy Hook Is., 10 Nov. 1950,
J. H. Willis (MEL).
2. Anthocercis fasciculata F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 122 (1859)

T: Phillips River, south-western W.A., Maxwell s.n.; syn: BM, K, MEL.
Erect shrub to 3.5 m, sparsely to moderately pubescent with simple, glandular hairs.
Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, sessile, the upper ones linear,
11–45 mm long, 3–10 mm wide, (the juvenile leaves larger), entire. Inflorescence a
cyme; pedicels 4–16 mm long. Calyx 3–5 mm long. Corolla 9–16 mm long, white;
lobes ovate, elliptic or oblong, obtuse, 4–9 mm long. Stamens 4–6 mm long. Capsule
ellipsoid to ovoid, often slightly apiculate, 6–9 mm long. Seeds 1.4–2 mm long.
A rare species, endemic to the Fitzgerald River National Park, south-western W.A.
Grows in sandy soil on rocky quartzitic ranges. Map 3.
W.A.: East Mt Barren, C. A. Gardner 2949 (PERTH); Whoogarup Range, A. S. George 7200
(PERTH); East Mt Barren, 14 Oct. 1961, J. H. Willis (MEL).
3. Anthocercis angustifolia F. Muell., Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria 1: 21 (1855)

T: near Mt Lofty, S.A., Mueller s.n.; syn: K, MEL.
Illustration: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1065 E, F (1957).
Erect shrub to 2.5 m, moderately to densely pubescent with glandular hairs; scattered
non-glandular hairs sometimes present. Leaves linear, rarely narrowly elliptic to
obovate, sessile, 2–50 mm long, 0.5–6 mm wide, (the juvenile leaves larger), entire,
pubescent, the lower leaves glabrescent. Flowers solitary; pedicels 2–6 mm long.
Calyx 4–7 mm long. Corolla 19–28 mm long, white to creamy-yellow; lobes linear,
12–20 mm long. Stamens 3–6 mm long. Capsule broadly ovoid-ellipsoid to pear-
shaped, 4–9 mm long. Seeds 1.7–2.2 mm long.
Endemic to S.A., with scattered populations in the Adelaide Hills and the Flinders
Ranges. Grows in clay-loam in rocky habitats. Map 4.
S.A.: Telowie Gorge, L. Haegi 1257 (AD, MO, NSW, PERTH); c. 10 km E of Adelaide, D. J. E.
Whibley 1577 (AD, ADW).
Leaves often smaller in plants from the Flinders Ranges.
4. Anthocercis littorea Labill., Nov. Holl. Pl. 2: 19, t. 158 (1806)

T: 'Habitat in terrâ Van-Leuwin' (south-western W.A.), Labillardière s.n.; syn: FI, G, P.
A. glabella Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 11: 373 (1853).
T: Fremantle, W.A., Gilbert s.n.; n.v.
Illustrations: C. A. Gardner & H. W. Bennetts, Toxic Pl. W. Austral. 175 (1956); B. J. Grieve &
W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 608 & t. I (1975).
Erect, rarely sprawling, shrub to 3 m, much-branched from base, the branches and
leaves glabrous; seedlings with scattered prickles on stem. Leaves obovate to narrowly
obovate, sometimes spathulate, sessile or almost so, 18–65 mm long, 4–31 mm wide,
8
usually thick and fleshy, entire, or juvenile leaves dentate. Inflorescence raceme-like,
leafy; pedicels 2.5–7.5 mm long. Calyx 4–7.5 mm long. Corolla 14–32 mm long,
yellow or pale yellow, the striations brown, purple-brown or maroon; lobes linear,
10– 25 mm long, 2–4 mm wide. Stamens 3–8 mm long. Capsule narrowly ovoid to
narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid, acute to acuminate or apiculate, 9–19 mm long. Seeds
1.5–1.9 mm long. Yellow Tailflower. Figs 4, 5A–B.
Endemic in south-western W.A. along the southern and western coasts, extending
north to Geraldton. Grows in calcareous sand; a colonising species common after fire
or disturbance. Map 5.
W.A.: Geraldton, R. Coveny 3041 (NSW, PERTH); c. 3 km NE of Esperance, L. Haegi 1245 (AD,
BRI, CANB, F, PERTH); c. 13 km W of Denmark, 13 Sept. 1963, J. H. Willis (MEL).
Easily confused with A. ilicifolia Hook. with which it is sympatric on the west coast;
distinguished by the much-branched habit, leafy inflorescence, and corolla size and
shape. Fruit often malformed due to galling. Suspected of poisoning stock; rarely
known to have poisoned children.
5. Anthocercis ilicifolia Hook., Bot. Mag. 57: sub t. 2961 (1830)

T: Swan River, W.A., Fraser s.n.; holo: K; iso: BM, K.
Erect shrub to 2.7 m with 1 or 2 stems, branches often tinged with purple, branches
and leaves glabrous, rarely with scattered glandular hairs; seedlings with prickles on
stems. Leaves obovate to narrowly obovate-elliptic, occasionally spathulate or elliptic,
sessile or almost so, 15–80 mm long, 7–35 mm wide, thick and fleshy, entire, or the
juvenile leaves dentate. Inflorescence panicle-like, leafless except at base; pedicels
3–8 mm long. Calyx 4–8 mm long. Corolla 12–27 mm long, bright yellow, the
striations purple to maroon; tube often tinged with purple outside; lobes linear,
6–18 mm long, 3–6 mm wide. Stamens 4–10 mm long. Capsule narrowly ovoid-
ellipsoid, acute to apiculate, 11–21 mm long. Seeds 1.4–1.9 mm long.
Endemic to the south-western coast of W.A. from Kalbarri to Perth. Grows in
calcareous sand; a colonising species common after fire or disturbance. Easily
confused with A. littorea Labill., with which it is sympatric; distinguished by the
large, pyramidal, leafless inflorescence, brighter yellow flowers, larger corolla tube and
broader corolla lobes. Fruit often malformed due to galling.
Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, thin-textured 5a. subsp. ilicifolia
Calyx-tube bulbous, thick-textured 5b. subsp. caldariola
5a. Anthocercis ilicifolia Hook. subsp. ilicifolia

Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, widest immediately below lobes, maximum diam.
2.5–3.5 mm, thin-textured. Upper stamens 6–7.5 mm long. Fig. 2.
Occurs throughout range of species except in the Kalbarri area. Map 6.
W.A.: c. 10 km NE of Jurien Bay, L. Haegi 1906 (AD, CANB, NSW, PERTH); Perth, F.C.Vasek
681005–6 (PERTH).
9
Figure 1. Anthocercis viscosa subsp. Figure 3. Anthocercis anisantha subsp.
caudata. Photograph — A. S. George. anisantha. Photograph — A. S. George.
Figure 2. Anthocercis ilicifolia subsp. Figure 4. Anthocercis littorea.

ilicifolia. Photograph — F. W. Humphreys. Photograph — L. Haegi.
10
5b. Anthocercis ilicifolia subsp. caldariola Haegi, Telopea 2: 174 (1981)

T: c. 10 km SSW of Kalbarri, W.A., 5 Sept. 1979, L. Haegi 1966; holo: PERTH; iso: CANB, K,
NSW.
Calyx-tube markedly bulbous, contracted immediately below lobes and widest at
middle, maximum diam. 4–5 mm, thick-textured. Upper stamens 7.5–10 mm long.
Endemic to the Kalbarri area, W.A. Common along roadsides and in disturbed areas.
Map 7.
W.A.: Kalbarri, K. M. Allan 201 (AD, MEL, PERTH); 2 km E of Kalbarri, L. Haegi 1148 (AD,
BIRM, BRI, F, MEL, MO, NSW, PERTH); 4 km S of Kalbarri, P. G. Wilson 6555 (PERTH).
6. Anthocercis intricata F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 211 (1859)

T: near Culla, between Murchison River and Port Gregory, W.A., A. Oldfield s.n.; syn: K, MEL.
A. arborea F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 212 (1859).
T: near Minanooka, between Port Gregory and Murchison River, W.A., A. Oldfield s.n.; syn: K,
MEL.
Illustration: B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 609 (1975).
Dense, rounded, spinescent shrub to 3 m tall, moderately to sparsely pubescent with
glandular hairs and scattered non-glandular hairs; stems glabrescent. Leaves narrowly
elliptic to obovate, almost sessile (or with petiole to 3 mm long), 10–30 mm long,
1.5–5.5 mm wide, (the juvenile leaves larger), entire. Inflorescence a cyme, 3–7–
flowered, pedunculate; pedicels 5–12 mm long. Calyx 3–4 mm long. Corolla
15–21 mm long, creamy-white, the striations purple; lobes linear, 10–15 mm long.
Stamens 2.5–4 mm long. Capsule narrowly oblong-ellipsoid, often apiculate, 5–17 mm long.
Seeds 1.6–2 mm long.
Endemic in coastal south-western W.A. from Shark Bay to Geraldton. Usually grows
in small, scattered populations on consolidated dunes. Map 8.
W.A.: c. 5 km S of Geraldton, A. M. Ashby 2870 (AD); c. 5 km from Geraldton, A. C. Burns 7
(PERTH); c. 5 km SE of Geraldton, L. Haegi 1941 (ADW, BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW, PERTH).
7. Anthocercis genistoides Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 11: 375 (1853)
T: south-western W.A., Drummond 86; syn: BM, K.
A. spinescens F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 122 (1859).
T: West Mt Barren, W.A. [Maxwell]; n.v.
Erect, spinescent shrub to 3 m, leafy to almost leafless, mostly glabrous. Leaves
narrowly elliptic to linear or obovate, sessile, usually 5–30 mm long, up to 2 mm
wide, entire, pubescent when young with mainly glandular hairs. Flowers in axillary
or terminal cyme; pedicels 2–6 mm long. Calyx 1.5–3.5 mm long, pubescent inside.
Corolla 8–25 mm long, pubescent inside, white to creamy-white, rarely pale yellow,
the striations maroon, purple, brown or green; lobes narrowly triangular to linear,
4–20 mm long, glandular at apices. Stamens 2.5–4 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, 6–8
mm long. Seeds 2 mm long. Fig. 5C.
Endemic in south-western W.A. Grows in scattered populations commonly associated
with granite rock outcrops in sandy to sandy-loam soils. Map 9.
11
W.A.: North Irwin, A. M. Ashby 3268 (AD, PERTH); c. 15 km SW of Ravensthorpe, L. Haegi

1036 (AD, CBG, NSW, PERTH); Moorine Rock, Mt Caroline, L. Haegi 1782 (BRI, CBG, MEL,
NSW, PERTH).
A variable species; glabrescent forms in the Wongan Hills area approach A. anisantha
Endl. Sometimes confused with A. gracilis Benth., but distinguished by the spinescent habit,
the shorter pedicels and calyx and the white corolla.
8. Anthocercis anisantha Endl., Stirp. Herb. Hügel. 13 (1838)

T: interior of south-western New Holland (south-western W.A.), Roe s.n.; holo: W.
Spinescent shrub to 3 m, leafy to almost leafless, pubescent with glandular or non-
glandular hairs, rarely glabrous. Leaves narrowly elliptic, ovate, obovate, sessile or
almost so, mostly 3–14 mm long, 1–3 mm wide, entire, often thick and fleshy or
leathery. Flowers in cyme-like, compact, terminal clusters; pedicels 2–6 mm long.
Calyx 2–4.5 mm long. Corolla 7–20 mm long, white to yellowish, the striations
purple-brown or maroon; lobes linear to narrowly ovate, 2.5–15 mm long. Stamens
2–6 mm long. Capsule ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, acute, acuminate or apiculate,
4.5–9 mm long. Seeds 1.3–2 mm long.
Occurs in temperate and arid areas of south-western W.A. and on Eyre Peninsula,
S.A. Usually in open, disturbed areas, in clay soils.
Branches with long, spreading, glandular hairs; clustered leaves less than
5 times as long as wide 8a. subsp. anisantha
Branches usually with antrorse, appressed, non-glandular hairs; clustered
leaves 6 or more times as long as wide 8b. subsp. collina
8a. Anthocercis anisantha Endl. subsp. anisantha

Illustration: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1087 (1957).
Hairs on branches and, to a less extent, leaves predominantly glandular especially on
young shoots. Fig. 3.
Occurs in south-western W.A. and on the mainland and offshore islands in the Port
Lincoln area, S.A. Usually grows in woodland or shrubland on undulating plains.
Map 10.
W.A.: near Nukarni, A. M. Ashby 2501 (AD, PERTH); SE of Yuna, A. S. George 2381 (MEL,
PERTH). S.A.: c. 10 km E of Port Lincoln, L. Haegi 1303 (AD, MO, NSW, PERTH).
8b. Anthocercis anisantha subsp. collina Haegi, Telopea 2: 174 (1981)

T: Yandinga Gorge, c. 50 km N of Minnipa, S.A., 15 Aug. 1969, A. E. Orchard 2171; holo: AD;
iso: CANB, K, MO, PERTH.
Hairs on branches predominantly non-glandular, appressed, rarely absent.
Uncommon, endemic to the northern Eyre Peninsula, S.A. Mostly occurs in Triodia
hummock grassland on rhyolitic-porphyritic hills of the Gawler Ranges and on
isolated hilltops further south. Map 11.
S.A.: c. 30 km SW of Kimba, L. Haegi 1309 (AD, MO, NSW, PERTH); Mt Wallaby, E. N. S.
Jackson 2016 (AD, BRI); Mt Notts, D. E. Symon 8072 (ADW).
12
9. Anthocercis gracilis Benth. in DC., Prodr. 10: 192 (1846)

T: Swan River, W.A., Drummond s.n.; holo: K; iso: BM, K.
Rounded shrublet to 60 cm, almost leafless in flowering state, mostly glabrous or with
scattered glandular and non-glandular hairs. Leaves narrowly elliptic or obovate,
sessile, 3–27 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, entire to minutely toothed. Flowers scattered,
solitary or in cymes; pedicels 5–8 mm long. Calyx 3.5–4 mm long. Corolla 15–21 mm
long, pale yellow-green, striations purplish; lobes linear, 10–15 mm long. Stamens
3.5–4 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, acute, 6.5–10 mm long. Seeds 1.5 mm long.
Slender Tailflower.
A rare species confined to the escarpment of the Darling Range near Perth, W.A.
Occurs in granite-derived soil in open-forest. Map 12.
W.A.: 22 km ESE of Perth, L. Haegi 1161 (AD, BIRM, BRI, CANB, MO, NSW, PERTH); 22 km
E of Perth, K. F. Kenneally 4714 (PERTH).
Putative hybrid
Anthocercis tenuipes Gand., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 69 (1918).

T: near Nepean R., N.S.W., W. Forsyth s.n. (incorrectly attributed to J.H.Maiden by Gandoger);
holo: LY, iso: AD, BRI, NSW.
Probably a hybrid between Duboisia myoporoides R. Br. & Cyphanthera scabrella
(Benth.) Miers.
2. SYMONANTHUS
Symonanthus Haegi, Telopea 2: 175 (1981); after David Symon (1920–), Australian
systematic botanist prominent in the taxonomy of Australian Solanaceae; and the
Greek anthos (a flower).
Type species: Symonanthus bancroftii (F. Muell.) Haegi, based on Isandra bancroftii F. Muell.
Isandra F. Muell., S. Sci. Rec. 3: 2 (1883), nom. illeg., non Salisb., Gen. Pl. Fragm. 67 (1866).
Type species: Isandra bancroftii F. Muell.
Dioecious shrubs or undershrubs, pubescent with non-glandular and glandular hairs.
Leaves alternate, simple, sessile. Flowers solitary or in 2–3–flowered cymes, terminal
or on short lateral branches, slightly zygomorphic, subtended by pairs of opposite
bracts. Calyx campanulate to cupular, 5–lobed. Corolla narrowly tubular with
erect or spreading limb, white with purple striations in tube; limb 5–lobed, the lobes
short, volutive in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, occasionally 3, equal, inserted at base of
corolla-tube; a staminode sometimes present; anthers bilocular, cohering, dorsifixed,
dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary bilocular. Stigma capitate, very shortly bilobed.
Fruit a smooth capsule, opening from apex by 4 valves, more or less enclosed by
calyx. Seeds ellipsoid. n=36; L. Haegi, loc. cit.
A genus of 2 species endemic in south-western W.A. Dioecious state not obvious as
female flowers have a distinct androecium but sterile anthers, while male flowers have
an obvious but sterile gynoecium.
13
Figure 5. A, Anthocercis littorea (E. Canning 6565, CBG), ×0.5. B, Anthocercis littorea,
juvenile foliage (E. Canning 6615, CBG), ×0.5. C, Anthocercis genistoides (E. Canning
7472, CBG), ×0.5. D, Symonanthus bancroftii (Bendering, C. A. Gardner, PERTH),
×0.5. E, Symonanthus aromaticus, female flower (L. Haegi 1820, CBG), ×4.5. F,
Symonanthus aromaticus, male flower (L. Haegi 1817, CBG), ×4.5. G, Duboisia
hopwoodii (D. E. Symon 8143, CANB), ×0.5. H–J, Cyphanthera anthocercidea (Cult.
Canberra ex M. E. Phillips 206, CBG); H ×0.5, I ×2.7, J (stamens & style) ×5.
14
Figure 6. Symonanthus aromaticus, male. Figure 8. Duboisia myoporoides.
Photograph — L. Haegi. Photograph — M. Fagg.
Figure 7. Duboisia hopwoodii. Figure 9. Grammosolen dixonii.

Photograph — R. W. Purdie. Photograph — L. Haegi.
15
Symonanthus SOLANACEAE
L. Haegi, Australian genera of the Solanaceae, in J. G. Hawkes et al., Linn. Soc. Symp. Ser.
7: 121–124 (1979); L. Haegi, A conspectus of Solanaceae tribe Anthocercideae, Telopea 2:
173–180 (1981).
1 Undershrub to 25 cm tall; branches and lower surface of leaves
pubescent with glandular hairs; leaves 5–17 mm long; corolla-tube urn-
shaped; filaments pubescent at base 1. S. bancroftii
1: Shrub to 1.3 m tall; branches and lower surface of leaves densely
villous with loosely matted non-glandular hairs and smaller glandular
hairs; leaves usually 20–45 mm long; corolla-tube elongate funnel-
shaped; filaments glabrous 2. S. aromaticus
1. Symonanthus bancroftii (F. Muell.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 175 (1981).

Isandra bancroftii F. Muell., S. Sci. Rec. 3: 2 (1883)
T: 'between Stirling's Range and the eastern sources of Swan-River; Th. Muir'; syn: K.
Illustration: B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 607 (1975), as
Isandra bancroftii.
Undershrub to 25 cm, moderately to sparsely pubescent mainly with glandular, simple
and little-branched hairs; non-glandular hairs present on pedicels, calyx and corolla.
Leaves narrowly ovate to linear, sessile, 5–17 mm long, 1–3 mm wide, entire to
sinuate, the margins much recurved. Flowers solitary. Male flower: pedicels 1–3.5 mm long;
calyx 2–2.5 mm long; corolla 5–6 mm long, the tube 4–5 mm long; stamens 5,
3.5–4.5 mm long; ovary 0.4–1 mm long, infertile. Female flowers similar but stamens
1.5 mm long and infertile; ovary 1 mm long; ovules 4 or 5. Capsule subglobular,
3–4 mm long. Seeds c. 2 mm long. Fig. 5D.
An extremely rare species known from only a few localities in the south-eastern
wheatbelt region of south-western W.A. Map 13.
W.A.: Bendering, Sept. 1922, C. A. Gardner (PERTH); Cummening, 1892, M. Heal (MEL).
2. Symonanthus aromaticus (C. Gardner) Haegi, Telopea 2: 175 (1981)

Anthocercis aromatica C. Gardner, Hooker's Icon. Pl. ser. 5, 4: t. 3382 (1939).
T: Lake Cowan, Forrestania, W.A., Sept. 1929, C. A. Gardner 2650; holo: PERTH; iso: K, ADW
(photo). Lake Cowan is probably an error for Lake Cronin.
Anthocercis aromatica.
Erect shrub to 1.3 m; branches, lower surface of leaves and outer surface of corolla
moderately to densely villous with non-glandular, forked to much-branched hairs and
smaller glandular hairs; upper surface of leaves, pedicels and calyx sparsely to
moderately pubescent mainly with glandular hairs; non-glandular hairs also present.
Leaves crowded, narrowly triangular to linear, sessile, usually 20–45 mm long,
1.5–5 mm wide, entire, the margins narrowly revolute. Flowers solitary or in 2–3–
flowered cymes. Male flowers: pedicels 3–7.5 mm long; calyx 4–5 mm long; corolla
7–8 mm long, the tube 6–7 mm long; stamens 3–6 mm long; ovary 0.7–0.9 mm long,
infertile. Female flowers similar but smaller: pedicels 1–3.5 mm long; calyx 4–5 mm
long; corolla c. 6 mm long, the tube 5 mm long; stamens 4(5), 2–3 mm long, infertile;
ovary 1.5 mm long, ovules 6–10. Capsule broadly ovoid-ellipsoid to subglobular,
3.5–4.5 mm long. Seeds c. 2 mm long. Figs. 5E–F, 6.
16
SOLANACEAE Symonanthus
Endemic to south-western W.A. in the south-eastern wheatbelt region. Occurs as

scattered populations in sandy soil, usually in disturbed habitats in mallee or
woodland. Map 14.
W.A.: c. 13 km NW of Newdegate, L. Haegi 1072 (AD, BRI, CANB, MO, PERTH); c. 12 km NW
of Newdegate, L. Haegi 1820 (BIRM, BRI, CBG, CORD, F, MEL, MO, NSW, PERTH); c. 13 km
N of Newdegate, 10 Oct. 1965, F. Humphreys (PERTH); Bald Rock, E of Hyden, N. G. Marchant
72/654 (PERTH).
3. DUBOISIA
Duboisia R. Br., Prodr. 448 (1810); named in honour of Charles Dubois (1656–
1740), a London merchant and patron of botany.
Type species: D. myoporoides R. Br.
Entrecasteauxia Montr., Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. ser. 2, 10: 244 (1860).
Type species: E. elliptica Montr.
[Anthocercis auct. non Labill.; F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 138 (1861), 6: 142 (1868).]
Large shrubs or small trees, glabrous or almost so. Leaves alternate, simple, sessile or
shortly petiolate. Inflorescence panicle-like, broad or sometimesnarrow, terminal,
leafy. Flowers bisexual, slightly zygomorphic, subtended by pairs of opposite bracts.
Calyx regular, campanulate, 5–lobed. Corolla campanulate, white with purple
striations in throat; tube funnel-shaped to campanulate; limb 5–lobed, the lobes short
and broad or long and narrow, volutive in bud. Stamens 4, sometimes 5, didynamous,
inserted at base of corolla-tube; a staminode sometimes present; anthers unilocular,
not cohering, dehiscing by a terminal, semicircular slit. Ovary bilocular; stigma
capitate, very shortly bilobed. Fruit a succulent berry. Seeds reniform. n=30;
L. Haegi, Telopea 2: 173 (1981).
A genus of 3 species occurring on the Australian mainland; two species endemic
and one also in New Caledonia. Species contain alkaloids of the nicotine and tropane
groups.
T. H. Johnston & J. B. Cleland, The history of the Aboriginal narcotic, pituri,
Oceania 4: 201–233, 268–289 (1933–1934); C.Barnard, The duboisias of Australia,
Econ. Bot. 6: 3–17 (1952); L. Haegi, Australian genera of the Solanaceae, in J. G.
Hawkes et al., Linn. Soc. Symp. Ser. 7: 121–124 (1979); N. Peterson, Aboriginal
uses of Australian Solanaceae, in Hawkes et al., op. cit. 171–190.
1 Leaves mostly narrowly elliptic to linear 3. D. hopwoodii
1: Leaves mostly obovate to obovate-elliptic or ovate to ovate-elliptic
2 Leaves mostly obovate to obovate-elliptic, acute to obtuse; pedicels
2–7 mm long; corolla 4–7 mm long, the lobes broadly rounded 1. D. myoporoides
2: Leaves mostly ovate to ovate-elliptic, acuminate; pedicels 10–16 mm
long; corolla 13–19 mm long, the lobes narrowly acute 2. D. leichhardtii
1. Duboisia myoporoides R. Br., Prodr. 448 (1810)

T: Port Jackson, N.S.W., R. Brown s.n.; syn: BM, K, MEL, NSW, P.
Entrecasteauxia elliptica Montr., Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. ser. 2, 10: 244 (1860).
T: 'In sylvis Art', Montrouzier s.n.; ?P, n.v.
Illustration: K. A. W. Williams, Native Pl. Queensland 98 (1979).
17
Duboisia SOLANACEAE
Tall shrub or tree to 24 m; bark thick and corky towards base. Leaves narrowly
obovate to narrowly obovate-elliptic, occasionally narrowly elliptic, sessile (or with
petiole to 3 cm long), 4–15 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, slightly discolorous. Inflorescence
broadly pyramidal; bracts 1–11 mm long; pedicels 2–7 mm long. Calyx 1–3 mm long,
the lobes usually one-fifth to one-third as long as tube. Corolla 4–7 mm long; tube
2–4 mm diam. at apex; lobes 1–3.5 mm long. Stamens 4, sometimes 5, 1.5–3 mm
long. Style 1–2 mm long, slightly shorter to longer than upper stamens. Berry usually
globose, rarely ellipsoid to ovoid, 4.5–8 mm long, purple-black; fruiting pedicels
6–12 mm long. Seeds 2.3–3.1 mm long. Corkwood. Fig. 8.
Occurs in eastern Australia from northern Qld to south-eastern N.S.W.; also native to
New Caledonia. Grows in high rainfall areas in sand or loam, often at rainforest
margins or in clearings, or in moist Eucalyptus forest. Map 15.
Qld: Coolum, C. Bell 160 (BRI); 11 km NW of Wallaman Falls, A. S.& M. G. Thorsborne 285
(BRI). N.S.W.: Middle Brother State Forest, L. Haegi 1583 (AD, BRI, MO, NSW, PERTH);
Clyde River, T. G. Hartley 14012 (CANB).
Contains tropane alkaloids; leaves harvested commercially as source of hyoscine for

medicinal drugs. Reported to be toxic to cattle, horses and humans. Known to
hybridise with Duboisia leichhardtii (F. Muell.) F. Muell.; may hybridise with
Cyphanthera albicans (A. Cunn.) Miers (see C. frondosa Miers and C. cuneata Miers)
and with C. scabrella (Benth.) Miers (see Anthocercis tenuipes Gand.)
2. Duboisia leichhardtii (F. Muell.) F. Muell., Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 97 (1883)
Anthocercis leichhardtii F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 6: 142 (1868).
T: extra-tropical eastern Australia, Leichhardt s.n.; syn: K, MEL 71039.
Illustration: S.L.Everist, Poison. Pl. Austral., t.(col.) 51 (1974).
Tall shrub or small tree to 12 m; bark thick and corky towards base. Leaves narrowly
ovate-elliptic, rarely narrowly ovate or narrowly elliptic, almost sessile (or with
petiole to 8 mm long), 5–13 cm long, 7–20 mm wide, concolorous. Inflorescence
broadly pyramidal; bracts 0.5–2.5 mm long; pedicels 10–16 mm long. Calyx
1.5–3 mm long, the lobes about half as long as tube. Corolla 13–19 mm long; tube
4–4.5 mm diam. at apex; lobes 6.5–11.5 mm long. Stamens 4, 2.5–4 mm long. Style
2.5–4 mm long, exceeding upper stamens by 0.5–1 mm. Berry globose, 4–5 mm
diam., purple-black; fruiting pedicels to 20 mm long. Seeds 2.5–3 mm long.
Corkwood.
Occurs in south-eastern and south-central Qld. Grows in fertile loam, often in
softwood scrub and in disturbed sites. Map 16.
Qld: c. 3 km NW of Yarraman, 30 July 1969, S. L. Everist (BRI); c. 24 km W of Mitchell, S. L.
Everist 4046 (BRI, CANB).
Reported to be toxic to cattle, horses and humans. Contains tropane alkaloids;

harvested as a source of hyoscine for medicinal drugs. A hybrid between D.
leichhardtii and D. myoporoides R. Br. also yields tropane alkaloids and is cultivated
commercially for hyoscine production.
3. Duboisia hopwoodii (F. Muell.) F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 10: 20

(1876)
Anthocercis hopwoodii F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 138 (1861).
T: near Darling River, H. Beckler s.n.; syn: K, MEL 70979.
18
1. Anthocercis viscosa 2. Anthocercis viscosa 3. Anthocercis fasciculata
subsp. viscosa subsp. caudata
4. Anthocercis angustifolia 5. Anthocercis littorea 6. Anthocercis ilicifolia
subsp. ilicifolia
7. Anthocercis ilicifolia 8. Anthocercis intricata 9. Anthocercis genistoides
subsp. caldariola
10. Anthocercis anisantha 11. Anthocercis anisantha 12. Anthocercis gracilis
subsp. anisantha subsp. collina
13. Symonanthus bancroftii 14. Symonanthus aromaticus 15. Duboisia myoporoides
19
Figure 10. Cyphanthera anthocercidea. Figure 12. Anthotroche myoporoides.
Photograph — M. Fagg. Photograph — L. Haegi.
Figure 11. Cyphanthera scabrella. Figure 13. Cyphanthera odgersii subsp.

Photograph — M. Fagg. odgersii. Photograph — M. Fagg.
20
SOLANACEAE Duboisia
Illustrations: C. A. Gardner & H. W. Bennetts, Toxic Pl. W. Austral., 177 (1956); G. M.

Chippendale & L. R. Murray, Poison. Pl. Northern Territory, fig. 42 (1963); S. L. Everist, Poison.
Pl. Austral., fig. 36 (1974); B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 607
(1975).
Rounded shrub to 4 m tall and 3 m wide. Leaves narrowly elliptic or ovate-elliptic to
linear, sessile (or rarely with petiole to 3 mm long), 2–12 cm long, 1–13 mm wide,
concolorous. Inflorescence narrow; bracts 0.5–4 mm long; pedicels 1.5–5 mm long.
Calyx 1.5–4.5 mm long, the lobes usually about one-third as long as tube. Corolla
7–15 mm long; tube 4.5–8 mm diam. at apex; lobes 2.5–5.5 mm long. Stamens 4,
3–8 mm long. Style 3.5–6.5 mm long, equal to or shorter than upper stamens. Berry
usually globose or subglobose, rarely ellipsoid, 2–5 mm diam., purple-black; fruiting
pedicels 3–5 mm long. Seeds 2–2.5 mm long. Pituri. Figs 5G, 7.
Widespread in arid regions of W.A., southern N.T., and S.A., extending to central-
western Qld and western N.S.W. Usually grows in red or yellow sand or sandy loam,
on sandy plains, low dunes or sandy rises, often with Triodia. Map 17.
W.A.: c. 20 km E of Wiluna, N. H. Speck 1331 (AD, CANB, PERTH). N.T.: c. 100 km N of
Alice Springs, D. J. Nelson 1769 (AD, DNA, MEL). S.A.: c. 30 km N of Minnipa, A. E.
Orchard 1778 (AD). Qld: Sandringham, 1886, G. Field (MEL). N.S.W.: c. 8.5 km N of Windara
Homestead D. F. Blaxell 670 (NSW).
Contains the alkaloids nicotine and nor-nicotine; used by Aborigines as an animal

poison and as a narcotic (the name pituri also widely applied to narcotic species of
Nicotiana). Toxic to horses, goats, sheep and camels; toxicity varies with locality, age
and part of plant. May hybridise with Grammosolen dixonii (F. Muell. & R. Tate)
Haegi and with Anthotroche pannosa Endl.
Excluded species
Duboisia campbellii Morrison, J. W. Austral. Natural Hist. Soc. 2: 15 (1906)

T: Hannans Lake, Boulder, W.A., Nov. W. D. Campbell, syn: n.v.; Norseman, Dundas Goldfield, W.A., Oct.
1904, W. D. Campbell s.n.; syn: BM, PERTH.
= Eremophila saligna (S. Moore) C. Gardner (R. J. Chinnock, AD, pers. comm.).
4. CYPHANTHERA
Cyphanthera Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 376 (1853); from the Greek
kyphos (bent or humped), and anthera (an anther), in reference to the horseshoe-
shaped unilocular anthers.
Anthocercis Labill. sect. Cyphanthera (Miers) F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral 2: 138 (1861).
Type species: not designated.
Eadesia F. Muell., Trans. & Proc. Philos. Inst. Victoria 2: 71 (1858).
Type species: E. anthocercidea F. Muell.
Shrubs, tomentose with non-glandular hairs or pubescent with mainly glandular hairs,
or almost glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple, sessile, rarely petiolate. Inflorescence a
cyme or raceme-, panicle- or thyrse-like, terminal or lateral; or flowers solitary,
terminal, leaf-opposed, inter-foliar or in branch forks. Flowers bisexual, slightly
zygomorphic, with or without subtending pairs of bracts. Calyx campanulate to
cupular, 5–lobed. Corolla funnel-shaped to campanulate with spreading limb,
white to pale yellow, striated in tube; limb 5–lobed, the lobes volutive in bud.
Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at base of corolla-tube; a staminode sometimes
21
Cyphanthera SOLANACEAE
present; anthers unilocular, not cohering, dehiscing by a terminal, semicircular slit.

Ovary bilocular; stigma capitate, very shortly bilobed. Fruit a smooth capsule,
opening from apex by 4 valves, at least the lower half enclosed by calyx. Seeds
subreniform. n=30; L. Haegi, Telopea 2: 176 (1981).
A genus of 9 species endemic in southern temperate Australia.
J. Miers, On the genera of the tribe Duboisieae, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11:
375–381 (1853); L. Haegi, A conspectus of Solanaceae tribe Anthocercideae, Telopea
2: 173–180 (1981).
1 Branches, leaves and calyx-lobes densely woolly-tomentose; flowers
in dense woolly clusters, often in leafy spikes 9. C. odgersii
1: Branches, leaves and calyx-lobes not woolly-tomentose; flowers
solitary, in cymes, thyrses, or narrow, leafy, panicle-like inflorescences
2 Upper branches densely (sometimes sparsely) tomentose with
mostly dendritic, non-glandular hairs
3 Inflorescence a thyrse; corolla-lobes broad and rounded 5. C. racemosa
3: Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes, or inflorescence
panicle-like, narrow, leafy; corolla-lobes long and narrow
4 Flowers solitary or in distant cymes 4. C. scabrella
4: Flowers in leafy, panicle-like inflorescences
5 Leaves almost glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the margins flat,
midrib not indented above 1. C. anthocercidea
5: Leaves moderately to densely pubescent, the margins slightly
inrolled, midrib indented above
6 Stalked, stellate-dendritic hairs absent from stems; secondary
veins of leaves obscure 2. C. albicans
6: Stalked, stellate-dendritic hairs common on stems; secondary
veins of leaves conspicuous at least on lower surface 3. C. tasmanica
2: Upper branches sparsely to moderately pubescent with mostly
simple or forked, glandular hairs (hairs sometimes decapitated, but
branches then viscid), or with scattered, weak, dendritic hairs, or
glabrous
7 Branches and leaves not viscid; flowers in thyrses; leaves
mostly more than 10 mm long 5. C. racemosa
7: Branches and leaves viscid; flowers solitary or in few-flowered
cymes; leaves mostly less than 10 mm long
8 Leaves triangular-cordate, the bases subauriculate 7. C. miersiana
8: Leaves ovate, elliptic or oblong, the bases cuneate or rounded
9 Mature leaves to 2.2 mm long, more or less appressed to
stem; filaments glabrous 8. C. microphylla
9: Mature leaves 2–10 mm long, spreading to oblique; filaments
pubescent at base 6. C. myosotidea
1. Cyphanthera anthocercidea (F. Muell.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 176 (1981)

Eadesia anthocercidea F. Muell., Trans. & Proc. Philos. Inst. Victoria 2: 72 (1858); Anthocercis
eadesii F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 139 (1861), nom. illeg.; Anthocercis anthocercidea
(F. Muell.) Druce, Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles Rep. 1916, Suppl. 2: 605 (1917).
22
SOLANACEAE Cyphanthera
T: Near Mt Zero, Vic., C. Wilhelmi s.n.; syn: K, MEL.

Anthocercis genistifolia Gand., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 69 (1918).
T: New south Wales, Herb. Chas. Walter s.n.; holo: LY. Locality may be an error, since the species
is otherwise unknown in N.S.W.
[Anthocercis frondosa auct. non (Miers) J. Black, J. H. Willis, Handbook Pl. Victoria 2: 558 (1972).]
Erect shrub to 2 m. Branches moderately tomentose with both dendritic, non-
glandular hairs and smaller glandular hairs. Leaves ovate to narrowly ovate, rarely
ovate-elliptic, sessile or almost so, 8–35 mm long, 2–10 mm wide, sparsely pubescent;
juvenile leaves up to 11 cm long and 4 cm wide, with petioles to 15 mm long.
Inflorescence panicle-like, dense, leafy; pedicels 2.5–6.5 mm long, sparsely pubescent.
Calyx 3–4 mm long, glabrous or almost so. Corolla 10–14.5 mm long, almost
glabrous, white, the striations purple; lobes ovate-truncate to linear, 4–5.5 (rarely
9) mm long. Stamens 2–4 mm long. Capsule more or less globose, 4–5 mm diam.
Seeds 2.4–3.5 mm long. Figs. 5H–J, 10.
Occurs mainly in the Wimmera region of Vic.; recorded from eastern Vic. but not
collected there since 1882. Occurs in rocky gullies in dry, sclerophyll forest, and on
exposed rocky spurs in shrubland, in sandy soils derived from sandstone. Map 18.
Vic.: c. 1.5 km E of Mt Zero, L. Haegi 1450 (AD, BIRM, CORD, F, MEL, MO, NSW, PERTH);
north Grampians, R. Hill 1195 (AD); near Mt Zero, M.E. Phillips 206 (MEL).
2. Cyphanthera albicans (Cunn.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 379
(1853).
Anthocercis albicans Cunn., in B. Field (ed.), Geogr. Mem. New South Wales 335, t. 2 (1825).
T: Bathurst, N.S.W., A. Cunningham 113/1822; lecto: K; iso: BM, K; fide Bentham, in DC.,
Prodr. 10: 192 (1846), by exclusion; 'Peel's Range (now Cocoparra Range) near Griffith, N.S.W.,
A. Cunningham 240/1817; syn: BM, K.
Erect shrub to 3 m, greyish. Branches granular-tomentose or pubescent with mainly
dendritic, non-glandular hairs and scattered glandular hairs. Leaves elliptic to ovate-
elliptic or obovate-elliptic, almost sessile, 5–25 mm long, 1.5–7 mm wide, tomentose;
juvenile leaves to 13 cm long, 4 cm wide. Inflorescence panicle-like, dense, leafy;
pedicels 1–6 mm long. Calyx 2–5.5 mm long, sparsely to densely pubescent. Corolla
6–22 mm long, glabrous or pubescent, white, cream or pale yellow, the striations
purple; lobes ovate-truncate to almost linear, 3–15 mm long. Stamens 2–5 mm long.
Capsule globose to broadly ellipsoid, 2.5–8 mm long. Seeds 2.3–3.8 mm long. Grey
Ray Flower.
A moderately widespread species in N.S.W., but also found in eastern Vic. and south-
eastern Qld.
1 Corolla yellow or pale yellow; branches and leaves closely tomentose,
the hairs usually less than 0.3 mm long 2b. subsp. tomentosa
1: Corolla white to creamy-white; branches and leaves tomentose or
loosely tomentose, the longest hairs usually 0.3–0.8 mm long
2 Leaves mostly 6–15 mm long; corolla 6.5–13 mm long 2a. subsp. albicans
2: Leaves mostly 18–25 mm long; corolla 13–22 mm long 2c. subsp. notabilis
23
Cyphanthera SOLANACEA
2a. Cyphanthera albicans (Cunn.) Miers subsp. albicans

Cyphanthera ovalifolia Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 380 (1853).
T: 'Nova Hollandia, W. M'Arthur — v.s. in herb. Hook. (Backhouse).'; holo: K.
Leaves mostly 6–20 mm long, 1.5–7 mm wide, sometimes larger. Corolla 6.5–13 mm
long, glabrous to moderately pubescent outside with non-glandular hairs.
Occurs as small, often disjunct populations throughout the range of the species in the
Great Dividing Range, from south-eastern Qld, through N.S.W. to north-eastern Vic.;
not recently collected from Vic. Grows in sclerophyll forest or shrubland in sandy
soils derived from sandstone, rarely from granite or aplite. Map 19.
Qld: c. 44 km SW of Stanthorpe, V. K. Moriarty 505 (BRI). N.S.W.: c. 48 km SE of Rylstone,
E. F. Constable 5114 (CANB, NSW, PERTH). Vic.: Berrima River, 1870, L. Calvert (MEL).
Geographically isolated populations show morphological differences. Populations in
south-eastern Qld with narrower and smaller leaves approach Cyphanthera scabrella
(Benth.) Miers, but may be distinguished by the denser inflorescence and pubescence.
2b. Cyphanthera albicans subsp. tomentosa (Benth.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 176

(1981)
Anthocercis albicans var. tomentosa Benth. in DC., Prodr. 10: 192 (1846); Cyphanthera tomentosa
(Benth.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 379 (1853).
T: On hills near the Macquarie River, A. Cunningham s.n.; syn: BM, K; Interior of New Holland,
Mitchell s.n.; syn: K, MEL.
Leaves mostly 5–17 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, sometimes larger. Corolla 8–19 mm
long, sparsely to moderately pubescent outside with non-glandular and/or glandular
hairs.
Occurs only in N.S.W., chiefly on the South Western Plains, with disjunct
populations in the Central Tablelands and South Western Slopes. Usually in red
sandy-loam in mallee associations; common after fire. Map 20.
N.S.W.: c. 11 km ESE of Barmedman, L. Haegi 1574 (AD, MEL, MO, NSW, PERTH); c. 8 km W
of Weethalle, C. W. E. Moore 3896 (CANB); c. 66 km W of West Wyalong, R. D. Pearce 83
(ADW, BIRM, MO, NSW).
2c. Cyphanthera albicans subsp. notabilis Haegi, Telopea 2: 176 (1981)

T: Timore Rock, Warrumbungle Ranges, N.S.W., 10 Sept. 1977, L. Haegi 1379; holo: CANB; iso:
AD, K, L, MO, NSW.
[Anthocercis albicans auct. non Cunn.: Maiden & Betche, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 30: 368-369
(1905).]
Leaves mostly 15–25 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, sometimes larger. Corolla 13–22 mm
long, glabrous outside.
Endemic to the Warrumbungle Ranges in North Western Slopes region of N.S.W.
Grows on rocky slopes in dark sandy soils derived from igneous rocks; common in
shrubland on exposed sites, but occurs sporadically in dry sclerophyll forest. Map
21.
N.S.W.: Warrumbungle Ranges, L. Haegi 1588 (AD, BRI, CANB, F, NSW, PERTH); Warrumbungle
Mtns, H. S. McKee 248 (MEL, NE, NSW, SYD).
24
3. Cyphanthera tasmanica Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 377 (1853)
Anthocercis tasmanica (Miers) J.D. Hook., Fl. Tasmaniae 1: 289, t. 92 (1857).
T: 'Van Diemen's Land', Tas., Gunn 1992; syn: HO, K, NSW; Kelveden, Great Swanport, Tas,
Backhouse s.n.; syn: K.
Illustration: M. Stones & W. Curtis, Endemic Fl. Tasmania 5: t. 199 (1975), as Anthocercis tas–
manica.
Erect shrub to 4 m, grey-green. Branches densely to moderately granular-tomentose
with stellate-dendritic, non-glandular hairs and scattered glandular hairs. Leaves
elliptic, almost sessile, 15–30 mm long, 4–9 mm wide, sometimes larger, tomentose.
Inflorescence panicle-like, dense, leafy; pedicels 2–9 mm long. Calyx 3.5–7 mm long,
tomentose. Corolla 10–15 mm long, pubescent, creamy-white, the striations purplish;
lobes ovate-truncate, 5–9 mm long. Stamens 2–4 mm long. Capsule more or less
globose, 4–5 mm diam. Seeds 2.5–3.5 mm long.
A rare species endemic to the east coast of Tas. and adjacent offshore islands. Occurs
on steep, rocky, exposed coastal sites. Map 22.
Tas.: Kelvedon, 13 Nov. 1972, A. Himson s.n. (HO); Kelvedon, Dec. 1975, A. Himson s.n. (ADW
51136); Cygnet River, F. Mueller s.n. (MEL 70245).
4. Cyphanthera scabrella (Benth.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 380
(1853)
Anthocercis scabrella Benth., in DC., Prodr. 10: 192 (1846).
T: Euroka Creek, Nepean River, Blue Mtns, N.S.W., 1834, R. Cunningham s.n.; holo: K; iso: K.
Erect or scrambling shrub to 1.3 m, grey-green. Branches sparsely to moderately
scabrous-tomentose with dendritic and forked, non-glandular hairs and scattered
glandular hairs. Leaves broadly elliptic to broadly ovate, rarely elliptic, almost sessile,
mostly 3–7 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, sometimes larger, tomentose. Flowers solitary or
in 1–3–flowered cymes; pedicels 3.5–10 mm long. Calyx 1.5–2.5 mm long, glabrous.
Corolla 6.5–11.5 mm long, almost glabrous, creamy-white, often tinged with
yellowish-green, the striations purple; lobes linear, 3–6.5 mm long. Stamens 1.5–2 mm long.
Capsule more or less globose, c. 3 mm diam. Seeds 2–2.3 mm long. Fig. 11.
An uncommon species endemic in the Blue Mtns of N.S.W. Occurs as small,
scattered populations in dry to wet sclerophyll forest, in sandstone soil. Map 23.
N.S.W.: Nepean River district, Sept. 1897, W. Forsyth (AD, NSW); c. 80 km NW of Sydney,
L. Haegi 1416 (BRI, MEL, NSW).
5. Cyphanthera racemosa (F. Muell.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 177 (1981)

Anthocercis racemosa F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 211 (1859).
T: Between Murchison River and Port Gregory, W.A., Oldfield s.n.; syn: K, MEL.
Shrub to 1.2 m. Branches usually sparsely tomentose with non-glandular hairs. Leaves
narrowly elliptic, oblong or obovate, sessile or almost so, 5–25 mm long, 1.5–4.5 mm
wide, sparsely tomentose; juvenile leaves larger, slightly fleshy. Inflorescence thyrse-
like; pedicels 4–20 mm long. Calyx 2–7 mm long, glabrous or pubescent, often tinged
purple. Corolla 7–18 mm long, pubescent outside, white, the striations purple; lobes
usually ovate to elliptic, 3–11 mm long, papillose inside. Stamens 3–5.5 mm long.
Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, 3.5–5 mm long. Seeds 1.6–2.5 mm long.
25
Occurs in south-western W.A. near the W coast, between the lower Murchison R.
and Kellerberrin. Grows in shrubland and scrub-heath on sand plains and coastal
dunes; often common after fire. Map 24.
W.A.: c. 160 km (N) from Geraldton on NW Coastal Highway, A. M. Ashby 2178 (AD, PERTH);
60 km SE of Geraldton, L. Haegi 1936, (BRI, CANB, NSW, PERTH); Kalbarri National Park,
G. L. Webster 18621 (NSW).
Populations in the far south-eastern range of distribution with dense tomentum and
rounded corolla lobes.
6. Cyphanthera myosotidea (F. Muell.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 177 (1981)

Anthocercis myosotidea F. Muell., Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria 1: 20 (1855).
T: River Murray, 1847, coll. unknown; syn: MEL; Moorundie, S.A., Feb. 1847, coll. unknown; syn:
MEL; Murray River, F. Mueller s.n.; syn: K.
Anthocercis amblyantha F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 179 (1859).
T: Wimmera, Vic., Dallachy s.n.; syn: K, MEL.
Illustration: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral., 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1088 (1957), as Anthocercis myosotidea.
Rounded undershrub to 30 cm tall, 45 cm wide. Branches viscid. Leaves oblong,
elliptic or ovate, sometimes abruptly narrowed in upper half, sessile or almost so,
2–10 mm long, 1–4 mm wide, sometimes larger, viscid-pubescent with glandular and
non-glandular hairs. Flowers solitary, or in 1–3–flowered cyme-like groups; pedicels
1–10 mm long. Calyx 2–5 mm long, pubescent. Corolla 6–11 mm long, sparsely
pubescent outside, papillose inside, white, the striations purple; lobes broadly elliptic
to orbicular, 2.5–5 mm long. Stamens 2–5 mm long, the filaments pubescent at base.
Capsule globose to broadly ovoid, 2.5–4 mm long. Seeds c. 2.5 mm long.
Occurs from north-western Vic. through the Murray region to Eyre Peninsula and
Kangaroo Island, S.A. Common in sandy soil in mallee associations, usually in
disturbed sites; common after fire. Map 25.
S.A.: c. 5 km SE of Halidon, L. Haegi 694 (AD, BIRM, BRI, CANB, MEL, MO, NSW, PERTH);
Hambidge Reserve, D. E. Symon 4165 (ADW, BIRM, K, CANB); 16 km SW of Buckleboo,
D. J. E. Whibley 309 (AD). Vic.: c. 19 km S of Ouyen, 17 Oct. 1960, J. H. Willis s.n. (MEL).
May hybridise with Grammosolen dixonii (F. Muell. & R. Tate) Haegi.
7. Cyphanthera miersiana Haegi, Telopea 2: 177 (1981)

T: 25 km E of Wiluna, W.A., 22 Oct. 1966, C. A. Gardner 19061; holo: PERTH; iso: AD, MO.
Erect shrub to 70 cm. Branches moderately pubescent with mainly simple, glandular
and non-glandular hairs. Leaves triangular-cordate, sessile, 3–4 mm long, 2–2.5 mm
wide, pubescent. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cyme-like groups; pedicels
4.5–7.5 mm long. Calyx 4–5 mm long, densely glandular-pubescent. Corolla 6–10 mm long,
almost glabrous outside, white, the striations purple; lobes broadly ovate to
orbicular, 2–4 mm long. Stamens 4–5 mm long. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, apiculate,
4 mm long. Seeds not seen.
An uncommon species endemic to the Wiluna area, W.A.; grows on sand dunes.
Map 26.
W.A.: near Uramurdah Creek, L. A. Craven 5266 (A, AD, BRI, CANB, G, K, L, LAE, MO, NT,
P, PERTH, PRE, RSA); Kathleen Valley Reserve, 1971, S. J. J. F. Davies s.n. (PERTH).
26
8. Cyphanthera microphylla Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 381 (1853)
T: interior of south-western Australia, 1849, Drummond 177; holo: K, ADW (photo); iso: MEL.
Anthocercis microphylla F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 179 (1859).
T: Salt River, W.A., coll. unknown; holo: MEL 70213; iso: ADW (photo).
Anthocercis microphylla Miers.
Rounded undershrub to 40 cm tall. Branches sparsely pubescent with predominantly
simple, glandular and non-glandular hairs, viscid, glabrescent. Leaves broadly ovate to
narrowly ovate, elliptic or oblong, sessile, 1–2 mm long, 0.6–1 mm wide, sparsely
pubescent, viscid; juvenile leaves larger, thick and leathery. Flowers solitary or in
1–6–flowered cyme-like groups; pedicels 3–10 mm long. Calyx 2–3 mm long,
pubescent. Corolla 7–11 mm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent outside, pubescent inside,
white, yellowish in late bud, the striations purple; lobes ovate to broadly ovate,
2.5–6 mm long. Stamens 2–4 mm long. Capsule ovoid to subglobose, 3.5 mm long.
Seeds 1.5–2.7 mm long.
Endemic and moderately widespread in drier parts of south-western W.A. Usually
occurs in sandy soils in mallee or shrubland, often in disturbed habitats; common
after fire. Map 27.
W.A.: near Amery, T. E. H. Aplin 2572 (PERTH); c. 75 km W of Esperance, Hj. Eichler 20017
(AD, CANB, PERTH); 10 km S of Lake Grace, L. Haegi 1054 (AD, BRI, CANB, MO, PERTH).
9. Cyphanthera odgersii (F. Muell.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 177 (1981)

Anthocercis odgersii F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 10: 19 (1876).
T: [Queen] Victoria Spring, W.A., Young s.n.; syn: MEL.
Shrub to 2.5 m, greyish. Branches densely woolly-tomentose with mainly branched,
non-glandular hairs, with some glandular hairs. Leaves broadly to narrowly ovate-
elliptic, almost sessile, 11–35 mm long 7–13 mm wide, woolly-tomentose. Flowers in
dense clusters, often forming leafy spikes; pedicels 0.5–2 mm long. Calyx 4–7 mm
long, pubescent in lower half, woolly above. Corolla 5.5–8.5 mm long, sparsely
pubescent outside, densely pubescent inside, white, the striations purple; lobes ovate
to broadly ovate, 1.3–2.5 mm long. Stamens 1.3–3 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid to
ovoid, 3–5 mm long. Seeds 2.8–3.4 mm long.
Widespread, but uncommon, in southern W.A. Occurs on sand plains and sand dunes.
Leaves 1–2 times as long as wide; corolla-lobes 2–2.5 mm long 9a. subsp. odgersii
Leaves 2.3–4 times as long as wide; corolla-lobes 1.3–1.8 mm long 9b. subsp. occidentalis
9a. Cyphanthera odgersii (F. Muell) Haegi subsp. odgersii

Shrub to 1 m. Hairs on branches to 2 mm long. Leaves 11–20 mm long. Corolla-lobes
ovate to broadly ovate, 2–2.5 mm long. Filaments pubescent at base with glandular
and non-glandular hairs. Fig. 13.
Occurs from the Queen Victoria Spring area, in the far south-western Great Victoria
Desert, westwards to Coolgardie, with isolated occurrences near Mt Magnet and
Southern Cross, W.A. Sometimes in disturbed or burnt sites. Map 28.
27
W.A.: c. 90 km WSW of Coolgardie, R. J. Chinnock 3098 (AD, MO, PERTH); c. 90 km SW of

Coolgardie, L. Haegi 1780 (BRI, F, NSW, PERTH); c. 20 km E of Zanthus, E. Wittwer W1977 (PERTH).
9b. Cyphanthera odgersii subsp. occidentalis Haegi, Telopea 2: 178 (1981)

T: Cowcowing railway siding, W.A., 23 Sept. 1976, L. Haegi 1100; holo: PERTH; iso: AD, CANB,
K, MO.
[Anthocercis odgersii F. Muell. sensu A.J. Ewart, Victorian Naturalist 23: 155 (1907).]
Anthocercis odgersii.
Shrub to 2.5 m. Hairs on branches 1–6.5 mm long. Leaves 18–35 mm long. Corolla-
lobes broadly ovate, 1.3–1.8 mm long. Filaments pubescent at base with non-
glandular hairs only.
Known from only 2 localities in the central wheatbelt of south-western W.A. Grows
on sand plains. Map 29.
W.A.: Cowcowing, M. Koch 1104 (AD, MEL, NSW, PERTH).
Putative hybrids
Cyphanthera cuneata Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 378 (1853).
T: "Novae Hollandiae Prov. Camden.—v.s. in herb. Lindley.", Macarthur 90; holo: CGE; iso: K.
May be a hybrid between Duboisia myoporoides R. Br. and Cyphanthera albicans
(Cunn.) Miers.
Cyphanthera frondosa Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 376 (1853);
Anthocercis frondosa (Miers) J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 504 (1926).
T: 'Sydney (in Hort. Bot. cult. et e Terra Diemen forsan introducta). —v.s. in herb Heward. (A.
Cunningham).'; syn: BM, K.
May be a hybrid between Duboisia myoporoides R. Br. and Cyphanthera albicans
(Cunn.) Miers.
5. GRAMMOSOLEN
Grammosolen Haegi, Telopea 2: 178 (1981); from the Greek gramme (a line or
stroke of a pen), and solen (a pipe), in reference to the striated corolla-tube.
Type species: G. dixonii (F. Muell. & R. Tate) Haegi, based on Newcastelia dixonii F. Muell. & R. Tate.
Shrubs, densely tomentose with non-glandular and inconspicuous glandular hairs.
Leaves alternate, simple, almost sessile or petiolate. Inflorescence cyme-like, terminal on
short, lateral, leafy branches. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, subtended by pairs of
opposite or sub-opposite bracts. Calyx cupular, 5–lobed. Corolla narrowly tubular with
spreading limb, drab white with violet striations; limb with 5 (rarely 4 or 6) long and
narrow lobes, volutive in bud. Stamens 5, unequal, inserted at base of corolla-tube;
filaments pubescent at base; anthers unilocular, not cohering, dehiscing by a
semicircular slit. Ovary bilocular. Stigma capitate, very shortly bilobed. Fruit a
smooth capsule, opening from apex by 4 valves, more or less enclosed by calyx.
Seeds subreniform. n=56; L. Haegi, loc. cit.
28
SOLANACEAE Grammosolen
A genus of 2 species endemic in arid and semi-arid S.A.

L. Haegi, A conspectus of Solanaceae tribe Anthocercideae, Telopea 2: 173–180
(1981).
1 Branches woolly-tomentose; leaves crowded, often imbricate, almost
sessile or with petiole to 3 mm long; calyx-lobes more than 1 mm
long 1. G. dixonii
1: Branches closely tomentose; leaves well-spaced and not obscuring
stem, all with petiole 2–4 mm long; calyx-lobes less than 1 mm long 2. G. truncatus
1. Grammosolen dixonii (F. Muell. & R. Tate) Haegi, Telopea 2: 178 (1981)
Newcastelia dixonii F. Muell. & R. Tate, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 10: 81 (1888)
(‘Newcastlia’).
T: River Murray, 30 miles from Vic. border, coll. unknown; syn: AD; and Crystal Brook, S.A., S.
Dixon s.n.; syn: AD, BM, MEL.
Erect, spreading or sprawling shrub to 2 m high and 5 m diam., greyish. Branches
woolly. Leaves ovate-triangular to subcordate, sessile (or with petiole to 3 mm long),
6–20 mm long, 4–17 mm wide, densely tomentose, entire to undulate. Inflorescence
1–3–flowered, sometimes forming leafy spikes; pedicels to 0.8 mm long, glabrous.
Calyx 3 mm long, densely tomentose. Corolla 7–13 mm long, pubescent outside,
papillose inside; lobes 3–8 mm long, 1.5–4 mm wide. Stamens 2.5–5 mm long.
Capsule subglobose, 3.5–4.5 mm long. Seeds 2.5–3.5 mm long. Figs 9, 14I.
Occurs in the Murray region, northern Yorke Peninsula and north-eastern Eyre
Peninsula, S.A. Grows in deep sandy soils, often in disturbed mallee-spinifex
associations. Map 30.
S.A.: 20 km NE of Blanchetown, L. Haegi 676 (AD, BRI, CBG, NSW, NT, PERTH); between
Cowell and Arno Bay, D. N. Kraehenbuehl 528 (AD); 13 km WSW of Waikerie, D. E. Symon
8795 (ADW, CANB).
2. Grammosolen truncatus (Ising) Haegi, Telopea 2: 178 (1981)

Anthotroche truncata Ising, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 46: 605; t. 38, fig. 1 (1922).
T: Ooldea, S.A., 15 Sept. 1920, E. H. Ising s.n.; syn: AD, ADW, BM, BRI, MEL, NSW; Barton, S.A.,
19 Sept. 1920, E. H. Ising; syn: AD.
Erect shrub to 2 m, greyish. Branches densely tomentose with mainly non-glandular,
stellate-dendritic hairs. Leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic, occasionally elliptic, 5–18 mm
long, 3–11 mm wide, entire, densely tomentose; petiole 2–4 mm long. Inflorescence
1–3–flowered, often in short, leafy clusters; pedicels to 0.6 mm long, glabrous to
moderately pubescent. Calyx 2.5–4 mm long, densely tomentose, also with a few
glandular hairs. Corolla 7–11 mm long, pubescent outside, papillose inside; tube
markedly spreading in upper part; lobes 2.5–6 mm long, 1.5–3 mm wide. Stamens
2–4 mm long. Capsule globose, 4–4.5 mm diam. Seeds c. 2.8 mm long. Fig. 14J.
Occurs from western Gawler Ranges, Eyre Peninsula, northwest to the Gairdner-
Torrens Basin and Nullarbor region in c. 130°E long., S.A. Grows in deep sand,
usually on sand ridges in mallee associations, often in disturbed sites with Triodia.
Map 31.
S.A.: c. 3 km S of Maralinga, N. Forde 620 (AD, CANB); Gawler Ranges, L. Haegi 770 (AD,
CBG, NSW); Gawler Ranges, D. Symon 8206 (ADW).
29
Anthotroche SOLANACEAE
6. ANTHOTROCHE
Anthotroche Endl., in Endl. & Fenzl, Nov. Stirp. Dec. 6 (1839); from the Greek
anthos (a flower), and trochos (a wheel), in reference to the resemblance of the
corolla to a wheel.
Type species: A. pannosa Endl.
Shrubs, densely tomentose with non-glandular and inconspicuous glandular hairs.
Leaves alternate, simple, entire, petiolate or almost sessile. Flowers solitary or
clustered, axillary or terminal, bisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx campanulate to cupular,
5–lobed. Corolla campanulate to rotate; tube narrowly funnel-shaped or dilated,
greenish-yellow, rarely whitish, striated; limb of 5 (sometimes 4 or 6) short, broad
lobes, induplicate in bud, violet, rarely whitish. Stamens 5, equal or subequal, inserted at
base of corolla-tube; anthers unilocular, not cohering, dehiscing by a semicircular slit.
Ovary bilocular. Stigma capitate, very shortly bilobed. Fruit a smooth capsule,
opening from apex by 4 valves, more or less enclosed by calyx. Seeds subreniform.
n=31; L. Haegi, Telopea 2: 174 (1981).
A genus of 3 species endemic in arid and temperate W.A.
L. Haegi, Australian genera of the Solanaceae, in J. G. Hawkes et al. Linn. Soc.
Symp. Ser. 7: 121–124 (1979); L. Haegi, A conspectus of Solanaceae tribe
Anthocercideae, Telopea 2: 173–180 (1981).
1 Leaves mostly obovate to obovate-elliptic; flowers funnel-shaped;
corolla-lobes ovate-triangular; stamens included 1. A. myoporoides
1: Leaves usually ovate, elliptic or orbicular; flowers broadly rotate;
corolla-lobes broadly ovate or broadly ovate-truncate; stamens
exserted
2 Leaves woolly-tomentose with much-branched hairs; pedicel less
than 2.5 mm long, woolly-pubescent with non-glandular hairs 2. A. pannosa
2: Leaves closely-tomentose with dendritic hairs; pedicel usually
5–15 mm long, pubescent with glandular hairs 3. A. walcottii
1. Anthotroche myoporoides C. Gardner, J. Roy. Soc. W. Austral., 27: 191

(1942)
T: Irwin District, near Indarra, W.A., C. A. Gardner 2650; syn: BM, K, PERTH.
Erect, rounded, often intricately branched shrub to 3 m, closely and densely
tomentose throughout with non-glandular, dendritic hairs and smaller glandular hairs,
greyish, the new growth bronze-green. Leaves obovate to narrowly obovate-elliptic,
mostly 20–35 mm long, 5–15 mm wide, juvenile leaves larger; petiole to 10 mm long,
sometimes very short. Flowers axillary or terminal, in loose, 4–6–flowered clusters;
pedicels absent or to 5 mm long. Calyx 4.5–9 mm long; lobes 2–4 mm long. Corolla
5.5–8.5 mm long; tube pale greenish with deep violet (rarely drab grey-green)
striations; lobes 2.5–4 mm long, violet, rarely drab white, the margins sometimes
white. Stamens included. Capsule more or less globose, 3–4 mm diam. Seeds c. 3 mm
long. Figs 12, 14A–B.
Endemic in the northern Irwin District of south-western W.A. Occurs in small popu–
lations on sand plains in shrubland or mallee. Map 32.
30
16. Duboisia leichhardtii 17. Duboisia hopwoodii 18. Cyphanthera anthocercidea
19. Cyphanthera albicans 20. Cyphanthera albicans 21. Cyphanthera albicans
subsp. albicans subsp. tomentosa subsp. notabilis
22. Cyphanthera tasmanica 23. Cyphanthera scabrella 24. Cyphanthera racemosa
25. Cyphanthera myosotidea 26. Cyphanthera miersiana 27. Cyphanthera microphylla
28. Cyphanthera odgersii 29. Cyphanthera odgersii 30. Grammosolen dixonii
subsp. odgersii subp. occidentalis
31
W.A.: 3 km NW of Indarra Siding, L. Haegi 1156 (AD, BIRM, BRI, CBG, MO, NT, PERTH); 410
mile post, (±160 km N of Geraldton) NW Coastal Highway, F. Lullfitz L1964 (PERTH).
2. Anthotroche pannosa Endl., in Endl. & Fenzl, Nov. Stirp. Dec. 7 (1839)
T: south-western New Holland, (W.A.), Roe s.n.; syn: W.
A. blackii F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 8: 232 (1874).
T: Between Mt Olga and Barrow Range, E. Giles s.n.; holo: MEL 7095.
A. healiana F. Muell., Victorian Naturalist 7: 153 (1891).
T: At the sources of the Swan River, near Cummening, W.A., M. Heal s.n.; syn: K, MEL, ?PERTH.
Illustrations: B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 604 (1975), as A.
pannosa Endl., A. blackii F. Muell. and A. healiana F. Muell.
Erect or rounded shrub to 2.5 m, rarely a dwarf or prostrate plant to 1.5 m diam.,
densely woolly- or granular-tomentose throughout with non-glandular, branched hairs
and smaller glandular hairs, grey-green to whitish. Leaves broadly ovate, orbicular,
ovate or elliptic, occasionally obovate to narrowly ovate, mostly 10–30 mm long,
5–15 mm wide, the juvenile leaves larger; petiole to 5 mm long or very short.
Flowers axillary, solitary or in 2–3–flowered clusters, sometimes forming leafy spikes;
pedicels absent or up to 2.5 mm long. Calyx 4.5–9.5 mm long; lobes 3–6.5 mm long.
Corolla 7–13 mm long; tube abruptly spreading towards limb, deep greenish-yellow
with purple striations, occasionally black; lobes 3–6.5 mm long, purple-black,
sometimes with narrow white margin. Stamens exserted. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid to
subglobular, 4–7 mm long. Seeds 2.5–3.3 mm long. Fig. 16.
Widespread from inland south-western W.A. eastwards to the Great Victoria Desert.
Occurs on sand dunes, sand plains, or sandy rises in low-lying saline areas, usually in
woodland, mallee, shrubland or scrub-heath. Map 33.
W.A.: 58 km N of Neale Junction, Great Victoria Desert, A. S. George 8378 (PERTH); c. 2 km N
of Morawa, L. Haegi 1131 (AD, BIRM, CANB, MO, NT, PERTH); c. 26 km ENE of Mullewa,
L. Haegi 1989 (NSW).
A variable species; plants in the south-western end of the range have large, very
densely woolly leaves and were previously called A. healiana F. Muell.
3. Anthotroche walcottii F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 123 (1859)

T: Mt Curious, W.A., P. Walcott s.n.; holo: MEL 70972.
Erect to sprawling shrub to 2 m. Branches closely and densely granular-tomentose
with non-glandular, dendritic and branched hairs, and occasional shorter, glandular
hairs, grey or rusty. Leaves ovate, elliptic, obovate or orbicular, 7–20 mm long,
7–16 mm wide, the juvenile leaves larger; all closely and densely tomentose; petiole
to 20 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary or in 2–3–flowered clusters; pedicels
5–15 mm long. Calyx 3–7 mm long, pubescent; lobes 2–3.5 mm long. Corolla
5–8 mm long; tube abruptly spreading towards limb, deep greenish-yellow with purple
striations; lobes 3–5 mm long, purple-black. Stamens exserted. Capsule broadly ovoid
to broadly ellipsoid, 4–8 mm long. Seeds 2.3–2.5 mm long.
Endemic near the W coast of W.A. between Geraldton and Shark Bay. Occurs on
yellow sand plain in scrub-heath. Map 34.
32
Figure 14. A–B, Anthotroche myoporoides (M. E. Phillips 1162, CBG); A ×0.5, B ×4.
C–D, Crenidium spinescens (L. Haegi 200, CBG); C ×0.5, D ×7. E–G, Cestrum
aurantiacum (Brisbane, 1976, J. Gilleatt, BRI); E ×0.5, F ×1, G ×3. H, Cestrum
elegans (D. E. Symon 11571, ADW), ×1. I, Grammosolen dixonii (L. Haegi 676,
CBG), ×0.5. J, Grammosolen truncatus (L. Haegi 770, CBG), ×2.5.
33
W.A.: c. 38 km NW of Ajana, L. Haegi 1153 (AD, BIRM, CANB, MO, NT, PERTH); Kalbarri
National Park, T. A. Halliday 140 (ADW, PERTH); Kalbarri National Park, R. D. Royce 772
(PERTH).
7. CRENIDIUM
Crenidium Haegi, Telopea 2: 179 (1981); from the Greek krenidion (a spring or
fountain), alluding to the exserted stamens and style.
Type species: C. spinescens Haegi.
Shrubs, leafless except young branches. Flowers in cyme-like clusters at nodes, bisexual,
slightly zygomorphic, each subtended by a pair of opposite bracts. Calyx cupular,
5–lobed. Corolla narrowly tubular with spreading limb, pale yellow; limb with 5 short,
broad lobes, induplicate in bud. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, inserted at base of
corolla-tube; a staminode present or rarely fertile; anthers unilocular, not cohering,
dehiscing by a semicircular slit. Ovary bilocular; stigma capitate, very shortly bilobed.
Fruit a smooth capsule, opening by 2 bifid valves, the lower half enclosed by calyx.
Seeds subreniform. n=35; L. Haegi, loc. cit.
A monotypic genus endemic to inland south-western W.A. and the southern eremea.
L. Haegi, A conspectus of Solanaceae tribe Anthocercideae, Telopea 2: 173–180
(1981).
Crenidium spinescens Haegi, Telopea 2: 179 (1981)

T: Mongers Lake [= Lake Monger], W.A., 12 June 1961, C. A. Gardner 13070; holo: PERTH; iso:
CANB, K, MO.
Rounded, intricately branched shrub to 1.7 m. Branches spinescent, tomentose with
non-glandular dendritic hairs, glabrescent. Leaves present only on immature parts, scattered,
narrowly elliptic to linear, sessile, 3–10 mm long, 0.5–1.5 mm wide,
tomentose, entire, the margins slightly recurved. Pedicels 1–3 mm long. Calyx
1.3–2 mm long, tomentose; lobes minute. Corolla 2.5–4 mm long, tomentose outside;
lobes ovate to broadly ovate, 1.5–2.5 mm long. Stamens and style much exserted.
Capsule ovoid, 4–4.5 mm long. Seeds 3.5–4 mm long. Figs 14C–D, 17.
Occurs from Menzies to Lake Moore in southern W.A. Grows in deep sand on the
margins of salt lakes. Map 35.
W.A.: Lake Seabrook, J. S. Beard 5158 (PERTH); Lake Goongarrie, L. Haegi 2000 (AD, ADW,
BIRM, BRI, CANB, CBG, CORD, F, MEL, MO, NSW, NT, PERTH, PRE).
Trib. II. CESTREAE Don

Trib. Cestreae Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 400 (1837).
Type genus: Cestrum L.
Woody shrubs, rarely small trees. Pedicels articulated. Corolla tubular with a short
fold on upper part of tube, actinomorphic. Stamens 5, all fertile, free, included;
filaments longer than anthers, geniculate at proximal end; anthers dorsifixed, small, circular;
thecae free in basal third, dehiscing introrsely. Ovary on prominent disc.
Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds prismatic or ovoid; embryo straight, or slightly curved
at apex.
Four genera in north and south America; one genus naturalised in Australia.
34
SOLANACEA Cestrum
8. CESTRUM
Cestrum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 191 (1753), & Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 88 (1754); name variously
said to derive from the Greek kestron (a plant); or the Greek kestrum (an engraver's
tool), in reference to the anther shape; or because of the supposed similarity to a
plant of the same name described by Dioscorides.
Type species: C. nocturnum L.
Woody shrubs or small trees, glabrous, or pubescent with simple, forked or dendritic
hairs. Leaves mostly alternate, sometimes paired, simple, entire, petiolate. Inflo–
rescence usually raceme- or panicle-like, axillary or terminal. Flowers bisexual,
sometimes slightly zygomorphic, often subtended by a small bract. Calyx tubular,
5–7–lobed. Corolla tubular or salver-shaped (not in Australia), variously coloured;
tube often slightly inflated towards limb; limb shortly 5–7–lobed, the lobes valvate in
bud. Stamens 5, equal or subequal, variously inserted on corolla-tube; anthers
bilocular, versatile, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary bilocular; stigma capitate.
Fruit a succulent berry. Seeds prismatic or ovoid.
A genus of c. 250 species, native to tropical Central and South America, with major
concentrations in Brazil and the Andean region. Several species widely cultivated as
ornamentals for their fragrant, often nocturnal flowers. Four species naturalised in
Australia as garden escapes.
P. Francey, Monographie du genre Cestrum L., Candollea 6: 46–398 (1935), 7:
1–132 (1936); D. E. Symon, The solanaceous genera, Browallia, Capsicum, Cestrum,
Cyphomandra, Hyoscyamus, Lycopersicon, Nierembergia, Physalis, Petunia,
Salpichroa and Withania, naturalised in Australia, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 133–166
(1981).
1 Flowers reddish; plants softly pubescent; berry red when mature 1. C. elegans
1: Flowers orange to greenish-yellow; new growth sparsely pubescent or
glabrescent; berry white or black when mature
2 Corolla orange-yellow; leaves elliptic to broadly elliptic; berry white
when mature 2. C. aurantiacum
2: Corolla greenish-yellow; leaves narrowly elliptic to lanceolate; berry
black or white when mature
3 Corolla-tube 2–3 mm wide at apex; filaments with an erect process;
berry white when mature 3. C. nocturnum
3: Corolla-tube 3–5 mm wide at apex; filaments without an erect
process; berry black when mature 4. C. parqui
1. *Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schldl., Linnaea 19: 261 (1846)

Habrothamus elegans Brongn. ex Neumann, Ann. Pomone 118 (1844).
T: not Australian; n.v.
Woody shrub to 3 m, all parts pubescent. Leaves broadly lanceolate; lamina 6–17 cm
long, 2–9 cm wide, pubescent; petiole 10–30 mm long. Inflorescence a congested,
terminal panicle of subspicate racemes, densely pubescent with purple hairs; flowers
numerous, sessile or on pedicels 0.5 mm long, the lower ones subtended by
lanceolate, often coloured, bracts. Calyx 6–8 mm long; lobes triangular-acuminate, to
3 mm long. Corolla reddish; tube 15–20 mm long, 1–1.5 mm diam. at base, expanded
to 5 mm at apex; lobes 2.5–4 mm long. Stamens inserted just below middle of
35
Cestrum SOLANACEAE
corolla-tube; filaments 10 mm long, swollen and sparsely pubescent at base; anthers

1–1.5 mm long. Style c. 17 mm long. Berry more or less globular, c. 10 mm diam.,
red. Seeds not known. Fig. 14H.
An uncommon garden escape in south-eastern Qld and southern Vic. Map 36.
Qld: Tamborine, 4 July 1962, S. L. Everist, J. Teys & P. Knowles (BRI). Vic.: Perrins Creek
Road, Apr. 1977, A.M. Opie (MEL).
2. *Cestrum aurantiacum Lindley, Edwards's Bot. Reg. 30: misc. 71, no. 65
(1844); 31: t. 22 (1845)
T: Described from plants cultivated in Chiswick Gardens from seed said to be native to Chimalapa,
Guatamala; n.v.
Large shrub to 4 m, sparsely pubescent on new growth. Leaves elliptic; lamina
7–10 cm long, usually more than 3 cm wide; petiole 1–4 cm long. Inflorescence
subspicate, raceme-like, axillary and terminal; flowers 10–15, sessile or almost so,
frequently subtended by a leafy bract, lanceolate below to linear above. Calyx
5–8 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular to linear, 1–3 mm long. Corolla orange-
yellow; tube 17–21 mm long, very slightly inflated in upper part; lobes 3.5–5 mm
long. Stamens inserted about middle of corolla-tube; filaments c. 5 mm long, with a
blunt, conical, pubescent process at point of insertion, sparsely and minutely
pubescent below; anthers c. 1.5 mm long. Style 15–16 mm long. Berry 7–12 mm long,
white. Seeds ovoid, c. 3 mm long, dark brown. Orange Cestrum. Fig. 14E–G.
Occasionally cultivated as garden plant; now an uncommon weed in south-eastern
Qld and coastal N.S.W. Occurs in waste places mostly in urban areas. Map 37.
Qld: Tamborine, 15 June 1959, T. C. Wilcox (BRI). N.S.W.: Upper Cordeaux Dam, 2 May 1957,
E. F. Constable (NSW).
Toxic to sheep and cattle.
3 *Cestrum nocturnum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 191 (1753)

T: 'Habitat in Jamaica, Chilli'; BM, n.v., fide W. G. D'Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60: 607 (1973).
Large shrub or small tree to 4 m; young twigs sparsely pubescent. Leaves lanceolate-
elliptic; lamina 10–15 cm long, 4–7 cm wide, the midrib pubescent below; petiole
5–10 mm long. Inflorescence an often congested, terminal, leafy panicle of spike-like
racemes; flowers numerous, sessile or on pedicels to 3 mm long, subtended by leafy,
linear bracts 3–10 mm long. Calyx c. 2.5 mm long; lobes triangular, c. 0.8 mm long.
Corolla greenish-yellow, slightly enlarged upwards; lobes c. 4 mm long. Stamens
inserted in upper half of corolla-tube; filaments c. 3 mm long, with an erect process
just below point of insertion, retrorsely pubescent where adnate to tube; anthers
0.5 mm long. Style 15–16 mm long. Berry 8–10 mm diam., white. Seeds prismatic,
c. 4 mm long. Lady of the night.
Sparingly naturalised near Maitland, N.S.W. Native to the Antilles and Central
America.
N.S.W.: East Maitland, 5 Feb. 1974, Lynch (NSW).
Widely cultivated in tropical areas for the strongly scented flowers. Reported as toxic
to stock but possibly in error for C. parqui L'Hér.
36
Figure 15. Anthotroche pannosa. Figure 17. Crenidium spinescens.
Photograph — M. Fagg. Photograph — L. Haegi.
Figure 16. Nicotiana benthamiana. Figure 18. Nicotiana rosulata subsp.

Photograph — A. S. George. rosulata. Photograph — A. S. George.
37
Cestrum SOLANACEAE
4. *Cestrum parqui L'Hér., Stirp. Nov., fasc. 4: 73; t. 36 (1788)

T: not Australian; n.v.
Illustrations: W. T. Parsons, Noxious Weeds Victoria, fig. 233 (1973); S. L. Everist, Poison Pl.
Austral., t. 50 (1974); H. E. Kleinschmidt & R. W. Johnson, Weeds Queensland, 330 (1977).
Woody shrub to 3 m; new shoots and leaf axils minutely pubescent. Leaves narrowly
elliptic to lanceolate; lamina 20–65 mm long, usually less than 30 mm wide; petiole
up to 10 mm long. Inflorescence terminal, panicle-like, congested; flowers numerous,
sessile or on pedicels to 10 mm long, occasionally subtended by short bract. Calyx
3–5 mm long; lobes triangular, 1 mm long. Corolla greenish-yellow; tube narrow,
15–18 mm long; lobes 3.5–5 mm long. Stamens inserted near middle of corolla-tube;
filaments 6–7 mm long, swollen and retrorsely pubescent in lower part; anthers
0.5–1 mm long. Style 17–18 mm long. Berry oval-ovoid, 10–15 mm long, black.
Seeds prismatic, 3.5–4 mm long, dark brown. Green Cestrum, Green Poisonberry.
Originally cultivated as a garden plant, now a naturalised and common weed in
south-eastern Qld, eastern N.S.W., Vic. and higher rainfall areas of S.A. Grows in
waste places in urban areas. Map 38.
S.A.: Burra, D. E. Symon 8814 (ADW, CANB). Qld.: Brisbane, J. Gilleat 61 (BRI). N.S.W.:
Clarence River near Lawrence, 20 Apr. 1953, J. Vickery (NSW). Vic.: Whitfield, Apr. 1940, coll.
unknown (MEL).
A declared noxious weed in Qld, N.S.W. and Vic. Toxic to cattle, horses, poultry and sheep.
Distinguished from other species by the broader corolla-tube and the black fruit.
Trib. III. NICOTIANEAE
Trib. Nicotianeae Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 399 (1837).

Type genus: Nicotiana L.
Herbs, rarely shrubs. Pedicels not articulated. Corolla infundibular or campanulate,
actinomorphic or almost so; aestivation contorted, the limb plicate. Stamens 5, rarely
2 or 4; anthers ventrifixed; thecae rarely confluent. Fruit a capsule. Embryo straight
or almost so.
Nine genera, in North and South America except Nicotiana which also occurs in
Australasia and Africa. Three genera in Australia, two introduced.
9. NICOTIANA
Nicotiana L., Sp. Pl. 1: 180 (1753), Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 84 (1754); after Jean Nicot
(1530–1600), consul from the King of France to Lisbon in 1560, who sent Seeds of
the tobacco plant to France.
Type species: N. tabacum L.
Annual or short-lived perennial herbs or spindly shrubs, glabrous or pubescent with
glandular or non-glandular hairs. Leaves alternate, radical and/or cauline, simple,
entire to sinuate, petiolate or sessile. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, or inflorescence
panicle-like, rarely raceme-like with each flower subtended by a bract; flowers bi–
sexual, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic. Calyx tubular to narrowly campan–
ulate, the connate margins often thin and translucent (the thin areas termed 'inter–
sepalar membranes'), 5–lobed, persistent in fruit. Corolla tubular or salver-shaped,
white, green, yellow or pink; limb 5–lobed, the lobes usually folded in bud. Stamens
38
Figure 19. Nicotiana leaves. A–B–radical; C–I–lower cauline; J–M–upper cauline. A, N.
debneyi subsp. debneyi (Cult. Canberra ex S.A., R. L. Warner, CANB). B, N. velutina
(M. Lazarides 5960, CANB). C, N. debneyi subsp. debneyi (Cult. Canberra ex N. T.
Burbidge 5409, CANB). D, N. gossei (Cult. Canberra ex Ayers Rock, N.T., H. W. Lea,
CANB). E, N. cavicola (Cult. Canberra ex Mugga, W.A., J. M. Dickens, CANB). F, N.
umbricata (N. T. Burbidge 5957, CANB). G, N. excelsior (Cult. Canberra ex Woomera,
S.A., W. B. MacDougall, CANB). H, N. maritima (C. R. Alcock 1095, CANB). I, N.
velutina (R. Schodde 831, CANB). J, N. megalosiphon subsp. megalosiphon (N. T.
Burbidge 5525, CANB). K, N. megalosiphon subsp. sessilifolia (P. K. Latz 2484, CANB).
L, N. velutina (R. Schodde 831, CANB). M, N. gossei (Cult. Canberra ex Ayers Rock,
N.T., H. W. Lea, CANB). All ×0.5.
39
Figure 20. Nicotiana inflorescences. A, N. benthamiana (R. A. Perry 2269, CANB),
×0.4. B, N. debneyi subsp. debnayi (Cult. Canberra ex Loxton, S.A., W. H. Browning,
CANB), ×0.25. C, N. cavicola (Cult. Canberra ex Mugga, W.A., J. M. Dickens, CANB),
×0.4.
40
Figure 21. A–K, Nicotiana flowers (F, H, K–corolla-tube), all ×0.5. A, N. megalosiphon
subsp. megalosiphon (unknown, A. V. Hill, CANB). B, N. excelsior (Cult. Canberra ex
Mt. Olga, N.T., D. E. Symon, CANB). C, N. benthamiana (Cult. Canberra ex N.T.
Burbidge 5983, CANB). D, N. rosulata subsp. rosulata (Cult. Canberra ex N.T. Burbidge
6067, CANB). E–F, N. suaveolens (N. T. Burbidge 6422, CANB). G–H, N. velutina (M.
Lazarides 5960, CANB). I, N. debneyi subsp. monoschizocarpa (J. Muspratt 92, CANB).
J–K, N. goodspeedii (R. Schodde 735, CANB). L–P, Nicotiana corolla-limbs: L–N–
obtuse; O–notched; P–acute; all ×0.8. L, N. cavicola (Cult. Canberra ex N. T. Burbidge
4746, CANB). M, N. gossei (Cult. Canberra ex Finke R., N.T., W.A. Dept. of
Agriculture, CANB). N, N. debneyi subsp. debneyi (R. W. Johnson 2814, CANB). O, N.
simulans (Cult. Canberra ex N. T. Burbidge 6082, CANB). P, N. umbratica (Cult.
Canberra ex N. T. Burbidge 5873, CANB). Q–S, Nicotiana anther position, all ×1. Q,
N.debneyi subsp. debneyi (R. W. Johnson 2814, CANB); upper 4 anthers in 2 pairs. R,
N. occidentalis subsp. hesperis (N. T. Burbidge 6486, CANB); upper 4 anthers level. S,
N. umbratica (Cult. Canberra ex N. T. Burbidge 5820, CANB); upper 4 anthers in 2
pairs. T–W, Nicotiana fruits, all ×1.5. T, N. rosulata subsp. rosulata (Cult. Canberra ex
N. T. Burbidge 4811, CANB). U, N. suaveolens (N. T. Burbidge 6421, CANB). V, N.
debneyi subsp. monoschizocarpa (J. Muspratt 92, CANB). W, N. gossei (Cult. Canberra
ex Palm Valley, N.T., D. E. Symon, CANB).
41
Figure 22. Nicotiana seeds. Shape: A–B–ovoid; C–D–trapezoid; E–H–acutely angled;
I–L–reniform; M–O–‘C’-shaped; P–Q–‘U’-shaped. Ornamentation: E, H–regularly honey–
combed; A, I–irregularly honeycombed; D, K, O–wrinkled; P, Q–transverse. A–B, N
benthamiana (Cult. Canberra ex N. T. Burbidge 5983, CANB). C–D, N. debneyi subsp.
debneyi (Cult. Canberra ex Loxton S.A., W. H. Browning, CANB). E, N. excelsior
(Cult. Canberra ex Mt. Olga, N.T., D. E. Symon, CANB). F–G, N. megalosiphon subsp.
megalosiphon (L. Pedley 764, CANB). I–J, N. excelsior (Cult. Canberra ex Woomera,
S.A., W. B. MacDougall, CANB). K–L, N. rosulata subsp. rosulata (Cult. Canberra ex
N. T. Burbidge 4811, CANB). M, N. velutina (N. T. Burbidge 4369, CANB). N–O, N.
goodspeedii (R. Schodde 735, CANB). P–Q, N. occidentalis subsp. hesperis (N. T.
Burbidge 6451, CANB). All ×21.
42
SOLANACEAE Nicotiana
5, equal or unequal in length, often 4 reaching throat of corolla-tube, the 5th shorter;
anthers bilocular, dorsifixed, not cohering, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary
bilocular; stigma capitate. Fruit a smooth-walled capsule surrounded by persistent
calyx, dehiscing from apex by 4 (rarely 2) valves. Seeds reniform to C-shaped, often angled.
In native species, limb of corolla usually closed in full sunlight and open in shade or
after sunset. Cleistogamous flowers found in some species, depending on age of plant,
day length and temperature conditions; corollas of such flowers usually very short,
often scarcely exceeding calyx. Keys and descriptions in this treatment based on
normal flowers only.
A genus of 60–70 species, mostly native to South America but also found in North America,
south-western Africa (1 species), Australia and the South Pacific region.
Many species important as drug plants, having long history of use for smoking,
chewing or snuff production, in areas to which they are native or introduced.
Commercial tobacco mainly derived from N. tabacum L. and N. rustica L. In
Australia, 16 species endemic to the mainland and one introduced species (N. glauca
Graham) widely naturalised. N. tabacum cultivated commercially and occasionally
found as a spontaneous escape; N. alata Link & Otto and N. sylvestris Spegazzini &
Comes cultivated as garden ornamentals.
H. Wheeler, Studies in Nicotiana. II. A taxonomic survey of the Australian species,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18(4): 45–68 (1935); T. H. Goodspeed et al., The genus
Nicotiana, Chron. Bot. 16: 1–536 (1954); N. T. Burbidge, The Australian species of
Nicotiana L. (Solanaceae), Austral. J. Bot. 8: 342–380 (1960); P. K. Latz, The
Central Australian species of Nicotiana, Austral. Pl. 7: 280–283 (1974); P. Horton, A
taxonomic revision of Nicotiana (Solanaceae) in Australia, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard.
3: 1–56 (1981).
Key adapted from P. Horton, op. cit. 9–11.
1 Perennial, spindly shrub to 6 m; corolla yellow 17. N. glauca

1: Annual or short-lived perennial herb; corolla white or pink
2 Plant 1–3 m high; inflorescence short, dense, panicle-like; corolla
white or pink N. tabacum †
2: Plant usually less than 1 m high; inflorescence loose, elongated,
panicle- or raceme-like, or flowers solitary in leaf axils; corolla
white
3 Ellipsoid-headed glandular hairs present at least on inflorescence
4 Lamina of lower leaves wider than long, or nearly as wide;
cauline leaves petiolate
5 Petioles broadly winged; corolla-lobes obtuse 2. N. cavicola
5: Petioles very narrowly winged or almost terete; corolla-lobes
acute 3. N. umbratica
4: Lamina of lower leaves longer than wide; at least the uppermost
cauline leaves sessile or almost so
6 Inflorescence many-branched when mature, leafless; corolla-
limb 6–13 mm diam., lobes obtuse to acute; Seeds oblong to
trapezoid 1. N. debneyi
6: Inflorescence few-branched when mature, often leafy in lower
part; corolla-limb 10–25 mm diam., lobes notched; Seeds
reniform, acutely angled, C- or U-shaped 4. N. occidentalis
43
Nicotiana SOLANACEAE
3: Ellipsoid-headed glandular hairs absent

7 Flowering stems leafy; flowers solitary in leaf axils or arising
from internodes 5. N. benthamiana
7: Flowering stems leafless, or leafy at base only; flowers in
raceme- or panicle-like inflorescences
8 Cauline leaves decurrent on stem 6. N. excelsior
8: Cauline leaves not decurrent on stem
9 Leaves mostly cauline, bases broadly auriculate and stem-
clasping
10 Corolla-tube 15–20 mm long; capsule 5–9 mm long 7. N. amplexicaulis
10: Corolla-tube more than 25 mm long; capsule 7–16 mm
long
11 Testa irregularly honeycombed or wrinkled; corolla-lobes
usually obtuse 8. N. gossei
11: Testa regularly honeycombed; corolla-lobes usually
notched 9. N. megalosiphon
9: Leaves radical and cauline or mostly radical; cauline leaves
not broadly auriculate and stem clasping
12 Stems and leaves pubescent all over
13 Corolla-tube more than 25 mm long or, if shorter, the
length more than 14 times the width (measured at top of
calyx)
14 Corolla-tube usually less than 40 mm long; upper 4
anthers not all at the same level 10. N. simulans
14: Corolla-tube usually at least 40 mm long; upper 4
anthers all at the same level 9. N. megalosiphon
13: Corolla-tube less than 25 mm long or, if longer, the
length less than 14 times the width (measured at top of
calyx)
15 Pubescence velvety; intersepalar membranes
inconspicuous; Seeds C-shaped 15. N. velutina
15: Pubescence not velvety; intersepalar membranes often
conspicuous; Seeds reniform or acutely angled
16 Bases of stems usually white- or grey-woolly; hairs
non-glandular 14. N. maritima
16: Bases of stems not white- or grey-woolly; hairs
glandular and non-glandular 16. N. rotundifolia
12: Stems and leaves glabrous, glabrescent, or pubescent near
base only
17 Capsule usually at least 3 times as long as wide; corolla-tube
1–2 mm wide at top of calyx, the length more than 14 times
the width at that point 11. N. rosulata
17: Capsule not more than twice as long as wide; corolla-
tube 1–6 mm wide at top of calyx, the length less than
14 times the width at that point
18 Stems and leaves glabrous or basal leaves, stem bases
and young shoots pubescent
44
19 Corolla-tube usually more than 18 mm long, distinctly

broadening up to the limb 13. N. suaveolens
19: Corolla-tube usually 8–18 mm long, not distinctly
broadening up to the limb 12. N. goodspeedii
18: Stems and leaves glabrescent
20 Seeds C-shaped; intersepalar membranes inconspicuous 15. N. velutina
20: Seeds reniform or acutely angled; intersepalar
membranes conspicuous 16. N. rotundifolia
† Primarily a cultivated species; not treated further in this work.
Sect. I. Suaveolentes
Nicotiana sect. Suaveolentes Goodspeed, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18: 342 (1945).
Type species: N. suaveolens Lehm.
Herbs. Lower leaves petiolate; cauline leaves often sessile. Corolla salver-shaped,
white or cream. Stamens usually 4 short (inserted near apex of corolla-tube) and 1
long (inserted lower in tube), rarely all 5 equal or subequal.
1. Nicotiana debneyi Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 593; t. 36, figs 6–8 (1929)
T: Rockingham Bay, Qld, ?1868, Dallachy s.n.; holo: K n.v., photo ADW; iso: ?MEL.
N. suaveolens var. parviflora Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 470 (1868), p.p., fide T. H. Goodspeed, Chron.
Bot. 16: 483 (1954).
Herb to 1.5 m, leaves and lower stems sparsely pubescent with non-glandular hairs.
Radical leaves elliptic, the lamina up to 25 cm long and 14 cm wide; petiole to 14 cm
long, broadly winged, somewhat stem-clasping and auriculate at base; cauline leaves
smaller, the upper ones narrowly elliptic to linear and becoming sessile, the base
auriculate and stem-clasping. Inflorescence panicle-like, usually many-branched,
densely pubescent with glandular hairs. Calyx 4–10 mm long. Corolla-tube 10–25 mm
long, narrow at base; limb 6–13 mm diam. Upper 4 anthers at the same level or
nearly so. Capsule ellipsoid to ovoid, 5–11 mm long. Seeds ovoid to trapezoid.
Corolla-lobes broad, obtuse; capsule 4–valved 1a. subsp. debneyi
Corolla-lobes narrow, acute to narrowly obtuse; capsule 2–valved 1b. subsp. monoschizocarpa
1a. Nicotiana debneyi Domin subsp. debneyi

Illustration: K. Domin, loc. cit.
Corolla-tube 1.5–3 mm wide at top of calyx; lobes broad, obtuse. Staminal filaments
6–11 mm long, inserted in lower half of corolla-tube. Capsule dehiscing by 4 valves.
Testa wrinkled or with wavy-edged honeycomb. n=24. Figs 19A, C; 20B; 21N, Q;
22C–D.
Occurs mainly in coastal and subcoastal regions of eastern Australia, from Cairns,
Qld, to Nowra, N.S.W., with minor, possibly relict, occurrences in central-western
Qld. Also occurs naturally in New Caledonia and on Lord Howe Island. Grows in a
range of soils on coastal headlands, in deep gorges, cave openings and disturbed
rainforest or softwood scrub, often among regrowth after fire. Map 39.
45
Qld: Biloela, L. S. Smith 3461 (BRI); Lamington National Park, 27 May 1961, J. H. Willis (MEL).
N.S.W.: 32 km NW of Kyogle, R. Henderson 488 (NSW); 45 km WSW of Moura, R.W. Johnson
2814 (CANB).
1b. Nicotiana debneyi subsp. monoschizocarpa P. Horton, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard.

3: 12 (1981)
T: Daly River Crossing, Daly River road, N.T., 28 Sept. 1973, J. McKean 1183; holo: NT, iso:
CANB, DNA, NSW.
Corolla-tube to 1.5 mm wide at top of calyx; lobes narrow, acute or slightly obtuse.
Staminal filaments to 3.5 mm long, inserted in upper half of corolla-tube. Capsule
dehiscing by 2 valves. Testa honeycombed. n=24. Fig. 21V.
Known only from Daly River and Reynolds River region in north-western N.T.
Grows in clay soils of riverbanks. Map 40.
N.T.: Daly River, C. R. Dunlop 5028 (ADW, DNA); Oolloo Stn, J. Muspratt 92 (CANB, NT).
2. Nicotiana cavicola N. Burb., Austral. J. Bot. 8: 354; fig. 7; t. 11, fig. 2 (1960)
T: Cultivated plant, 9 Feb. 1958, grown from sample T.S. 202, the original seed collected 7 miles E of
Meekatharra, W.A., 11 Dec. 1955, N. T. Burbidge 4774; lecto: CANB 79168, fide P. Horton, J.
Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 14 (1981).
Illustrations: N. T. Burbidge, loc. cit.
Herb to 1 m, moderately pubescent with glandular hairs. Leaves radical and cauline,
broadly triangular to broadly cordate, the upper leaves narrower; lamina up to 20 cm
long, 13 cm wide; petiole to 11 cm long, broadly winged, the base occasionally
auriculate and stem-clasping. Inflorescence panicle-like, few-branched; lower bracts
leafy. Calyx 7–25 mm long. Corolla-tube 18–50 (usually 22–45) mm long, 1–3.5 mm
wide at top of calyx; limb 10–40 mm diam., the lobes usually obtuse. Upper 4 anthers
at the same level or nearly so, their filaments to 2.5 (occasionally to 5) mm long; 5th
filament to 6.5 (occasionally to 14) mm long, usually inserted in upper half of corolla-
tube. Capsule ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, 6–12 mm long. Seeds reniform; testa with
wavy-edged honeycomb or irregular wrinkles. n=20, 23. Figs 19E; 20C; 21L.
Occurs in central-western W.A. usually associated with shaded sites on breakaways
and rocky outcrops. Used as chewing tobacco by Aborigines. Map 41.
W.A.: Lake Weelhamby, R. D. Pearce 112 (ADW); Lake Austin, 1894, J. Robertson (MEL); near
Mileura, N. H. Speck 996A (CANB); c. 14 km W of Mileura, N. H. Speck 1008 (PERTH).
3. Nicotiana umbratica N. Burb., Austral. J. Bot. 8: 352; fig. 6; t. 11, fig. 1 (1960)
T: Woodstock Stn, Pilbara District, W.A., received May 1958, E. H. M. Ealey E.161; holo: CANB;
iso: K n.v., photo ADW.
Herb to c. 70 cm, variably pubescent with glandular hairs. Leaves mostly cauline,
broadly cordate to triangular, the upper ones narrowly ovate, occasionally linear;
lamina up to 12 cm long, 10 cm wide; petiole to 11 cm long, very narrowly winged,
not stem-clasping. Inflorescence panicle-like, few-branched. Calyx 6–15 mm long.
Corolla-tube 40–65 mm long (occasionally shorter), 1–2.5 mm wide at top of calyx;
limb 20–35 mm diam., the lobes usually acute. Upper 4 anthers borne at slightly
different levels, their filaments 1.5–2.5 mm long; 5th filament 2–7 mm long, inserted
46
in upper half of corolla-tube. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, 6–10 mm long. Seeds reniform;

testa irregularly honeycombed or wrinkled. n=23. Figs 19F; 21P, S.
Restricted to western part of Pilbara District of W.A. Typically grows in shelter of
large boulders on rocky outcrops. Map 42.
W.A.: Eginbah Stn, N. T. Burbidge 1048 (PERTH); Woodstock Stn, N. T. Burbidge 5820 (AD,
CANB, MEL, PERTH).
4. Nicotiana occidentalis H. Wheeler, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18(4): 52 (1935)

T: Port Hedland, W.A., 11 Aug. 1911, E. Mjöberg 105; holo: NSW 47226.
Herb to 1.3 m, densely pubescent with sticky, glandular hairs. Radical leaves elliptic;
lamina up to 20 cm long; petiole to 5 (occasionally 16) cm long, broadly winged, the
base usually slightly stem-clasping; cauline leaves narrower, the upper ones pandurate
or lanceolate and sessile, their bases usually auriculate and somewhat stem-clasping.
Inflorescence panicle-like, few-branched; lower bracts usually leafy. Calyx 5–14 mm
long. Corolla-tube 1–4 mm wide at top of calyx; limb 10–25 mm diam., the lobes
notched. Upper 4 anthers at same level or nearly so, their filaments 1–5 mm long;
filament of 5th stamen 3–8 mm long. Cleistogamous flowers common, especially in
subsp. obliqua. Capsule ovoid to ellipsoid, 7–14 mm long. Native Tobacco.
A variable species, represented by three subspecies, occurring mainly in arid areas of
W.A., N.T. and S.A.
1 Corolla-tube always longer than 25 mm; upper 4 anthers at the same
level 4a. subsp. occidentalis
1: Corolla-tube longer than 25 mm and 2 of upper 4 anthers above the
other 2, or corolla-tube shorter than 25 mm and upper 4 anthers at
the same level
2 Seeds usually acutely angled or reniform, never crested 4b. subsp. obliqua
2: Seeds U-shaped, occasionally crested 4c. subsp. hesperis
4a. Nicotiana occidentalis H. Wheeler subsp. occidentalis

Calyx usually one third to one fifth the length of corolla-tube. Corolla-tube
25–50 mm long. Upper 4 anthers at the same level; filament of the 5th stamen
inserted in upper half of corolla-tube. Seeds usually acutely angled or reniform,
occasionally C–shaped; testa irregularly honeycombed or wrinkled.
Restricted to coastal and near-coastal areas and adjacent offshore islands of W.A.,
between Port Hedland and Exmouth Gulf. Grows mainly in sandy or rocky soils,
often near creeks or in shelter of boulders or trees. Map 43.
W.A.: Near Minilya River, A. M. Ashby 2943 (AD); Cape Range, A. S. George 2495 (PERTH);
Trimouille Island, 10 Nov. 1953, G.Hill (CANB).
4b. Nicotiana occidentalis subsp. obliqua N. Burb., Austral. J. Bot. 8: 364; t. 8,

fig. 2 (1960)
T: Victoria Desert, Camp 53, W.A., 15 Sept. 1891, R. Helms s.n.; holo: NSW 47228; iso: AD, MEL.
Illustration: N. T. Burbidge, loc. cit.
47
Calyx usually one quarter to one half the length of corolla-tube. Corolla-tube
15–40 mm long, shorter in cleistogamous flowers. Upper 4 anthers at the same level
or 2 higher than the other 2; filament of 5th stamen inserted in upper half of corolla-
tube or about half-way down. Seeds acutely angled or reniform; testa irregularly
honeycombed or wrinkled. n=21.
Widespread in arid regions of W.A., N.T. and S.A. south of latitude 21°S, extending
to far western Qld and N.S.W. Grows under trees and shrubs in hummock grassland
on sandy plains, and along rocky creeklines. Map 44.
W.A.: About 82 km N of Carnarvon, A. M. Ashby 2242 (PERTH). N.T.: Charlotte Waters, 6 July
1955, G. Chippendale (NSW); Mt Fraser, P. K. Latz 5063 (ADW, NT); near Alice Springs, D. J.
Nelson 2213 (ADW, CANB). S.A.: near Cordillo Downs Homestead, T.R.N. Lothian 647 (AD).
4c. Nicotiana occidentalis subsp. hesperis (N. Burb.) P. Horton, J. Adelaide Bot.
Gard. 3: 19 (1981)
N. hesperis N. Burb., Austral. J. Bot. 8: 361; fig. 9; t. 15 (1960).
T: Rocky Pool, Gascoyne River, 35 miles E of Carnarvon, W.A., 3 Sept. 1959, N. T. Burbidge
6494A; holo: CANB; iso: BRI, K n.v., photo ADW.
Illustration: N. T. Burbidge, loc. cit., as N. hesperis N. Burb.
Calyx usually half to two-thirds length of corolla-tube. Corolla-tube 11–18 mm long,
slightly narrowed at base. Upper 4 anthers at the same level; filament of the 5th
stamen inserted in lower half of corolla-tube or about half-way up. Seeds usually
U-shaped, occasionally crested along outer surface; testa with transverse wrinkles.
Figs 21R; 22P–Q.
Mainly restricted to coastal and near-coastal areas and adjacent offshore islands of
W.A. between latitudes 23°S and 30°S. Usually grows along creeklines, or in shelter of
boulders or trees in sandy or rocky soils. Map 45.
W.A.: Near Leonora, T. E. H. Aplin 2296 (ADW, PERTH); near Woodleigh Stn Homestead,
N. T. Burbidge 6455 (BRI, MEL, NSW); Wooramel River Bridge, Carnarvon road, N. T. Burbidge
6480 (CANB).
5. Nicotiana benthamiana Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 591; t. 37, fig. 1 (1929)
N. suaveolens var. cordifolia Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 470 (1868).
T: NW coast of Australia, Bynoe s.n.; K n.v., photo ADW.
Leafy herb to 1.5 m, moderately densely pubescent with glandular hairs. Leaves
mostly cauline, broadly ovate, the upper ones shorter and narrowly ovate; lamina up
to 15 cm (occasionally to 23 cm) long; basal leaves petiolate, the petiole to 6 cm
long, broadly to narrowly winged, upper leaves sessile or almost so. Flowers solitary
in axils or arising from internodes. Calyx 5–17 mm long; lobes usually spreading or
recurved. Corolla-tube 20–60 mm long, to 2.5 mm wide at top of calyx; limb
7–21 mm diam.; lobes usually obtuse or slightly notched. Two of the upper 4 anthers
usually slightly above the other 2, the filaments to 2.5 mm long; 5th filament
5–10 mm long, inserted in upper half of corolla-tube. Capsule ovoid to ellipsoid,
6–13 mm long. Seeds reniform; testa usually with wavy-edged honeycomb or
wrinkles. n=19. Figs 16; 20A; 21C; 22A–B.
Widespread but patchy distribution in W.A. and N.T. north of latitude 26°S,
extending into central-western Qld. Typically grows on low rocky hills and outcrops
in shelter of rocks or in caves. Map 46.
48
31. Grammosolen truncatus 32. Anthotroche myoporoides 33. Anthotroche pannosa
34. Anthotroche walcottii 35. Crenidium spinescens 36. Cestrum elegans
37. Cestrum aurantiacum 38. Cestrum parqui 39. Nicotiana debneyi
subsp. debneyi
40. Nicotiana debneyi 41. Nicotiana cavicola 42. Nicotiana umbratica
subsp. monoschizocarpa
43. Nicotiana occidentalis 44. Nicotiana occidentalis 45. Nicotiana occidentalis
subsp. occidentalis subsp. obliqua subsp. hesperis
49
W.A.: Rawlinson Range, A. S. George 8818 (PERTH). N.T.: Tobermorey Stn, 10 Oct. 1955,
G. Chippendale (BRI, CANB, NSW, NT); Seigal Creek area, N. M. Henry 792 (BRI, CANB, NT);
Nicholson River, T. S. Henshall 383 (DNA, NT, PERTH). Qld: Duchess, S. T. Blake 11527 (BRI).
Highly prized by Aborigines in central Australia as chewing tobacco.

A variant with more succulent foliage, the leaves on the flowering shoots broadly
ovate, auriculate and stem-clasping, and a larger corolla (tube to 90 mm long and
limb usually more than 30 mm diam.), known only from Dalhousie Springs, S.A.,
may represent a new species.
6. Nicotiana excelsior (J. Black) J. Black, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 50:
286 (1926)
N. suaveolens var. excelsior J. Black, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 39: 835; t. 70 (1915).
T: Mt Carminia (now Mt Carmeena), Everard Range, S.A., 12 Aug. 1914, S. A. White s.n.; lecto:
AD 97807202; iso: NSW, fide P. Horton, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 23 (1981).
N. macrocalyx Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 593; t. 36, figs 9–10 (1929).
T: Camp 19, Birksgate Range, S.A., 12 July 1891, R. Helms s.n.; holo: K n.v., photo ADW; iso: AD,
MEL.
Leafy herb to c. 1.7 m; stems and leaves mostly glabrous, the inflorescence sparsely
pubescent with non-glandular hairs. Leaves mostly cauline, elliptic to ovate, the lower
ones often obovate, the uppermost narrowly elliptic or lanceolate; lamina up to 25 cm
long; lower leaves shortly petiolate, the petiole broadly winged, stem-clasping; upper
leaves sessile, the base decurrent. Inflorescence panicle-like, few-branched, the lower
bracts occasionally leafy. Calyx 15–30 mm long. Corolla-tube usually 40–70 mm long,
1–5 mm wide at top of calyx; limb 20–35 mm (occasionally to 50) diam.; lobes
usually obtuse. Upper 4 anthers at the same level or 2 slightly above the other 2,
their filaments to 2.5 mm long; filament of the 5th stamen 6–15 mm long, inserted at
middle or in lower half of corolla-tube. Capsule ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid,
12–20 mm long. Seeds reniform or acutely angled; testa usually honeycombed. n=19.
Figs 19G; 21B; 22E, I–J.
Restricted to ranges of north-western S.A. and southern N.T. where it grows in
sheltered areas in rocky gullies and creeklines. Collections from Fraser Ra., W.A.,
and Mt. Lyndhurst, S.A., may not be from natural populations. Leaves, flowers and
flowering stalks highly valued by Aborigines as chewing tobacco. Probably dispersed
by Aborigines to areas outside natural range. Map 47.
N.T.: Mann Ranges, P. K. Latz 894 (AD, CANB, NT); Mt Olga, 12 June 1953, D. E. Symon
(ADW). S.A.: Ernabella, 21 May 1966, F. T. Turvey (AD).
7. Nicotiana amplexicaulis N. Burb., Austral. J. Bot. 8: 359; fig. 8; t. 13, fig. 1

(1960)
T: Carnarvon Range, 63 miles S of Rolleston, Qld, 13 Nov. 1956, N. T. Burbidge 5562; holo:
CANB; iso: AD, BRI, K n.v., photo ADW, MEL, NSW.
Herb to 1.3 m, densely pubescent with soft, non-glandular hairs. Leaves mostly
cauline, the lower ones elliptic, the upper narrowly elliptic or lanceolate; lamina up to
22 (occasionally to 30) cm long; lower leaves petiolate, the petiole to 8 cm long,
broadly winged, auriculate and stem-clasping; upper leaves sessile, the uppermost
auriculate. Inflorescence panicle-like, few-branched; lower bracts sometimes leafy.
50
Calyx 7–14 mm long. Corolla-tube 15–20 mm long, 2–3.5 mm wide at top of calyx;
limb 6–12 mm diam., the lobes obtuse or notched. Two of upper 4 anthers usually
slightly above the other 2, their filaments to 2.5 mm long; filament of the 5th stamen
8–11 mm long, inserted in lower half of corolla-tube. Capsule ellipsoid to ovoid-
ellipsoid, 5 mm long. Seeds reniform, ovoid or L-shaped; testa wrinkled. n=18.
Restricted to Carnarvon Range, southern Qld, and adjacent ranges to the east. Grows
in shaded habitats on sandstone cliffs and at cave entrances. Map 48.
Qld: Carnarvon Range, N. T. Burbidge 5560 (AD, CANB, NSW); Glenhaughton—Mapala road,
M. Olsen & N. B. Byrnes 3560 (BRI).
8. Nicotiana gossei Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 592; t. 36, figs 2–5 (1929)
T: 'Centre of South Australia', Gosse 243; holo: K n.v., photo ADW.
Leafy herb to 2 m, densely pubescent, often woolly with glandular hairs. Leaves
mostly cauline, broadly elliptic, the upper ones narrowly elliptic, lanceolate or
pandurate, auriculate and stem-clasping at base; lamina up to 35 cm long; lower
leaves petiolate, the petiole to 8 cm long; upper leaves sessile. Inflorescence panicle-
like, usually few-branched; lower bracts occasionally leafy. Calyx 12–30 mm long.
Corolla-tube 25–75 mm long, 1–5 mm wide at top of calyx; limb 15–35 mm diam.;
lobes obtuse or occasionally shallowly notched. Upper 4 anthers at about the same
level, their filaments to 5.5 mm long; filament of the 5th stamen 2–15 mm long,
inserted in upper half of corolla-tube or just below middle. Capsule ellipsoid to ovoid,
8–16 mm long. Seeds acutely angled or reniform; testa irregularly honeycombed or
wrinkled. n=18. Figs 19D, M; 21M, W.
Restricted to ranges of southern N.T. and north-western S.A., growing in pockets of
fertile, often sandy, soil, in shelter of rocks on upper slopes. Map 49.
N.T.: Kings Canyon, P. K. Latz 355 (AD, MEL, NT); Longs Range, P. K. Latz 4215 (CANB,
DNA, NT). S.A.: Musgrave Range, 12 Aug. 1973, Wallace (ADW).
Highly prized by Aborigines as chewing tobacco and considered one of the most
potent of central Australian species of Nicotiana.
9. Nicotiana megalosiphon Van Heurck & Muell. Arg., in Van Heurck, Obs. Bot.
126 (1870)
T: Port Curtis, Qld, coll. unknown; n.v.
N. suaveolens var. longiflora Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 470 (1868), fide K. Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:
592 (1929) and P. Horton, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 47 (1981)
T: Interior Qld and N.S.W., coll. unknown; n.v.
Herb to 90 cm, densely pubescent with glandular hairs. Leaves radical and cauline or
mostly radical, petiolate or sessile; lower leaves elliptic to ovate, the upper cauline
ones lanceolate to linear; lamina up to 17 cm long; petiole to 9 cm long, usually
narrowly winged. Inflorescence panicle-like, few-branched. Calyx 10–20 mm long.
Corolla-tube 35–95 mm long, to 2.5 mm wide at top of calyx; limb 15–35 mm diam.,
the lobes usually notched. Upper 4 anthers at about same level, their filaments to
2 mm long; filament of 5th stamen 1.5–11 mm long, inserted in upper half of corolla-
tube. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, 7–16 mm long. Seeds reniform or acutely angled.
51
Closely related to N. simulans N. Burb. with which depauperate specimens may be

confused. Represented by two subspecies in N.T., Qld and northern N.S.W. May be
poisonous to cattle and sheep.
Upper cauline leaves petiolate; seed testa wrinkled or irregularly
honeycombed 9a. subsp. megalosiphon
Upper cauline leaves sessile; seed testa regularly honeycombed 9b. subsp. sessilifolia
9a. Nicotiana megalosiphon Van Heurck & Muell. Arg. subsp. megalosiphon
Leaves usually all petiolate; base of lamina obtuse, cuneate or attenuate. Seed testa
wrinkled or irregularly honeycombed. n=20. Figs 19J; 21A; 22F–G.
Widespread in central and south-eastern Qld and northern N.S.W. Grows in sand,
loam or clay, in Acacia and Eucalypt woodland, often in disturbed areas. Map 50.
Qld: near Aramac, N. T. Burbidge 5525 (AD); Hannaford, L. Pedley 764 (BRI, CANB). N.S.W.:
near Brewarrina, J. Thompson 1118 (NSW).
9b. Nicotiana megalosiphon subsp. sessilifolia P. Horton, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard.

3: 28 (1981)
T: Marshall River, N.T., 19 May 1972, P. K. Latz 2503; holo: NT; iso: ADW, BRI, CANB, NSW.
Lower leaves petiolate, the lamina obtuse or cuneate at base; upper leaves sessile,
auriculate and stem-clasping. Testa usually regularly honeycombed. Fig. 19K.
Occurs in arid N.T. north of Alice Springs, extending to western Qld. Grows in sand,
loam or clay along water courses, rarely in soil pockets on rocky hillsides. Map 51.
N.T.: Mount Wedge Stn, P. K. Latz 2154 (CANB, NT, PERTH); Davenport Range, P. K. Latz
6917 (ADW, BRI, NT). Qld: Kallala Stn, S. L. Everist 3229 (BRI, CANB); Leichhardt Falls,
S. Jacobs 1303 (NSW).
Robust specimens superficially resemble N. gossei Domin; distinguished by the
regular pattern on the testa, the non-woolly pubescence and the shorter calyx.
10. Nicotiana simulans N. Burb., Austral. J. Bot. 8: 365; fig. 10; t. 16, fig. 1 (1960)
T: Approximately 40 miles (64 km) from Mt Willoughby towards Mabel Creek, S.A., 10 Oct. 1955,
N. T. Burbidge & M. Gray 4625; holo: CANB.
Herb to 1.2 m, variably pubescent with glandular hairs. Leaves radical and cauline, or
mostly radical, the lamina up to 23 cm long and 12 cm wide; radical leaves elliptic,
petiolate, the petiole to 9 cm long, narrowly to broadly winged, the base usually
slightly stem-clasping; cauline leaves narrowly ovate or elliptic, petiolate, the upper
ones lanceolate, sessile and slightly stem-clasping. Inflorescence panicle-like, few-
branched; lower bracts occasionally leafy. Calyx 5–17 mm long; intersepalar
membranes often conspicuous. Corolla-tube 20–40 mm long, to 3.5 mm wide at top
of calyx; limb usually 10–20 mm diam., the lobes notched. Cleistogamous flowers
with much shorter corolla-tube occasionally present. Two of upper 4 anthers usually
above the other 2, the filaments to 5 mm long; filament of the 5th stamen 2–8 mm
long, inserted in upper half of corolla-tube or half-way down. Capsule ovoid to
52
ellipsoid, 5–13 mm long. Seeds reniform or acutely angled; testa usually regularly
honeycombed. n=20. Fig. 21 O.
Widespread in arid areas south of the tropic, extending from the coast of W.A. to
central plains of N.S.W., with an isolated occurrence in south-western Qld. Grows in
sandy and rocky soils, usually in shelter of boulders or in litter under trees, frequently
near minor water courses. Map 52.
W.A.: 75 km S of Mundiwindi, N. T. Burbidge 6068 (PERTH). N.T.: Mulga Park Stn, P. K. Latz
5081 (ADW, MEL, NT). S.A.: Bon Bon Stn, B. Lay 252 (AD). Qld: 32 km NNE of Eulo,
L. Pedley 2441 (BRI). N.S.W.: Purnanga Stn, L. R. Richley 1385 (NSW).
11. Nicotiana rosulata (S. Moore) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 592; t. 36, fig. 11
(1929)
N. suaveolens var. rosulata S. Moore, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 34: 206 (1899).
T: Near Wilson's Pool, W.A. Goldfields, Apr. 1895, S. Moore s.n.; lecto: BM n.v., photo ADW; iso:
K n.v., photo ADW; fide P. Horton, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 30 (1981).
N. stenocarpa H. Wheeler, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18(4): 61 (1935), fide N. T. Burbidge, Austral. J.
Bot. 8: 375 (1960)
T: Laverton, W.A., Nov. 1909, J. H. Maiden s.n.; holo: NSW.
Herb to 1 m; stems and leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent with non-glandular
hairs. Leaves all or mostly radical, usually elliptic or the upper cauline ones
lanceolate to linear, petiolate or upper cauline leaves almost sessile; lamina up to
21 cm long; petiole to 8 cm long, narrowly winged. Inflorescence panicle-like, few-
branched, variably pubescent with glandular hairs. Calyx 6–22 mm long. Corolla-tube
15–64 mm long, 1–2 mm wide at top of calyx; limb 7–25 mm diam., the lobes
notched. Upper 4 anthers at the same level or 2 slightly above the other 2, the
filaments to 3.5 mm long; filament of the 5th stamen 5–18 mm long, inserted in
upper half of corolla-tube. Cleistogamous flowers occasionally present. Capsule
ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, 6–16 mm long. Seeds usually reniform or acutely
angled; testa irregularly honeycombed or wrinkled.
Widespread in W.A., southern N.T. and north-eastern S.A. A variable species, the
corolla-tube becoming progressively shorter from north-eastern to south-western part
of the range. Two subspecies distinguished but intermediates occur where
distributions overlap.
Plants sparsely pubescent near base; cauline leaves usually absent; corolla-
tube usually shorter than 35 mm 11a. subsp. rosulata
Plants usually glabrous (excluding flowers); cauline leaves usually present;
corolla-tube usually longer than 35 mm 11b. subsp. ingulba
11a. Nicotiana rosulata (S. Moore) Domin subsp. rosulata

Illustrations: K. Domin, loc. cit.; N. T. Burbidge, op. cit., fig. 11.
Leaves and lower parts of stem usually sparsely pubescent, upper parts of stem
glabrous. Leaves usually all radical. Corolla-tube typically 17–37 mm long. n=20.
Figs 18; 21D, T; 22K–L.
Widespread across central W.A., extending to north-western S.A. Grows mostly in
sandy soils, often under trees along minor water courses. Map 53.
W.A.: 5 km N of Agnew, T. E. H. Aplin 2364 (PERTH). S.A.: 25 km SW of Everard Park
Homestead, D. J. E. Whibley 1117 (AD, MEL).
53
11b. Nicotiana rosulata subsp. ingulba (J. Black) P. Horton, J. Adelaide Bot.
Gard. 3: 33 (1981)
N. ingulba J. Black, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 57: 156; t. 9, fig. 1 (1933).
T: Harper's Spring, N.T., E. Kramer s.n.; holo: AD.
Illustration: J. M. Black, loc. cit.
Leaves and stems usually glabrous. Cauline leaves usually present. Corolla-tube
typically 30–56 mm long. n=20.
Occurs in southern N.T. and central-eastern W.A. Commonly grows in sandy soil in
shelter of trees and often in hummock grassland. Map 54.
W.A.: 60 km SE of Giles Meteorological Stn, A. S. George 8773 (PERTH). N.T.: Mount Wedge
Stn, M. Lazarides 6060 (AD, BRI, CANB, NT); 42 km N of Barrow Creek, R. A. Perry 5338
(AD, BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW, NT).
Commonly used as chewing tobacco by Aborigines in central Australia.
12. Nicotiana goodspeedii H. Wheeler, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18(4): 63 (1935)
T: Fowler's Bay, S.A., 1879, Richards s.n.; holo: MEL.
Herb to 1 m, often with many stems; stems and leaves usually glabrous. Leaves
mostly radical, elliptic to spathulate, the cauline ones narrower; lamina up to 20 cm
long; petiole to 8 cm long, narrowly winged; upper leaves sessile. Inflorescence
panicle-like, usually few-branched, pubescent with glandular hairs. Calyx 4–12 mm
long. Corolla-tube 8–20 mm long, 1–3 mm wide at top of calyx, slightly narrowed at
base; limb 5–12 mm diam., the lobes obtuse or notched. Upper 4 anthers at about the
same level, their filaments to 4.5 mm long; filament of the 5th stamen 4–10 mm long,
inserted in lower half of corolla-tube. Capsule ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, 5–10 mm
long. Seeds C-shaped; testa wrinkled. n=20. Fig. 22N–O.
Widespread in southern Australia, extending from south-eastern W.A. to north-
western Vic., the Riverina area and central plains of N.S.W. Grows mostly in alkaline
soils, often in sand overlying limestone, in open, frequently disturbed areas. Map 55.
W.A.: Mundrabilla Stn, T. E. H. Aplin 1715 (PERTH). S.A.: 24 km N of Maralinga, R. A. Perry
5567 (CANB); near Morgan, R. Schodde 735 (AD, CANB). N.S.W.: 23 km NNW of Conoble
Railway Stn, J. Pickard 1931 (NSW). Vic.: 12 km N of Managatang, A. C. Beauglehole 55985 (MEL).
13. Nicotiana suaveolens Lehm., Gen. Nicot. Hist. 43 (1818)

N. undulata Vent., Jard. Malm. 1: 10; t. 10 (1803), nom. illeg., non Ruíz Lopez & Pavón (1799); N.
suaveolens var. undulata Comes, Monogr. Nicot. 40 (1899), fide H. E. Wheeler, op. cit., 59, based
on N. undulata Vent.
T: N. undulata ex Hortus Malmaison, Herbier de Ventenat, from seed from Port Jackson, N.S.W.;
holo: G n.v., photo ADW.
Bot. 16: 473 (1954).
T: Port Jackson, N.S.W., coll. unknown; n.v.
N. exigua H. Wheeler, op. cit., 64, fide P. Horton, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 34 (1981).
T: Cultivated plant 31424 P6, grown at University of California Botanic Gardens 1932 from seed
accession 1931–59, collected Dalby, Qld, J. H. McCarthy s.n.; holo: UC n.v.; iso: AD.
Herb to 1.5 m; stems and leaves glabrous or variably pubescent with non-glandular
hairs, occasionally white-woolly. Leaves usually radical and cauline, ovate or elliptic,
54
the upper ones lanceolate to linear; lamina up to 16 (occasionally to 30) cm long;

petiole to 7 (occasionally to 16) cm long, usually narrowly winged, the base
sometimes slightly stem-clasping. Inflorescence panicle-like, usually few-branched,
pubescent with glandular hairs. Calyx 6–13 (rarely to 26) mm long; intersepalar
membranes usually conspicuous. Corolla-tube 17–55 mm long, 2–6 mm wide at top of
calyx, distinctly narrowed at base; limb 14–35 mm diam., the lobes obtuse or
notched. Upper 4 anthers at about same level, their filaments to 3 mm long; filament
of 5th stamen 11–16 mm long, inserted in lower half of corolla-tube. Capsule ovoid
or ovoid-ellipsoid, 7–12 mm long. Seeds usually reniform or acutely angled; testa
irregularly honeycombed or wrinkled. n=16. Native Tobacco. Fig. 21E–F, U.
Widespread in coastal and inland areas of south-eastern N.S.W. and Vic. Grows in
sandy or stony soil on creek banks and rocky slopes; often in the understorey of
woodland or shrubland. Map 56.
N.S.W.: NW of Yenda, N. T. Burbidge 6421 (AD, BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW). Vic.: Brisbane
Ranges, 22 Oct. 1955, J. H. Willis (MEL).
A variable species with diploid and tetraploid races; possibly hybridises with N.
velutina H. Wheeler where distributions overlap.
14. Nicotiana maritima H. Wheeler, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18(4): 56 (1935)
T: Hallet's Cove, S.A., Sept. 1932, J. B. Cleland s.n.; holo: UC n.v.; iso: AD 97615147.
Herb to 1 m; leaves and stems variably pubescent with non-glandular hairs, usually
white- or grey-woolly at base of stems. Leaves mostly radical, ovate or elliptic,
petiolate, the upper cauline ones narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, usually sessile; lamina
up to 22 cm long; petiole to 9 cm long, usually broadly winged and often slightly
stem-clasping. Inflorescence panicle-like, usually few-branched, pubescent with
glandular hairs. Calyx 6–16 mm long; intersepalar membranes often conspicuous.
Corolla-tube 13–30 mm long, 2–5 mm wide at top of calyx, distinctly narrowed at
base; limb 8–24 mm diam.; lobes usually notched. Upper 4 anthers at about the same
level, their filaments to 4 mm long; filament of the 5th stamen 6–12 mm long,
inserted in lower half of corolla-tube. Capsule ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, 4–12 mm
long. Seeds mostly reniform or acutely angled; testa irregularly honeycombed or
wrinkled. n=16. Coast Tobacco. Fig. 19H.
Mainly restricted to coastal regions of Eyre Peninsula, Yorke Peninsula, Southern
Lofty and South Eastern regions of S.A. and adjacent offshore islands, but known
from early collections in western Vic. Grows mostly in sandy, gravelly or rocky soil,
often on the coast or along creek banks near the coast. Map 57.
S.A.: S of Tumby Bay, C. R. Alcock 1095 (ADW, CANB); Second Valley, D. E. Symon 10563
(ADW); Woods Well—Culburra road, L. D. Williams 578 (AD).
A variable species very similar to N. suaveolens Lehm. and N. velutina H. Wheeler;
distinguished from N. suaveolens by the pubescent stems and leaves and from N.
velutina by the reniform or acutely angled seeds.
15. Nicotiana velutina H. Wheeler, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18(4): 55 (1935)
T: Broken Hill, N.S.W., 4 Oct., 1920, A. Morris s.n.; holo: NSW.
Bot. 16: 465 (1954).
55
Herb to 1.5 m, variably pubescent with glandular and non-glandular hairs. Leaves
radical and cauline or mostly radical, usually elliptic, petiolate, the upper ones
lanceolate or linear and often sessile; lamina up to 28 cm long; petiole to 15 cm long,
usually narrowly winged, the base occasionally stem-clasping. Inflorescence panicle-
like, usually few-branched. Calyx 5–17 mm long. Corolla-tube 11–35 mm long,
1–5 mm wide at top of calyx, distinctly narrowed at base; limb 7–30 mm diam., the
lobes obtuse or notched. Upper 4 anthers at about the same level, their filaments to
3.5 mm long; filament of the 5th stamen 5–10 mm long, inserted in lower half of
corolla-tube. Capsule ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, 5–11 mm long. Seeds mostly
|C-shaped; testa usually wrinkled. n=16. Figs 19B, I, L; 21G–H; 22M.
Widespread in southern N.T., S.A., south-western and south-central Qld, central and
western N.S.W. and north-western Vic. An extremely common species which grows
in sandy soil, often in disturbed areas, frequently on sand dunes and sand banks left
by floods along inland rivers. Map 58.
N.T.: 48 km SSW of Napperby Stn, M. Lazarides 6087 (AD, CANB, MEL, NT, PERTH). S.A.:
30 km NE of Leigh Creek, R. Schodde 981 (AD, CANB). Qld.: Poeppel Corner, D. E. Boyland
276 (BRI, CANB). N.S.W.: 12 km N of Milparinka, J. Pickard 3139 (NSW). Vic.: Wyperfeld
National Park, 10 Sept. 1950, J. H. Willis (MEL).
Thought to be poisonous to stock. Very similar to N. maritima H. Wheeler and

N. suaveolens Lehm. but distinguished by the velvety pubescence and C-shaped
seeds; extends further into arid areas than these two species. May hybridise with N.
suaveolens Lehm. and N. megalosiphon Van Heurck & Muell. Arg.
16. Nicotiana rotundifolia Lindley, Bot. Reg. 24: misc. 59, no. 110 (1838)
N. suaveolens var. rotundifolia (Lindley) Comes, Monogr. Nicot. 42 (1899), fide T. H. Goodspeed,
Chron. Bot. 16: 481 (1954); N. fastigiata Nees, in Lehm., Pl. Preiss. 1: 343 (1845) nom. illeg. based
on N. rotundifolia Lindley.
T: Cultivated from seed from Swan River, W.A., R. Mangles s.n.; n.v.
N. neesii Lehm. ex Nees, in Lehm., op. cit., 344, fide N. T. Burbidge, Austral. J. Bot. 8: 370 (1960).
T: Western side of Mt Brown, York, W.A., Sept. 1839, L. Preiss 1912; ?holo: LD.
N. rotundifolia subsp. aridicola N. Burb., Austral. J. Bot. 8: 370; t. 5, fig. 2; t. 6, fig. 2; t. 17, fig. 2 (1960).
T: Pioneer Rock, N of Lake Cowan, W.A., 19 Sept. 1947, N. T. Burbidge 2668; holo: CANB.
Herb to 90 cm, variably pubescent with glandular and non-glandular hairs. Leaves
mostly or all radical (cauline leaves occasionally numerous), elliptic, petiolate, the
upper ones lanceolate to linear, almost sessile; lamina up to 12 (occasionally 25) cm
long; petiole to 7 (sometimes to 14) cm long, narrowly winged. Inflorescence panicle-
like, few-branched. Calyx 5–13 mm long, the intersepalar membranes usually
conspicuous. Corolla-tube 13–18 mm long, 1–3 mm wide at top of calyx, usually
narrowed at base; limb 5–10 (occasionally to 16) mm diam., the lobes notched. Two
of upper 4 anthers slightly above the other 2, the filaments to 1.3 mm long; filament
of the 5th stamen 4–8 mm long, inserted in lower half of corolla-tube. Cleistogamous
flowers occasionally present. Capsule ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, 4–9 mm long. Seeds
reniform or acutely angled; testa irregularly honeycombed or wrinkled. n=22.
Occurs in south-western W.A. Grows in a variety of habitats from granite outcrops to
sandy water courses, usually in shelter of boulders or trees. Map 59.
W.A.: 150 km E of Norseman, T. E. H. Aplin 1757 (ADW, PERTH); c. 65 km W of Esperance,
Hj. Eichler 20174 (AD, PERTH).
56
Sect. II. Paniculatae
Nicotiana sect. Paniculatae Goodspeed, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18: 336 (1945)
Type species: N. paniculata L.
Stout herbs or soft-wooded shrubs. Leaves petiolate. Corolla tubular or tubular-salver-
shaped, green or yellow. Stamens equal or subequal.
17. *Nicotiana glauca Graham, Bot. Mag. 55: t. 2837 (1828), and Edinb. New
Philos. J. 5: 175 (1828) (n.v.)
T: Cultivated 1828 at Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, from seed sent from Buenos Aires,
Argentina; holo: E.
Illustrations: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1082 (1957); H. E. Kleinschmidt & R. W.
Johnson, Weeds Queensland, t. xi (1977).
Erect, often spindly, tree-like shrub to 6 m; stems and leaves glabrous, new growth
and inflorescence very sparsely pubescent with non-glandular hairs. Leaves glaucous,
ovate or elliptic; lamina up to 13 (occasionally to 35) cm long; petiole to 6
(occasionally to 12) cm long, terete or narrowly winged near lamina. Inflorescence terminal,
panicle-like, short, dense. Calyx 7–17 mm long. Corolla–tube 20–40 mm
long, 3–6 mm wide at top of calyx, narrowed at base; limb 8–13 mm diam., the lobes
obtuse. Stamens almost equal in height, the filaments 19–29 mm long, all inserted in
lower half of corolla-tube. Capsule ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, rarely sub-orbicular,
7–13 mm long; pedicel curved or reflexed at time of fruiting. Seeds broadly ovoid to
reniform; testa honeycombed or wrinkled. n=12. Tree Tobacco.
Native to Argentina but naturalised in many warm-temperate regions of the world. In
Australia, widespread in southern S.A., south-eastern Qld, N.S.W. and Vic., and
around settled areas in southern W.A. and southern N.T. Grows in open and
disturbed areas. Map 60.
W.A.: 34 km S of Geraldton, T. E. H. Aplin 1490 (PERTH). S.A.: Andamooka, D. E. Symon
11448 (ADW). Qld.: 39 km S of Eulo, J. Ebersohn 259 (BRI). N.S.W.: near Milparinka,
J. Pickard 3138 (NSW). Vic.: Lake Bael Bael, H. I. Aston 545 (MEL).
Known to form hybrids with the native species N. suaveolens Lehm., N. simulans
N. Burb. and N. goodspeedii H. Wheeler. Occasionally used by Aborigines as a
narcotic.
Doubtful species
N. australis R. Br., in Comes, Monogr. Nicot. 41 (1899); the specimen cited under
this name by K. Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 592 (1929) is apparently N. velutina
H. Wheeler, fide P. Horton, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 47 (1981).
Putative hybrid
N. flindersiensis Nicholls, Victorian Nat. 53: 64 (1936).

T: Flinders Peak, You Yangs Range, Vic., ?W. H. Nicholls s.n.; holo: MELU n.v.
Possibly a hybrid between N. glauca Graham and N. suaveolens Lehm.
57
Petunia SOLANACEAE
10. PETUNIA
Petunia A. L. Juss., Ann. Mus. Paris 2: 215; t. 47 (1803); from petum, a South
American aboriginal name for tobacco.
Type species: P. parviflora A. L. Juss.
Annual or short-lived perennial herbs, pubescent with glandular hairs, viscid. Leaves
alternate or upper ones paired, simple, entire, petiolate or sessile. Flowers solitary
in leaf axils, bisexual, usually slightly zygomorphic. Calyx campanulate, deeply
5–lobed. Corolla single (to double in cultivars), funnel-shaped or salver-shaped, white,
pink or purple; limb shortly 5–lobed, the lobes induplicate in bud. Stamens 5, 4 in
two pairs, the 5th the shortest, inserted on corolla-tube; anthers bilocular, not
cohering, versatile, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary bilocular; stigma capitate.
Fruit a smooth capsule, opening from apex, enclosed by calyx. Seeds globular to
angular.
A genus of 30–40 species mostly native to mountainous areas of South America,
especially Brazil, with one species reaching North America. The genus is closely
related to Nicotiana from which it differs mainly in having solitary flowers and a
base chromosome number of n=14 (Nicotiana n=12). Two species naturalised in
Australia; a third species widely cultivated as an ornamental and occasionally
occurring as a garden escape.
D. E. Symon, The solanaceous genera, Browallia, Capsicum, Cestrum, Cyphomandra,
Hyoscyamus, Lycopersicon, Nierembergia, Physalis, Petunia, Salpichroa and
Withania, naturalised in Australia, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 133–166 (1981).
1 Leaves oblong-linear to spathulate, 5–12 mm long; corolla 5–9 mm long 2. P. parviflora
1: Leaves ovate to elliptic, 2–7 cm long; corolla mostly longer than 3 cm
2 Corolla-tube obconical, scarcely inflated; stamens inserted at middle
of corolla-tube; corolla mostly white, single 1. P. axillaris
2: Corolla-tube slightly inflated below limb; stamens inserted below
middle of corolla-tube; corolla white or variously coloured, single or
double P. ×hybrida †
† Primarily a cultivated species; see note under P. axillaris.
1. *Petunia axillaris (Lam.) Britton, Sterns & Pogg., Prelim. Cat. 38 (1888)
Nicotiana axillaris Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 7 (1794).
T: Described from Montevideo, Uruguay, Commerson s.n.; iso: ?P n.v.
Nicotiana obtusisepala Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 593; t. 36, fig. 1 (1929), fide D. E. Symon, J.
T: Hughenden, Qld, Feb. 1910, Domin s.n.; holo: PR n.v., photo ADW.
Annual or short-lived perennial herb. Stems erect or decumbent. Leaves ovate to
elliptic, the lamina 2–7 cm long; lower leaves alternate, petiolate; upper leaves
sometimes opposite, sessile or almost so, decreasing in size on flowering stems.
Pedicels 2–4 cm long. Calyx 10–20 mm long; lobes oblong. Corolla white; tube
obconical, 30–45 mm long; limb rotate to broadly stellate, 40–60 mm diam.; lobes
rounded. Stamens on filaments 10–15 mm long; anthers 2–3 mm long. Style
20–30 mm long, erect. Capsule conical, obtuse, 8–12 mm long, not or shortly
exceeded by calyx-lobes. Seeds globular or sub-angular, 0.6 mm diam., light brown.
58
46. Nicotiana benthamiana 47. Nicotiana excelsior 48. Nicotiana amplexicaulis
49. Nicotiana gossei 50. Nicotiana megalosiphon 51. Micotiana megalosiphon
subsp. megalosiphon subsp. sessifolia
52. Nicotiana simulans 53. Nicotiana rosulata 54. Nicotiana rosulata
subsp. rosulata subsp. ingulba
55. Nicotiana goodspeedii 56. Nicotiana suaveolens 57. Nicotiana maritima
58. Nicotiana velutina 59. Nicotiana rotundifolia 60. Nicotiana glauca
59
Petunia SOLANACEAE
Occasionally grown as an ornamental, but naturalised in waste ground in south-

eastern Qld and eastern N.S.W. Map 61.
Qld: Helidon, P. R. Sharpe & B. L. Lebler 2476 (BRI). N.S.W.: 30 km SE of Bonshaw, S. Jacobs
3377 (NSW).
The domesticated garden species P. ×hybrida Vilm. is derived from P. axillaris, P.

integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thellung, and complex hybrids between them. P.
×hybrida occasionally appears spontaneously and may possibly revert to P. axillaris.
2. *Petunia parviflora A. L. Juss., Ann. Mus. Paris 2: 216; t. 47, fig. 1 (1803)
T: Not Australian; ?P n.v.
Annual or possibly short-lived perennial herb. Stems prostrate or decumbent. Leaves
oblong-linear to spathulate, 5–12 mm long, sessile. Pedicels 1–2 mm long. Calyx
5–6 mm long; lobes linear-spathulate, the intersepalar membranes distinct. Corolla
funnel-shaped, slightly exceeding calyx-lobes, bluish-purple; limb shallowly lobed.
Stamens on filaments 3–4 mm long; anthers 0.5 mm long. Style 3–4 mm long, bent at
apex. Capsule 3–5 mm long, much exceeded by calyx-lobes. Seeds sub-globular,
0.5 mm diam., pale brown.
An uncommon weed recorded only from eastern N.S.W. Map 62.
N.S.W.: Boggabri district, Apr. 1948, J. O'Reilly (NSW).
11. NIEREMBERGIA
Nierembergia Ruíz Lopez & Pavón, Prodr. 23 (1794); after the naturalist Juan
Eusebio Nieremberg (1595–1658), a Spanish Jesuit and first professor of natural
history at Madrid.
Type species: N. repens Ruíz Lopez & Pavón
Perennial herbs, glabrous or pubescent with simple or glandular hairs. Leaves
alternate, rarely paired, mostly simple, entire, sessile or petiolate. Flowers solitary,
terminal or in upper leaf axils, bisexual, slightly zygomorphic. Calyx tubular to
obconical, 5–lobed. Corolla white or violet; tube slender, elongate; limb expanded,
campanulate to funnel-shaped, 5–lobed, the lobes induplicate in bud. Stamens 5,
inserted at summit of corolla-tube, 4 in pairs, the 5th shorter, exserted and
surrounding style; anthers bilocular, ventrifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary
bilocular; stigma expanded, bilobed. Fruit a smooth capsule, opening from apex, the
valves deeply bifid at dehiscence, enclosed by persistent calyx. Seeds prismatic.
A genus of c. 30 species mostly native to Argentina and adjacent countries in South
America, with one disjunct species in North America. One species commonly grown
as a garden ornamental in Australia and sparsely naturalised in N.S.W.
R. Millan, Revision de las especies del genero Nierembergia (Solanaceae), Darwinia:
487–549 (1941); D. E. Symon, The solanaceous genera, Browallia, Capsicum,
Cestrum, Cyphomandra, Hyoscyamus, Lycopersicon, Nierembergia, Physalis, Petunia,
(1981).
60
SOLANACEAE Nierembergia
*Nierembergia hippomanica Miers, London. J. Bot. 5: 168 (1846)

T: From Argentina; n.v.
Herb with almost woody rootstock and many, slender stems to 45 cm tall, pubescent
with minute simple hairs. Leaves linear, sessile, 18–25 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide.
Pedicels 2–5 mm long. Calyx obconical; tube 4–6 mm long, the veins conspicuous;
lobes narrowly triangular, 5–6 mm long. Corolla-tube 9–10 mm long, 1 mm diam.,
abruptly expanded into rotate to broadly stellate limb 15–25 mm diam., the lobes
rounded, intense violet with yellow eye. Staminal filaments 5–6 mm long, sparsely
glandular-pubescent. Stigma umbrella-like over anthers. Capsule elliptic, 3–4 mm long.
Seeds c. 1 mm long, dark brown to black. Fig. 23B–D.
Very infrequent weed of waste ground, recorded only from scattered localities in
north-eastern N.S.W. Map 63.
N.S.W.: near Wellington, D. F. Blaxell 691 (NSW).
A variable species with c. 12 varieties. Australian material appears closest to N.
hippomanica var. caerulea (Miers) Millan, although some material has previously
been identified as N. hippomanica var. violacea Millan. Suspected of being toxic to
horses and poultry.
Trib. IV. SALPIGLOSSIDEAE
Trib. Salpiglossideae Benth., Scroph. Ind. 2 (1935)

Type genus: Salpiglossis Ruíz Lopez & Pavón
Mainly herbs, rarely shrubs. Pedicels not articulate. Corolla infundibular, bilabiate,
zygomorphic; aestivation imbricate, rarely valvate. Stamens 4 (rarely 2), if
androecium tetramerous then usually didynamous; upper stamens may vary in size or
have unequal thecae (many complex modifications of stamens, staminodes and
stigmas), if androecium dimerous then 3 staminodes present. Fruit a capsule. Seeds
prismatic; embryo straight, erect or slightly bent.
A tribe of about 7 genera in South America. One genus introduced into Australia.
12. BROWALLIA
Browallia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 631 (1753), & Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 278 (1754); after John
Browal (1707–1755), Bishop of Abo, Sweden, who was a magistrate, botanical writer
and a friend of Linnaeus.
Type species: B. americana L.
Erect, branching herbs to 1 m, glabrous or pubescent with simple and glandular hairs.
Leaves usually alternate, sometimes paired, simple, entire, petiolate. Flowers solitary,
axillary, bisexual, zygomorphic. Calyx tubular, 4–5–lobed, the lobes triangular to
|oblong. Corolla salver-shaped, white or blue; tube swollen at apex but contracted at
mouth; limb 4–5–lobed, the lobes induplicate in bud. Stamens usually 4, inserted in
upper part of corolla-tube, paired, a staminode or 5th stamen sometimes present;
anthers
61
Browallia SOLANACEAE
anthers bilocular, not cohering, basifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary

bilocular; stigma expanded. Fruit a capsule, opening from apex, enclosed by calyx.
Seeds prismatic.
A genus of two species, native to Central America and tropical South America, but
widely grown in other parts of the world as ornamentals. One species naturalised in
Australia.
W. G. D'Arcy, Flora of Panama, pt IX, Solanaceae, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60:
576–582 (1973); D. E. Symon, The solanaceous genera, Browallia, Capsicum,
Cestrum, Cyphomandra, Hyoscyamus, Lycopersicon, Nierembergia, Physalis, Petunia,
(1981).
*Browallia americana L., Sp. Pl. 2: 631 (1753)

T: Described from cultivated material grown from seed collected in Panama; BM n.v., fide
W. G. D'Arcy, Ann. Misouri Bot. Gard. 60: 578 (1973).
Erect herb, sparsely to densely pubescent. Leaves ovate; lamina up to 7 cm long,
5 cm wide; petiole 5–10 mm long. Flowers in upper axils; pedicels 2–5 mm long.
Calyx 10–12 mm long, sometimes smaller, strongly angled; lobes 1.5–4 mm long.
Corolla white or shades of purple-blue, often with contrasting centre; tube 15–20 mm
long, swollen on one side in region of anthers; limb 10–15 mm diam., the lobes
shallow. Upper pair of stamens attached to rim of corolla-tube and incurved over
mouth, short, broad; lower pair attached in tube, longer, slender, the apices inverted.
Stigma elaborately expanded, flattened between the two pairs of anthers. Capsule
erect, 5–6 mm long. Seeds 0.75–1 mm long, dark brown.
Known only from Dayborough, Qld. First recorded as naturalised in Australia as B.
demissa L. by C. T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 47: 73 (1936), when
described as a weed hard to eradicate. No subsequent collections made.
Qld: Dayborough, H. Mead (BRI 232459).
Subfam. II. SOLANOIDEAE
Solanaceae subfamily Solanoideae

Type genus: Solanum L.
Seeds discoidal or more or less kidney-shaped, flat, compressed; embryo linear,
strongly curved or circinnate; cotyledons imcumbent, rarely oblique; endosperm
various.
The larger of the two subfamilies in the Solanaceae with over 50 genera, 11
represented in Australia, in the tribes Lycieae, Jaboroseae, Solaneae, Nicandreae,
Datureae and Hyoscyameae.
62
SOLANACEAE Lycieae
Trib. V. LYCIEAE
Trib. Lycieae Hunz., Kurtziana 8: 28 (1977).

Type genus: Lycium L.
Mostly shrubs, sometimes halophytic. Corolla infundibular, actinomorphic; aestivation
imbricate, cochlear or quincuncial. Stamens 5, all fertile; filaments inserted on back of
anthers; anther thecae separated from each other for the lower third or more,
dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Gynoecium bilocular. Fruit a berry or drupe. Embryo
strongly curved or spiral; cotyledons incumbent.
A small tribe of three genera, mainly South American; only Lycium has species in
the Old World. One genus in Australia, with one indigenous and three naturalised
species.
13. LYCIUM
Lycium L., Sp. Pl. 1: 191 (1753), & Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 88 (1754); from the Greek
lykion, the name of a thorny shrub believed to be a native of Lycia.
Type species: L. afrum L.
Shrubs, often spiny, usually glabrous. Leaves alternate or clustered, simple, entire,
shortly petiolate. Flowers solitary or in small groups at nodes, bisexual, actino–
morphic. Calyx tubular to campanulate, unevenly 4–5–lobed, sometimes 2–lipped.
Corolla funnel-shaped, creamy white to lilac, soon turning brown; limb 4–5–lobed, the
lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens usually 5, unequal, inserted towards base of
corolla-tube; anthers bilocular, not cohering, dorsifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits.
Ovary bilocular; stigma capitate. Fruit a succulent berry, partially enclosed by calyx.
Seeds asymmetrically D-shaped.
A genus of c. 100 species, in temperate America, southern Africa, Eurasia and the
Pacific. One endemic and three naturalised species in Australia.
L. Haegi, Taxonomic account of Lycium (Solanaceae) in Australia, Austral. J. Bot.
24: 669–679 (1976).
1 Corolla 15–20 mm long; leaves at least 5 times as long as broad 4. L. afrum

1: Corolla 8–12 mm long; leaves usually less than 5 times as long as broad
2 Corolla lobes about a quarter of corolla length; stamens included or
scarcely exserted; fresh leaves thick, fleshy, usually 1.5–5 mm wide 1. L. australe
2: Corolla lobes a third to half of corolla length; stamens much
exserted; fresh leaves slightly fleshy, some more than 5 mm wide
3 Lateral branches mostly longer than 10 mm, leafy, ending in a
spine; leaves mostly obovate; berry more or less globose 2. L. ferocissimum
3: Lateral branches mostly 2–10 mm long, leafless, ending in a
spine, or spines absent; leaves mostly ovate; berry more or less
ellipsoid 3. L. barbarum
63
Lycium SOLANACEAE
1. Lycium australe F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 83 (1859)

T: Murray Scrub, Mueller; lecto: MEL 501790, fide L. Haegi, Austral. J. Bot. 24: 671 (1976);
Murray Scrub, Behr, and Murray, Mueller; syn: MEL 501792 (mixed sheet); Murray, Behr, and
Victoria, Mueller; syn: K (mixed sheet) n.v., photo ADW.
Illustrations: B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 597 (1975);
L. Haegi, op. cit., fig. 2A–D.
Intricately branched shrub to 2.5 m with rigid branches; lateral branches leafy, often
ending in a spine. Leaves usually clustered, narrowly obovoid to ellipsoid, to 25 mm
long, thick and fleshy, greyish-green. Pedicels 2–5 mm long, sometimes longer. Calyx
tubular to ellipsoid, 1.5–5 mm long. Corolla 8–12 mm long, creamy white, lilac
towards limb; limb spreading. Stamens 4 or 5, included or scarcely exserted. Pistil
5–8 mm long. Fruiting calyx not deeply split. Berry ovoid to ellipsoid, 2–5 mm diam.,
|dull orange-red, with 5–20 seeds. Seeds 1.5–2 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, dull yellow.
Australian Boxthorn. Fig. 23E–F.
Endemic to the Australian mainland, in arid and semi-arid areas of N.S.W., Vic., S.A.
and W.A. Grows in subsaline soil at edges of salt lakes and claypans. Map 64.
W.A.: 447 mile peg, Great Northern Highway, A. S. George 3640 (PERTH). S.A.: c. 15 km E of
Port Augusta, D. E. Symon 497 (ADW). N.S.W.: Kudgee Lake, 21 July 1955, E. F. Constable
(NSW). Vic.: Hattah Lakes National Park, 29 Aug. 1969, G. W. Anderson (MEL).
In W.A. the plants are often more robust, with slightly larger leaves, flowers and
fruits which approach L. afrum L. in size. The fruits are edible.
2. *Lycium ferocissimum Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 14: 187 (1854)
T: 'C.B.S.—v.s. in herb Hook. Uitenhag (Harvey, n. 105)'; holo: K n.v., photo ADW.
L. macrocalyx Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 590 (1929).
T: Near Jericho, Qld, Mar. 1910, Domin 8317; lecto: PR, fide L. Haegi, Austral. J. Bot. 24: 674
(1976); syn: PR.
[L. europaeum auct. non L.; F.M. Bailey, Queensland Fl. 4: 1094 (1901)]
Illustrations: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1080 (1957); N. T. Burbidge & M. Gray,
Fl. Austral. Cap. Terr. fig. 324 (1970); B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral.
Wildfl. 4: 598 (1975); L. Haegi, op. cit., fig. 2E–H.
An intricately branched shrub to 4 m with long, rigid branches; lateral branches leafy,
ending in a stout spine. Leaves usually clustered, obovate to elliptic, to 40 mm long,
slightly fleshy when fresh, green. Pedicels 5–16 mm long. Calyx more or less tubular,
4–7 mm long. Corolla 10–12 mm long, pale lilac or white towards limb, the lobes
lilac in centre; limb strongly reflexed. Stamens 5, exserted for 2–4 mm. Pistil
c. 10 mm long. Fruiting calyx split irregularly once or twice. Berry globose to broadly
ovoid, 5–10 mm diam., dull orange-red, with 35–70 seeds. Seeds 2.5 mm long,
1.5 mm wide, dull yellow. African Boxthorn. Figs 23 I; 48.
Native to southern coastal region of South Africa. Introduced to Australia as a hedge
plant in late 19th century, now naturalised in all States and widespread in south-
eastern Australia; also on Lord Howe Is. A common weed in urban waste ground and
agricultural and pastoral areas. In drier regions usually occurs near permanent or
seasonal water supplies. Map 65.
W.A.: Forrest aerodrome, T. E. H. Aplin 1709 (PERTH). S.A.: Mannum, L. Haegi 599 (ADW).
Qld: Dalby, Dec. 1926, W. J. Winchester (BRI). N.S.W.: near Nowra, 18 Dec. 1944, M. Tindale
(NSW). Vic.: Brighton, 26 Dec. 1953, J. H. Willis (MEL).
Declared a noxious weed in most States.
64
Figure 23. A, Salpichroa origanifolia (D. E. Symon 11027, ADW), ×0.5. B–D,
Nierembergia hippomanica; (B–C, Cult. Adelaide, S.A., D. E. Symon, ADW; D,
Delungra, N.S.W., D. S. Lloyd, NSW); B ×0.5, C ×1.2, D ×1. E–F, Lycium australe
(Port Augusta, S.A., D. E. Symon, ADW); E ×0.5, F ×1.2. G–H, Lycium barbarum
(D. E. Symon 10567, ADW); G ×0.5, H ×1.5. I, Lycium ferocissimum (R. W. Purdie
2002, CANB), ×1.5.
65
Lycium SOLANACEAE
3. *Lycium barbarum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 192 (1753)

T: 'Habitat in Asia, Africa ?'; holo.: LINN n.v., photo AD, fide N. Feinbrun & W. T. Stearn, Israel
J. Bot. 12: 116 (1963).
[L. chinense auct. non Miller; G. Bentham, Fl. Austral. 4: 467 (1869)]
Illustration: L. Haegi, op. cit., 24: fig. 2 I–L.
Shrub to 2.5 m with weak, arching branches; lateral branches often few, reduced to
short, leafless spines. Leaves ovate to elliptic, scarcely fleshy when fresh, green;
clustered leaves to 25 mm long, single alternate leaves to 55 mm long, persistent,
usually acute. Pedicels 6–15 mm long. Calyx campanulate to broadly ellipsoid,
3–4 mm long, sometimes 2–lipped. Corolla 10–12 mm long, pale mauve towards limb,
the lobes deep mauve above; limb strongly reflexed. Stamens 5, exserted for 3–8 mm.
Pistil 8–11.5 mm long. Fruiting calyx split deeply once or twice. Berry ellipsoid,
3–4 mm diam., red, with c. 20 seeds. Seeds 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, yellowish.
Chinese Boxthorn. Fig. 23G–H.
Native to central China; introduced to Australia as a garden plant, possibly from
Europe, and established in a few areas in coastal and near-coastal south-eastern Qld,
N.S.W., Vic., eastern Tas. and south-eastern S.A. Map 66.
S.A.: Near Aldinga, D. E. Symon 10567 (AD, ADW). Qld: Brisbane, C. T. White 10227 (BRI).
N.S.W.: Leumeah, E. McBarron 122001 (NSW). Vic.: Sale, 5 Mar. 1978, E. Lyndon (MEL).
Difficult to distinguish from L. ferocissimum at flowering stage, but may be

recognised by the shorter, leafless spines, and the persistent, ovate, acute leaves at the
base of the leaf clusters.
4. *Lycium afrum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 191 (1753)

T: 'Habitat in Africa'; holo.: BM n.v., fide N. Feinbrun & W. T. Stearn, Israel J. Bot. 12: 119
(1963).
Illustration: L. Haegi, op. cit., 24: fig. 2M–P.
Shrub to 2 m with rigid branches; lateral branches leafy, ending in a stout spine.
Leaves usually clustered, very narrowly obovate to linear, to 24 mm long, slightly
fleshy when fresh, green. Pedicels 5–8 mm long. Calyx campanulate, 4–5 mm long.
Corolla 17–22 mm long, purplish to purplish-brown. Stamens 5, included. Pistil
c. 12 mm long. Fruiting calyx split into two major lobes, one 3–toothed, the other
2–toothed. Berry globose to subglobose, c. 10 mm diam., purplish, with c. 20 seeds.
Seeds 3 mm diam., dull yellow-brown. Kaffir Boxthorn.
Native to southern Africa. In Australian an uncommon hedge plant, established in a
few areas in southern Vic. Map 67.
Vic.: Sorrento, Nov. 1940, P. F. Morris (MEL).
Trib. VI. JABOROSEAE
Trib. Jaboroseae Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, 3: 178 (1849).
Type genus: Jaborosa A. L. Juss.
Herbs or shrubs, sometimes trailing. Aestivation valvate, induplicate, plicate or
conduplicate but not overlapping. Stamens 5, all fertile; filaments generally inserted
near centre of anthers on dorsal face. Embryo strongly curved.
66
SOLANACEAE Jaboroscae
A tribe of four genera, three occurring in South America and a monotypic genus in
Mexico; one genus naturalised in Australia.
14. SALPICHROA
Salpichroa Miers, London J. Bot. 4: 321 (1845); from the Greek salpinx (trumpet or
tube) and khroia (skin or complexion), in reference to the form and texture of the
flower.
Type species: S. glandulosa (Hook.) Miers; Atropa glandulosa Hook.
Scrambling or climbing perennial herbs, glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs.
Leaves alternate, 1 or 2 per node (but not opposite) simple, entire, petiolate. Flowers
solitary in leaf axils, bisexual, regular. Calyx deeply 5–lobed. Corolla urn-shaped,
white or yellow; limb 5–lobed, the lobes reflexed, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, equal in
height, inserted on corolla-tube; anthers bilocular, not cohering, dorsifixed, dehiscing
by longitudinal slits. Ovary bilocular, an annular disc prominent at base; stigma
capitate. Fruit a berry. Seeds disc-shaped.
A genus of 20–25 species native to South America. One species originally cultivated
and now naturalised in southern Australia.
*Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baillon, Hist. Pl. 9: 288 (1888)

Physalis origanifolia Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 28 (1794).
T: Not Australian; n.v.
S. rhomboidea (Hook.) Miers, London. J. Bot. 4: 326 (1845); Atropa rhomboidea Hook., Bot. Misc.
1: 135; t. 37 (1829).
Illustrations: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1076 (1957); W. T. Parsons, Noxious
Weeds Victoria, fig. 248 (1973); B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4:
602 (1975).
Scrambling herb with stout rootstock and rhizome, sparsely to densely pubescent
throughout. Older stems quadrangular. Leaves often 2 per node, unequal in size,
ovate to ovate-rhomboid, the lamina usually about 15 mm long, 10 mm wide, but
often larger; petiole 5–30 mm long. Flowers pendulous; pedicels usually 7–10 mm
long. Calyx campanulate, 2–4 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular, 1–2.5 mm long.
Corolla 6–8 mm long, white or cream; lobes triangular, 1.5–2 mm long. Disc annular,
fleshy. Berry obtusely conical, 13–18 mm long, 7–8 mm wide, white to pale yellow,
translucent. Seeds 1.5–2 mm diam., narrowly winged, pale yellow. Pampas Lily of the
valley. Fig. 23A.
Probably native to temperate South America but naturalised in North America,
Europe, Africa and Australia. Widespread in south-eastern Australia; occurs in all
States but not N.T. Common in waste places, predominantly in urban areas. Map
68.
W.A.: Perth, 28 Mar. 1969, J. H. Paterson (PERTH). S.A.: Adelaide, D. E. Symon 11027
(ADW). A.C.T.: Canberra, E. D'Arnay 743 (BRI, CANB, NSW). Vic.: Melbourne, T. B. Muir
5496 (MEL). Tas.: Burnie, 29 Oct. 1951, A. H.Woodforde (HO).
67
Salpichroa SOLANACEAE
A declared noxious weed in Vic., Tas., and S.A.; often difficult to eradicate because
of extensive root system.
Trib. VII. SOLANEAE
Type genus: Solanum L.

Herbs, shrubs, rarely small trees. Pedicels articulate. Corolla rotate, actinomorphic,
rarely sub-zygomorphic; aestivation valvate, induplicate or plicate, never conduplicate
contorted. Stamens 5; filaments attached to base of corolla-tube and inserted at base
of anthers, shorter than the anthers; anthers dehiscent mostly by apical pores, rarely
by short longitudinal slits; thecae adnate from base to apex. Ovary bilocular; disc
absent. Fruit a berry, rarely sub-capsular or indehiscent; stone-cells present or absent;
embryo strongly curved.
The largest tribe in the family with 18 genera and over 1200 species, best developed
in South America but some genera very widespread. Represented in Australia by 6
genera including Solanum, which contains more than half the family's species here.
Four genera naturalised in Australia.
15. CYPHOMANDRA
Cyphomandra C. Martius ex Sendtner, Flora 28: 162 (1845); from the Greek kyphos (curve)
and andra (masculine) in reference to the hump-shaped anthers.
Type species: not designated.
Trees, shrubs, or (not in Australia) vines, pubescent with dendritic or simple and
glandular hairs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, entire or lobed, petiolate.
Inflorescence raceme- or cyme-like, axillary or in branch forks. Flowers bisexual,
actinomorphic. Calyx campanulate, 5–lobed. Corolla stellate, pink to purple;
limb mostly deeply lobed, the lobes valvate in bud. Stamens equal in height, inserted
near base of corolla-tube; filaments free or connate, produced into elaborate
connectives at back of anthers; anthers bilocular, dehiscing by apical pores sometimes
extending to longitudinal slits. Ovary bilocular; stigma terminal. Fruit a berry. Seeds
flattened.
A genus of c. 40 species largely confined to tropical mountainous regions of South
America but also in Central America. Fruits of several species edible. One species
naturalised in Australia. The genus is not clearly distinguished from Solanum and
needs revision.
*Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtner, Flora 28: 172; t. 4, figs. 1–6 (1845)
Solanum betaceum Cav., Icon. 6: 15; t. 524 (1800).
T: Not Australian; ?MA n.v.
Small, malodorous tree, pubescent with simple glandular hairs. Leaves ovate, cordate
at base with the lobes overlapping; lamina of the lower and juvenile ones to 35 cm
long, 30 cm wide, others commonly c. 15 cm long, 12 cm wide, entire; petiole
68
SOLANACEAE Cyphomandra
5–15 cm long. Inflorescence pendulous, cyme-like; pedicels 10–20 mm long. Calyx

c. 5 mm long, the lobes broad, rounded. Corolla c. 20 mm diam., pink, fleshy,
scented. Filaments c. 2 mm long; anthers 4–5 mm long, the connective broad and
thick. Ovary bluntly conical; style 5–6 mm long, stout. Berry ovoid, 5–7 cm long,
dark red, dull. Seeds disc-shaped, 3.5–4 mm diam. with wing 0.25 mm wide, pale
reddish-brown. Tree Tomato, Tamarillo.
Native to South America. Infrequent escape from cultivation in subtropical areas of
eastern Qld and north-eastern N.S.W., found in rainforest. Map 69.
Qld: Bunya Mtns, S. T. Blake 19692 (BRI); near Atherton, V. K. Moriarty 1105 (CANB).
N.S.W.: near Springwood, L. Johnson 8350 (NSW).
Cultivated for its edible fruit in many parts of tropical America, Asia, New Zealand,
the Pacific region and Australia. Garden-grown in all Australian States with
commercial plantings in subtropical areas. Cultivation discussed by J. McD. Slack,
Growing tamarillos (Cyphomandra betacea), Agric. Gaz. New South Wales 86: 2–4
(1976).
16. SOLANUM
Solanum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 184 (1753), & Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 85 (1754); from the Latin
solamen(solace or comfort), possibly alluding to the reputed narcotic properties of
the type species.
Type species: S. nigrum L.
Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees, sometimes trailing or climbing,
many species spreading by means of suckers and thus forming colonies (clonal),
pubescent with glandular or simple or stellate non-glandular hairs, rarely glabrous;
prickles present or absent. Leaves usually alternate, sometimes paired, simple or
pinnate, entire or lobed, petiolate. Inflorescence cyme-like, often scorpioid or
becoming raceme-like, sub-umbellate or panicle-like, terminal, lateral, axillary, extra-
axillary or leaf-opposed. Flowers usually bisexual, rarely male or female,
actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic. Calyx campanulate, rotate or cup-shaped,
usually 5 (rarely 4–10)–lobed, sometimes enlarged in fruit. Corolla stellate and deeply
incised to rotate, rarely campanulate, purple or blue, less often white or yellow,
usually 5 (rarely 4–10)–lobed, the lobes folded in bud. Stamens 5, usually equal,
inserted in throat of corolla; anthers bilocular, basifixed, cohering and cone-like
around style or not cohering, dehiscing by terminal pores or slits, rarely by
longitudinal slits. Ovary 2 (occasionally 3–4)–locular. Stigma terminal, capitate or
bifid. Fruit a succulent, papery or bony berry, rarely sub-capsular, sometimes enclosed
by inflated calyx. Seeds orbicular to sub-reniform.
A cosmopolitan genus of c. 1500 species, chiefly in tropical and sub-tropical Central
and South America with secondary centres of speciation in Australia and Africa.
In Australia 117 species of which 94 are native and 87 endemic. Occurs in all except
saline, alpine and aquatic habitats. Many species are weedy, some common after fire.
The highest numbers of species occur in the tropics, but many of these are not well
collected and hence are poorly known; their juvenile and mature plants are often
morphologically very different. Many species occur in arid or semi-arid areas, often
widespread, some with relict distributions. Dioecious species are confined mainly to
tropical W.A. and N.T. Most species have a chromosome number of n=12, some
n=23; a few tetraploids and hexaploids occur.
69
Solanum SOLANACEAE
The family contains the important food plants S. tuberosum L. (potato) and S.
melongena L. (eggplant, aubergine, brinjal). Several species contain steroidal alkaloids
and are poisonous or suspected of being toxic. A few, including two Australian
species, S. aviculare G. Forster and S. laciniatum Aiton, are cultivated overseas for
solasodine as a source of corticosteroid drugs. Several species are cultivated for
decorative flowers and foliage.
Mature plants of many species show great variation, especially in leaf morphology,
distribution of prickles and to a less extent indumentum. Juvenile leaves often differ
from adult leaves. In the key below, leaf characters are derived mostly from the adult
stage. Ripe fruit are needed for the determination of some species.
R. Brown, Solanum, Prodr. 444–447 (1810); F. Dunal, Solanum, in A. P.
de Candolle, Prodr. 13(1): 27–387 (1852); G. Bentham, Solanum, Fl. Austral. 4:
442–465 (1868); K. Domin, CLV. Solanum, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 572–589 (1928–29);
G. T. S.Baylis, A cytogenetical study of the Solanum aviculare species complex,
Austral. J. Bot. 11: 168–177 (1963); R. J. F. Henderson, Solanum nigrum L.
(Solanaceae) and related species in Australia, Contr. Queensland Herb. 16: 1–78
(1974); D. E. Symon, The genus Solanum in Australia, in J. G. Hawkes, R. N.
Lester & A. D. Skelding (eds), The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae, Linn.
Soc. Symp. Ser. 7: 125–130 (1979); N. Peterson, Aboriginal uses of Australian
Solanaceae, in J. G. Hawkes et al., op. cit. 171–190; D. E. Symon, A revision of
the genus Solanum in Australia, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 1–367 (1981).
KEY TO GROUPS
These groups are artificial and are used for convenience in the key. They have no
taxonomic significance.
1 Inflorescence branched; flowers usually more than 20 GROUP I (page 74)
1: Inflorescence simple or once-forked; flowers usually 1–20
2 Stellate hairs absent; prickles absent or rare
3 Climbing or scrambling perennials GROUP II (page 75)
3: Annuals, herbaceous perennials or shrubs, not climbing GROUP III (page 76)
2: Stellate hairs and/or prickles present
4 Climbing, woody perennials; hairs simple; flowers 3–5 cm diam.,
rotate S. wendlandii †
4: Woody perennials or herbs, not climbing; hairs various, present at
least on shoots and/or inflorescence; flowers various
5 Hairs predominantly simple or glandular GROUP IV (page 78)
5: Hairs predominantly stellate
6 Prickles absent or rare GROUP V (page 79)
6: Prickles present on stems, leaves, petioles and/or inflorescence
7 Flowers all male; fruits never present GROUP VI (page 83)
7: At least basal flower bisexual; fruits, when present, one to
several on each peduncle
70
Figure 24. Solanum leaves. A, S. elachophyllum (Story & Yapp 174, CANB). B, S.
nummularium (D. E. Symon 9910, CANB). C, S. gilesii (P. Latz 4035, CANB). D, S.
oligacanthum (Cult. Adelaide ex D. E. Symon 9910, CANB). E, S. oldfieldii (D. E.
Symon 4540, CANB). F, S. plicatile (D. E. Symon 5475, CANB). G, S. orbiculatum
subsp. orbiculatum (D. E. Symon 5473, CANB). H, S. orbiculatum subsp. macrophyllum
(R. Carolin 6122, ADW). I, S. ferocissimum (Cult. Canberra ex Cocopara, N.S.W.,
G. Butler 869, CBG). J, S. mauritianum (L. J. Webb 2000, CANB). K, S. dallachii,
juvenile leaf (Curtain Fig Site, Qld, G. Tracey, CANB). L, S. dallachii, mature leaf
(B. Hyland 7367, CANB). P, R ×0.25, all others ×0.5.
71
Figure 25. Solanum leaves. A, S. parvifolium (Cult. Canberra ex H. Streimann 721,
CBG). B, S. gabrielae (D. E. Symon 5401, CANB). C–D, S. densevestitum
(R. Henderson 2165, CANB); D–leaf margin. E–F, S. pungetium (Buchan, Vic., Shepherd
& C. Totterdell, CANB); F–stem. G, S.oedipus (Cult. Adelaide ex W.A., D. E. Symon,
CANB). H, S. hystrix (C. R. Alcock 2660, CANB). I, S. lucani (D. E. Symon 5216,
CANB). J, S. melanospermum (D. E. Symon 5064, CANB). K–M, S. chenopodinum
(R. Perry 5420, CANB); L–lower leaf-surface; M–upper leaf-surface. J ×0.25, all others
×0.5.
72
Figure 26. Solanum leaves. A–B, S. capsicoides (V. K. Moriarty 1585, CANB);
B–indumentum of leaf. C–D, S. diversiflorum (D. E. Symon 5370, CANB); D–prickle of
stem. E, S. rostratum (C. R. Alcock 2609, CANB). F, S. simile, juvenile leaf (A. E.
Orchard 4240, CANB). G–H, S. vescum; G–juvenile leaf, H–mature leaf (Shepherd,
M. Gray & C. Totterdell 5626, CANB). I, S. semiarmatum (M.D. Crisp 3048, CBG). J,
S. triflorum (R. W. Purdie 2003, CBG). K, S. seaforthianum (W.A., Thistle Stead
CANB). L, S. lacunarium (D. E. Symon 6744, CANB). All ×0.5.
73
Solanum SOLANACEAE
8 Fruiting calyx surrounding or enclosing at least three-

quarters of berry (berry sometimes visible between calyx
lobes or splits in calyx-tube) GROUP VII (page 84)
8: Fruiting calyx not enclosing berry GROUP VIII (page 87)
GROUP I
1 Plants glabrous or with simple or branched but not stellate hairs

2 Herbs or tuber-bearing herbaceous perennials usually less than 1 m
tall, sometimes woody at base
3 Leaves 3–9 cm long, entire or almost so; corolla stellate; berry
black (Vic., Tas.) 3. S. furcatum
3: Leaves 10–20 cm long, deeply 5–9–lobed; corolla pentagonal-
rotate; berry green S. tuberosum †
2: Perennial shrubs or woody climbers with branches to several metres
long
4 Prickles present on stems and lower surface of leaves, sometimes
few
5 Perennial climber; leaves simple or pinnate; prickles hooked,
scattered on midrib or stem S. wendlandii †
5: Clonal shrub; leaves lobed, angular; prickles straight, abundant
on stems and calyx, scattered or absent elsewhere 108. S. oedipus
4: Prickles absent
6 Leaves usually more than 10 cm long, simple or pinnate;
flowers all male; corolla rotate, 3–5 cm diam. S. wendlandii †
6: Leaves usually less than 10 cm long, simple or lobed; flowers all
bisexual; corolla stellate, 1–3 cm diam.
7 Leaves usually 3–9–lobed; berry 10–12 mm diam.; Seeds
reddish-brown, shaggy-haired 14. S. seaforthianum
7: Leaves entire, or some with 1–5 basal lobes or leaflets; berry
5–10 mm diam.; Seeds not reddish-brown, not hairy
8 Corolla purplish-blue, 10–12 mm diam.; berry bright red
(Tas.) 10. S. dulcamara
8: Corolla white or pale blue, c. 20 mm diam.; berry dark blue
or black (Qld, N.S.W.) 13. S. jasminoides
1: Plants with stellate hairs at least on young shoots and/or
inflorescences
9 Prickles absent
10 Leaves glabrous on both surfaces or nearly so
11 Inflorescence compact; pedicels 5–8 mm long; mature berry
orange-brown 32. S. dunalianum
11: Inflorescence lax; pedicels 10–15 mm long; mature berry red 34. S. viride
10: Leaves densely pubescent at least on lower surface
12 Clonal shrub; flowers all male; corolla 25–30 mm diam. 115. S. asymmetriphyllum
12: Shrubs or small trees; flowers all bisexual; corolla 10–15 mm
diam.
74
SOLANACEAE Solanum
13 Leafy pseudo-stipules present at base of petiole; corolla violet 23. S. mauritianum

13: Leafy pseudo-stipules not present at base of petiole; corolla
white 22. S. erianthum
9: Prickles present
14 Berries usually numerous, erect, 6–10 mm diam.; flowers all
bisexual
15 Leaves discolorous; inflorescence several-branched; flowers
numerous (c. 100), nodding S. giganteum †
15: Leaves concolorous; inflorescence 2–branched; flowers 15–20,
erect (Qld) 32. S. dunalianum
14: Berries (if present) one to many, inclined or pendent, 8–30 mm
diam.; flowers all bisexual, bisexual and male, or all male
16 Corolla stellate, white; berry yellow
17 Mature leaves with up to 7 broadly angular lobes, discolorous;
stems green; corolla 25 mm diam. 31. S. torvum
17: Mature leaves with 7–13 triangular or lanceolate lobes,
concolorous; stems often rusty; corolla 30–45 mm diam. 30. S. hispidum
16: Corolla stellate or rotate, purple; berry red, green, or black,
occasionally yellow
18 Leaves sparsely pubescent to almost glabrous on both surfaces
19 Flowers all bisexual, 15–18 mm diam.; berries red when
mature, not enclosed by calyx-lobes (Qld) 34. S. viride
19: Basal flower bisexual, 45–55 mm diam.; upper flowers male,
35–40 mm diam.; berry green when mature, partly enclosed
by calyx-lobes (W.A.) 108. S. oedipus
18: Leaves densely pubescent on lower surface
20 Leaves entire, the upper surface densely pubescent (W.A.) 100. S. beaugleholei
20: Leaves entire or lobed, the upper surface sparsely pubescent
21 Flowers all bisexual; corolla 10–20 mm diam. (Qld,
N.S.W.) 35. S. semiarmatum
21: Flowers all male; corolla 25–30 mm diam. (N.T.) 115. S. asymmetriphyllum
GROUP II
1 Leaves usually more than 10 cm long; flowers all male; corolla

rotate, 3–5 cm diam. S. wendlandii †
1: Leaves usually less than 10 cm long; flowers all bisexual; corolla
stellate, 1–3 cm diam.
2 Leaves usually 3–9–lobed; berry 10–12 mm diam.; Seeds shaggy-
haired (Qld, N.S.W.) 14. S. seaforthianum
2: Leaves entire, or some with 1–5 basal lobes or leaflets; berry
5–10 mm diam.; Seeds not hairy
3 Corolla purplish-blue, 10–12 mm diam.; berry bright red (Tas.) 10. S. dulcamara
3: Corolla white or pale blue, c. 20 mm diam.; berry dark blue or
black (Qld, N.S.W.) 13. S. jasminoides
75
Solanum SOLANACEAE
GROUP III
1 Tuber-bearing stolons present S. tuberosum †

1: Tuber-bearing stolons absent
2 Corolla purple, rotate or rotate-stellate, 20–50 mm diam.; berry
15–30 mm long
3 Inflorescence a sub-umbellate cluster; berry heart-shaped,
25–28 mm diam. S. rantonnei †
3: Inflorescence usually cymose; berry not heart-shaped, to 25 mm
diam.
4 Leaves mostly entire
5 Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic; length :
width usually over 10:1
6 Petioles 5–10 mm long, not decurrent along stem; corolla
20–30 mm diam.; berry conical, less than 10 mm wide 21. S. capsiciforme
6: Petioles less than 5 mm long and slightly decurrent along
stem, or absent; corolla 25–45 mm diam.; berry globular to
ovoid, 15–25 mm diam.
7 Fruiting pedicels mostly less than 3 cm long; berry
15–20 mm diam., ochre-yellow with purple markings 17. S. linearifolium
7: Fruiting pedicels mostly 3–5 cm long; berry 20–25 mm
diam., greenish-ivory 18. S. vescum
5: Leaves lanceolate or elliptic; length : width usually less than
10:1
8 Corolla 20–30 mm diam.; berry globular 19. S. simile
8: Corolla 30–50 mm diam.; berry ellipsoid, ovoid or obovoid
9 Berry green or tinged with purple 20. S. symonii
9: Berry yellow, orange or red
10 Corolla-lobes acute; berry orange-red to scarlet; stone-cell
granules inconspicuous in pressed fruit 15. S. aviculare
10: Corolla-lobes notched; berry orange-yellow; stone-cell
granules giving pressed fruit a coarse, warted appearance 16. S. laciniatum
4: Leaves mostly lobed or undulate
11 Leaves undulate to shallowly lobed; lobes bluntly triangular
12 Berry conical, less than 10 mm wide 21. S. capsiciforme
12: Berry globular, ellipsoid or obovoid, 10–20 mm diam.
13 Leaves lobed only at base; corolla 20–30 mm diam.; berry
globular 19. S. simile
13: Leaves lobed throughout their length; corolla 30–40 mm
diam.; berry ellipsoid or obovoid 20. S. symonii
11: Leaves deeply lobed, often cut to within 1 cm of midvein;
lobes linear, oblong or narrowly triangular
14 Berry orange-yellow, orange-red or scarlet
15 Corolla-lobes acute; berry orange-red to scarlet; stone-cell
granules inconspicuous in pressed fruit 15. S. aviculare
15: Corolla-lobes notched; berry orange-yellow; stone-cell
granules giving pressed fruit a coarse, warted appearance 16. S. laciniatum
76
SOLANACEAE Solanum
14: Berry yellow or green, sometimes purplish in upper half

16 Fruiting pedicels mostly less than 3 cm long; berry
15–20 mm diam., ochre-yellow with purple markings 17. S. linearifolium
16: Fruiting pedicels mostly 3–5 cm long; berry 20–25 mm
diam., greenish-ivory 18. S. vescum
2: Corolla white or tinged with purple, stellate, 5–20 mm diam.; berry
4–15 mm long
17 Plants prostrate; leaves deeply lobed
18 Leaves 3–lobed, the lobes entire; stems rooting at nodes; berry
yellow-green, 4–5 mm diam. 11. S. palitans
18: Leaves 7–9–lobed, the lobes toothed; stems not rooting at
nodes; berry marbled whitish-green, 8–12 mm diam. 12. S. triflorum
17: Plants erect or sprawling; leaves entire or shallowly lobed, rarely
deeply lobed
19 Leaves usually 1–2 cm wide, hairs (if present) forked; berry
bright orange-red, 1–2 on each peduncle 24. S. pseudocapsicum
19: Leaves 1–8 cm wide, hairs not forked; berry not bright orange-
red, usually 2–10 on each peduncle
20 Shrubs to 3 m; leaves glabrous except for tufts of hairs in axils
of veins on lower surface; berry bright orange-yellow 9. S. callium
20: Soft-wooded annual or short-lived perennial herbs, usually less
than 1 m; leaves glabrous or with hairs not restricted to vein
axils; berry purple-black, green or reddish
21 Fruiting peduncle sharply deflexed from its base
22 Leaves whitish on lower surface; mature berry 5–9 mm
diam., blackish; fruiting calyx-lobes 3–4 mm long 4. S. chenopodioides
22: Leaves green on lower surface; mature berry 8–10 mm
diam., green; fruiting calyx-lobes 1–2.5 mm long 2. S. opacum
21: Fruiting peduncle erect, ascending or curved downwards
23 Inflorescence forked 3. S. furcatum
23: Inflorescence simple
24 Plants sprawling; mature berry green
25 Indumentum of glandular hairs; fruiting calyx-lobes
2–4 mm long, 2–5 mm wide; berry 5–8 mm diam. 7. S. sarrachoides
25: Indumentum predominantly of non-glandular hairs;
fruiting calyx-lobes 1–2.5 mm long, 1–2 mm wide;
berry 8–10 mm diam. 2. S. opacum
24: Plants erect or almost so; berry black or red
26 Berry dull orange-red, slightly longer than wide,
translucent; plant densely pubescent with erect,
glandular hairs or sparsely pubescent with curved,
simple hairs 8. S. villosum
26: Berry black or purple-black, globular, opaque; plants
sparsely pubescent with appressed, simple hairs, or
rarely with glandular hairs
27 Mature berry shiny; seeds usually more than 40 in
each fruit
77
Solanum SOLANACEAE
28 Berry 6–9 mm diam., usually 1–4 on each peduncle;

Seeds 1–1.5 mm long 1. S. americanum
28: Berry 10–15 mm diam., usually 4–10 on each
peduncle; Seeds 2–2.8 mm long S. scabrum †
27: Mature berry dull; seeds usually 20–40 in each fruit
29 Stigma 2–3 mm above anther tips; corolla
10–20 mm diam.
30 Corolla often flushed purple, 10–15 mm diam.;
stone-cell granules less than 0.5 mm wide S. douglasii †
30: Corolla white with yellow centre, 15–20 mm
diam.; stone-cell granules 1–1.2 mm wide 3. S. furcatum
29: Stigma not more than 1 mm above anther tips;
corolla 8–12 mm diam.
31 Leaves concolorous, entire or shallowly lobed;
fruiting axis with several short, distinct internodes 5. S. nigrum
31: Leaves discolorous, distinctly lobed or toothed;
fruiting axis with only one distinct internode 6. S. retroflexum
GROUP IV
1 Corolla stellate, deeply incised; leaves broadly ovate or orbicular;

berry 20 mm or more diam., yellow, orange or red
2 Corolla white, 20–30 mm diam.; berry globular, 20–35 mm long;
Seeds pale yellow or brown, with wing 1.5 mm wide 26. S. capsicoides
2: Corolla pale purple, 30–40 mm diam.; berry with nipple-like apex
and often with basal lobes, 30–60 mm long; Seeds dark purple, not
winged S. mammosum †
1: Corolla campanulate, stellate and shallowly incised, or rotate; leaves
ovate or elliptic; berry 10–25 mm diam., usually green, yellow or
white
3 Fruiting calyx largely enclosing berry, sometimes splitting
4 Berry enclosed by calyx-tube; plants sprawling, stems to 30 cm
long
5 Leaves glabrous or nearly so 86. S. hystrix
5: Leaves pubescent with glandular and simple, non-glandular
hairs, denser on lower surface 87. S. hoplopetalum
4: Berry enclosed by calyx-lobes; plants erect or sprawling, to 3 m
tall
6 Flowers all bisexual; corolla 20 mm diam.; seeds 2–2.5 mm
long, pale yellow (Qld) 84. S. cookii
6: Basal flower bisexual, upper ones male; corolla 35–55 mm
diam.; Seeds 4–4.5 mm long, black (W.A.) 108. S. oedipus
3: Fruiting calyx not enclosing berry
78
SOLANACEAE Solanum
7 Calyx with 1–2 large prickles on outer side of flower or fruit

cluster; corolla campanulate, c. 10 mm diam.; seeds papery,
3–3.5 mm long 25. S. pugiunculiferum
7: Calyx without large prickles on outer side; corolla stellate and
shallowly incised to pentagonal, 20–40 mm diam.; Seeds not
papery, less than 3 mm long
8 Leaves glabrous or nearly so, lobed, the lobes cut more than
two-thirds way to midvein 59. S. papaverifolium
8: Leaves pubescent, lobed, the lobes cut no more than two-thirds
way to midvein
9 Leaves 8–15 cm long; flowering peduncle 15–20 mm long;
pedicel 3–8 mm long 84. S. cookii
9: Leaves 3–6 cm long; flowering peduncle to 10 mm long;
pedicel c. 2 cm long 60. S. adenophorum
GROUP V
1 Flowers all male; fruit absent

2 Leaves entire
3 Leaves linear-lanceolate 116. S. tudununggae
3: Leaves lanceolate to elliptic or ovate
4 Leaves silvery or rusty
5 Leaves concolorous, ovate to elliptic, rusty or silvery, 1–5 cm
wide 109. S. dioicum
5: Leaves discolorous, lanceolate-elliptic, rusty, 1–2 cm wide 110. S. cunninghamii
4: Leaves green
6 Leaves distinctly discolorous; calyx 2-lipped (N.T.) 115. S. asymmetriphyllum
6: Leaves concolorous or slightly discolorous; calyx not 2-lipped
(W.A.) 117. S. vansittartensis
2: Leaves lobed
7 Lobes linear, cut almost to midvein (W.A.) 116. S. tudununggae
7: Lobes triangular, cut less than half way to midvein (N.T.) 115. S. asymmetriphyllum
1: At least the basal flower bisexual
8 Inflorescence forked
9 Mature leaves glabrous on both surfaces or with hairs along veins;
berry orange-red or red
10 Flowering pedicels 5–8 mm long; corolla 20–30 mm diam.;
berry orange-red 32. S. dunalianum
10: Flowering pedicels 10–15 mm long; corolla 15–20 mm diam.;
berry red 34. S. viride
9 Mature leaves densely pubescent at least on lower surface; berry
yellow
79
Solanum SOLANACEAE
11 Scrambling shrub; upper leaf surface sparsely pubescent; pedicels

with stellate and glandular hairs 31. S. torvum
11: Erect shrubs, small trees or herbaceous perennials; upper leaf
surface densely to moderately pubescent; pedicels with stellate
hairs only
12 Clonal, herbaceous perennial; leaves lobed 46. S. dimidiatum
12: Erect shrubs or small trees; leaves entire
13 Leaves with leafy pseudo-stipules at base; corolla violet 23. S. mauritianum
13: Leaves without leafy pseudo-stipules at base; corolla white 22. S. erianthum
14 Lowest flower of inflorescence bisexual, the others male, or
flowers solitary and bisexual
15 Berry more than 10 cm long, not enclosed by calyx S. melongena †
15: Berry less than 2 cm long, enclosed by enlarged calyx
16 Leaves mostly lobed
17 Leaves deeply lobed, the lobes linear, cut almost to midvein
(W.A.) 116. S. tudununggae
17: Leaves shallowly lobed, the lobes triangular, cut less than
half way to midvein (N.T.) 115. S. asymmetriphyllum
16: Leaves mostly entire
18 Leaves linear-lanceolate 116. S. tudununggae
18: Leaves lanceolate to elliptic or ovate
19 Leaves 1–2 cm wide; corolla 20–30 mm diam. (W.A.) 110. S. cunninghamii
19: Leaves 2–7 cm wide; corolla 40–60 mm diam. (N.T.) 115 .S. asymmetriphyllum
14: Flowers all bisexual, rarely lower ones bisexual and upper ones
male
20 Berry enclosed by enlarged calyx-tube 73. S. karsensis
20: Berry not enclosed by enlarged calyx-tube
21 Leaves sparsely pubescent or glabrous on upper surface
22 Leaves sparsely pubescent or glabrous on lower surface
23 Berry 15–20 mm diam.
24 Leaves elliptic; mature leaves glabrous except along veins 88. S. macoorai
24: Leaves ovate; mature leaves with hairs sparsely scattered
over both suurfaces, rarely denser on lower surface 89. S. sporadotrichum
23: Berry 5–10 mm diam.
25 Flowering pedicels 10–15 mm long; corolla 15–20 mm
diam., 5-lobed 34. S. viride
25: Flowering pedicels 4–8 mm long; coroorolla 20–30 mm
diam., 4–5-lobed
26 Leaves broadly elliptic or ovate, the length less than
twice the width; corolla white or pale blue (N.T.) 33. S. tetrandrum
26: Leaves elliptic, the length more thanhan twice the width;
corolla violet (Qld) 32. S. dunalianum
22: Leaves moderately or densely pubescent on lower surface
80
SOLANACEAE Solanum
27 Berry red
28 Leaves with 2–4 basal lobes
29 Corolla 30 mm diam., purple or heliotrope; berry
10–15 mm diam. 44. S. elegans
29: Corolla 10–20 mm diam., pale lilac or white; berry
5–9 mm diam. 45. S. chenopodinum
28: Leaves lobed throughout their length, or entire
30 Inflorescence usually opposite a leaf; lower flowers
bisexual, upper ones male; seeds 4–5 mm long, hairy 40. S. yirrkalensis
30: Inflorescence usually from internode; flowers all
bisexual; seeds 1.5–3.5 mm long, glabrous
31 Berry 10–15 mm diam.; lower leaf surface with
minute, whitish or siilvery, stellate hairs
32 Corolla deeply incised, 20 mm diam.; leaves elliptic 39. S. corifolium
32: Corolla shallowly incised, 25–30 mm diam.; leaves
linear to lanceolate 44. S. elegans
31: Berry 5–10 mm diam.; lower leaf surface pubescent or
woolly with brown, pale yellow or pale green stellate
hairs
33 Leaves broadly elliptic or ovate, corolla usually
4-partite; pedicels 4–5 mm long at flowering,
7–13 mm at fruiting (N.T.) 33. S. tetrandrum
33: Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, corolla 5-partite; pedicels
10–20 mm long at flowering, 15–30 mm at fruiting
(Qld, N.S.W.) 36. S. stelligerum
27: Mature berry yellow or green
34 Scrambling shrub; corolla white 31. S. torvum
34: Erect shrubs; corolla blue, purple-blue or deep purple
35 Lower flowers bisexual, upper ones male; berry broadly
ovoid 91. S. dallachii
35: Flowers all bisexual; berry globular or depressed-
globular
36 Lower leaf surface densely woolly-pubescent; Seeds
2.5–3.5 mm long 93. S. brownii
36: Lower leaf surface usually not pubescent, sometimes
moderately woolly-pubescent; Seeds 1.5–3 mm long
37 Shrub to 2 m; leaf length less than 2.5 times the
width, tomentum on lower surface bright yellow,
rarely rusty 92. S. furfuraceum
37: Small shrub to 60 cm; leaf length more than 2.5
times the width, tomentum on lower leaf surface
pale green or yellow-green 57. S. tetrathecum
21: Leaves densely to moderately pubescent on upper surface
38 Berry red, 5–8 mm diam.
39 Leaf length usually less than 2.5 times the width; fruiting
pedicel 10–15 mm long, hirsute-villous 42. S. densevestitum
39: Leaf length usually at least 2.5 times the width; fruiting
pedicel 6–10 mm longong, woolly 43. S. nemophilum
81
Solanum SOLANACEAE
38: Berry variously coloured but not red, 5–20 mm diam.

40 Mature berry dry, brown or black
41 Plants rusty or yellow-green; leaves concolorous; dry
berry brown, raisin-like 53. S. centrale
41: Plants silvery-green or grey-green; leeaves discolorous; dry
berry black, the skin brittle 71. S. sturtianum
40: Mature berry mucilaginous, yellow, green or orange-brown
42 Leaves orbicular 48. S. orbiculatum
42: Leaves not orbicular
43 Mature leaves plicately folded or distinctly lobed, the
lobes cut at least a quarter of way to midvein
44 Leaves 5–8 mm wide, the margin plicately folded 51. S. plicatile
44: Leaves more than 10 mm wide, the margin lobed but
not folded
45 Leaf lobes broadly triangular to oblong; axis of
inflorescence 20–50 mm long; berry 15–20 mm
diam. (Qld) 46. S. dimidiatum
45: Leaf lobes rounded; axis of inflorescence 5 mm
long; berry 5–10 mm diam. (W.A.) 50. S. oldfieldii
43: Leaves entire or shallowly lobed, the lobes cut less than
a quarter way to midvein
46 Leaves shallowly lobed
47 Corolla rotate-pentagonal, 30–40 mm diam.; young
shoots usually rusty-green 50. S.oldfieldii
47: Corolla rotate-stellate, 15–30 mm diam.; young
shoots usually grey-green or silvery-green
48 Leaves usually silvery-green; flowering peduncle
less than 1 cm long; anthers 5–8 mm long 47. S. alaeagnifolium
48: Leaves usually grey-green; flowering peduncle
1–4 cm long; anthers 4–5 mm long 55. S. esuriale
46: Leaves entire or slightly undulate
49 Leaves ovate, mostly more than 2 cm wide
50 Herb to 10 cm; flowering pedicels 15–25 mm long 63. S. terraneum
50: Shrubs to 1.5 m; flowering pedicels up to 10 mm
long
51 Leaves grey-green; berry 10–15 mm diam.; Seeds
2–3 mm long 48. S. orbiculatum
51: Leaves green or rusty-green; berry 5–10 mm
diam.; Seeds 1–2 mm long 50. S. oldfieldii
49: Leaves lanceolate to oblong, less than 2 cm wide
52 Leaves usually silvery-green; anthers usually
5–8 mm long
53 Flowers 5-partite; lobes of flowering calyx awl-
shaped; berry orange-brown 47. S. elaeagnifolium
53: Flowers 4- or 5-partite; lobes of flowering calyx
triangular; berry yellow or yellow-brown 52. S. coactiliferum
82
SOLANACEAE Solanum
52: Leaves grey-green, rusty-green or green; anthers

3–6 mm long
54 Leaves usually rusty-green, rarely green; seeds
1–2 mm long
55 Flowering calyx 6–10 mm long, lobes oblong to
obovate; corolla rotate- pentagonal,
25–40 mm diam. 50. S. oldfieldii
55: Flowering calyx 4–6 mm long, lobes bluntly
triangular; corolla stellate, 20–25 mm diam. 54. S. hesperium
54: Leaves grey-green or dark green; seeds 2–3 mm
long
56 Small shrub to 60 cm; flowering peduncle up
to 1 cm long; seeds light grey 57. S. tetrathecum
56: Herbaceous perennial up to 30 cm; flowering
peduncle 1–4 cm long; seeds yellow
57 Leaves oblong; flowering pedicel 10–15 mm
long; calyx-lobes linear or narrow-triangular,
2–3 mm long 55. S. esuriale
57: Leaves linear-oblong; flowering pedicel to
10 mm long; calyx-lobes triangular,
1–1.5 mm long 56. S. tumulicola
GROUP VI
1 Leaves entire
2 Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 8–15 mm wide
3 Leaves grey-green; corolla 15–20 mm diam., pale lavender 111. S. petraeum
3: Leaves silvery; corolla 30–45 mm diam., purple 116. S. tudununggae
2: Leaves lanceolate to elliptic or to ovate, 1–7 cm wide
4 Leaves rusty or silvery
5 Leaves ovate to elliptic, concolorous 109. S. dioicum
5: Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, discolorous 110. S. cunninghamii
4: Leaves green
6 Leaves distinctly discolorous; calyx 2-lipped (N.T.) 115. S. asymmetriphyllum
6: Leaves concolorous or slightly discolorous; calyx not 2-lipped
(W.A.) 117. S. vansittartensis
1: Leaves lobed
7 Lobes cut almost to midrib
8 Lobes 3–5, oblong to broadly triangular (Qld) 113. S. carduiforme
8: Lobes 4–14, linear (W.A.)
9 Leaves 9–25 cm long, silvery, the lobes 1–17 cm long, 5–10 mm
wide 116. S. tudununggae
9: Leaves 3–6 cm long, green, the lobes 2–20 mm long, 1–3 mm
wide 112. S. cataphractum
7: Lobes cut no more than half way to midrib
83
Solanum SOLANACEAE
10 Leaves discolorous, with 5–7 broadly triangular lobes (N.T.) 115. S. asymmetriphyllum
10: Leaves concolorous, with 6–14 tooth-like or narrowly triangular
lobes (W.A.)
11 Leaves pubescent with minute stellate and glandular hairs; lobes
triangular 114. S. leopoldensis
11: Leaves glabrous or nearly so; glandular hairs absent; lobes
narrow-linear 112. S. cataphractum
GROUP VII
1 Berry mostly enclosed in or surrounded by lobes of persistent calyx

2 Berry red
3 Corolla 35–50 mm diam., white or pale blue; berry 15–20 mm
diam.; fruiting calyx prickly 29. S. sisymbriifolium
3: Corolla 20–30 mm diam., violet or purple; berry 5–8 mm diam.;
fruiting calyx not prickly
4 Leaves 3.5–12 cm long; length : width less than 2.5:1; fruiting
pedicel 10–15 mm long; fruiting calyx-lobes 6–15 mm long 42. S. densevestitum
4: Leaves 2–6 cm long; length : width over 2.5:1; fruiting pedicel
6–10 mm long; fruiting calyx-lobes 5–8 mm long 53. S. nemophilum
2: Berry green, yellow or white
5 All parts pubescent with stellate and glandular hairs 96. S. campanulatum
5: Glandular hairs absent or confined to calyx of bisexual flowers
6 Flowers all bisexual; berry becoming hard and bony
7 Leaves usually rusty-green, concolorous, undulate or shallowly
lobed; inflorescence to 22–flowered 75. S. eardleyae
7: Leaves usually grey-green, slightly to distinctly discolorous,
shallowly to deeply lobed; inflorescence 3–10–flowered 76. S. petrophilum
6: Basal flower bisexual, other flowers male; berry not becoming
hard and bony
8 Glandular hairs present on calyx of bisexual flower; berry
15–20 mm diam., slightly bilobed 108. S. oedipus
8: Glandular hairs usually absent; berry 20–40 mm diam.,
globular or ellipsoid
9 Fruiting calyx-lobes triangular to broadly angular, 10–25 mm
long 100. S. beaugleholei
9: Fruiting calyx-lobes narrowly triangular, linear, or triangular
with a linear tip, 20–50 mm long
10 Indumentum bright yellow-green; pedicel of bisexual flower
2.5–4 cm long; fruiting calyx-lobes finally becoming
reflexed 104. S. clarkiae
10: Indumentum usually grey-green; pedicel of bisexual flower
10–20 mm long; fruiting calyx-lobes never reflexed
11 Bisexual flower 40–50 mm diam.; male flowers
30–40 mm diam.; fruiting pedicel to 2.5 cm long 101. S. phlomoides
11: Bisexual flower 30–35 mm diam.; male flowers
20–25 mm diam.; fruiting pededicel 25–55 mm long 102. S. chippendalei
1: Berry mostly enclosed in enlarged calyx-tube
84
SOLANACEAE Solanum
12 Leaves lobed
13 Flowers yellow, zygomorphic; berry erect, dry and papery 28. S. rostratum
13: Flowers purplish, actinomorphic; berry usually pendant, not dry
and papery
14 Flowers solitary, rarely numerous with basal one bisexual and
upper ones male
15 Leaves lobed almost to midvein
16 Lobes 3–5, oblong to broadly triangular (Qld) 113. S. carduiforme
16: Lobes 4–14, linear (W.A.)
17 Leaves 3–6 cm long, green, the lobes 6–14, 2–20 mm long,
1–3 mm wide 112. S. cataphractum
17: Leaves 9–25 cm long, silvery, the lobes 4–8, 1–17 cm long,
5–10 mm wide 116. S. tudununggae
15: Leaves lobed no more than half way to midvein
18 Leaves green, concolorous, the lobes tooth-like or narrowly
triangular
19 Leaves pubescent with minute stetellate and glandular hairs,
the lobes triangular 114. S. leopoldensis
19: Leaves glabrous or nearly so, without glandular hairs, the
lobes narrowly linear 112. S. cataphractum
18: Leaves dull green or yellow- green, sometimes discolorous,
the lobes broadly triangular
20 Inflorescence more than 1–flowered; basal flower bisexual,
upper ones male; upper leaves sessile (W.A.)W.A.) 107. S. heteropodium
20: Flowers solitary; upper leaves petetiolate (N.T.) 115. S. asymmetriphyllum
14: Flowers 1–15 on each peduncle but never regularly 1, usually all
bisexual
21 Indumentum on stems, calyx and young shoots rusty-red or
orange-brown 79. S. gilesii
21: Indumentum on all parts grey-green, yellow-green or purple-
green
22 Stems prostrate or sprawling
23 Leaves distinctly discolorous; fruiting peduncle and axis
5–17 cm long; fruiting calyx 10–15 mm diam. 69. S. lucani
23: Leaves slightly discolorous; fruiting peduncle and axis
2–6 cm long; fruiting calyx 20–25 mm diam. 70. S. seitheae
22: Stems erect or almost so
24 Anthers opening by longitudinal sllits; fruiting calyx
7–10 mm diam., prickles rare or absent 73. S. karsensis
24: Anthers opening by terminal pores; fruiting calyx
10–20 mm diam., prickles abundant
25 Indumentum yellow-green; stellate hairs frequently with
glandular tips; fruiting calyx not woolly-pubescent 81. S. gabrielae
25: Indumentum usually grey-green or purplish; stellate hairs
never with glandular tips; fruiting calyx woolly-pubescent 78. S. lasiophyllum
85
Solanum SOLANACEAE
26 Flowers always solitary

27 Leaves usually 1–1.5 cm wide
28 Leaves concolorous, silvery green; 15–20 cm long; calyx with
scattered prickles 116. S. tundununggae
28: Leaves discolorous, mostly 3–7 cm long; calyx densely prickly
29 Leaves usually rusty-green, lanceolate-elliptic; berry
c. 20 mm diam. 110. S. cunninghamii
29: Leaves never rusty-green, lanceolate-elliptic; berry
c. 20 mm diam. 111. S. petraeum
27: Leaves usually 2–7 cm wide
30 Fruiting pecidel up to 15 mm long, erect; fruit splitting around
circumference to form a loose cap 117. S. vansittartensis
30: Fruiting pedicel 15–30 mm long, deflexed or nodding; fruit
not splitting around circumference
31 Leaves rusty or silvery, concolorous; calyx densely prickly 109. S. dioicum
31: Leaves green, discolorous; calyx with scattercattered prickles 115. S. asymmetriphyllum
26: Flowers 2–15 on each peduncle
32 Stems prostrate or sprawling
33 Leaves distinctly discolorous; inflorescence 6–15–flowered;
fruiting peduncle and axis 5–17 cm long, usually with 3–10
fruits 69. S. lucani
33: Leaves slightly discolorous; inflorescence 2–8–flowered;
fruiting peduncle and axis 2–6 cm long, usually with 1–4 fruits
34 Leaves 1–4.5 cm wide, bright rusty-green or rarely grey-
green; fruiting calyx 10–15 mm diam.; berry depressed-
globular, squarish in outline 68. S. echinatum
34: Leaves 3–9 cm wide, grey-green; fruiting calyx 20–25 mm
diam.; berry globular, round in outline 70. S. seitheae
32: Stems erect or almost so
35 Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; fruiting calyx 7–10 mm
diam.; seeds 4–5 mm long 73. S. karsensis
35: Anthers opening by terminal pores; fruiting calyx 10–20 mm
diam.; seeds less than 4 mm long
36 Indumentum bright rusty- or orange-brown
37 Inflorescence 2–5-flowered; peduncle too 4 cm long; berry
depressed-globular, squarish in outline 68. S. echinatum
37: Inflorescence 1–2–flowered; peduncle to 5 mm long; berry
globular, circular in outline 79. S. gilesii
36: Indumentum grey-green, yellow-green or white
38 Indumentum yellow-green, the hairs often glandular-
stellate
39 All parts silky-pubescent; flowers all biisexual; fruiting
calyx densely pubesubescent 81. S. gabrielae
39: All parts woolly-pubescent; lower flolowers bisexual, upper
ones male; fruiting calyx sparsely pubescent 80. S. ashbyae
86
SOLANACEAE Solanum
38: Indumentum grey-green or white, thehe stellate hairs not

glandular
40 Indumentum white, densely woolly on an all parts; corolla
shallowly caampanulate; fruiting peduncle annd axis to
4 cm long 77. S. lachnophyllum
40: Indumentum grey-green, dense but noot woolly on all
parts; corolla not shallowly campanulate; fruiting
peduncle and axis 3–9 cm long
41 Leaves concolorous; berry globular or ovoid, rarely
conical or ellispoid, yellow 78. S. lasiophyllum
41: Leaves slightly discolorous; berry depressed-globular,
squarish in outline, pale green 68. S. echinatum
GROUP VIII
1 Berry red, orange-red or blackish-red

3 Lower leaf-surface glabrous 34. S. viride
3: Lower leaf-surface densely pubescent
4 Large shrub or small tree; prickles 2–5 mm long, stout and
conical S. giganteum †
4: Clonal shrub; prickles to 15 mm long, slender and straight 35. S. semiarmatum
5 Leaves linear or nearly so, 2–14 mm wide
6 Leaves concolorous or slightly discolorous, usually prickly, often
with 2 basal lobes 38. S. ferocissimum
6: Leaves distinctly discolorous, with few or no prickles, rarely
with basal lobes
7 Corolla deeply incised, 10–15 mm diam.; berry 5–8 mm diam. 37. S. parvifolium
7: Corolla shallowly stellate, 25–30 mm diam.; berry 10–15 mm
diam. 44. S. elegans
5: Leaves lanceolate, elliptic or ovate, 1–14 cm wide
8 Stems densely to moderately prickly
9 Stems often almost obscured by prickles; berry 8–12 mm
diam.; corolla 10–20 mm diam. 35. S. semiarmatum
9: Stems never obscured by prickles; berry 10–20 mm diam.;
corolla usually 20–35 mm diam.
10 Pedicels and calyx with stellate, simple and glandular hairs 90. S. inaequilaterum
10: Pedicels and calyx with stellate hairs only
11 Leaves ovate 89. S. sporadotrichum
11: Leaves elliptic
12 Stellate hairs on lower surfaces of mature leaves sparse
or confined to veins; fruiting pedicels 20–30 mm long,
distinctly thickened 88. S. macoorai
12: Stellate hairs on lower surfaces of mature leaves dense;
fruiting pedicels 10–15 mm long, not distinctly thickened
87
Solanum SOLANACEAE
13 Corolla deeply incised, about 20 mm diam., white or

violet 39. S. corifolium
13: Corolla shallowly incised, 25–30 mm diam., purple or
heliotrope 44. S. elegans
8: Stems with scattered prickles
14 Leaves discolorous, usually with 2–4 basal lobes
15 Corolla 30 mm diam., purple or heliotrope; berry 10–15 mm
diam. 44. S. elegans
15: Corolla 10–20 mm diam., pale lilac or white; berry 5–9 mm
diam. 45. S. chenopodinum
14: Leaves concolorous or discolorous, entire or lobed throughout
16 Leaves concolorous, usually sparsely pubescent or glabrous
on both surfaces
17 Pedicel and calyx with stellate, simple and glandular hairs 90. S. inaequilaterum
17: Pedicel and calyx with stellate hairs only
18 Berry 10–15 mm diam.; lower flowers bisexual, upper
male 41. S. discolor
18: Berry 15–20 mm diam.; flowers all bisexual
19 Leaves elliptic; mature leaves glabrous except along
veins 88. S. macoorai
19: Leaves ovate; mature leaves sparsely pubescent on both
surfaces, sometimes densely so on lower surface 89. S. sporadotrichum
16: Leaves slightly to distinctly discolorous, at least the lower
surface densely pubescent
20 Leaves slightly discolorous, densely pubescent on upper
surface; berry 5–8 mm diam. 43. S. nemophilum
20: Leaves distinctly discolorous, sparsely pubescent on upper
surface; berry 5–15 mm diam.
21 Inflorescence usually opposite a leaf; lower flowers
bisexual, upper male; seeds 4–5 mm long, hairy (N.T.) 40. S. yirrkalensis
21: Inflorescence usually from internode; all flowers bisexual;
seeds 1.5–3.5 mm long, glabrous (Qld, N.S.W.)
22 Berry 5–10 mm diam.; hairs on lower leaf-surface often
woolly, brown 36. S. stelligerum
22: Berry 10–15 mm diam.; hairs on lower leaf-surface
minute, white, pale yellow or silvery
23 Corolla deeply incised, about 20 mm diam.; leaves
elliptic 39. S. corifolium
23: Corolla shallowly incised, 25–30 mm diam.; leaves
linear to lanceolate 44. S. elegans
1: Berry green, yellow or purple, often drying to brown or black
25 Clonal perennial herbs; corolla purple; berry 15–30 mm diam.
88
SOLANACEAE Solanum
26 Stems with few prickles; leaves lobed; flowers all bisexual; berry
15–20 mm diam. (Qld) 46. S. dimidiatum
26: Stems with abundant prickles; leaves entire; basal flower
bisexual, the others male; berry 30 mm diam. (W.A.) 100. S. beaugleholei
25: Large shrubs or small trees; corolla white; berry 10–15 mm diam.
27 Mature leaves discolorous, up to 7–lobed; flowers 25 mm diam.;
pedicels with stellate and glandular hairs 31. S. torvum
27: Mature leaves concolorous, 7–13–lobed; flowers 30–45 mm
diam.; pedicels with stellate hairs only 30. S. hispidum
28 Leaves usually 10–30 cm wide; corolla white; berry densely hairy 27. S. ferox
28: Leaves usually 1–10 cm wide, if wider then corolla usually purple;
berry glabrous
29 Berry 3–10 cm diam.
30 Berry usually more than 10 cm long, purple S. melongena †
30: Berry 3–4 cm diam., yellow
31 Leaves at least 6 cm wide, with distinctive white
indumentum along margins of upper surface (S.A., Vic.,
Tas.) 98. S. marginatum
31: Leaves 1.5–4.5 cm wide, densely pubescent on upper
surface, grey-green (W.A.) 101. S. phlomoides
29: Berry usually up to 3 cm diam.
32 Inflorescence with one bisexual flower at base, male flowers
above; berry 1.5–3 cm diam, always solitary.; seeds black
33 Leaves deeply lobed, cut more than half way to midvein
34 Fruiting calyx-lobes broadly triangular, appressed 105. S. diversiflorum
34: Fruiting calyx-lobes narrow, triangular to elliptic, not
appressed
35 Bisexual flower 40–45 mm diam.; fruiting calyx strongly
reflexed at maturity 103. S. melanospermum
35: Bisexual flower 30–35 mm diam.; fruiting calyx never
reflexed
36 Lower lobes of leaf often cut 2–3 mm from midvein;
flowering calyx to 10 mm long; fruiting calyx-lobes
1–1.5 cm long 106. S. eburneum
36: Lower lobes of leaf rarely cut 2–3 mm from midvein;
flowering calyx 10–30 mm long; fruiting calyx-lobes
2–2.5 cm long 102. S. chippendalei
33: Leaves entire, shallowly lobed or with several basal lobes
37 Mature fruiting calyx strongly reflexed
38 Indumentum rusty-green; stems with scattered prickles;
fruiting calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 1–1.5 cm
long 103. S. melanospermum
38: Indumentum yellow-green; stems with abundant prickles;
fruiting calyx-lobes more or less linear, 2.5–5 cm long 104. S. clarkiae
37: Mature fruiting calyx loosely appressed to or raised from
berry, never reflexed
89
Solanum SOLANACEAE
39 Fruiting calyx-lobes triangular to broadly angular; leaves

entire 100. S. beaugleholei
39: Fruiting calyx-lobes narrowly triangular or broadly
triangular with linear apex; leaves entire or shallowly
lobed
40 Leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, entire; bisexual flower
40–50 mm diam., male flowers 30–40 mm diam.;
fruiting pedicel to 2.5 cm long 101. S. phlomoides
40: Leaves ovate, entire or shallowly lobed; bisexual flower
30–35 mm diam.; male flowers 20–25 mm diam.; fruiting
pedicel 2.5–5.5 cm long 102. S. chippendalei
32: Flowers all bisexual, rarely lower ones bisexual, upper ones
male; berry usually less than 15 mm diam.; Seeds not black
41 Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, usually up
to 30 mm long
42 Leaves orbicular
43 Leaves 4–15 mm diam., petiole 2–4 mm long, often with
a pair of spines at base 49. S. nummularium
43: Leaves 15–35 mm diam., petiole 5–10 mm long, usually
without paired spines at base 48. S. orbiculatum
42: Leaves broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic
44 Leaves ovate-elliptic; corolla stellate, deeply incised;
berry 10–15 mm diam. 58. S. elachophyllum
44: Leaves broadly ovate; corolla rotate; berry 4–10 mm
diam. 72. S. oligacanthum
41: Leaves not orbicular, broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, or if so,
more than 30 cm long
45 Scrambling or sprawling shrubs, rarely erect, to 5 m;
prickles on stems usually distinctly recurved
46 Inflorescence a corymb, more than 12–flowered; fruiting
pedicels 1–2 cm long; berry 10–15 mm diam. 31. S. torvum
46: Inflorescence a cyme, less than 12–flowered; fruiting
pedicels 2–4 cm long; berry 15–35 mm diam.
47 Rampant scrambling shrub; stellate hairs on lower leaf-
surface yellow, in one layer 94. S. hamulosum
47: Erect or sprawling shrub; stellate hairs on lower leaf-
surface white, in several layers 95. S. dimorphispinum
45: Shrubs to 3 m, often clonal but not scrambling; prickles on
stems straight, rarely slightly curved
48 Corolla campanulate
49 Corolla deeply campanulate; indumentum, if present, of
similar density on both leaf-surfaces
50 Indumentum moderately dense; berry 20–25 mm
diam. 96. S. campanulatum
50: Indumentum sparse or absent; berry 15 mm diam. 82. S. prinophyllum
49: Corolla shallowly campanulate; indumentum sparse on
upper leaf-surface, denser on lower surface
90
SOLANACEAE Solanum
51 Berry 25–30 mm diam., yellow; inflorescence a cluster

of 1–3 flowers 85. S. pungetium
51: Berry 15–20 mm diam., dark brown; inflorescence a
3–7–flowered cyme 97. S. cinereum
48: Corolla rotate or stellate
52 Leaves plicately folded, or distinctly lobed usually at
least a quarter way to midvein
53 Leaves 5–10 mm wide, margins plicately folded 51. S. plicatile
53: Leaves usually more than 10 mm wide, margins lobed
54 Lower leaf-surface sparsely pubescent or almost
glabrous
55 Anthers 2–2.5 mm long; berry 15 mm diam.,
green or purple 82. S. prinophyllum
55: Anthers 5–6 mm long; berry 20–30 mm diam.,
brown or black 99. S. hermanni
54: Lower leaf-surface densely to moderately pubescent
56 Hairs sparse on upper leaf-surface
57 Berry 20–30 mm diam.; leaves concolorous or
slightly discolorous
58 Berry yellow; inflorescence a 1–3–flowered
cluster; 85. S. pungetium
58: Berry brown or black; inflorescence a 1–6–
flowered raceme 99. S. hermanni
57: Berry 10–25 mm diam.; leaves usually distinctly
discolorous
59 Prickles bright red or orange-red; flowering
calyx-lobes 1–1.5 mm long; berry 10–15 mm
diam. 62. S. lacunarium
59: Prickles pale yellow or pale orange; flowering
calyx-lobes 2.5–5 mm long; berry 15–25 mm
diam.
60 Lower leaf-surface densely woolly-pubescent;
flowering calyx-lobes triangular 93. S. brownii
60: Lower leaf-surface not woolly-pubescent;
flowering calyx-lobes usually linear 97. S. cinereum
56: Hairs dense to moderately dense on upper leaf-
surface
61 Berry hard and bony, the fruiting calyx-lobes
firmly appressed to it 76. S. petrophilum
61: Berry mucilaginous, the fruiting calyx-lobes not
firmly appressed to it
62 Plant pubescent with stellate and glandular
hairs
63 Leaves green; glandular hairs abundant;
inflorescence to 2 cm long 60. S. adenophorum
63: Leaves rusty-green; glandular hairs not
abundant; inflorescence 2–6 cm long 61. S. eremophilum
91
Solanum SOLANACEAE
62: Plants pubescent with stellate hairs only

64 Leaf-lobes broadly triangular to oblong; axis
of inflorescence 2–5 cm long; berry
15–20 mm diam. (Qld) 46. S. dimidiatum
64: Leaf-lobes rounded; axis of inflorescence
0.5 cm long; berry 5–10 mm diam. (W.A.) 50. S. oldfieldii
52: Leaves entire or shallowly lobed
65 Leaves shallowly lobed
66 Lower leaf-surface sparsely pubescent; flowering
peduncle 2–4 cm long 83. S. multiglochidiatum
66: Lower leaf-surface densely to moderately pubescent;
flowering peduncle usually less than 2 cm long
67 Leaves often distinctly discolorous, upper surface
sparsely pubescent
68 Corolla deeply incised; lower flowers bisexual,
upper ones male; berry broadly ovoid 91. S. dallachii
68: Corolla rotate or shallowly incised; all flowers
bisexual; berry globular or depressed-globular
69 Lower leaf-surface densely woolly-pubescent,
the hairs pale yellow or pale green; Seeds
2.5–3.5 mm long 93. S. brownii
69: Lower leaf-surface moderately woolly-
pubescent or not woolly, the hairs bright
yellow or rusty; Seeds 1.5–2 mm long 92. S. furfuraceum
67: Leaves concolorous or slightly discolorous, the
upper surface densely pubescent
70 Berry hard and bony, the calyx-lobes
firmly appressed to it 76. S. petrophilum
70: Berry not hard or bony, the calyx-lobes not
firmly appressed to it
71 Stems sprawling; berry pale yellow-green or
slightly purplish
72 Corolla pale lavender, 10–15 mm diam., or
often not opening; berry 10–13 mm diam. 66. S. cleistogamum
72: Corolla purple 15–20 mm diam., always
opening; berry 15–20 mm diam. 67. S. horridum
71: Stems erect; berry orange-brown, yellow-brown
or yellow
73 Corolla rotate-pentagonal; young shoots and
inflorescence usually rusty-green 50. S. oldfieldii
73: Corolla rotate-stellate; young shoots usually
grey-green or silvery-green
74 Prickles usually red; leaves silvery-green;
flowering peduncle to 1 cm long; anthers
5–8 mm long 47. S. elaeagnifolium
74: Prickles never red; leaves grey-green or
pale green; flowering peduncle 1–4 cm long;
anthers 4–5 mm long 55. S. esuriale
92
SOLANACEAE Solanum

75 Upper leaf-surface sparsely pubescent or glabrous
76 Lower leaf-surface sparsely pubescent 83. S. multiglochidiatum
76: Lower leaf surface densely to moderately
pubescent
77 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the length more
than 2.5 times the width
78 Leaves lanceolate, the lower surface densely
woolly-pubescent; berry 15–20 mm diam. 93. S. brownii
78: Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, the lower
surface not woolly-pubescent; berry 10–15 mm
diam. 57. S. tetrathecum
77: Leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate to elliptic,
the length less than 2.5 times the width
79 Indumentum on lower leaf-surface bright
yellow or rusty; inflorescence 1 cm long,
opposite a leaf; fruiting calyx-lobes usually
10–14 mm long 92. S. furfuraceum
79: Indumentum on lower leaf-surface green or
pale yellow; inflorescence 2–5 cm long, from
internode; fruiting calyx-lobes about 5 mm
long 91. S. dallachii
75: Upper leaf-surface densely pubescent
80 Berry dry, yellow, finally brown or black
81 Plants pale or rusty yellow-green; leaves
concolorous; berry brown, raisin-like; Seeds pale
brown 53. S. centrale
81: Plants silvery-green or grey-green; leaves
discolorous; berry brown-black, the skin brittle;
Seeds black 71. S. sturtianum
80: Berry bony or mucilaginous, yellow, green, purple
or orange-brown
82 Berry hard and bony, the lower half enclosed by
calyx 74. S. quadriloculatum
82: Berry succulent, the lower half not enclosed by
calyx
83 Berry yellow-green, green or flushed with
purple; stems sprawling or prostrate
84 Fruiting pedicels usually to 1.5 cm long
85 Stems with scattered prickles; corolla
deeply incised, white or pale lavender;
seeds light brown (Qld) 65. S. dianthophorum
85: Stems densely prickly; corolla rotate,
purple; Seeds dark grey-brown (W.A.) 67. S. horridum
84: Fruiting pedicels usually 1.5–3 cm long
93
Solanum SOLANACEAE
86 Stems to 10 cm long; corolla stellate; berry

8–10 mm diam. 63. S. terraneum
86: Stems usually more than 10 cm long;
corolla rotate to rotate-pentagonal or not
opening; berry 10–20 mm diam.
87 Corolla always opening, 20–30 mm diam.,
purple; berry 15–20 mm diam. 64. S. ellipticum
87: Corolla 10–15 mm diam. or not opening,
pale lavender; berry 10–13 mm diam. 66. S. cleistogamum
83: Berry yellow, yellow-brown or orange-brown;
stems usually erect, rarely sprawling
88 Prickles usually scattered on leaves and
petioles
89 Leaves silvery-green or rusty-green;
flowering calyx-lobes awl-shaped; fruiting
pedicels 2–3 cm long 47. S. elaeagnifolium
89: Leaves dark green or grey-green; flowering
calyx-lobes triangular; fruiting pedicels to
15 mm long
90 Prickles to 2 mm long; flowering calyx
2–3 mm long; seeds yellow 56. S. tumulicola
90: Prickles to 10 mm long; flowering calyx
5–7 mm long; Seeds light grey 57. S. tetrathecum
88: Prickles absent from leaves and petioles
91 Leaves ovate, more than 2 cm wide
92 Leaves grey-green; berry 10–15 mm
diam.; Seeds 2–3 mm long 48. S. orbiculatum
92: Leaves green or rusty-green; berry
5–10 mm diam.; Seeds 1–2 mm long 50. S. oldfieldii
91: Leaves lanceolate to oblong, less than 2 cm
wide
93 Leaves dark- or rusty-green; berry not
more than 10 mm diam.; Seeds 1–2 mm
diam.
94 Prickles to 8 mm long; calyx-lobes
oblong-ovate 50. S. oldfieldii
94: Prickles 2–3 mm long; calyx-lobes
obtusely triangular 54. S. hesperium
93: Leaves usually grey-, silvery- or pale-
green; berry usually 10–15 diam., Seeds
2–3 mm diam.
95 Calyx 2–3 mm long; stellate hairs on the
foliage minute 56. S. tumulicola
95: Calyx 4–8 mm long; stellate hairs not
minute
94
SOLANACEAE Solanum
96 Peduncle 10–40 mm long; berry ovate,

obovate or almost globular, the apex
acute 55. S. esuriale
96: Peduncle to 10 mm long; berry
globular or depressed-globular
97 Prickles 2–5 mm long; pedicels
10–15 mm long; Seeds pale brown 52. S. coactiliferum
97: Prickles to 10 mm long; pedicels
usually 5–10 mm long; Seeds light grey 57. S. tetrathecum
† Primarily a cultivated species, except S. douglasii which is inadequately
known in Australia; not treated further in this work.
Sect. I. Solanum
Annuals, herbaceous perennials or short-lived shrubs, pubescent with glandular or

simple, non-glandular hairs; prickles absent. Leaves simple, entire or lobed.
Inflorescence a condensed, sub-umbellate cyme. Flowers usually small. Corolla
stellate, white, often tinged with lavender or purple. Anthers oblong, dehiscing by
terminal pores which may develop into short slits. Berry succulent, green, yellow,
reddish or purple-black. Stone-cell granules sometimes present.
1. Solanum americanum Miller, Gard. Dict. 8th edn, no. 5 (1768)

T: Cultivated Chelsea Physic Garden, origin Virginia, North America, Miller s.n.; lecto: BM, fide
J. M. Edmonds, J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 634 (1971), photo ADW.
S. nodiflorum Jacq., Collectanea 2: 288 (1789) & Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: 11; t. 326 (1789).
T: Cultivated Vienna, origin Mauritius, Herb. Jacquin; lecto: BM, fide R. J. F. Henderson, Contr.
Queensland Herb. 16: 28 (1974).
S. nodiflorum subsp. nutans R. Henderson, Contr. Queensland Herb. 16: 30; t. 2 (1974).
T: Indooroopilly, Qld, Apr. 1969, R. J. F. Henderson 518; holo: BRI 86633; iso: K, MEL, NSW.
[S. nigrum auct. non L.; G. Bentham, Fl. Austral. 4: 446 (1869) p.p.]
Illustration: D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 1 (1981).
Erect or spreading herb or short-lived perennial shrub to 1.3 m, glabrous or sparsely
pubescent with simple hairs, green or the stems and leaves often purplish; prickles
absent. Stems often angled or narrowly winged. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate;
lamina 2–12 cm long, 1–7 cm wide, concolorous, entire or shallowly lobed; petiole
1–4 (occasionally to 9) cm long. Inflorescence short, 4–12–flowered; peduncle to
25 mm long, lengthening to 45 mm in fruit; pedicels 5–8 mm long. Calyx 1–2 mm
long; lobes rounded, 0.4–1.2 mm long. Corolla deeply incised, usually 8–9 mm diam.,
white or flushed purple with yellow-green centre. Anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Berry
globular, 6–9 mm diam., purple-black. Seeds 1–1.5 mm long, light fawn or purplish;
stone-cell granules, if present, c. 0.5 mm diam. n=12. Glossy Nightshade.
A variable cosmopolitan weed in tropical and warm temperate regions. Occurs mainly
in coastal areas of eastern Qld and N.S.W., where possibly indigenous or of pre-
European introduction, and in scattered localities in Vic., W.A. and N.T. where
naturalised from later introductions. Also on Lord Howe Is. Usually grows in
disturbed habitats associated with human activities. Map 70.
W.A.: South Perth, R. D. Royce 8408 (PERTH). N.T.: Adelaide River, 22 Nov. 1972, J. Holmes
(DNA, NT). Qld: Belmont, S. L. Everist 5606 (BRI). N.S.W.: Kogarah, E. F. Constable 5633
(NSW). Vic.: E of Marlo, 7 Feb. 1972, J. H. Willis (MEL).
95
Figure 27. Solanum inflorescences. A–B, S. phlomoides: 1 bisexual flower at base, upper
flowers male; A–young inflorescence (D. E. Symon 10077, CANB); B–older inflorescence
(D. E. Symon 10029, CANB). C, S. campanulatum (Cult. Adelaide ex Budgewoi, N.S.W.,
D. E. Symon, ADW). D, S. ferocissimum (Cult. Canberra ex G. Butler 869, CBG). E–F,
s. dioicum: E–female, 1–flowered inflorescence (D. E. Symon 10161, CANB); F–male
inflorescence (D. E. Symon 5335, CANB). G, S. oldfieldii (D. E. Symon 5450, CANB).
H, S. torvum (C. J. Shepherd 731, CANB). All ×0.5.
96
Figure 28. Solanum inflorescences. A–C, S. asymmetriphyllum; A–old, forked, male
inflorescence (D. E. Symon 7173, CANB); B–young, unbranched male inflorescence
(I. R. Telford 7638 & J. W. Wrigley, CBG); C–female, 1–flowered inflorescence,
(I. R. Telford 7975 & J. W. Wrigley, CBG). D, S. lucani (W. Leutert 23. CANB). E, S.
brownii (Walker, ANU 1111, CANB). F, S. orbiculatum subsp. orbiculatum (I. R.
Telford 6666, CBG). G, S. dimorphispinum (V. K. Moriarty 1590, CANB). H, S. esuriale
(Adams 1394, CANB). B, C ×0.25, others ×0.5.
97
Solanum SOLANACEAE
There is still some disagreement as to the correct name; previously called S.

nodiflorum Jacq. in much Australian literature.
2. Solanum opacum A. Braun & Bouché, Index Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 8: 18, no.
39 (1853)
T: Cultivated at Berlin Botanical Gardens from seeds from Australia, Listeman; holo: B, destroyed;
Broad Sound, Sept. 1802, R. Brown; neo: NSW 125341; iso: K, MEL, fide R. J. F. Henderson,
Contr. Queensland Herb. 16: 39 (1974).
[S. nigrum auct. non L.; G. Bentham, Fl. Austral. 4: 446 (1869) p.p.]
Sprawling, almost prostrate annual herb to 1 m diam., green, pubescent with minute
glandular and simple non-glandular hairs; prickles absent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate;
lamina 3–6 cm long, usually 1–2 cm wide, concolorous, usually shallowly lobed;
petiole 1–4 cm long. Inflorescence 2–5–flowered; peduncle 15–20 mm long; rachis
2–3 cm long; pedicels 7–10 mm long. Calyx 2–3 mm long; lobes rounded or broadly
triangular, to 1 mm long. Corolla stellate, 8–12 mm diam., white. Anthers 1.5–2 mm
long. Berry globular, 8–10 mm diam., green when ripe. Seeds 1.8–2.2 mm long, pale
fawn tinged with green. Stone-cell granules 0.8 mm diam. n=36. Green-berry
Nightshade.
Occurs in eastern Australia from northern Qld to Tas. and south-eastern S.A. Also in P.N.G.
Grows in wetter areas along creeks, rainforest clearings and open eucalypt woodland,
usually in red earths and shales. Map 71.
S.A.: Upper Murray River, D. E. Symon 11586 (ADW). Qld: Brisbane, 24 Jan. 1965, H. E.
Kleinschmidt (BRI). N.S.W.: Griffith district, Apr. 1943, L. Fraser (NSW). Vic.: near Tubbut,
A. C. Beauglehole 33110 (MEL). Tas.: near Bell Bay, R. C. Gunn 51/1842 (HO).
3. *Solanum furcatum Dunal ex Poiret, Encycl. Suppl. 3: 750 (1814)

T: Peru, Dombey; holo: P n.v.
Straggling perennial herb with stems to 1 m long, green or purplish-green, sparsely
pubescent with minute simple hairs; prickles absent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; lamina
3–10 cm long, 2–5 cm wide, slightly discolorous, entire or shallowly lobed; petiole
1–3 cm long, usually winged in upper part. Inflorescence usually forked, to
24–flowered; peduncle 10–25 mm to first fork; pedicels 1 cm long. Calyx 2–3 mm
long; lobes broadly triangular or rounded, 1–1.5 mm long. Corolla stellate, 15–20 mm
diam., white with yellow centre. Anthers 2.3–3.3 mm long. Berry globular, 6–9 mm
diam., purplish-black. Seeds 2 mm long, light brown. Stone-cell granules to 1.2 mm
long. n=24.
Native to South America. Possibly naturalised in Vic. and Tas. but known from only
a few collections. Map 72.
Vic.: Mornington Peninsula, 24 Feb. 1963, J. H. Willis (MEL). Tas.: near Smithton, May 1947,
W. M. Curtis (HO).
4. *Solanum chenopodioides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 18 (1794)

T: Mauritius; holo: P, Herb. Lam., n.v., fide C. D. Morton, Revision Argentine Sp. Solanum 145
(1976), photo ADW.
S. gracile Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 54 (1852), non S. gracile Sendtner, in Martius, Fl. Bras. 10:
98
SOLANACEAE Solanum
13 (1846); S. gracilius Herter, Rev. Sudam. Bot. 7: 226 (1943), based on S. gracile Dunal.
T: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Gaudichaud 520; syn: G–DC, P n.v., fide J. M. Edmonds, J. Arnold
Arbor. 52: 226 (1971); Buenos-Aires, Argentina, Commerson; syn: P n.v., fide J. M. Edmonds, loc.
cit.; Montevideo, Uruguay, Commerson & Gay; syn: P n.v., fide J. M. Edmonds, loc. cit.; cultivated
Montpellier; lecto: G–DC n.v., fide R. J. F. Henderson, Contr. Queensland Herb. 16: 46 (1974),
Austrobaileya 1: 20 (1977).
Sprawling perennial herb to 1 m, green or grey-green, pubescent with simple hairs;
prickles absent. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, the lamina usually 4–7 cm long, and
2–4 cm wide, discolorous, entire or shallowly lobed; petiole to 5 cm long.
Inflorescence short, 5–10–flowered; peduncle 1–2 cm long, slightly longer in fruit;
pedicels 5–8 mm long. Calyx 1–3.5 mm long; lobes rounded, 0.5–1.5 mm long.
Corolla deeply incised, 12–20 mm diam., white. Anthers 2.5–3.5 mm long. Berry
globular, 5–9 mm diam., black. Seeds 1–1.8 mm long, light brownish-yellow. n=12.
Whitetip Nightshade. Fig. 29A.
Native to Argentina; naturalised in North America, Europe, Australia and N.Z.
Occurs in coastal and subcoastal areas of south-eastern Qld, N.S.W. and eastern Vic.
Grows in gullies and on river banks. Map 73.
Qld: Brisbane, R. Henderson 301 (BRI). N.S.W.: near Bodalla, L. Haegi 1756 (ADW, NSW); near
Nelligen, R. Pullen 3964 (CANB). Vic: East Gippsland, A. C. Beauglehole 37803 (MEL).
5. *Solanum nigrum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 186 (1753)

T: Central Asia, Herb. Linnaeus no. 248.18; lecto: LINN n.v., fide R. J. F. Henderson, Contr.
Queensland Herb. 16: 25 (1974), microfiche AD.
S. nigrum subsp. schultesii (Opiz) Wessely, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 63: 311 (1960); S.
schultesii Opiz, in Bercht., Oekon.-techn. Fl. Bâhm. 3: 20 (1843).
T: Hb. Opiz no. 8188; holo: PR n.v.
[S. opacum auct. non A. Br. & Bouché; E. Cheel, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 42: 595 (1917)]
Herb or short-lived perennial shrub, dark green or purple-green, pubescent with
glandular and simple, non-glandular hairs; prickles absent. Leaves ovate, the lamina
up to 13 cm long and 7 cm wide, concolorous, entire or shallowly lobed; petiole 1–3
(occasionally to 7) cm long, narrowly winged in upper portion. Inflorescence short,
4–12–flowered; peduncle 1–2 cm long; pedicels c. 7 mm long. Calyx 1.5–2.2 mm
long; lobes triangular, 0.3–1.2 mm long. Corolla stellate, 8–12 mm diam., white.
Anthers 2 mm long. Berry globular, 6–8 (sometimes to 11) mm diam., dull black or
purple-black; fruiting peduncle sharply deflexed. Seeds 1.8–2.2 mm long, fawn. n=36.
Black-berry Nightshade.
Cosmopolitan weed, naturalised in all Australian States; most common in settled
areas with winter rainfall but extending to arid and wet-tropical areas. Also on Lord
Howe Is. Map 74.
W.A.: Kalbarri National Park, P. G. Wilson 6754 (PERTH). S.A.: Yorketown, N. N. Donner 725
(AD). N.S.W.: 58 km NNW of Wilcannia, B. G. Briggs 2724 (NSW). Vic.: Rickett's Point, Port
Phillip Bay, H. I. Aston 937 (MEL). Tas: Pittwater, 19 Aug. 1951, W. M. Curtis (HO).
Reportedly toxic, but often confused with other species and identity of toxic plants
uncertain. Very variable species with many varieties and forms described overseas.
99
Solanum SOLANACEAE
6. *Solanum retroflexum Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 50 (1852)

T: 'In promont. Bonae Spei, in 1838, (Drège 7864); in Arabiâ circa Taifa (a Mus. Paris, mihi comm.
n. 29)'; syn: G–DC n.v., fide R. J. F. Henderson, Contr. Queensland Herb. 16: 60 (1974),
microfiche AD.
Spreading, rounded annual herb, bright green, pubescent with simple hairs; prickles
absent. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, the lamina 4–8 cm long, 2–5 cm wide,
slightly discolorous, lobed; petiole to 4 cm long. Inflorescence short, 3–6–flowered;
peduncle to 13 mm long; pedicels 4–6 mm long. Calyx 2–5.5 mm long; lobes
triangular, 1–1.5 mm long. Corolla stellate, 12–14 mm diam., white. Anthers 1.5 mm
long. Berry globular, 6–9 mm diam., occasionally smaller, dull black. Seeds 1.8–2 mm long,
light brownish-yellow or purple. n=24.
Originally from South Africa. Sparingly naturalised on Eyre Peninsula and north end
of Yorke Peninsula, S.A. Map 75.
S.A.: Pillie Waterhole, Eyre Peninsula, C. R. Alcock 1268 (AD), and 2099 (ADW).
7. *Solanum sarrachoides Sendtner, in Martius, Fl. Bras. 10: 18 (1846)

T: Southern Brazil, Sellow s.n.; holo: B destroyed, fide C. V. Morton, Revision Argentine Sp.
Solanum 122 (1976); syn: P n.v., fide J. M. Edmonds, Kew Bull. 27: 102 (1972); Chile, Pâppig s.n.,
n.v.
S. nitidibaccatum Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 208 (1912), based on S. sarrachoides p.p.
T: Chile, Pâppig ?538; ?iso: F n.v., fide J. M. Edmonds, loc. cit.; ?iso: A, W n.v., fide R. J. F.
Henderson, Contr. Queensland Herb. 16: 50 (1974); iso: W n.v., fide C. V. Morton, op. cit. 124.
Sprawling annual herb to 50 cm, pale green to dark green, pubescent with glandular
hairs; prickles absent. Leaves ovate, the lamina to 6 cm long, commonly c. 3 cm, 2–4 cm
wide, slightly discolorous, entire or shallowly lobed; petiole 5–15 mm long.
Inflorescence short, 2–7–flowered; peduncle 1 cm long; pedicels 5–7 mm long. Calyx
1.5–2.5 mm long, enlarged in fruit; lobes narrowly triangular, 1–2 mm long. Corolla
stellate, 12–14 mm diam., white. Anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Berry globular, 5–8 mm
diam., green to purplish-green when ripe. Seeds 1.8–2 mm long, light brown. Stone-
cell granules 0.5–0.8 mm diam. n=12.
Native to warm temperate areas of South America; naturalised in North America,
Europe and Australia. Sparingly established in south-eastern Qld, central coast and
tablelands of N.S.W., Vic., Tas. and southern S.A. Weed of cultivation. Map 76.
Qld: Near Stanthorpe, R. J. Henderson & J. W. Parham 1241 (BRI). N.S.W.: Cowra, Jan. 1960,
K. Green (NSW). Vic.: Creswick, 30 Mar. 1964, J. H. Willis (MEL). Tas.: National Park,
?Hobart, Apr. 1952, R. Cock (HO).
The correct name of this species is uncertain.
8. *Solanum villosum Miller, Gard. Dict. 8th edn, no. 2 (1768)

T: Cultivated Chelsea Physic Garden, origin Barbados, Miller; lecto: BM n.v., fide J. M. Edmonds,
Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 78: 219 (1979), photo ADW.
Herb, usually annual, to 70 cm, green, slightly to densely pubescent with glandular or
simple, non-glandular hairs; prickles absent. Leaves ovate, the lamina up to 8 cm
long, commonly c. 4 cm, 3–6 cm wide, concolorous, entire or shallowly lobed; petiole
100
61. Petunia axillaris 62. Petunia parviflora 63. Nierembergia hippomanica
64. Lycium australe 65. Lycium ferocissimum 66. Lycium barbarum
67. Lycium afrum 68. Salpichroa origanifolia 69. Cyphomandra betacea
70. Solanum americanum 71. Solanum opacum 72. Solanum furcatum
73. Solanum chenopodioides 74. Solanum nigrum 75. Solanum retroflexum
101
Solanum SOLANACEAE
to 4.5 cm long. Inflorescence short, 3–8–flowered; peduncle and pedicels c. 1 cm

long. Calyx 1.2–2 mm long; lobes semi-elliptic, 1 mm long. Corolla shallowly incised,
8–15 mm diam., white. Anthers 1.5–2.2 mm long. Berry almost globular, 5–9 mm
diam., dull orange-red. Seeds 1.7–2.3 mm long, pale yellow. n=24. Woolly
Nightshade.
Widespread weed in Europe, Mediterranean countries, northern Africa and North
America. Sparingly naturalised in Qld, S.A. and W.A. A weed of tobacco crops in
Qld. Map 77.
S.A.: Strathalbyn, 13 Apr. 1961, D. L. Manisty (ADW). Qld: Near Mareeba, R. J. Henderson
1573 (BRI).
Sect. II. Leiodendra
Solanum sect. Leiodendra Dunal, Solan. Syn. 20 (1816)

Type species: S. nudum Dunal
Shrubs or small trees, glabrescent or pubescent with simple or branched hairs; prickles
absent. Leaves simple, usually entire. Inflorescence a condensed cluster or scorpioid
cyme, sub-axillary. Corolla stellate, often white. Anthers oblong, dehiscing by
terminal pores. Berry succulent, orange-red or black.
9. Solanum callium C. White ex R. Henderson, Austrobaileya 1: 13 (1977)

T: c. 35 km NW of Kyogle, N.S.W., Dec. 1968, R. J. F. Henderson H489; holo: BRI 178893; iso:
BRI, CANB, K, NSW.
Illustrations: R. J. F. Henderson, op. cit. 14; t.1, 2; D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 10
(1981).
Shrub to 3 m, green, glabrous except for simple hairs mainly in tufts in axils of main
veins of lower leaf-surface; prickles absent. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic; lamina 7–18 cm
long, 2–2.5 cm wide, concolorous, entire; petiole 1–2.5 cm long, grooved above,
narrowly winged almost to base. Inflorescence short, 5–10 (occasionally to 30)-
flowered; peduncle 2–10 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long, slightly longer in fruit.
Calyx 2–3 mm long; lobes rounded, 0.5–1 mm long. Corolla deeply incised, to 15 mm
diam., white. Anthers 2–3 mm long. Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam., bright orange-yellow.
Seeds 3–4 mm long, light yellow-brown, the margin slightly thickened. n=24.
Occurs in far south-eastern Qld and north-eastern N.S.W. in basaltic soil, on tracks,
roads and clearings in rainforest. Possibly introduced to Australia but origin unknown.
Map 78.
Qld: near Rathdowney, V. K. Moriarty 1680 (BRI, CANB). N.S.W.: Tweed district, A. G. Floyd
384 (NSW); Toonumbar State Forest, R. Henderson 1259 & J. W. Parham (ADW).
Sect. III. Dulcamara
Solanum sect. Dulcamara Dumort., Fl. Belg. 39 (1827)

Type species: S. dulcamara L.
Perennial climbers, herbaceous or somewhat woody, glabrescent or pubescent with
simple hairs; prickles absent. Leaves simple, entire to deeply lobed. Inflorescence
panicle-like. Corolla stellate. Anthers oblong, dehiscing by terminal pores. Berry
succulent, red. Seeds pale buff.
102
SOLANACEAE Solanum
10. *Solanum dulcamara L., Sp. Pl. 1: 185 (1753)

T: Habitat in Europe; LINN 248.7 n.v., microfiche AD.
Scrambling perennial shrub, green, slightly to densely pubescent with glandular or
simple, non-glandular hairs; prickles absent. Leaves broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate;
lamina 5.5–8 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, concolorous, entire or upper leaves lobed at
base; petiole to 15 mm long. Inflorescence branched, to 20–flowered; peduncle up to
3 cm long to first fork; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 2–3 mm long; lobes short.
Corolla stellate, 10–12 mm diam., bluish. Anthers 4–4.5 mm long. Berry ovoid,
5–8 mm diam., bright red. Seeds 2 mm long, pale straw-coloured. Bittersweet,
Woody Nightshade.
Known from only a few collections in Tas. Map 79.
Tas.: Hobart, 20 Jan. 1943, W. M. Curtis (HO).
Cultivated in eastern Europe as possible source of alkaloid and steroid drugs. Known
to be toxic to stock in Europe and North America; no known cases of poisoning
recorded in Australia.
11. *Solanum palitans Morton, Revision Argentine Sp. Solanum 92; fig. 7E–H, fig.
8 (1976)
T: Yerba Buena, Tucuman Province, Argentina, 19 Jan. 1919, Venturi 159; US 1548805 n.v.; iso:
BA, LIL, SI, LP n.v.
Sprawling annual or perennial herb with stems sometimes to 2 m long, frequently
rooting at nodes, green, almost glabrous to sparsely pubescent with glandular and
simple, non-glandular hairs; prickles absent. Leaves ovate; lamina 3–5 cm long,
1–2 cm wide, concolorous, deeply 3–lobed; lobes elliptic-obovate; petiole 10–15 mm
long. Inflorescence 4–10–flowered; peduncle c. 1 cm long; rachis to 1 cm long;
pedicels 5 mm long. Calyx 2–3 mm long; lobes 1 mm long. Corolla stellate, to 10 mm
diam., white. Anthers 1.5 mm long. Berry globular, 4–5 mm diam., dull yellow-green.
Seeds 1–1.5 mm long, pale buff. n=12.
Native to Argentina. Naturalised in central-coastal N.S.W. Map 80.
N.S.W.: Burragorang Lookout, E. F. Constable 6738 (ADW, CANB, NSW); Millfield, R. Coveny
6512 & J. Powell (BRI, NSW).
12. *Solanum triflorum Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 128 (1818)

T: Near Fort Mandan, North Dakota, U.S.A.; ?BM n.v.
Illustrations: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1066 (1957); D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot.
Gard. 4: fig. 13 (1981).
Sprawling annual herb, green, sparsely pubescent with simple hairs; stems to 1 m
long, sometimes rooting at nodes; prickles absent. Leaves ovate or elliptic; lamina
2–4 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, concolorous, shallowly lobed or dentate to deeply lobed;
margin recurved and thickened; petiole 5–10 mm long. Inflorescence short, 1–3–
flowered, with small terminal leaflet; peduncle 10–30 mm long; pedicels 3–5 mm
long. Calyx 3–5 mm long; lobes lanceolate to narrowly triangular, 1.5–2 mm long,
slightly larger and becoming reflexed in fruit. Corolla stellate, 5–6 mm diam., white
or rarely pale lavender. Anthers 2.5 mm long. Berry globular, 8–12 mm diam.,
103
Solanum SOLANACEAE
whitish-green, marbled. Seeds 1–2 mm long, light brownish-yellow. Stone-cell

granules c. 1 mm diam. n=12. Figs 26J; 29C; 34. Three-flowered Nightshade.
Native to North America, locally naturalised in north-western Europe. In Australia
naturalised in cool temperate areas of south-eastern Qld, N.S.W., Vic., south-eastern
S.A. and south-western W.A. Map 81.
W.A.: Wickepin area, 29 Mar. 1978, V. M. Leeson & Son (PERTH). S.A.: c. 80 km NW of
Bordertown, 12 Feb. 1963, I. R. Fry (AD). Qld: near Ballandean, 20 Feb. 1974, I. F. Swan
(BRI). N.S.W: Finley, D. E. Symon 9807 (ADW, NSW). Vic.: Tambo River, T. B. Muir 2789
(MEL).
Suspected of poisoning sheep and cattle. Specimens with shallowly lobed leaves
approach the European S. triflorum var. ponticum (Prodan) Borza.
Sect. IV. Jasminosolanum
Solanum sect. Jasminosolanum Bitter ex Seithe, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 81: 291 (1962)
Type species: S. jasminoides Paxton
Climbers or lianes, glabrescent or pubescent with simple or branched hairs; prickles
absent. Leaves simple, entire to deeply lobed or pinnate with a single terminal leaflet;
petiole sometimes twining. Inflorescence terminal or lateral, panicle-like; flowers
several to many. Corolla stellate, sometimes shallowly incised. Anthers oblong,
dehiscing by terminal pores and lateral slits. Berry succulent, bright red to purple-
black.
13. *Solanum jasminoides Paxton, Mag. Bot. 8: t. 5 (1841)

T: cultivated material possibly collected from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Tweedie; lecto: J. Paxton,
loc. cit., t. 5, fide R. M. Harley, Bot. Mag. 177: t. 568 (1970).
S. dietrichiae Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 576 (1929).
T: Qld, A. Dietrich 2789; holo: PR 530859, photo ADW.
Illustrations: D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 14 (1981); J. Paxton, loc. cit.
Perennial climber, green, glabrous except for simple hairs in tufts in leaf axils and
axils of larger veins on lower leaf-surface; prickles absent. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
usually simple, sometimes with 2 small leaves in axil; lamina 3–5 cm long,
1.5–2.5 cm wide, concolorous; petiole 1–2 cm long, often twining; juvenile leaves up
to 7 cm long and 6 cm wide, deeply lobed, the lobes lanceolate. Inflorescence
branched, c. 20–flowered; peduncle to 35 mm long up to first fork; pedicels
10–15 mm long; fruiting pedicel to 4 mm diam. below calyx. Calyx 2–3 mm long;
lobes acuminate, 1–1.5 mm long. Corolla shallowly incised, 20 mm diam., white or
pale blue. Anthers 2–4 mm long. Berry globular or slightly ovoid, 7–9 mm diam.,
dark blue to shiny black. Seeds 2–3 mm long, grey with pale margin. n=12. Potato
Climber, Jasmine Nightshade.
Native to South America. Widely grown as an ornamental in Australia, sparingly
naturalised around Brisbane, Qld, and Sydney, N.S.W. Map 82.
N.S.W.: Minnamurra Reserve, 1954, H. K. Judd (NSW).
104
SOLANACEAE Solanum
14. *Solanum seaforthianum Andrews, Bot. Repos. 8: t. 504 (1808)

T: cultivated in Britain from material introduced from the West Indies by Seaforth; holo:
H. Andrews, loc. cit., t. 504, fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 67 (1981).
Illustrations: H. E. Kleinschmidt & R. W. Johnson, Weeds Queensland, 267 (1979); D. E. Symon,
op. cit. fig. 15.
Sprawling perennial shrub or climber, green; simple, non-glandular hairs on leaf
margins, veins of lower leaf-surface and corolla margins and tips; glandular hairs on
peduncles and pedicels; prickles absent. Leaves ovate; lamina 4–13 cm long, 4–11 cm
wide, concolorous, deeply lobed, the lobes often cut to midrib; petiole 2–4 cm long.
Inflorescence few–50–flowered; peduncle 1–6 cm long; rachis to 10 cm long; pedicels
10–15 mm long. Calyx 1.5–2.5 mm long; lobes broad, very short. Corolla deeply
incised, 20–30 mm diam., mauve-blue. Anthers 2.5–4 mm long. Berry globular,
8–12 mm diam., bright red. Seeds 2–3 mm long, reddish-brown, hairy. Brazilian
Nightshade. Fig. 26K.
Native to West Indies; widely cultivated and naturalised in South and Central
America and other tropical areas. In Australia occasionally cultivated as an
ornamental in southern States; naturalised in Qld and N.S.W. in moist gullies and
disturbed rainforest. Map 83.
Qld: Yarraman, V. K. Moriarty 888 (BRI); Tolga scrub, D. E. Symon 4754 (ADW, CANB).
N.S.W.: near Alstonville, S. Clark, J. Pickard & R. Coveny 1259 (NSW).
Berries reported poisonous to poultry, pigs, cattle, sheep and children.
Sect. V. Archaesolanum
Solanum sect. Archaesolanum (Bitter ex Marz.) Danert, Kulturpflanze 18: 267, 268
(1970)
Solanum subgen. Archaesolanum Bitter ex Marz., in Hegi, Fl. Mittel-Europa 5: 2583 (1927)
Type species: S. aviculare G. Forster
Short-lived shrubs, glabrous except for glandular or simple, non-glandular, usually
minute hairs on seedlings, young growth, calyx, and corolla tips; prickles absent.
Leaves very variable; juvenile leaves often large, simple, shallowly to deeply lobed;
mature leaves smaller, entire. Inflorescence scorpioid, cyme-like, often in branch fork;
flowers rarely solitary. Corolla rotate to rotate-stellate, purple, reddish or blue-violet,
rarely white. Anthers oblong. Berry succulent, variously coloured. Stone-cell granules
present, often conspicuous.
Ser. I. Avicularia Herasim., Nov. Syst. Pl. Vasc. Leningrad 7: 270 (1970)
Leaf apex long-acuminate. Corolla stellate; lobes keeled, fringed. Seeds 7–20 times as
many as stone-cell granules.
15. Solanum aviculare G. Forster, Pl. Esc. 42 (1786)

T: Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand; lecto: BM, fide G. T. S. Baylis, Trans. Roy. Soc. New
Zealand 82: 641 (1954).
S. aviculare var. typicum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 574 (1928), nom. illeg.
S. brisbanense (Herasim.) Herasim., Nov. Syst. Pl. Vasc. Leningrad 7: 273 (1970); S. aviculare var.
brisbanense Herasim., Bjull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 59: 72 (1965).
T: cultivated in Moscow area from seed from Brisbane; ?LE, n.v.
105
Figure 29. Solanum fruits. A, S. chenopodioides (M. D. Crisp 2494, I. R. Telford &
R. Ellyard, CBG). B, S. laciniatum (Cult. Canberra ex Salt Ck., S.A., J. W. Wrigley,
CBG). C, S. pugiunculiferum (Elsey Stn., N.T., G. Chippendale, ADW). F, S.
capsiciforme (D. E. Symon 8320, CANB). G, S. mauritianum (Waterfall Gully, S.A.,
D. E. Symon, CANB). H, S. rostratum (Qld., N. H. Shaw, CANB). I–J, S. ferox;
J–indumentum of berry; (Cult. Brisbane ex V. K. Moriarty 1683, CANB). C ×0.75; D
×0.25; others ×0.5.
106
Figure 30. Solanum fruits. A, S. tetrandrum (D. E. Symon 7774, ADW). B, S.
ferocissimum (Cult. Adelaide ex D. E. Symon 4698, ADW). C, S. chenopodinum
(D. E. Symon 8010, CANB). D, S. densevestitum (J. G. Tracey & V. K. Moriarty 1640,
ADW). E, S. coactiliferum (I. R. Telford 3871, CBG). F, S. orbiculatum subsp.
orbiculatum (D. E. Symon 3420, CANB). G, S. nummularium (R. J. Chinnock 997,
CANB). H, S. centrale (D. E. Symon 6897, ADW). I, S. ellipticum (D. E. Symon 6003,
CANB). J, S. esuriale (C. R. Dunlop 966, ADW). K, S. echinatum (L. A. Craven 2372,
CANB). L, S. lucani (W. Leutert 23, CANB). D ×1; others ×0.5.
107
Figure 31. Solanum fruits. A, S.eardleyae (composite — Beauglehole 22854, CANB; and
Ernabella, S.A., P. D. Symon, ADW). B, S. oligacanthum (M. Lazarides 8372, CANB).
C, S. sturtianum (B. Crisp 431, CBG). D, S. petrophilum (D. E. Symon 8058, ADW). E.
S. lachnophyllum (N. H. Speck 1484, CANB). F, S. lasiophyllum (D. E. Symon 9911,
CANB). G, S. campanulatum (Cult. Adelaide ex Budgewoi, N.S.W., Whitehead, ADW).
H, S. cinereum (N. T. Burbidge 6576, CANB). H ×0.25; others ×0.5.
108
Figure 32. Solanum fruits. A, S. chipendalei (P. K. Latz 6601, CANB). B, S.
melanospermum (D. E. Symon 5064, CANB). C, S. marginatum (Cult. Adelaide ex
Nuriootpa, S.A., D. E. Symon, CANB). D, S. clarkiae (D. E. Symon 5156, CANB). E,
S. oedipus (D. E. Symon 10188, ADW). F, S. dioicum (D. E. Symon 5280, CANB). G,
S. cunninghamii (D. E. Symon 5345, CANB). H, S.asymmetriphyllum (I. R. Telford
8032 & J. W. Wrigley, CBG). I, S. petraeum (D. E. Symon 10182, ADW). C ×0.25;
others ×1.
109
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Illustrations: G. T. S. Baylis, Austral. J. Bot. 11: t. 1, figs 1-2; t. 2, figs 1-2 (1963); S. L. Everist,
Poison. Pl. Austral. t.(col.) 52 (1974); D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 18 (1981).
Erect shrub to 4 m, dark green, glabrous except for glandular and minute, simple,
non-glandular hairs on young growing points and corolla apices; stems angular with
raised lines; prickles absent. Lobed leaves broadly elliptic to obovate; lamina
15–30 cm long, concolorous, the lobes 1–10 cm long, 0.5–2 cm wide; petiole to 4 cm
long. Entire leaves lanceolate-elliptic, the lamina 8–25 cm long, 1–3.5 cm wide,
concolorous; petiole 1–2 cm long. Inflorescence up to 10–flowered; peduncle to
35 mm long; rachis to 15 cm long, often forked at base; pedicels 15–20 mm long.
Calyx 5–6 mm long; lobes triangular, 1.5–3 mm long. Corolla rotate-stellate,
25–40 mm diam., blue-violet; lobes acute. Anthers 3.5–4.5 mm long. Berry ovoid to
ellipsoid, 10–15 mm diam., bright orange-red to scarlet. Seeds 1–1.5 mm long, light
brown or reddish-brown. Stone-cell granules usually 1–1.5 mm long. n=23. Kangaroo
Apple.
Occurs mainly in eastern Qld, N.S.W. and Vic., with locally naturalised populations
in S.A. and W.A. Also occurs in P.N.G., Lord Howe Is., Norfolk Is., New Caled. and
N.Z. Map 84.
S.A.: Coulta, 13 Jan. 1972, H. Holden (AD). N.S.W.: SE of Berrico, B. G. Briggs 2341 (BRI,
NSW); near Aberdeen, R. Story 7206 (CANB, NSW). Vic.: S of Dargo, L. Haegi 151 (ADW,
NSW); near Healesville, 14 Apr. 1967, J. H. Willis (MEL).
Cultivated in U.S.S.R., eastern Europe and N.Z. as source of solasodine for cortisone
and other steroid drugs. Ripe berries eaten by Aborigines in Lake Condah area.
Closely related to S. laciniatum Aiton, S. linearifolium Herasim. and S.
vescum F. Muell. from which distinguished by ripe fruit colour and smaller seeds.
Ser. II. Laciniata Herasim., Nov. Syst. Pl. Vasc. Leningrad 7: 273 (1970)
Type species: S. laciniatum Aiton
Leaf apex shortly acuminate. Corolla rotate; lobes shortly notched. Seeds more than 5
times as many as stone-cell granules.
16. Solanum laciniatum Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1: 247 (1789)

S. aviculare var. laciniatum (Aiton) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 574, fig. 183 (1928); S. pinnatifolium
Salisb., Prodr. 133 (1796); nom. illeg., based on S. laciniatum Aiton.
T: Native to New Zealand, J. Banks s.n.; lecto: Bot. Mag. 10: t. 349 (1796), fide G. T. S. Baylis,
Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 82: 642 (1954).
Illustrations: G. T. S. Baylis, Austral. J. Bot. 11: t. 1, figs 1-2; t. 2, figs 1-2 (1963); J. H. Willis,
B. Fuhrer & E. R. Rotherham, Field Guide Fl. & Pl. Victoria, t. 204 (1975); D. E. Symon, J.
Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 19 (1981).
Shrub to 3 m, green, the stems often purplish, glabrous except for minute glandular
hairs on young growing tips and buds, and simple hairs on seedlings and young
leaves; prickles absent. Lobed leaves broadly ovate; lamina 9–38 cm long,
concolorous, deeply lobed; lobes 2–13 cm long, 0.3–2 cm wide; petiole 1–4 cm long.
Entire leaves lanceolate; lamina 5–20 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, concolorous; petiole
5–10 mm long. Inflorescence up to 10–flowered; peduncle to 4 cm long; rachis
5–15 cm long, often forked; pedicels 1.5–3 cm long. Calyx 4–6 mm long; lobes
triangular, 2–3 mm long, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla rotate, 30–50 mm diam.,
deep purple-blue; lobes notched. Anthers 3–4 mm long. Fruiting axis 10–20 cm long.
Berry ellipsoid to ovoid, 15–20 mm diam., yellow to orange-yellow. Seeds 2–2.5 mm
110
Figure 33. Solanum laciniatum. Figure 35. Solanum linearifolium.
Photograph — N. Lamb. Photograph — M. Fagg.
Figure 34. Solanum triflorum. Figure 36. Solanum stelligerum.

Photograph — M. Fagg. Photograph — M. Fagg.
111
Solanum SOLANACEAE
long, reddish-brown. Stone-cell granules usually 2–2.5 mm long. n=46. Kangaroo

Apple. Figs 29B, 33.
Occurs mainly in south-eastern Australia, in southern N.S.W., Vic., Tas. and S.A.,
with localised populations in W.A. Also native to N.Z. Associated with stabilised
sand dunes, creek lines, and road verges in scrub and woodland. Map 85.
W.A.: Perth, 22 Jan. 1969, R. Brown (PERTH). S.A.: c. 22 km N of Beachport, J. Carrick 2190
(AD). N.S.W.: Inverell, 29 June 1910, D. V. Johnson (NSW). Vic.: 55 km NW of Bairnsdale,
M. G. Corrick 6166 (MEL). Tas.: Huon Rd, Tas., Sept. 1894, L. Rodway (HO).
Cultivated in U.S.S.R., eastern Europe and N.Z. as source of solasodine for cortico-
steroid drugs; several cultivated forms recognised, but best treated, according to
Symon, op. cit. 81 (1981), under the International Code of Nomenclature of
Cultivated Plants. Often confused with S. aviculare G. Forster; distinguished by the
rotate corolla with notched lobes, the yellowish fruit and larger seeds. Ripe fruit
formerly eaten by Aborigines in Tas.
17. Solanum linearifolium Herasim. ex Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 81, fig.
20 (1981)
T: Lake George, N.S.W., 20 Mar. 1964, M. Gray & E. D'Arnay 5445; holo: CANB, iso: ADW, OTA.
Illustrations: N. T. Burbidge & M. Gray, Fl. Austral. Cap. Terr. fig. 325 (1970); D. E. Symon, loc. cit.
Erect shrub to 4 m, green, sparsely pubescent with minute, simple and glandular hairs
on leaves, growing points, calyx and corolla apices; prickles absent. Lobed leaves
broadly elliptic to ovate; lamina 15–40 cm long, concolorous, deeply lobed; lobes
2–12 cm long, 0.5–1 cm wide; petiole up to 15 mm long. Entire leaves narrowly
elliptic to linear, mostly 5–10 cm long, 5–10 mm wide, concolorous; petiole short,
decurrent as raised line. Inflorescence up to 10–flowered; peduncle absent or to 8 mm
long; rachis up to 10 cm long, occasionally forked at base; pedicels 2–4 cm long.
Calyx 3–5 mm long; lobes triangular, 1–2 mm long. Corolla broady rotate-stellate to
pentagonal, 25–45 mm diam., intense purple-violet. Anthers 3 mm long. Berry
globular to slightly ovoid, 1.5–2 cm diam., ochre-yellow and reddish-purple in upper
half. Seeds 2–2.5 mm long, pale buff to light grey. Stone-cell granules 2–4 mm long.
n=23. Mountain Kangaroo Apple, Kangaroo Apple. Fig. 35.
Occurs in south-eastern N.S.W. and eastern Vic. on coastal ranges and tablelands,
often in disturbed habitats along forest margins, tracks and road verges, rocky
outcrops, creeks and river gorges. Map 86.
N.S.W.: Burragorang Lookout, E. F. Constable 5672 (BRI, NSW); Lake George, M. Gray &
B. Gray 3938 (CANB). Vic.: East Gippsland, A. C. Beauglehole 37202 & K. C. Rogers (MEL).
18. Solanum vescum F. Muell., Trans. & Proc. Victorian Inst. Advancem. Sci. 1:
69 (1855), & Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 7: 237 (1855)
S. aviculare var. vescum (F. Muell.) Ewart, Victorian Naturalist 24: 59 (1907).
T: Lake Wellington, Gippsland, coll. unknown; syn: K, MEL; mouth of Snowy River, 1855,
F. Mueller s.n.; lecto: MEL 11429, iso: MEL, fide Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 83
(1981); the Tambo, coll. unknown; n.v.; Nicholson's River; n.v.; Clifton's Morass; n.v.; Latrobe
River; n.v.; near the Buchan River; n.v.
Illustrations: G. T. S. Baylis, Austral. J. Bot. 11: t. 1, figs 1-2; t. 2, figs 1-3 (1963); D. E. Symon,
op. cit. fig. 21.
112
SOLANACEAE Solanum
Erect or spreading shrub to 2 m, green, glabrous except for minute, simple and
glandular hairs on corolla, calyx apices, seedlings and young shoots; prickles absent.
Lobed leaves broadly ovate; lamina 10–50 cm long, concolorous, deeply lobed; lobes
mostly 5–10 cm long, 8–12 mm wide, sometimes smaller; petiole to 3 cm long. Entire
leaves linear-lanceolate, the lamina 5–15 cm long, 5–13 mm wide, sometimes larger,
concolorous; petiole short or absent, often decurrent as narrow wing. Inflorescence
many-flowered; peduncle absent or up to 7 cm long; rachis 1–5 cm long; pedicels
2–3 cm long, becoming longer in fruit. Calyx 3–5 mm long; lobes triangular, 2–3 mm
long. Corolla rotate-stellate, 35–40 mm diam., sometimes smaller, violet. Anthers
3–4 mm long. Fruiting axis to 15 cm long, the pedicels 2.5–5 cm long. Berry globular
or slightly ovoid, 20–25 mm diam., greenish-ivory. Seeds 2–3 mm long, greyish-
brown. Stone-cell granules 1–2(3) mm long. n=23. Kangaroo Apple. Fig. 26G-H.
Occurs in south-eastern Qld, eastern N.S.W., eastern Vic. and Tas., usually in coastal
and near-coastal areas, on consolidated coastal dunes, stream banks, and margins of
forest and woodland. Map 87.
N.S.W.: Mittagong, J. Thompson 2870 (ADW, NSW); Sussex Inlet, L. G. Wright, M. Gray &
C. Totterdell 5689 (ADW, CANB). Vic.: near Myrtleford, 12 Feb. 1965, C. J. Shepherd (MEL).
Tas.: Harford, H. S. Hamilton 84 (HO).
Narrow-leaved specimens approach S. linearifolium Herasim ex Symon. Two

cultivated varieties recognised, but best treated, according to D. E. Symon, op. cit.
85, under the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants. Fruit
formerly eaten by Aborigines in Tasmania.
Ser. III. Similia Herasim., Nov. Syst. Pl. Vasc. Leningrad 7: 274 (1970)
Type species: S. simile F. Muell.
Leaf apex obtuse. Corolla rotate, the lobes shortly notched. Seeds as many as stone-
cell granules.
19. Solanum simile F. Muell., Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria 1: 19 (1855)

S. simile var. typicum Domin, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 130 (1913), nom. illeg.
T: Angas River, S.A., F. Mueller s.n.; syn: MEL; Spencer's Gulf, S.A., F. Mueller s.n.; syn: K; St
Vincent's Gulf, S.A., F. Mueller s.n.; lecto: MEL 12328; iso: L, MEL, fide D. E. Symon, J.
Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 86 (1981); Kangaroo Island, S.A., March, 1847, ?Waterhouse s.n.; syn: MEL;
S.A., F. Mueller s.n.; syn: CGE, E, L.
Illustrations: G. T. S. Baylis, Austral. J. Bot. 11: t. 1, figs 1-2; t. 2, figs 1-3 (1963); D. E. Symon,
op. cit. fig. 22.
Erect shrub to 2 m, green, glabrous except for minute hairs on petal apices; prickles
absent. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate; lamina 3–8 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, sometimes
larger, concolorous, usually entire; petiole to 1 cm long. Juvenile leaves up to 19 cm
long and 9 cm wide, shallowly lobed towards base. Inflorescence up to 12–flowered;
rachis to 5 cm long; peduncle absent or to 1 cm long; pedicels to 25 mm long. Calyx
3–5 mm long; lobes broadly triangular, 2–3 mm long. Corolla rotate, 20–30 mm
diam., violet; lobes notched. Anthers 2–2.5 mm long. Berry globular, 10–15 mm
diam., green or tinged purple. Seeds 2–2.5 mm long, greyish to dark brown. Stone-
cell granules 1–3 mm diam. n=23. Oondoroo. Fig. 26F.
Occurs in drier regions of southern Australia, in south-western W.A., southern S.A.,
north-western Vic., and central N.S.W. Usually grows in sandy, often alkaline, soils,
at base of dunes, disturbed roadside areas, and alluvial gravels and terraces of
113
Solanum SOLANACEAE
seasonally flooded creeks. Often associated with mallee eucalypt woodlands;

abundant after fire. Map 88.
W.A.: SW of Coolgardie, A. S. George 8031 (PERTH). S.A.: Gammon Ranges, Hj. Eichler 12852
(AD); Monarto, D. E. Symon 9700 (ADW). N.S.W.: 28 km W of West Wyalong, D. E. Symon
9868 (CANB). Vic.: NW of Dergholm, 10 Jan. 1972, J. H. Willis (MEL).
Aboriginal food plant in S.A. Closely related to S. symonii H. Eichler; distinguished
by the globular fruit and smaller flowers.
20. Solanum symonii H. Eichler, Taxon 12: 296 (1963)

S. fasciculatum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 123 (1859) nom. illeg.; non S. fasciculatum
Vell., Fl. Flumin 1: 85 (1825); S. simile var. fasciculatum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 575 (1929), and
as S. simile var. fastigiatum Domin, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 130 (1913) (orthographic
error)
T: Phillips River, south-western New Holland ?Maxwell; lecto: MEL 12398; iso: MEL, fide D. E.
Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 88 (1981).
Illustrations: G. T. S. Baylis, Austral. J. Bot. 11: t. 1, figs 1-2; t. 2, figs 1-3 (1963); D. E. Symon, J.
Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 23 (1981)
Erect shrub to 2 m, green, glabrous except for minute simple and glandular hairs on
growing points, calyx and corolla apices, and occasional stout conical hairs on lower
mid-veins of younger leaves. Prickles absent. Lobed leaves ovate-lanceolate; lamina
10–18 cm long, 3–8 cm wide, concolorous, shallowly lobed; petiole 2–3 cm long.
Entire leaves lanceolate to elliptic, the lamina 3–12 cm long, 5–16 mm wide,
concolorous; petiole 10–15 cm long. Inflorescence 2–6–flowered; peduncle absent or
up to 3 cm long; rachis to 5 cm long; pedicels 1–2 cm long. Calyx 4–5 mm long;
lobes broadly triangular, 1.5–3 mm long. Corolla rotate, 30–40 mm diam., pale
lavender-purple; lobes notched. Anthers 2–3 mm long. Berry ellipsoid to obovoid,
1–1.5 cm diam., green or tinged purple. Seeds 2 mm diam., greyish or reddish-brown.
Stone-cell granules to 2 mm diam. n=46
Occurs in coastal regions from Geraldton, W.A., to tip of Yorke Peninsula, S.A.
Often on stabilised dunes, in sandy soil over limestone, or in gypseous soil. Map 89.
W.A.: 2 km E of Eucla, M. D. Crisp 955 (PERTH). S.A.: Head of Great Australian Bight,
B. Copley 2729 (AD); 19 km E of Ceduna, D. E. Symon 4485 (ADW, BIRM, CANB, K, NSW,
PERTH)
Closely related to S. vescum F. Muell. and to S. simile F. Muell. with which it is
often confused
21. Solanum capsiciforme (Domin) Baylis, Austral. J. Bot. 11: 168 (1963)
S. simile var. capsiciforme Domin, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 130 (1913).
T: Near Lake Gillies, S.A., Burkett s.n.; holo: K.
[S. simile F. Muell. var. fasciculatum (F. Muell.) J. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 4: 497 (1926), nom. illeg.]
Illustrations: G. T. S. Baylis, op. cit. t. 1, figs 1, 3; t. 2, fig. 3; B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How
to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 599 (1975); D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 24 (1981).
Erect, short-lived shrub to 1 m, green, glabrous except for minute glandular and
simple hairs on young growth, and calyx and corolla apices; prickles absent. Leaves
linear-lanceolate; lamina 3–10 cm long, 3–10 mm wide, concolorous, entire; petiole
5–10 mm long. Juvenile leaves oblong-lanceolate, undulate or shallowly lobed.
114
SOLANACEAE Solanum
Inflorescence short, 1–6–flowered; peduncle absent or up to 10 mm long; pedicels

10–20 mm long. Calyx 2–4 mm long; lobes triangular, 1–1.5 mm long. Corolla rotate,
20–30 mm diam., violet. Anthers 2–3 mm long. Berry conical, 15–30 mm long, green
when ripe. Seeds 1.5 mm long, brown or grey-brown. Stone-cell granules 1–1.5(2)
mm long. n=23. Native Pepper. Fig. 29F.
Occurs in southern S.A. and south-western W.A., usually in disturbed sites in sandy
soil or sand over limestone. Map 90.
W.A.: About 12 km S of Lake Grace, S. Paust 867 (PERTH). S.A.: Hambidge Reserve, D. E.
Symon 4272 (ADW, CANB); 16 km SW of Buckleboo, D. J. Whibley 307 (AD).
Sect. VI. Brevantherum
Solanum sect. Brevantherum Seithe, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 81: 297 (1962)
Type species: S. verbascifolium auct. non L. = S. erianthum D. Don
Shrubs or small trees, often densely pubescent with stellate to echinoid hairs; prickles
absent. Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence condensed, the cymes branched and
paniculate. Corolla stellate. Anthers oblong, dehiscing by terminal pores. Ovary
pubescent. Berry succulent or mucilaginous, sometimes pubescent, often yellow. Seeds
pale buff.
22. Solanum erianthum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 96 (1825)

T: Valley in Nepal near Kalamanda, 1821, Wallich Herb. 2616C; lecto: K, fide K. E. Roe, Brittonia
19: 359 (1967).
[S. verbascifolium auct. non L.; G. Bentham, Fl. Austral. 4: 449 (1869)]
Shrub or small tree to 8 m, often with flattened, spreading crown, green or grey-
green, densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles absent. Leaves ovate-elliptic;
lamina 8–24 cm long, 4–15 cm wide, slightly discolorous, entire; petiole 1–10 cm
long. Inflorescence branched, many-flowered; peduncle to first fork 3–8 cm long;
pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 4–7 mm long; lobes triangular, 1–2.5 mm long. Corolla
stellate, 13–19 mm diam., white. Anthers 2.5–3 mm long. Berry globular, 10 mm
diam., dull yellow, pubescent. Seeds 1.5–2 mm long, dull yellow. Potato Tree,
Tobacco Tree.
Originally from tropical Central America, and now widespread in south-east Asia and
to a less extent in west tropical Africa. Occurs in near-coastal eastern Australia in
Qld and north-eastern N.S.W. Usually associated with disturbed habitats in high
rainfall areas. Generally considered native to Australia but may have been a pre-
European settlement introduction. Map 91.
Qld: N of Boonah, L. W. Jessup & M. Olsen 263 (BRI); Pine Mt, W. T. Jones 276 (CANB).
N.S.W.: Whian Whian State Forest, H. C. Hayes, J. Turner, D. J. McGillivray 2599 (NSW).
23. *Solanum mauritianum Scop., Delic. Insub. 3: 16, t. 8 (1788)

T: Based on plants cultivated in Italy from seed from Mauritius; holo: loc. cit. t. 8,
fide K. E. Roe, Brittonia 24: 254 (1972).
S. auriculatum Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1: 246 (1789).
T: L'Héritier Herb.; holo: G-DC, n.v., fide K. E. Roe, op. cit. 253, microfiche AD.
115
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Illustrations: H. E. Kleinschmidt & R. W. Johnson, Weeds Queensland 332 (1979); D. E. Symon, J.

Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 26 (1981).
Shrub or small tree to 4 m, green or grey-green, densely pubescent with stellate hairs;
hairs loose and tufted on young growth, sparse on upper leaf-surface, dense on lower
surface; prickles absent. Leaves elliptic; lamina 9–30 cm long, 3.5–14 cm wide,
slightly discolorous, entire to slightly undulate; petiole 3–9 cm long, with 1–2 small
sessile leaves in axil except on smaller twigs. Inflorescence branched, many-flowered;
peduncle 3–15 cm long to first fork; pedicels 2–3 mm long. Calyx 4–6 mm long; lobes
triangular, 1.5–3 mm long, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla stellate, 15–25 mm
diam., violet. Anthers 2–3 mm long. Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam., dull yellow,
pubescent, becoming glabrous with age. Seeds 1.5–2 mm long, light brown or
yellowish. n=12. Wild Tobacco Tree. Figs 24J; 29G.
Native to South America, introduced and now widespread in many tropical countries.
Naturalised in sub-coastal areas of N.S.W. and Qld, and locally in S.A. Usually
associated with disturbed habitats in higher rainfall regions. Map 92.
S.A.: Waterfall Gully, Apr. 1974, T. O. Browning (ADW); Waterfall Gully, B. Cumberland 62 (AD). Qld:
Evelyn, D. J. Collins C74-10 (BRI). N.S.W.: 55 km SW of Grafton, L. Haegi 1414 (NSW).
Reported poisonous to pigs and cattle. Declared a noxious weed in Qld.
Sect. VII. Pseudocapsica
Solanum sect. Pseudocapsica Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 4: 569, 584 (1819)
Type species: S. pseudocapsicum L.
Shrubs, glabrescent or pubescent with simple or branched hairs; prickles absent.
Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence few-flowered, extra-axillary. Corolla stellate,
white or mauve. Anthers oblong, dehiscing by terminal pores and longitudinal slits.
Berry fleshy, yellow, orange or bright red. Seeds flattened, slightly twisted, pale.
24. *Solanum pseudocapsicum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 184 (1753)

T: Madeira LINN 248.4, n.v., fide W. G. D'Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60: 714 (1973)
microfiche AD.
Shrub to 2 m, green, glabrous or sparsely pubescent on young twigs and new growth;
prickles absent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; lamina 4–10 cm long, 1–3 cm wide,
concolorous, slightly undulate; petiole 5–15 mm long. Inflorescence short, 1–several–
flowered; peduncle absent or up to 1 cm long; pedicels c. 1 cm long. Calyx 4–5 mm
long; lobes narrowly triangular, 2–3 mm long. Corolla deeply stellate, 10–15 mm
diam., white. Anthers 2–3 mm long. Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam., bright orange-
red. Seeds 3–4 mm long, pale buff or yellow, the margin thickened. n=12. Madeira
Winter Cherry, Jerusalem Cherry.
Widespread weed in tropical regions of many countries. Common decorative shrub,
naturalised chiefly in eastern Australia from south-eastern Qld to Vic.; also present in
S.A. and W.A. Common in disturbed, wet areas. Map 93.
W.A.: Bencubbin, 1968, G. M. Sachse (PERTH). S.A.: near Port Lincoln, C. R. Alcock 2681
(AD, ADW, CANB). Qld: Mt Glorious, V. K. Moriarty 871 (BRI). N.S.W: Thirroul, 1 May
116
76. Solanum sarrachoides 77. Solanum villosum 78. Solanum callium
79. Solanum dulcamara 80. Solanum palitans 81. Solanum triflorum
82. Solanum jasminoides 83. Solanum seaforthianum 84. Solanum aviculare
85. Solanum laciniatum 86. Solanum linearifolium 87. Solanum vescum
88. Solanum simile 89. Solanum symonii 90. Solanum capsiciforme
117
Solanum SOLANACEAE
1957, E. F. Constable (NSW). Vic.: Mallacoota Inlet, A. C. Beauglehole 32963 & E. W. Finck
(MEL).
Sect. VIII. Pugiunculifera
Solanum sect. Pugiunculifera Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 99 (1981)

Type species: S. pugiunculiferum C. T. White.
Annuals, glabrous; prickles present. Leaves simple, lobed. Inflorescence a reduced
cyme. Corolla campanulate, pale lavender. Anthers oblong, dehiscing by terminal
pores. Berry firm-fleshed, green or flushed with purple. Seeds thin, papery.
25. Solanum pugiunculiferum C. T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 53: 225
(1942)
T: Settlement Creek, Burke District, Qld, Nov. 1922, L. J. Brass 244; holo: BRI; iso: CANB, K;
Burketown, near the old meat works, 26 May 1919, P. G. Higgins; n.v.
Erect or spreading annual herb to 50 cm, grey-green, glabrous except for minute
glandular hairs on young growing points; prickles to 2 cm long, scattered on most
parts. Leaves ovate; lamina 3–7 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, concolorous, lobed; lobes
triangular; petiole 10–25 mm long. Inflorescence short, 3–6–flowered; peduncle absent
or to 5 mm long; pedicels c. 5 mm long. Calyx 3 mm long, frequently with 1 or 2
large prickles on outer side; lobes triangular, 1 mm long. Corolla campanulate,
c. 10 mm diam., pale lavender. Anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Berry depressed globular,
10 mm diam., green, finally light brown, the skin brittle. Seeds 3–3.5 mm long, light
brown, winged. n=12. Fig. 29E.
Known only from north-western Qld and N.T. Grows in heavy soil on margins of
seasonally flooded flats and lagoons. Map 94.
N.T.: Legune Stn, 24 July 1971, J. Aldrick (ADW, DNA, NT). Qld: Karumba, L. Pedley 2103
(BRI, NSW); near Burketown, D. E. Symon 5000 (AD, CANB, NSW).
Sect. IX. Acanthophora
Solanum sect. Acanthophora Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 131, 218 (1813)
Type species: S. mammosum L.
Herbs or shrubs, pubescent with simple or small stellate hairs; prickles present.
Leaves simple, shallowly to deeply lobed. Inflorescence cyme-like, condensed,
unbranched, few-flowered. Corolla stellate, deeply incised. Anthers lanceolate,
dehiscing by small terminal pores. Berry firm-fleshed, yellow to bright red or black,
sometimes with crisp, white mesocarp. Seeds sometimes narrowly winged.
26. *Solanum capsicoides All., Auct. Syn. 12 (1773)

T: Described from material cultivated at Turin, origin unknown; ? TO, n.v.
S. aculeatissimum Jacq., Collectanea 1: 100 (1787), & Icon. Pl. Rar. 1: t. 41 (1786)
T: Jacquin s.n.; W, n.v., fide W. G. D'Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60: 711 (1973).
Illustration: D. E. Symon, op. cit. fig. 29.
118
SOLANACEAE Solanum
Annual or short-lived perennial shrub to 1 m, green, sparsely pilose with long simple
and minute glandular hairs; prickles to 12 mm long, scattered to common on most
parts. Leaves broadly ovate, the lamina up to 15 cm long and wide, but usually
smaller, concolorous, lobed; petiole to 8 cm long. Flowers 1–3; peduncle 2–4 mm
long; pedicels 10–25 mm long. Calyx 4–6 mm long; lobes lanceolate, 2–3 mm long.
Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 20–30 mm diam., white. Anthers 5–7 mm long. Berry
depressed globular, 20–35 mm diam., bright orange-scarlet, flesh white. Seeds
4–6 mm diam., pale yellowish or light brown, winged. n=12. Devil's Apple. Fig.
26A–B.
Originally from tropical Central America, now widespread in warmer regions of the
world. Possibly originally grown as ornamental in Australia; now naturalised in high
rainfall, near-coastal areas of Qld and N.S.W. Common in disturbed areas in
clearings, along creeklines and forest margins. Map 95.
Qld: Mt Mellum, 1967, S. L. Everist (BRI, CANB); near Nambour, J. M. Swan 61 (ADW).
N.S.W.: Byron Bay - Ballina area, R. Coveny 9384 (ADW, BRI, NSW).
Berries reported poisonous to calves.
Sect. X. Lasiocarpum
Solanum sect. Lasiocarpum (Dunal) D'Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 59: 270 (1972)
Solanum [subser.] Lasiocarpa Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13: 30, 252 (1825)
Type species: S. lasiocarpum Dunal.
Shrubs or small trees, pubescent with stellate or reduced stellate hairs; hairs
sometimes glandular; prickles present. Leaves simple, shallowly or deeply lobed.
Inflorescence cyme-like, congested, unbranched, with several bisexual flowers below a
few male flowers. Corolla stellate, often white. Anthers dehiscing by terminal pores.
Ovary densely pubescent. Berry usually yellow to orange, pubescent. Seeds pale buff.
27. *Solanum ferox L., Sp. Pl. 2nd edn, 1: 267 (1762)
T: Described from Madras area, India; LINN, microfiche AD.
Shrub to 3 m, yellowish or rusty-green, densely hirsute-villous with long stellate hairs;
prickles to 6 mm long, abundant on stems and petioles, less common elsewhere.
Leaves often in unequal-sized pairs, ovate to ovate-elliptic; lamina up to 18 cm long
and 15 cm wide, discolorous, lobed, the lobes triangular; petiole 5–8 cm long.
Juvenile leaves broadly ovate, up to 30 cm wide, lobed. Inflorescence short, densely
hairy, 1–6–flowered; peduncle short; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 6–8 mm long;
lobes broadly triangular, short. Corolla stellate, to 40 mm diam., white. Anthers to
8 mm long. Berry globular, 15–30 mm diam., yellowish, densely hairy. Seeds
2–2.5 mm long, pale yellow. Fig. 29I–J.
A poorly known species in Australia, recorded only from extreme tip of Cape York
Peninsula, Qld, where found in basaltic soil in a forest opening. Also occurs in
P.N.G and Malesia. Only recently recorded in Australia, but possibly an early intro–
duction from Central America. Map 96.
Qld: Cult. Brisbane, V. K. Moriarty 1683 (ADW, BRI, CANB).
119
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Sect. XI. Androceras
Solanum sect. Androceras (Nutt.) Bitter ex Marz., in Hegi, Fl. Mittel-Europa 5:

2585 (1927)
Androcera Nutt., Gen. Amer. 1: 129 (1818)
Type species: Androcera lobata Nutt. = S. rostratum Dunal
Annuals, rarely herbaceous perennials, pubescent with stellate hairs, occasionally with
glandular hairs; prickles present. Leaves simple, deeply lobed. Inflorescence a cyme,
unbranched. Corolla yellow, blue or white. Anthers lanceolate, heteromorphic,
sometimes one much larger than the others and differently coloured, dehiscing by
small terminal pores. Berry dryish, sub-capsular, often dark brown, enclosed in calyx
or nearly so. Seeds often dark grey to black.
28. *Solanum rostratum Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 234, t. 24 (1813)

T: Described from material cultivated in Montpellier, France; G, G-DC, MPU, P; n.v., fide W. G.
D'Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 858 (1974).
Illustrations: G. H. Clarke, Dept. Agric. S. Austral. Bull. 406: 88 (1949); W. T. Parsons, Noxious
Weeds Victoria fig. 253 (1973); D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 33 (1981).
Annual herb to c. 1 m, green or grey-green, pubescent with stellate and minute
glandular hairs; prickles to 1 cm long, abundant on most parts. Leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong; lamina 2–10 cm long, 1–8 cm wide, concolorous, lobed; lobes obovate, the
lower ones often forming leaflets; petiole to 5 cm long, decurrent. Inflorescence
few–10–flowered; peduncle 15–30 mm long; rachis up to 6 cm long, pedicels
5–10 mm long. Calyx 6–10 mm long, enlarged in fruit; lobes narrowly triangular,
3–5 mm long. Corolla irregularly rotate, 30–40 mm diam., bright yellow. Four anthers
6–8 mm long, straight, the fifth 10 mm long, curved. Berry globular, 10 mm diam.,
drying blackish, skin papery. Seeds 2–2.5 mm long, dark brownish or black. n=12.
Buffalo Burr, Pincushion Nightshade. Figs 26E; 29H.
Native to northern Mexico and the plains of southern U.S.A., now widespread in
U.S.A. and naturalised in Europe, South Africa, West Indies and Australia. Occurs in
cereal-growing areas in Qld, N.S.W., Vic., S.A. and W.A., usually in disturbed
habitats. Map 97.
W.A.: West Wagin, Mar. 1965, A. J. McKenzie (PERTH). S.A.: near Virginia, B. Copley 1865
(AD). Qld: Jandowae, Nov. 1961, F. Sperling (BRI). N.S.W.: Yanco, 10 Jan. 1945, J. L. Green
(NSW). Vic.: near Dooen, 1 Mar. 1960, J. H. Willis (MEL).
A noxious weed in Vic., S.A. and parts of N.S.W. Roots reported poisonous to pigs,
foliage to stock. The only yellow-flowered Solanum species naturalised in Australia.
Sect. XII. Cryptocarpum
Solanum sect. Cryptocarpum Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 134, 232 (1813)
Type species: S. balbisii Dunal, (? = S. sisymbriifolium Lam.)
Annuals or soft-wooded shrubs, pubescent with stellate and often glandular hairs;
prickles present. Leaves simple, deeply lobed. Inflorescence cyme-like, unbranched;
lower flowers bisexual, upper flowers sometimes male. Corolla rotate or shallowly
incised. Anthers lanceolate, dehiscing by small terminal pores. Berry succulent, bright
red, partly enclosed by enlarged calyx.
120
SOLANACEAE Solanum
29. *Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 25 (1794)

T: Described from ?Argentina, Commerson; P-LA (photo ADW), MPU, n.v., fide W. G. D'Arcy,
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 859 (1974).
[S. aculeatissimum auct. non Jacquin, C. A. Gardner, Journ. Roy. Soc. W. Austral.; 11: 69 (1924-5)]
Illustrations: B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 602 (1975); D. E.
Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 34 (1981).
Erect annual or short-lived perennial herb to 1.5 m, green, pubescent with glandular
and stellate hairs; prickles to 13 mm long, abundant on most parts. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate; lamina 5–14 cm long, 4–10 cm wide, concolorous, lobed; lower lobes often
forming leaflets; petiole to 4 cm long. Inflorescence up to 12–flowered; peduncle to
45 mm long; rachis up to 15 cm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long, elongated slightly in
fruit. Calyx 6–12 mm long, enlarged in fruit; lobes lanceolate, 4–7 mm long. Corolla
stellate, 35–50 mm diam., white or pale blue. Anthers 8–10 mm long. Berry globular,
15–20 mm diam., bright red. Seeds 2–2.5 mm diam., pale buff. n=12.
Native to warm temperate South America, widely cultivated as an ornamental and
occurring as a weed in many countries. Locally naturalised in Qld, N.S.W. and W.A.
Map 98.
W.A.: Bayswater, J. M. Graham 3 (PERTH). Qld: Toowoomba, S. L. Everist 7772 (BRI).
N.S.W.: Gulargambone, Oct. 1972, D. Smith (NSW).
Sect. XIII. Torva
Solanum sect. Torva Nees, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: 51 (1834)
Type species: S. torvum Sw.
Large shrubs or small trees, pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles present, often
recurved. Leaves simple, entire to deeply lobed. Inflorescence cyme-like, branched,
the branches short distal flowers sometimes male. Corolla stellate, often white.
Anthers lanceolate, dehiscing by terminal pores. Berry firm and mucilaginous, yellow.
30. *Solanum hispidum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 228 (1805),

S. hispidum Pers, based on S. stellatum Ruíz, Lopez & Pavón, Fl. Peru 2: 40, t. 176,
fig. b (1799); non S. stellatum Jacq., Collectanea 3: 254 (1791)
T: Described from Huanuco, Panao & Pillao, Peru, Ruíz & Pavón; ?MA n.v., fide J. F. McBride, Fl.
Peru 13: 252 (1962).
Shrub or small tree to 4 m, green, pubescent with stellate hairs, the stems rusty;
prickles 2–6 mm long, usually sparse on petioles and leaf veins. Leaves broadly ovate,
the lamina up to 40 cm long and 30 cm wide, commonly c. 25 x 20 cm, lobed;
petiole to 18 cm long. Inflorescence branched, up to 50–flowered; peduncle 1–2 cm
long to first fork; pedicels 10–15 mm long. Calyx 7–10 mm long; lobes acuminate,
4–6 mm long. Corolla stellate, 30–45 mm diam., white. Anthers 7–9 mm long.
Fruiting pedicel up to 5 mm diam. below calyx. Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam.,
yellow or orange-yellow, drying brown. Seeds 2 mm diam., light brown. n=12. Giant
Devil's Fig.
Native to tropical Central America. Sparingly naturalised in disturbed sites in
Brisbane area, south-eastern Qld. Map 99.
Qld: Brisbane, 26 Nov. 1934, C. T. White (BRI).
121
Solanum SOLANACEAE
A declared noxious weed in Qld.
31. *Solanum torvum Sw., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. Prodr. 47 (1788)
T: Jamaica, Swartz s.n.; ?S n.v., fide W. G. D'Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 860 (1974).
S. largiflorum C. White, Queensland Agric. J. 2nd ser., 8: 170; t. 22 (1917).
T: Kin Kin, Qld, Mar. 1916, C. T. White & W. D. Francis s.n.; syn: MEL, NSW.
Spreading or scrambling shrub to 3 m, dark green, pubescent with stellate hairs; hairs
dense on lower leaf-surface, sparser on upper surface; glandular hairs on pedicels;
prickles 3–7 mm long, scattered on stems and leaf-surfaces, sparse to absent on
mature growth. Leaves broadly oval-ovate; lamina mostly 10–15 cm long, 8–10 cm
wide, discolorous, lobed; lobes broadly triangular; petiole usually 2–5 cm long.
Inflorescence usually branched, 50–100–flowered, the upper and late-season flowers
often male; peduncle to first fork 10–25 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long, slightly
longer in fruit. Calyx 3–5 mm long; lobes apiculate, 2–3 mm long. Corolla stellate,
deeply incised, 20–25 mm diam., white. Anthers 5–7.5 mm long. Berry globular,
10–15 mm diam., drab yellow, drying black. Seeds 1.5–2 mm long, yellow or drab
brown. n=24. Devil's Fig. Fig. 27H.
Native to the West Indies, now a weed in tropical areas of many countries.
Naturalised along coastline of eastern Qld in disturbed areas. Map 100.
Qld: 36 km S of Cooktown, C. H. Gittins 2169 (NSW); 20 km S of Mackay, T. J. McDonald &
G. N. Batianoff 1804 (BRI); near Helenvale, V. K. Moriarty 1094 (CANB); near Euramo, D. E.
Symon 4744 (ADW).
A noxious weed in Qld. Suspected of poisoning stock. Still some confusion as to

application of species name.
Sect. XIV. Irenosolanum
Solanum sect. Irenosolanum Seithe, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 81: 301 (1962)
Type species: S. woahense Dunal
Shrubs or small trees, glabrescent or pubescent with sparse, minute, stellate hairs;
prickles usually absent from mature plants, sometimes present on stems of young
plants. Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence a simple or little-branched compact cyme,
rarely panicle-like. Corolla usually stellate. Anthers lanceolate, dehiscing by terminal
pores. Berry succulent, red.
32. Solanum dunalianum Gaudich., in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie 448 (1830); t. 58

(1828)
T: Pisang Island, Moluccas, Dec. 1818; P n.v.
Shrub or small tree to several metres, deep green; young shoots and inflorescence
pubescent with minute stellate hairs, the mature twigs and leaves glabrous except leaf
axils; prickles absent or 1–2 mm long. Upper leaves usually in unequal-sized pairs;
larger leaf elliptic, the lamina up to 30 cm long and 15 cm wide, concolorous, entire;
petiole 20–35 mm long; smaller leaf similar, the lamina up to 15 cm long and 5 cm
wide; petiole 5–10 mm long. Inflorescence often forked, 10–20–flowered; peduncle to
first fork c. 10 mm long; rachis 5–10 mm long; pedicels 5–8 mm long, elongated in
122
SOLANACEAE Solanum
fruit. Calyx 2–3 mm long; lobes triangular, short. Corolla stellate, deeply incised,
20–30 mm diam., 4–5–lobed, violet. Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry globular, 8–10 mm
diam., orange or orange-red; fruiting pedicels 1–1.5 cm long. Seeds 3 mm long, colour
not known.
In Australia known only from two collections from the far north of Cape York
Peninsula and Thursday Island, Qld. Extends from Malesia through P.N.G. to
western Pacific islands. Map 101.
Qld: Embley River, J. M. Swan 141 (ADW, BRI, CANB).
33. Solanum tetrandrum R. Br., Prodr. 445 (1810)

T: Cotton Is. and Pobassoo Is., Arnhem Bay, N.T., R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; iso: K, MEL; fide
D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 122 (1981).
S. tetrandrum var. ? floribundum Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 449 (1868).
T: 'From Leichhardt's collection', not traced, fide D. E. Symon, loc. cit.
Shrub to 3 m, grey-green, pubescent with stellate hairs; hairs scattered on upper leaf-
surface, denser on lower surface, the older leaves almost glabrous; prickles absent.
Leaves broadly elliptic or ovate; lamina 5–10 cm long, 3.5–6 cm wide, sometimes
larger, slightly discolorous, entire, or juvenile leaves slightly sinuate; petiole usually
1–3 cm long. Inflorescence 5–20–flowered; peduncle to 5 mm long; rachis 5–15 mm
long; pedicels 4–5 mm long. Calyx 4–5 mm long; lobes lanceolate, 2–3 mm long.
Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 25 mm diam., usually 4–lobed, white or pale blue.
Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry globular, 5–7 mm diam., bright red, drying brownish-
orange. Seeds 2–2.5 mm diam., pale yellow or light grey. n=12. Fig. 30A.
Restricted to the coastline of northern N.T. and adjacent islands, occurring on
margins of rainforest scrub on coastal sands. Also occurs in western Pacific to New
Caledonia. Map 102.
N.T.: Humpty Doo, J. L. McKean 409 (ADW, CANB, DNA, NT); Bathurst Is., P. Stevenson 139
(DNA).
Plants deciduous, often almost leafless in dry season.
34. Solanum viride R. Br., Prodr. 445 (1810)

T: Coast between Curtis Is. and Broad Sound, Qld, R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; fide D. E. Symon, J.
S. viridifolium Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 73 (1852).
T: Near Cape Grafton (Qld), J. Banks s.n.; holo: BM.
Erect shrub or small tree to 5 m, green, the young shoots and corolla lobes very
sparsely pubescent with minute stellate hairs; prickles present on stems of young
plants, absent from mature twigs. Leaves ovate or elliptic; lamina 7–15 cm long,
3–6 cm wide, concolorous, entire; petiole 1–2 cm long. Inflorescence often branched,
10–50–flowered; peduncle 1–2 cm long to first fork, sometimes longer; rachis 2–4 cm
long; pedicels 1–1.5 cm long, slightly longer in fruit. Calyx 3–5 mm long; lobes
triangular with slender apices, 1–3 mm long. Corolla stellate, deeply incised,
15–18 mm diam., dark or pale purple. Anthers 3–5 mm long. Berry globular,
7–10 mm diam., orange-yellow to red. Seeds 2.5–3 mm long, light grey-brown or
yellow. n=12.
123
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Occurs along coast of eastern Qld, on rainforest margins and disturbed areas. Grows
in soils ranging from basaltic or granitic to sandy coastal dunes. Map 103.
Qld: Pascoe River, L. J. Brass 19589 (BRI, CANB); Bingil Bay, L. J. Webb & J. G. Tracey 8351 (ADW).
Sect. XV. Graciliflorum
Solanum sect. Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 81: 302 (1962)
Solanum [ser.] Graciliflora Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 29 (1852).
Type species: S. graciliflorum Dunal
Shrubs, pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles present. Leaves simple, entire or at least
the juvenile ones shallowly lobed. Inflorescence a simple or rarely branched cyme;
flowers usually few. Corolla stellate. Anthers lanceolate, dehiscing by terminal pores.
Berry succulent, red.
35. Solanum semiarmatum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 163 (1861)

T: Clarence River, N.S.W., Beckler s.n.; holo: MEL 12130; iso: K, NSW.
S. mitchellianum Domin, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 131 (1913).
T: Subtropical New Holland, 1846, Mitchell s.n.; lecto: K; iso: BM, L; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide
Bot. Gard. 4: 125 (1981).
Illustrations: D. E. Symon, op. cit. figs 41, 42.
Erect clonal shrub to 2 m, dark green, pubescent with stellate and minute glandular
hairs; hairs sparse on upper leaf-surface, dense on lower surface; prickles to 15 mm
long, abundant on stems, petioles and lower peduncle, usually less common
elsewhere. Leaves mostly discolorous, variable; lower, deeply lobed leaves ovate, the
lamina 10–20 cm long, 6–15 cm wide; petiole to 8 cm long; upper, entire to shallowly
lobed leaves elliptic-lanceolate, the lamina mostly 6–9 cm long, 2–5 cm wide,
sometimes larger; petiole to 3 cm long. Inflorescence 5–30–flowered; peduncle
1.5–6 cm long to first fork; rachis often branched, to 5 cm long; pedicels 3–10 mm
long. Calyx 4–7 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular, 2–3 mm long. Corolla stellate, deeply
incised, 1–2 cm diam., bluish-purple. Anthers 3–4.5 mm long. Berry globular,
8–12 mm diam., dark red to black. Seeds 2–2.5 mm long, pale brown. n=12. Fig.
26 I; frontispiece.
Widespread in south-eastern Qld and far north-eastern N.S.W. Common on rainforest
margins, along creek banks in vine and wet sclerophyll forests, often in basaltic soils.
Map 104.
Qld: 80 km SW of Rolleston, M. D. Crisp 3084 (ADW, BRI); Glen Morgan, D. M. Gordon 8001
(CANB). N.S.W.: Tooloom Range, Dec. 1907, J. H. Maiden (NSW).
A variable species, with specimens showing a range in the degree of prickliness and
pubescence, complexity of inflorescence and colour of fruit.
36. Solanum stelligerum Smith, Exotic Bot. 2: 57; t. 88 (1805)

T: Described from N.S.W.; LINN.
S. magnifolium F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 6: 27 (1867).
T: Near Rockingham Bay, Qld, Dallachy s.n.; iso: K.
S. stelligerum var. magnifolium Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 451 (1868).
T: Murray R., Rockingham Bay, Dallachy s.n.; syn: K; Moreton Bay, Qld, Leichhardt s.n.; n.v.
124
SOLANACEAE Solanum
S. lucorum Domin, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 130 (1913).
T: Araucaria Ranges, Burnett River, F. Mueller s.n.; K, MEL.
S. accedens Domin, loc. cit.
T: Rockhampton, Qld, Dallachy s.n.; K, fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 128 (1981).
S. stelligerum var. procumbens C. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 55: 72 (1944).
T: Lamington National Park, Qld, 27 Nov. 1942, C. T. White 11889; holo: BRI.
Erect, sparingly clonal, woody shrub to 2 m, dark green, pubescent with stellate hairs;
hairs sparse to absent on upper leaf-surface except along veins, dense on lower
surface; prickles to 12 mm long, usually scattered on stems, less common or absent
elsewhere. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic; lamina 3–7 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, sometimes
larger, discolorous, entire or margin irregular; petiole 5–20 mm long. Inflorescence
1–10–flowered; peduncle to 2 cm long; rachis up to 2 cm long; pedicels 1–2 cm long,
slightly longer in fruit. Calyx 6–8 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular, 3–6 mm long.
Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 20–25 mm diam., pale lilac to almost white. Anthers
4–5 mm long. Fruiting calyx-lobes 7–8 mm long. Berry globular, 5–10 mm diam.,
bright red. Seeds 1.5–2 mm long, usually pale yellow. n=12. Devil’s Needles.
Occurs along the eastern coast of Qld and N.S.W. on coastal sand dunes, in Eucalypt
forest and on rainforest margins. Grows mainly in sandy loam, dune sand and basaltic
soil, occasionally in clay. Map 105.
Qld: D'Aguilar Range, V. K. Moriarty 1209 (ADW, CANB); near Canungra, 19 Nov. 1972,
K. Williams (BRI). N.S.W.: Ulladulla, 12 Dec. 1950, E. F. Constable (NSW).
A variable species, particularly in south-eastern Qld. Closely related to S. corifolium

F. Muell. with which it may hybridise; distinguished by more erect habit, denser
tomentum, leaf shape and smaller fruit. Fruits eaten by Aborigines in coastal N.S.W.
37. Solanum parvifolium R. Br., Prodr. 446 (1810)

T: Broad Sound, R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; iso: K, MPU; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard.
4: 132 (1981).
S. angustum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 588; fig. 190 (1929).
T: Walsh River, near Chillagoe, North Qld, Feb. 1910, Domin 8310; holo: PR, photo ADW.
Erect woody shrub, dark green, pubescent with minute stellate hairs; hairs sparse or
absent on upper leaf-surface, dense on lower surface; prickles 4–10 mm long,
scattered to abundant on stems, rare or absent elsewhere. Leaves linear-oblong;
lamina mostly 3–6 cm long, 6–10 mm wide, discolorous, entire; petiole 3–5 mm long,
sometimes longer. Inflorescence short, 1–5–flowered; peduncle to 6 mm long; pedicels
5–10 mm long, lengthened in fruit. Calyx 3–4 mm long; lobes oblong or triangular,
1–2 mm long. Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 10–15 mm diam., pale blue or white.
Anthers 3–5 mm long. Berry globular, 5–8 mm diam., bright red; fruiting pedicels
1.2–2 cm long. Seeds 2–2.5 mm long, pale yellow or brown. Fig. 25A.
Occurs predominantly in south-eastern Qld and north-eastern N.S.W. in red or dark
clay and loam. Map 106.
Qld: Benandri, S. L. Everist 7153 (ADW, CANB); Moura, R. Henderson 203 (BRI). N.S.W.:
Warrumbungle Mtns, 23 May 1948, E. F. Constable (NSW); Warrumbungle National Park, 13 May
1969, J. H. Willis (MEL).
Closely related to S. ferocissimum Lindley and S. stelligerum Smith; distinguished

from the former by discolorous leaves and fewer prickles, and from the latter by
smaller leaves and fruit.
125
Solanum SOLANACEAE
38. Solanum ferocissimum Lindley, in Mitchell, Three Exped. Interior Eastern

Austral. 2: 58 (1838)
S. ferocissimum var. typicum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 580 (1929), nom. illeg.
T: Near 'Burradorgang', interior of New Holland, 28 Apr. 1836, J. Richardson s.n.; holo: CGE; iso:
K, MEL.
S. leptophyllum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 164 (1861).
T: Near Mackenzie and Suttor Rivers, F. Mueller s.n.; n.v.; near Castlereagh River, Bowman s.n.;
n.v.; near Warwick, Barrier Range, Beckler s.n.; n.v.; near Mt Murchison, Dallachy s.n.; syn: K; fide
S. ferocissimum var. hastilobum Domin, op. cit. 581.
T: Mt Murchison, N.S.W., Dallachy s.n.; syn: K; Mt Ilbillie, S.A., 4 June 1891, R. Helms s.n.; syn:
AD, K, NSW; fide D. E. Symon, loc. cit.
S. ferocissimum var. rectispineum Domin, op. cit. 580.
T: Dividing Range near Jericho, Qld, Mar. 1910, Domin; syn: PR; Peels Range, N.S.W., Fraser; syn:
BM, K, OXF; Peels Range, N.S.W., A. Cunningham; syn: BM; fide D. E. Symon, loc. cit.
Erect, intricate, clonal shrub to 1 m, green; leaves, young stems and calyx variably
pubescent with stellate and some minute glandular hairs; hairs sparse on upper leaf-
surface, denser on lower surface; prickles 5–10 mm long, usually abundant on stems,
leaves and peduncles, absent elsewhere. Leaves linear or linear-hastate; lamina
3–6 cm long, 2–7 mm wide, sometimes larger, concolorous to slightly discolorous,
entire or with 1–2 basal lobes; petiole 5–15 mm long. Inflorescence short, 3–6–
flowered; peduncle absent or to 3 mm long; pedicels to 12 mm long. Calyx 2–4 mm
long; lobes triangular, 1–3 mm long. Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 15–20 mm diam.,
white or pale blue. Anthers 1–3.5 mm long. Berry globular, 5–8 mm diam., shiny red
to almost black. Seeds 2–4 mm long, pale yellowish or light grey-brown. n=12, 24.
Figs 24 I, 27D, 30B.
A species of disjunct distribution. Occurs mainly in southern Qld and central and
western N.S.W. in red loamy soil, and in northern S.A. and southern N.T. in sandy
soil, frequently in shelter of other trees or shrubs. Scattered collections from
creeklines in W.A. Map 107.
W.A.: Hamersley Range National Park, G. W. Carr 4908 & A. C. Beauglehole 48686 (PERTH).
N.T.: c. 24 km SW of Alice Springs, P. K. Latz 121 (NT). S.A.: 16 km E of Tieyon Homestead,
E. A. Shaw 458 (AD, ADW). Qld: near Westmar, L. Pedley 743 (BRI). N.S.W.: 28 km W of
Brewarrina, D. F. Blaxell 415 (NSW).
Closely related to S. parvifolium R. Br.; distinguished by more copious prickles and
concolorous to slightly discolorous leaves.
39. Solanum corifolium F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 166 (1861)

T: Araucaria Ranges, Moreton Bay, Qld; lecto: MEL, iso: K, TCD; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide
Bot. Gard. 4: 135 (1981).
S. ×shirleyanum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 578 (1929).
T: Tambourine Mtns, southern Qld, Mar. 1910, Domin s.n.; syn: PR n.v.
S. discolor var. procumbens C. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 55: 71 (1944).
T: Upper Teviot, Darling Downs District, Qld, B. Scortechini s.n.; holo: MEL; Kin Kin, Wide Bay,
Jan. 1917, C. T. White s.n.; n.v.
Erect or sprawling shrub to 1.5 m, dark green, pubescent with stellate hairs; hairs
dense on lower leaf-surface, absent or confined to veins on upper surface; prickles to
1 cm long, scattered to abundant on stems, few or absent elsewhere. Leaves elliptic;
126
91. Solanum erianthum 92. Solanum mauritianum 93. Solanum pseudocapsicum
94. Solanum pugiunculiferum 95. Solanum capsicoides 96. Solanum ferox
97. Solanum rostratum 98. Solanum sisymbriifolium 99. Solanum hispidum
100. Solanum torvum 101. Solanum dunalianum 102. Solanum tetrandrum
103. Solanum viride 104. Solanum semiarmatum 105. Solanum stelligerum
127
Solanum SOLANACEAE
lamina 5–10 cm long, 2–5 cm wide, sometimes larger, discolorous, the lower ones
shallowly lobed, upper ones entire or almost so; petiole 5–10 mm long. Inflorescence
few–12–flowered; peduncle c. 5 mm long; rachis up to 10 mm long; pedicels
10–12 mm long. Calyx 4–6 mm long; lobes oblong, 2–3 mm long. Corolla stellate,
deeply incised, 20 mm diam., white or violet. Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry globular,
10–15 mm diam., bright red. Seeds 2–3.5 mm diam., pale yellow or pale orange.
n=12.
Occurs predominantly in south-eastern Qld and north-eastern N.S.W., mainly in
basaltic soil. Common in rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest. Map 108.
Qld: D'Aguilar Range, V. K. Moriarty 907 (BRI); Laceys Creek, L. J. Webb & J. G. Tracey
10738 (ADW). N.S.W.: SSW of Alstonville, S. Clark, J. Pickard & R. Coveny 1260 (NSW).
Variable in habit, prickliness and flower colour. Closely related to S. stelligerum
Smith and S. discolor R. Br.; distinguished from the former by larger fruits and from
the latter by entire or more shallowly lobed leaves.
40. Solanum yirrkalensis Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 137; figs 47, 49 (1981)
T: Yirrkala Gardens, N.T., 27 Feb. 1976, D. Hinz 7633; holo: NT; iso: ADW, BRI, CANB, DNA, K,
L, NSW.
Illustrations: D. E. Symon, loc. cit.
Low spreading shrub, dark green, pubescent with minute stellate hairs; hairs dense on
lower leaf-surface, sparse to absent on upper surface; prickles absent, or to 5 mm
long, scattered on stems and leaf-surfaces. Leaves elliptic; lamina 5–10 cm long,
2.5–4 cm wide, discolorous, entire; petiole 10–15 mm long. Lower leaves broadly
elliptic, the lamina up to 12 cm long, 7 cm wide, shallowly lobed; petiole to 3 cm
long. Inflorescence up to 8–flowered; lower flowers bisexual, upper flowers male;
peduncle 5–20 mm long; rachis up to 10 mm long; pedicels to 20 mm long. Bisexual
flowers: calyx 3–6 mm long, the lobes lanceolate, 1–3 mm long; corolla stellate,
deeply incised, to 25 mm diam., white or faintly tinged blue; anthers 5 mm long.
Male flowers similar: calyx-lobes very short; corolla 10–15 mm diam. Berry globular,
10–15 mm diam., red. Seeds 4–5 mm long, dark brown or pale yellow, hairy. n=12.
An inadequately known species, recorded only from Yirrkala, N.T., on disturbed edge
of vine forest on coastal dune, in red sandy soil. Map 109.
N.T.: Yirrkala, N. Scarlett 275 (ADW).
41. Solanum discolor R. Br., Prodr. 445 (1810)

T: Coen River, Gulf of Carpentaria, 6 Nov. 1802, R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM n.v., photo ADW; fide
S. defensum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 5: 193 (1866).
T: Cape York, E. Daemel s.n.; holo: MEL; iso: BM.
Erect shrub to 1 m, green; stems and petioles pubescent with minute stellate hairs,
leaves sparsely pubescent to glabrous on both surfaces; prickles to 7 mm long,
frequent on older stems, scattered on leaf-surfaces. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic; lamina
9–18 cm long, 2–5 cm wide, concolorous, shallowly lobed; lobes bluntly triangular;
petiole 1–2 cm long. Inflorescence up to 12–flowered, upper flowers male, lower
flowers bisexual; peduncle 10–30 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long, elongated in
fruit. Bisexual flowers: calyx 3–4 mm long, the lobes triangular, 2–3 mm long; corolla
128
SOLANACEAE Solanum
stellate, deeply incised, 15–20 mm diam., violet; anthers 5–6 mm long. Male flowers
similar. Berry 10–15 mm diam., blood-red; fruiting pedicel 15–25 mm long. Seeds
3–4 mm long, pale buff, winged on one side. n=24.
Known only from tip of Cape York Peninsula and McIlwraith Range area of northern
Qld. Map 110.
Qld: McIlwraith Range, B. Hyland 8429 (ADW).
42. Solanum densevestitum F. Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 456 (1868)

T: Araucaria Ranges, Qld, Dec. 1856, F. Mueller s.n.; syn: MEL; Upper Burnett River, Qld,
F. Mueller s.n.; syn: K; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Qld, Dec. 1856, F. Mueller s.n.; lecto: MEL
12200; iso: K; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 142 (1981); New England, N.S.W.,
C. Stuart s.n.; syn.: K; Hastings River, N.S.W., Beckler s.n.; syn: K; Mt Lindsay, N.S.W., C. Moore
s.n.; syn: NSW.
Leafy, clonal shrub to 1 m, green, densely pubescent with stellate hairs; twigs and
young growth hirsute-villous; prickles usually absent, occasionally present, to 9 mm
long. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic; lamina mostly 6–9 cm long, 3–4 cm
wide, slightly discolorous, mature leaves entire or almost so, the juvenile leaves
shallowly lobed; petiole 1–3 cm long. Inflorescence short, 1–3–flowered; peduncle
absent; pedicels c. 10 mm long, lengthened in fruit. Calyx 5–15 mm long; lobes
usually elliptic to oblong, 4–12 mm long, leafy, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla
stellate, shallowly incised, 25–30 mm diam., 4–5–lobed, violet. Anthers 4–5 mm long.
Berry globular, 6–7 mm diam., bright red, largely covered by calyx-lobes. Seeds
2–2.5 mm diam., pale yellow-brown. n=12. Figs. 25C–D; 30C.
Occurs in coastal and subcoastal areas of south-eastern Qld and north-eastern
N.S.W., in sand and basaltic soil. Usually associated with wet sclerophyll forest or
rainforest margins. Map 111.
Qld: Mt Glorious, R. J. Henderson 2165 (ADW, BRI, CANB, NSW). N.S.W.: Coffs Harbour,
June 1911, J. L. Boorman (NSW).
Closely related to S. nemophilum F. Muell., but usually occurs in wetter habitats;
distinguished by larger leaves and calyx-lobes.
43. Solanum nemophilum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 161 (1861)

S. nemophilum var. typicum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 584 (1929) nom. illeg.
T: Between the Mackenzie and Dawson Rivers, Qld, coll. unknown; lecto: MEL 12201; iso: K; fide
S. nemophilum var. brachycarpum Domin, op. cit. 585.
T: Near Pentland, Mar. 1910, Domin s.n.; iso: PR n.v., photo ADW.
Shrub to 1.5 m, drab green, densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles generally
absent, occasionally present on stems. Leaves elliptic, ovate-lanceolate or rarely
ovate; lamina mostly 3–6 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, slightly discolorous, entire;
petiole 5–10 mm long. Inflorescence short, 1–4–flowered; peduncle to 5 mm long;
pedicels c. 5 mm long. Calyx 5–8 mm long; lobes linear-oblong or narrowly
triangular, 2–5 mm long, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla stellate, shallowly incised,
15–25 mm diam., purple-blue. Anthers 3–5 mm long. Berry globular, 5–8 mm diam.,
bright red, more or less covered by calyx-lobes. Seeds c. 2 mm long, pale. n=12.
129
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Occurs on western slopes of ranges in south-eastern Qld, and rarely from

north-eastern N.S.W., on stony outcrops, in granitic and basaltic soil. Associated with
margins of vine forest, brigalow and lancewood (Acacia spp.) and Eucalypt
woodland. Map 112.
Qld: Hannaford, T. J. McDonald 63 (BRI). N.S.W.: c. 48 km NE of Glen Innes, 24 Apr. 1956,
E. F. Constable (NSW).
Closely related to S. densevestitum F. Muell. ex Benth.; distinguished by generally
smaller parts, especially calyx-lobes, and denser tomentum.
44. Solanum elegans Dunal ex Poiret, Encycl. Suppl. 3: 769 (1814)

T: An unpublished plate in Herb. Dunal, MPU, fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 146
(1981).
S. amblymerum Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 294 (1852); S. violaceum var. amblymerum (Dunal)
Maiden & Betche, Census New South Wales Pl. 181 (1916).
T: Macquarie River, N.S.W., 1822, A. Cunningham 90; holo: G; iso: BM, K, fide D. E. Symon, loc. cit.
Erect shrub to 1 m, possibly clonal, dark green; leaves pubescent with minute stellate
hairs, the hairs sparse on upper surface, dense on lower surface; prickles 1–8 mm
long, scattered on stems, leaves and peduncles, largely absent elsewhere. Leaves
|linear to lanceolate; lamina 4–6 cm long, 5–15 mm wide, sometimes larger,
discolorous, entire to sinuate; petiole 5–10 mm long; lamina of juvenile leaves, up to
14 cm long, shallowly lobed towards base; petiole to 4 cm long. Inflorescence 1–6–
flowered; peduncle absent or to 10 mm long; rachis up to 10 mm long; pedicels
10–13 mm long. Calyx 5–6 mm long; lobes triangular, 2–3 mm long. Corolla stellate,
shallowly incised, 25–30 mm diam., purple or heliotrope. Anthers 3.5–6 mm long.
Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam., red. Seeds 2.5–3 mm diam., pale brown. Spiny
Kangaroo Apple.
Occurs in south-eastern Qld and north-eastern N.S.W. in open forest, in rocky soil
derived from granite or conglomerate. Map 113.
Qld: Near Stanthorpe, L. Pedley 1161 (BRI). N.S.W.: Torrington, Oct. 1911, J. L. Boorman
(NSW); Jennings, Dec. 1903, J. H. Maiden & J. L. Boorman (NSW); near Tenterfield, R. Pearce
88 (ADW).
Closely related to S. parvifolium R. Br. from which distinguished by generally larger

leaves, lobing of juvenile leaves, and larger flowers and fruits.
45. Solanum chenopodinum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 165 (1861)

T: River Darling, N.S.W., Beckler s.n.; syn: MEL; Barrier Range, N.S.W., Beckler s.n.; syn: MEL;
Mt Murchison, Dallachy s.n.; lecto: MEL; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 148 (1981);
Stuart's Creek, J. M. Stuart s.n.; syn: K.
Erect shrub to 1 m, green, pubescent with minute stellate hairs; hairs sparse on upper
leaf-surface, dense on lower surface; prickles to 1 cm long, usually scattered on stems,
less common or absent elsewhere. Leaves hastate but variable; lamina mostly 4–6 cm
long, 2–4 cm wide, discolorous, usually with 2–4 lobes towards base; petiole
10–15 mm long. Inflorescence 3–12–flowered; peduncle to 5 mm long; rachis
5–25 mm long, pedicels 5–6 mm long. Calyx 2–4 mm long, sometimes larger; lobes
triangular or lanceolate, 1–3 mm long. Corolla stellate, 10–20 mm diam., pale lilac or
130
SOLANACEAE Solanum
white. Anthers 3–5 mm long. Berry globular, 5–9 mm diam., bright red, drying
blackish. Seeds 3–5 mm long, pale yellow. n=12. Figs 25K–M, 30C.
A species of disjunct distribution in arid areas of south-western Qld, north-western
N.S.W., central-eastern S.A. and southern N.T. Usually grows in sandy soil and on
alluvial banks of seasonally flooded creeks, often in shelter of other shrubs or trees.
Map 114.
N.T.: Near Simpsons Gap, N. Byrnes 168 (CANB, DNA); c. 22 km W of Alice Springs, P. K. Latz
(NT). S.A.: 21 km W of Old Moolawatana, D. E. Symon 5972 (ADW). Qld: Currawilla, S. L.
Everist 4025 (BRI). N.S.W.: Milparinka, G. M. Cunningham 1078 & P. L. Milthorpe (NSW).
Sect. XVI. Oliganthes
Solanum sect. Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 16: 1
(1923)
Solanum [ser.] Oliganthes Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 30, 282 (1825).
Type species: S. indicum L.
Small shrubs or herbaceous perennials, pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles present.
Leaves simple, entire or lobed. Inflorescence usually simple, extra-axillary, few-
flowered. Corolla stellate and shallowly incised, to rotate. Anthers lanceolate,
dehiscing by terminal pores. Berry mucilaginous, succulent, dry or hard and bony,
mostly yellow.
46. *Solanum dimidiatum Raf., Aut. Bot. 8: 107 (1840)

T: Texas, New Mexico, Arkansas; n.v.
[S. carolinense auct. non L.: H. E. Kleinschmidt & R. W. Johnson, Weeds Queensland 202 (1979)]
Clonal perennial herb to 50 cm, green, pubescent with minute stellate hairs; prickles
to 7 mm long, scattered on midrib of lower leaf-surface, petioles and stems. Leaves
ovate to broadly lanceolate; lamina 5–12 cm long, 3–7 cm wide, slightly discolorous,
lobed; lobes broadly triangular to oblong; petiole 1–4 cm long. Inflorescence often
forked, few–15–flowered; peduncle 1–2 cm long to first fork; rachis 2–5 cm long;
pedicels 1 cm long. Calyx 8–10 mm long; lobes broadly triangular with slender apex,
3–5 mm long. Corolla stellate, shallowly incised, 30–40 mm diam., violet. Anthers
5–7 mm long. Berry globular, 15–20 mm diam., yellow. Seeds 2.5–4 mm long, pale
buff. n=36.
Native to south-eastern U.S.A. Recently introduced to Australia and naturalised in
the Bundaberg area, Qld, where associated with sugar cane. Map 115.
Qld: Near Bundaberg, Nov. 1972, N. H. Adams (BRI).
A declared noxious weed in Qld (as S. carolinense L., a name misapplied to the
species).
47. *Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav., Icon. 3: 22; t. 243 (1795)

T: From tropical America; C, MA, P-Juss., fide W. G. D'Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 847
(1974).
Illustrations: W. T. Parsons, Noxious Weeds Victoria. fig. 251 (1973); H. E. Kleinschmidt & R. W.
Johnson, Weeds Queensland 203 (1979); D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 56 (1981).
131
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Erect, clonal perennial herb to 1 m, often suckering, silvery-green, rarely rusty-green,

densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles 2–5 mm long, usually on stems, less
common elsewhere. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong; lamina 2.5–10 cm long,
1–3 cm wide, sometimes larger, slightly discolorous, entire (upper leaves) to shallowly
lobed (lower leaves); petiole 5–10 mm long. Inflorescence 1–4–flowered; peduncle
5–10 mm long; rachis 20–30 mm long; pedicels c. 10 mm long, lengthened in fruit.
Calyx 9–10 mm long, enlarged in fruit; tube 5–ribbed; lobes awl-shaped, 4–5 mm
long. Corolla rotate-stellate, 20–30 mm diam., blue, rarely white, pink or deep purple.
Anthers 5–8 mm long. Berry depressed globular, 8–14 mm diam., orange-brown;
fruiting pedicels 20–30 mm long. Seeds 2.5–4 mm long, light brown. n=12. Silver-
leaf Nightshade, White Horse Nettle.
Native to south-western U.S.A., northern Mexico and temperate South America, now
introduced to Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Naturalised in south-eastern Qld,
western slopes and southern plains of N.S.W., Vic., southern S.A. and south-western
W.A.; occasional in southern N.T. Usually a weed of cereal land and pasture. Map
116.
W.A.: Muresk, 3 Mar. 1953, H. A. Lovegrove (PERTH). S.A.: Darlington, Hj. Eichler 12167
(AD). Qld: Gatton, 12 Dec. 1977, M. Olsen (BRI). N.S.W.: Cowra, D. E. Symon 9893a
(ADW, NSW). Vic.: Corio Bay, T. B. Muir 3168 (MEL).
A declared noxious weed in Qld, Vic. and S.A. Australian material previously often
confused with S. esuriale Lindley and S. ellipticum R. Br.
48. Solanum orbiculatum Dunal ex Poiret, Encycl. Suppl. 3: 762 (1814)

T: New Holland: Baie des Chiens Marins (Shark Bay), W.A., 1801, C. Gaudichaud s.n.; lecto: P; iso:
BM, G, K, P; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 156 (1981).
Erect or rounded, clonal shrub to 1.5 m, silvery-, rusty- or grey-green, pubescent with
stellate hairs; prickles absent, if present 5–15 mm long, sparsely scattered on stems.
Leaves orbicular to ovate, concolorous; lamina 15–60 mm long, entire; petiole
5–20 mm long. Inflorescence 1–4–flowered; peduncle to 10 mm long; rachis 3–5 mm
long, pedicels 5–12 mm long. Calyx 4–7 mm long; lobes broadly triangular, 1–2 mm
long, slightly elongated in fruit. Corolla stellate, 20–25 mm diam., violet. Anthers
5–7 mm long. Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam., yellow-ivory, drying dark brown.
Seeds 2–3 mm long, pale brown. n=12.
Leaves orbicular, usually 1.5–3 cm diam. 48a. subsp. orbiculatum
Leaves ovate, usually 3–6 cm long 48b. subsp. macrophyllum
48a. Solanum orbiculatum Dunal ex Poiret subsp. orbiculatum

Illustrations: B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 600 (1975);
Symon, op. cit. fig. 58.
All parts densely pubescent. Leaves usually orbicular, the lamina 1.5–3 cm diam.,
sometimes larger, silvery-green or rusty-green, rarely greyish-green. Round-leaved
Solanum. Figs 24G; 28F; 30F.
Widespread in central W.A. on coastal dunes and gravelly and sandy inland plains,
extending to southern N.T. and western S.A. where found on low, red sand dunes.
Map 117.
132
SOLANACEAE Solanum
W.A.: 58 km S of Carnarvon, D. E. Symon 5441 (AD, ADW, B, CANB, HUJ, K, NSW, PERTH,
US). N.T.: 112 km N of Alice Springs, D. E. Symon 10379 (ADW, NT). S.A.: 29 km W of Mt
Christie, D. E. Symon 3420 (ADW, BIRM, CANB, K).
Fresh fruit eaten by Aborigines. Closely related to S. nummularium S. Moore;

distinguished by the more open habit, larger leaves and generally pale tomentum.
48b. Solanum orbiculatum subsp. macrophyllum Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard.

4: 158; figs 48, 58 (1981)
T: Dean Range, W.A., Aug. 1967, S. Smith-White s.n.; holo: ADW 33384.
All parts loosely pubescent. Leaves usually ovate, the lamina 3–6 cm long, 2–3 cm
wide, grey-green, rarely yellow-green. Fig. 24H.
Confined to western parts of the central Australian ranges in N.T. and W.A., in
rocky habitats. Map 117.
W.A.: Rawlinson Range, A. S. George 8853 (ADW, PERTH). N.T.: James Range, N. T.
Burbidge & M. Gray 4551 (PERTH); Kings Canyon, P. K. Latz 320 (AD, NT).
Fresh fruit eaten by Aborigines.
49. Solanum nummularium S. Moore, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34: 205 (1899)
T: Between Gibraltar and Coolgardie, W.A., Sept. 1895, S. Moore s.n.; holo: BM.
Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 59 (1981).
Erect or rounded, intricate shrub to 1 m, sparingly clonal, usually rusty-green,
densely pubescent with stellate hairs; hairs dense on lower leaf-surface, sparser on
upper surface; prickles 5–12 mm long, conspicuous on stems, often paired at base of
petioles, absent elsewhere. Leaves orbicular to broadly orbicular; lamina 4–10 mm
diam., sometimes larger, slightly discolorous, entire; petiole 2–4 mm long.
Inflorescence short, 1–2–flowered; peduncle to 5 mm long; pedicels 3–6 mm long,
slightly longer in fruit. Calyx 2.5–5 mm long; lobes broadly triangular, 0.5–1 mm
long. Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 20–25 mm diam., purple-blue. Anthers 5–6 mm
long. Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam., yellow. Seeds 2.5–3 mm diam., pale buff.
n=12. Money-leaved Solanum. Figs 24B; 30G.
Occurs in arid regions of southern W.A. on sandy plains and rocky rises. Map 118.
W.A.: 60 km NE of Geraldton, A. M. Ashby 957 (AD); 37 km W of Kalgoorlie, R. Melville 4073
& D. Kemsley (MEL); near Mt Jackson, R. A. Saffrey 955 (PERTH).
Closely related to S. orbiculatum Dunal ex Poiret.
50. Solanum oldfieldii F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 161 (1961)

T: Murchison River, W.A., Oldfield s.n.; syn: L, MEL; Lynton, Port Gregory, W.A., Oldfield 856;
lecto: K; iso: MEL; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 161 (1981).
Symon, op. cit. Fig. 60.
Erect, clonal shrub to 1 m, dark green or rusty-green, the growing tips, pedicels and
calyces often rusty; densely pubescent, often woolly, with stellate hairs; prickles to
8 mm long, usually scattered on stems, generally absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate to
133
Solanum SOLANACEAE
oblong; lamina 2–7 cm long, 1–5 cm wide, slightly discolorous, entire or shallowly
lobed; petiole 5–13 mm long. Inflorescence short, 1–10–flowered; peduncle to 15 mm
long; pedicels 5–15 mm long. Calyx 4–10 mm long; lobes oblong to obovate,
2.5–5.5 mm long. Corolla rotate-pentagonal, 25–40 mm diam., purple. Anthers
4–6 mm long. Berry globular, 5–10 mm diam., pale yellow. Seeds 1–2 mm long, dark
brown. n=12. Figs 24E; 27G.
Occurs in drier parts of south-western W.A. on slopes and plains in gravelly or sandy
soils. Map 119.
W.A.: N of Borden, A. M. Ashby 1935 (PERTH); 16 km S of Northampton, R. Melville 4194 &
J. Calaby (MEL); N of Geraldton, D. E. Symon 5450 (ADW, CANB, NSW, PERTH).
Suspected of poisoning stock.
51. Solanum plicatile (S. Moore) Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 163; fig. 61
(1981)
S. oldfieldii var. plicatile S. Moore, J. Bot. 41: 99 (1903).
T: Near Coolgardie, W.A., L. C. Webster s.n.; holo: BM, photo ADW.
Illustrations: B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 601 (1975), as S.
oldfieldii var. plicatile; D. E. Symon, loc. cit.
Erect, clonal shrub to 60 cm, grey-green, densely pubescent with stellate hairs;
prickles to 5 mm long, usually scattered on stems, rare or absent elsewhere. Leaves
oblong; lamina 10–20 mm long, 5–10 mm wide, concolorous, shallowly lobed, the
margin tightly undulate or folded; petiole to 8 mm long. Inflorescence short, 1–3–
flowered, sessile or with peduncle to 5 mm long; pedicels 5–6 mm long. Calyx
5–9 mm long; lobes elliptic, 2–5 mm long. Corolla broadly stellate, 20–25 mm diam.,
sometimes larger, 4–5 lobed, purple. Anthers 4–6 mm long. Berry globular, 8–10 mm
diam., sometimes larger, yellow. Seeds 2–2.5 mm long, pale yellow-brown. n=12.
Fig. 24F.
Occurs in southern arid areas of W.A. in red sandy soil in Eucalypt, Acacia and
mixed woodland, occasionally in hummock grassland. Map 120.
W.A.: S of Menzies, D. E. Symon 5475 (AD, ADW, CANB, PERTH); c. 68 km W of Balladonia,
6 Nov. 1963, J. H. Willis (MEL); Fraser Range, P. G. Wilson 7740 (PERTH).
52. Solanum coactiliferum J. Black, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 33: 224;
t. 14 (1909)
T: Port Broughton district, North of Port Pirie, S.A., 1 Mar. 1909, G. M. Black s.n.; lecto: AD; iso:
K, NSW; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 165 (1981); Port Broughton, Aug. 1904,
G. M. Black s.n.; syn: AD.
Illustrations: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1069 (1957); D. E. Symon, op. cit. fig. 62.
Erect clonal shrub to 30 cm, grey- or silvery-green, densely pubescent with stellate
hairs; prickles 2–5 mm long, usually on stems, rare elsewhere. Leaves oblong, often
folded; lamina 1–5 cm long, 3–10 mm wide, sometimes larger, concolorous, entire to
slightly undulate; petiole 3–5 mm long, sometimes to 15 mm. Inflorescence short,
1–6–flowered; peduncle to 10 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long, slightly longer in
fruit. Flowers 4–5–partite. Calyx 4–8 mm long; lobes triangular, 1–5 mm long. Corolla
rotate-stellate, 20–30 mm diam., violet. Anthers 3.5–7 mm long. Berry depressed-
globular, 8–15 mm diam., yellow to yellow-brown, drying brown. Seeds 2–3 mm long,
pale brown. n=12. Western Nightshade. Fig. 30E.
134
106. Solanum parvifolium 107. Solanum ferocissimum 108. Solanum corifolium
109. Solanum yirrkalense 110. Solanum discolour 111. Solanum densevestitum
112. Solanum nemophilum 113. Solanum elegans 114. Solanum chenopodinum
115. Solanum dimidiatum 116. Solanum elaeagnifolium 117. Solanum orbiculatum
(both subspp.)
118. Solanum nummularium 119. Solanum oldfieldii 120. Solanum plicatile
135
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Widespread in arid areas of central W.A., southern N.T., S.A. and western N.S.W.,
extending to south-western Qld and north-western Vic. Often occurs in sandy loams
and on sand dunes. Map 121.
W.A.: N of Warburton Mission, A. S. George 8188 (PERTH). N.T.: NW Simpson Desert, P. K.
Latz 4695 (ADW, DNA, NT); E of Hermansburg, R. A. Perry 5391 (BRI, CANB, NT). S.A.:
near Maralinga, 4 Sept. 1960, H. Turner (AD). N.S.W.: E of Lethero, B. G. Briggs 2788 (NSW).
Treated fruit sometimes eaten by Aborigines. A variable species; a form with looser,
paler tomentum and more robust leaves occurs between Lake Everard and Lake
Gairdner, W.A.; a narrow-leaved form in south-western Qld approaches S. tumulicola
Symon; plants in W.A. with shallowly lobed leaves approach S. plicatile (S. Moore)
Symon. Closely related to S. esuriale Lindley, from which distinguished by the
shrubby habit, often slightly recurved prickles, often 4–partite flowers, and often
folded leaves.
53. Solanum centrale J. Black, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 58: 180; t.11,
fig. 4 (1934)
T: Macdonald Downs Stn, Central Australia, 1932, J. Chalmers s.n.; lecto: K; iso: AD; fide D. E.
Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 167 (1981).
[S. nemophilum auct. non F. Muell.: J. M. Black, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 62: 106
(1938)]
Clonal, perennial herb or undershrub to 45 cm, often sprawling, pale or rusty
yellowish-green, densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles absent, or few and
sparsely scattered on stems, 1–5 mm long. Leaves ovate-oblong; lamina 3–6 cm long,
1–2 cm wide, sometimes larger, concolorous, entire to slightly undulate; petiole 5–15
(sometimes 30) mm long. Inflorescence 1–6–flowered, peduncle absent or to 10 mm
long; rachis 5–15 mm long, sometimes to 40 mm, pedicels 6–10 mm long. Calyx
4–6 mm long; lobes triangular, 1.5–2.5 mm long. Corolla stellate, 15–25 mm diam.,
pale or deep purple. Anthers 4.5–6.5 mm long. Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam.,
yellow, drying brown and raisin-like in appearance. Seeds 2–4 mm long, pale yellow
or light brown. n=24. Fig. 30H.
Widespread in arid areas of W.A., N.T. and northern S.A. in sandy deserts. Map 122.
W.A.: SW of Warburton, A. S. George 4050 (PERTH). N.T.: Stirling Creek, Stuart Highway,
N. Byrnes 187 (ADW, DNA); Hamilton Downs, 13 Apr. 1956, G. M. Chippendale (ADW, BRI,
CANB, NT). S.A.: Ernabella, Aug 1945, J. B. Cleland (AD).
Important food plant of Aborigines; fruit eaten fresh or dry.
54. Solanum hesperium Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 169; figs 64, 66 (1981).
T: 30 km SE of Denham, W.A., 21 July 1957, J. W. Green 1430; holo: PERTH.
Shrub to 1 m, drab rusty-green, the new growth and stems rusty, densely pubescent
with stellate hairs; prickles absent, or scattered on stems, 2–3 mm long. Leaves
oblong; lamina 2–4 cm long, 6–15 mm wide, slightly discolorous, entire; petiole
2–5 mm long. Inflorescence 1–5–flowered; peduncle to 10 mm long, sometimes to
20 mm; rachis to 10 mm long, pedicels 4–8 mm long, lengthening in fruit. Calyx
4–6 mm long; lobes obtusely triangular, 2–3 mm long. Corolla stellate, shallowly
incised, 20–25 mm diam., purple. Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry depressed-globular,
136
SOLANACEAE Solanum
8–10 mm diam., yellow, drying brown; fruiting pedicel to 15 mm long. Seeds

1.7–2 mm long, brown.
Occurs in coastal and near-coastal areas of W.A. between Geraldton and Carnarvon.
Map 123.
W.A.: Nerrin Nerrin, A. C. Beauglehole 11831 (ADW); Dorre Is., R. D. Royce 5892 (PERTH).
Closely related to S. centrale J. Black and S. coactiliferum J. Black; distinguished by
the slender, straight prickles and smaller leaves.
55. Solanum esuriale Lindley, in Mitchell, Three Exped. Interior Eastern Austral.
2: 43 (1838)
T: Interior of New Holland, 19 Apr. 1836, ?J. Richardson s.n.; holo: CGE, iso: K.
S. pulchellum F. Muell., Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria 1: 18 (1855).
T: Wimmera River; syn: K; Avoca River; n.v.; and Murray River; syn.: CGE, E, TCD; thence
through the desert country to Lake Torrens; n.v.; Spencer's Gulf; n.v.; and St. Vincent Gulf; n.v.
S. ellipticum f. inermis Wawra, Itinera Principum S. Coburgi 1: 100 (1883).
T: Floodplains of Murray River, Australia, 'Coll. I 485'; iso: ?W n.v.
S. esuriale var. sublobatum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 583 (1929).
T: near Longreach, Qld, Mar. 1910, Domin s.n.; holo: PR530896, photo ADW.
Illustrations: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1065D (1957); D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide
Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 67 (1981).
Clonal perennial herb to 30 cm, grey-green, rarely pale green, densely pubescent with
stellate hairs; prickles usually absent, sometimes present towards base of plant. Leaves
oblong to oblong-lanceolate; lamina 2–8 cm long, 5–15 mm wide, concolorous, entire
to slightly undulate; lower leaves with lamina up to 10 cm long and 3 cm wide,
shallowly lobed; petiole 5–10 mm long, sometimes to 20 mm. Inflorescence 2–6–
flowered; peduncle 1–4 cm long; rachis 1–2 cm long, pedicels 10–15 mm long.
Flowers (4)5–partite. Calyx 4–6 mm long; tube ribbed; lobes linear to narrowly
triangular, 2–3 mm long. Corolla rotate-stellate, 15–25 mm diam., purple. Anthers
4–5 mm long. Berry globular, ovoid or obovoid, acute, 10–15 mm diam., pale yellow
or light yellow-brown. Seeds 2–3 mm long, pale yellow-brown. n=12, 24. Quena.
Figs 28H, 30J.
Widespread in inland Qld, N.S.W., Vic., eastern S.A. and south-eastern N.T., with
isolated localities in north-western W.A. Occurs in many habitats in clay, clay-loam,
and loam, often along seasonal pools, creeklines or levee banks of inland streams, and
in W.A. in near-coastal sandy soils. Map 124.
N.T.: c. 7 km W of Argadargada Homestead, D. J. Nelson 325 (NT). S.A.: Renmark, 15 Jan.
1966, G. Howard (ADW). Qld: Boatman Stn, S. L. Everist 2737 (BRI). N.S.W.: c. 32 km ESE
of Bourke, E. F. Constable 4512A (NSW). Vic: Nathalia, Dec. 1929, J. H. Willis (MEL).
Occasionally reported poisonous to sheep in southern and central Qld. Fruits eaten
by Aborigines. A variable species in habit, prickliness, leaf size and lobing, and fruit
size; closely related to S. tumulicola Symon and S. coactiliferum J. Black.
56. Solanum tumulicola Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 95: 234; fig. 9 (1971)
T: c. 40 km E of Stuart Highway at Daly Waters, N.T., 7 June 1967, D. E. Symon 5085; holo:
ADW; iso: AD, B, CANB, K, NSW, NT, US.
137
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Sprawling, clonal, perennial herb to 30 cm, grey-green, densely pubescent with

minute stellate hairs; prickles absent, or up to 2 mm long, scattered on stems and
leaves. Leaves linear-oblong; lamina 4–8 cm long, 4–8 mm wide, sometimes larger,
slightly discolorous, entire; petiole 5–10 mm long. Inflorescence short, 1–6–flowered;
peduncle 10–15 mm long; pedicels 1 cm long. Calyx 2–3 mm long; lobes triangular,
1–1.5 mm long. Corolla stellate, 20–25 mm diam., purple. Anthers 3.5–5 mm long.
Berry globular, sometimes acute, 10–15 mm diam., yellow; fruiting peduncle
20–30 mm long. Seeds 2–3 mm long, pale yellow-orange. n=12.
Occurs predominantly in N.T., extending to the Gregory North and Mitchell
Districts of Qld. Most common in heavy clay associated with seasonally flooded lakes
and rivers; rarely in hard gravelly loam or sandy soil. Map 125.
N.T.: 24 km SE of Elliott, N. Byrnes 1422 (DNA, NT); 21 km SE of Elliott, P. K. Latz 458
(ADW, NT); 48 km E of Eva Downs, R. A. Perry 1885 (CANB). Qld: 8 km SE of Bedourie,
R. W. Purdie 1338 (BRI).
Closely related to S. esuriale Lindley; distinguished by the more slender leaves and
often more tufted habit.
57. Solanum tetrathecum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 165 (1861)

T: Brisbane River, Qld, F. Mueller s.n.; lecto: MEL 12231, fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot.
Gard. 4: 176 (1981); Pine River, Qld, F. Mueller s.n.; n.v.; Burnett River, Qld, F. Mueller s.n.; syn:
K, TCD,; Warwick, Qld, Beckler s.n.; n.v.; Tenterfield, N.S.W., Stuart s.n.; n.v.
Erect, sparingly clonal subshrub to 60 cm, dark green or grey-green, pubescent with
stellate hairs; prickles absent, or to 1 cm long, scattered on young growth, stems and
leaves. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong; lamina 4–6 cm long, 5–15 mm wide,
sometimes larger, concolorous or discolorous, entire to slightly undulate; hairs sparse
to dense on upper surface, dense on lower surface; petiole 5–15 mm long.
Inflorescence 1–5–flowered; peduncle to 10 mm long; rachis to 15 mm long; pedicels
5–10 mm long. Calyx 5–7 mm long; lobes triangular, 2–4 mm long. Corolla stellate,
20–40 mm diam., blue-purple. Anthers 5–6 mm long. Berry globular or depressed
globular, 10–15 mm diam., pale yellow. Seeds 2.5–3 mm long, light grey, margin
slightly thickened. n=24.
Occurs predominantly in south-eastern Qld, and on the northern slopes and plains of
N.S.W., in red earth, red loam, grey clay and rarely sandy loam. Often associated
with cleared Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla), Belah (Casuarina cristata) or Eucalyptus
spp. Map 126.
Qld: Glen Morgan, D. M. Gordon 571 (CANB); 6 km W of Yarraman, L. S. Smith 14736 (ADW,
BRI). N.S.W.: Narrabri, Apr. 1961, K. R. Gibson (NSW).
Leaves densely pubescent both surfaces in northern areas of range only. Fruits readily
shed with pedicel when ripe, rarely present on collected specimens.
58. Solanum elachophyllum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 164 (1861)

T: Between the Mackenzie and Dawson Rivers, Qld, Nov. 1856, F. Mueller s.n.; lecto: K, iso: MEL
12234; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 178 (1981).
Rigid, intricate shrub to 50 cm, grey-green; leaves, pedicels and calyx pubescent with
stellate hairs; prickles 5–15 mm long, scattered on stems, occasionally on upper leaf-
138
SOLANACEAE Solanum
surface, often paired at base of petiole. Leaves ovate-elliptic; lamina 7–12 mm long,
5–9 mm wide, discolorous, entire; upper surface glabrescent, hairs dense on lower
surface; petiole 2–4 mm long. Flowers solitary or paired; peduncle absent or up to
5 mm long; pedicels 7–8 mm, long sometimes to 12 mm. Calyx 3–4.5 mm long; lobes
obtusely triangular, 1–1.5 mm long. Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 15–30 mm diam.,
mauve. Anthers 3.5–5 mm long. Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam., yellow. Seeds
3–4 mm long, light grey-brown. n=12. Fig. 24A.
Known only from limited collections in the Leichhardt District of Qld, occurring with
Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) in heavy grey clay. Map 127.
Qld: Thomby, R. W. Johnson 2874 (ADW, MEL); near Warwick homestead, Leichhardt District,
Story & Yapp 174 (BRI, CANB).
59. Solanum papaverifolium Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 95: 233; fig. 8
(1971)
T: 'Maneroo', Graman, c. 56 km NW of Inverell, N.S.W., 11 June 1969, V. N. Gidley s.n.; holo:
NSW; iso: ADW, BRI, CANB, K, MEL.
Erect or sprawling, clonal, perennial herb with annual stems to 30 cm, green, glabrous
except for minute glandular hairs on young growth; prickles to 5 mm long, abundant
on stems, leaves, pedicels and calyx. Leaves ovate; lamina 4–7 cm long, 3–5 cm wide,
concolorous, deeply lobed; lobes 1–2 cm long, the margin toothed or lobed; petiole
10–15 mm long, sometimes to 30 mm. Inflorescence 1–6–flowered; peduncle 1–6 cm
long; rachis 1–2 cm long, pedicels 1–2 cm long. Calyx 5–8 mm long; lobes lanceolate,
3–5 mm long. Corolla stellate, 20 mm diam., purple. Anthers 3.5–4 mm long. Berry
depressed globular, 10–12 mm diam., greenish-yellow with faint green stripes. Seeds
not known.
Occurs predominantly in the Darling Downs District of south-eastern Qld and the
Northern Slopes District of N.S.W., generally in heavy clay. Frequently a weed of
cereal crops. Map 128.
Qld: Dalby, 16 Apr. 1952, Land Ranger (BRI). N.S.W.: Moree, 18 May 1971, G. Strange (NSW).
60. Solanum adenophorum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 162 (1861)

S. adenophorum var. typicum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 586 (1929), nom. illeg.
T: Between the Dawson and Mackenzie Rivers, Qld, 17–20 Nov. 1856, F. Mueller s.n.; holo: MEL
11775; iso: K, TCD.
Herbaceous perennial with annual stems to 40 cm, green, pubescent with glandular
and stellate hairs; prickles 1–7 mm long, on stems, petiole, leaves, peduncles and
calyx. Leaves ovate; lamina 3–6 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, concolorous, shallowly lobed;
lobe margins undulate or lobed; petiole 2–6 cm long. Inflorescence short, 2–6–
flowered; peduncle c. 10 mm long; pedicels 20 mm long. Calyx 7–8 mm long; lobes
lanceolate, 5–6 mm long. Corolla stellate, shallowly incised, 20–40 mm diam., purple.
Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry globular, 10–13 mm diam., reported whitish or yellow.
Seeds 2.5–3 mm long, pale grey-yellow.
A relatively rare, inadequately known species recorded from scattered localities in
Qld, N.S.W. and Vic. Map 129.
139
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Qld: 110 km N of Clermont, I. R. Saclier 3 (BRI). N.S.W.: Bedgerabong School, 4 Dec. 1955,
C. K. Ingram (NSW); 6 km S of Forbes, 20 Feb 1966, B. Whitehead (ADW, CANB). Vic.: near
Barrakee Railway Stn, W. H. McIlroy 3102 (MEL).
61. Solanum eremophilum F. Muell., Linnaea 25: 432 (1853)

T: Flinders Ranges, S.A., Oct. 1851, F. Mueller s.n.; lecto: MEL; iso: MEL; fide D. E. Symon, J.
Herbaceous perennial to 15 cm, rusty green, pubescent with stellate hairs and minute
glandular hairs; prickles 5–8 mm long, scattered on stems, petioles, leaf-surfaces,
peduncles and calyx. Leaves ovate; lamina 30–45 mm long, 15–35 mm wide,
sometimes larger, concolorous, shallowly lobed; lobe margins rounded or undulate;
petiole 15–45 mm long. Inflorescence 2–7–flowered; peduncle 10 mm long; rachis
2–6 cm long; pedicels 10–25 mm long. Calyx 5–9 mm long; lobes broadly lanceolate,
3–6 mm long. Corolla broadly stellate, 25–35 mm diam., purple. Anthers 4–5 mm
long. Berry unknown.
An inadequately known species, recorded from scattered localities in S.A. and N.S.W.
Map 130.
S.A.: Napperby, D. E. Symon 10609 (AD, ADW, NSW).
The name has been frequently misapplied to other species. Possibly a hybrid between
S. petrophilum F. Muell. and S. esuriale Lindley.
62. Solanum lacunarium F. Muell., Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria 1: 18 (1855)

T: Near the junction of the Darling and Murray Rivers, N.S.W., Dec. 1853, F. Mueller s.n.; lecto:
MEL 11745; iso: K; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard 4: 185 (1981).
Erect or sprawling, clonal, herbaceous perennial to 25 cm, grey-green, pubescent with
minute stellate hairs, the hairs sparse on stems and upper leaf-surface; prickles to
5 mm long, abundant on petioles and leaf-surfaces, usually fewer elsewhere. Leaves
elliptic; lamina 1–9 cm long, 5–30 mm wide, discolorous, shallowly to deeply lobed;
lobe margins entire to shallowly lobed; petiole 15–40 mm long. Inflorescence 4–10–
flowered; peduncle 10–30 mm long; rachis 10–30 mm long, lengthening in fruit;
pedicels 8–10 mm long. Calyx 3–5 mm long; lobes triangular, 1–1.5 mm long. Corolla
broadly stellate to rotate-pentagonal, 4–5–lobed, 15–30 mm diam., blue. Anthers
3–5 mm long. Berry globular to depressed globular, 10–15 mm diam., pale yellow;
fruiting axis including peduncle up to 12 cm long. Seeds 3–4 mm long, light grey.
n=12. Lagoon Nightshade. Fig. 26L.
A species of disjunct distribution, predominantly along the Frome River in S.A., and
parts of the Murray-Darling river system from the Darling Downs District in Qld,
through western N.S.W. and north-western Vic. to the Murray District of S.A.
Usually associated with heavy clay soils of the river flood plains. Map 131.
S.A.: Near Berri, Hj. Eichler 13786 (AD); Mundy Creek, D. E. Symon 4046 (ADW). N.S.W.:
Darling River, Dallachy & Goodwin (MEL 11756); Menindie, P. L. Milthorpe 876 (NSW);
Menindie, D. E. Symon 6744 (CANB).
The leaves are variable, being larger with coarser lobes in westernmost populations,
smaller and narrower in eastern populations.
140
SOLANACEAE Solanum
63. Solanum terraneum Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 186; fig. 75 (1981)
T: 61 km S of Agnew, W.A., 12 May 1975, D. E. Symon 9932; holo: PERTH; iso: ADW, CANB,
K, MO.
Illustration: D. E. Symon, loc. cit.
Clonal, herbaceous perennial to 10 cm, grey-green, densely pubescent with stellate
hairs; prickles absent, or 3–5 mm long, on stems and petioles. Leaves ovate to elliptic;
lamina mostly 2–6 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, slightly discolorous, entire; petiole to
15 mm long, sometimes longer. Flowers solitary or 2–3; peduncle absent or to 5 mm
long; pedicels 15–25 mm long. Calyx 5–8 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular to
linear, 3–5 mm long. Corolla stellate, 20 mm diam., pale blue. Anthers 4–5 mm long.
Berry globular to ellipsoid, 8–10 mm diam., pale green when ripe. Seeds 2.5–3 mm
long, yellow. n=24.
Known only from scattered collections from south-west margins of the Great Victoria
Desert, W.A. Usually associated with grasslands or sparse woodlands on red sand
plains. Map 132.
W.A.: 48 km W of Coonana, R. J. Chinnock 1124 (AD); 31 km W of Wiluna, D. E. Symon 9975
(ADW, PERTH).
64. Solanum ellipticum R. Br., Prodr. 446 (1810)

S. ellipticum var. typicum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 588 (1929), nom. illeg.
T: Broad Sound, Qld, 25 Sept. 1802, R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; iso: MPU; fide D. E. Symon, J.
S. lithophilum F. Muell., Linnaea 25: 434 (1853).
T: Flinders Ranges, S.A., Oct. 1851, F. Mueller s.n.; lecto: MEL 11873; iso: MEL; fide D. E.
Symon loc. cit.
S. ellipticum var. chillagoense Domin, loc. cit.
T: Near Chillagoe, Qld, Feb. 1910, Domin s.n.; iso: PR n.v.
S. ellipticum var. horridum Domin, loc. cit.
T: Near Cloncurry, Qld, Feb. 1910, Domin s.n.; iso: PR n.v.
S. ellipticum var. mollibaccalis J. Black, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 52: 227 (1928).
T: Finniss Springs, Lake Eyre Basin, S.A., F. D. Warren s.n.; holo: AD 97614116.
S. ellipticum f. albiflorum Domin, loc. cit.
T: Near Chillagoe, Nov. 1910, K. Domin s.n.; n.v.
Illustrations: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1073 (1957); H. E. Kleinschmidt & R. W.
Johnson, Weeds Queensland 204 (1977); D. E. Symon, op. cit. fig. 76.
Sprawling, clonal, perennial herb to 1 m diam., usually pale green or grey-green, the
growing tips often purple, densely pubescent with stellate hairs; hairs often tufted and
woolly on stems and lower leaf-surface; prickles to 10 mm long, scattered to
abundant on stems, petioles and peduncles, sparse or absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate
to elliptic; lamina mostly 4–8 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, slightly discolorous, entire to
undulate; petiole 1–5 cm long. Inflorescence 1–7–flowered; peduncle 1–8 cm long;
rachis 1–3 cm long; pedicels 8–11 mm long, lengthening in fruit. Calyx mostly
6–10 mm long; lobes triangular with linear apices, 5–8 mm long. Corolla rotate to
rotate-pentagonal, 20–30 mm diam., purple. Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry globular to
slightly obovoid, 15–20 mm diam., pale yellow-green, often tinged purple; fruiting
pedicels usually 15–20 mm long. Seeds 2–3 mm long, pale buff. n=12. Potato Bush,
Potato Weed. Fig. 30 I.
Widespread in Qld, northern N.S.W., southern N.T. and S.A., with scattered
localities in W.A. Occurs on ranges and plains in heavy clay and sandy soil; usually
absent from flood plains of rivers. Map 133.
141
Solanum SOLANACEAE
W.A.: Mt Tietkens, A. S. George 8945 (PERTH). N.T.: c. 12 km E of Harper Springs boundary,

16 Aug. 1956, G. Chippendale (ADW, NT). S.A.: Paralana Springs, D. E. Symon 6003 (ADW,
CANB). Qld: Windorah, Sept. 1966, T. O. Browning (BRI). N.S.W.: Tibooburra, May 1913,
O. E. Couch (NSW).
Fresh berries eaten by Aborigines. A very variable species, with three main forms: the
typical form (moderately prickly, leaves relatively large) is widespread in arid areas; a
prickly form occurs on ranges in Central Australia; a small-leaved form occurs on the
upper Eyre Peninsula, mainly west of the Flinders Ranges. Prickly forms approach S.
horridum Dunal ex Poiret and S. cleistogamum Symon in Central Australia; smaller
specimens approach S. terraneum Symon in W.A., while on the north and north-
eastern margins of its distribution, plants approach S. dianthophorum Dunal.
65. Solanum dianthophorum Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 183 (1813)

S. biflorum R. Br., Prodr. 445 (1810), nom. illeg., non Lour., Fl. Conchin. 1: 129 (1790).
T: Port II (Port Clinton, Qld), R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard.
4: 191 (1981).
Sprawling perennial herb with stems to 1 m long, green or purplish-green, densely
pubescent with minute stellate hairs; prickles to 1 cm long, scattered on stems,
petioles and leaf-surfaces, dense on calyx. Leaves elliptic; lamina 3–6 cm long,
15–25 mm wide, sometimes larger, slightly discolorous, entire to slightly undulate;
petiole mostly 10–30 mm long. Inflorescence short, 1–6–flowered; peduncle absent or
to 5 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 5–6 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular
to linear, 3–4 mm long. Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 15–20 mm diam., white or
pale lavender. Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry globular, 10–20 mm diam., purplish-
green. Seeds 2.5 mm long, light brown. n=12.
Occurs predominantly in eastern Qld and in scattered localities in central and
western Qld, in a variety of habitats. Map 134.
Qld: Near Barcaldine, G. R. Beeston 1147C (BRI); Rockhampton, A. Dietrich 1404 (MEL); 122
km SW of Sarina, V. K. Moriarty 1626 (ADW).
66. Solanum cleistogamum Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 95: 227; fig. 1
(1971)
T: c. 32 km N (?NE) of Onslow, W.A., 1 July 1967, D. E. Symon 5418; holo: PERTH; iso: ADW,
CANB, K, L.
S. petrophilum var. pedicellatum Ewart & Davies, Fl. Northern Territory 243; t. 21 (1917).
T: Lat. 19°S, long. 132°E, N.T., 4 July 1911, G. F. Hill 435; holo: MEL; iso: MEL.
Illustrations: D. E. Symon, loc. cit.; D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: fig. 78 (1981).
Sprawling annual or herbaceous perennial, with stems to 60 cm long, grey-green,
occasionally rusty-green, densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 10 mm
long, usually common on stems, petioles and calyx-tube, less common or absent
elsewhere. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; lamina 3–10 cm long, 1–4 cm wide,
slightly discolorous, entire to weakly lobed; petiole mostly 12–25 mm long.
Inflorescence 1–4–flowered; peduncle 5–40 mm long; rachis 1–4 cm long; pedicels
5–10 mm long, lengthening in fruit. Calyx 4–6 mm long, sometimes longer; lobes
almost linear, 2–3 mm long. Corolla rotate, 10–15 mm diam., pale lavender, often
remaining closed. Anthers 2.5–3 mm long. Berry globular, 10–13 mm diam., pale
|yellow-green or slightly purple; fruiting pedicels usually 15–30 mm long. Seeds
2.5–3 mm long, light brown. n=12.
142
SOLANACEAE Solanum
Occurs predominantly in W.A. and southern N.T., and in isolated localities in S.A.,
Qld and N.S.W. Usually associated with rocky or gravelly hillsides or creek lines, or
in depressions on sand plains. Map 135.
W.A.: N of Geraldton, D. E. Symon 5448 (MEL, PERTH). N.T.: Erldunda Stn, P. K. Latz 4971
(ADW, CANB, NT). S.A.: Mt Alexander, D. E. Symon 9108 (ADW). N.S.W.: near Brewarrina,
D. J. McGillivray 2907 (NSW).
A variable species; may be confused with S. ellipticum R. Br. and S. dianthophorum Dunal.
67. Solanum horridum Dunal ex Poiret, Encycl. Suppl. 3: 763 (1814)

T: West coast of New Holland, probably collected by A. Riedlé; lecto: P; iso: P; fide D. E. Symon,
J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 195 (1981).
S. horridum var. repandifolium Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 297 (1852).
T: New Holland, Baudin; iso: BM; photo ADW.
Sprawling, probably short-lived shrub to 1 m across, pale green or yellow-green,
densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 10 mm long, abundant on stems,
petioles and inflorescence, sparse or absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate to ovate-
lanceolate; lamina 3–8 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, sometimes larger, slightly discolorous,
entire to undulate, occasionally shallowly lobed; petiole 1–4 cm long. Inflorescence
short, 1–3–flowered; peduncle absent or to 10 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long.
Calyx 10–12 mm long; lobes linear, 4–7 mm long. Corolla rotate, 15–20 mm diam.,
purple. Anthers 3 mm long. Berry globular to depressed globular, 15–20 mm diam.,
dull yellow-green, drying brown. Seeds 2–2.5 mm long, dark grey-brown. n=12.
Apparently restricted to Hamersley Range in W.A., occurring on low stony ridges
and hills in Triodia and Acacia communities. Map 136.
W.A.: SE of Tambrey Stn, D. E. Symon 5400 (CANB, PERTH).
68. Solanum echinatum R. Br., Prodr. 447 (1810)

T: Island h (North Is., Sir Edward Pellew Group, Gulf of Carpentaria), R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; iso:
E, K, MEL, MPU; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 197 (1981).
S. ellipticum var. pannifolium Cunn. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 464 (1868).
T: Cambridge Gulf, NW coast, A. Cunningham s.n.; lecto: BM; iso: K; fide D. E. Symon, op. cit.
198.
S. wilkinsii S. Moore, J. Bot. 64: 95 (1926).
T: Groote Eylandt, N.T., Mar. 1925, S. H. Wilkins 131; holo: BM, fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide
Bot. Gard. 4: 198 (1981).
Annual or short-lived perennial herb, erect and up to 50 cm high, or nearly prostrate
and to 2 m across, bright rusty-green or grey-green, densely pubescent with stellate
hairs; prickles 4–6 mm long, scattered to abundant on stems, petioles, peduncles and
calyx, rare or absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; lamina mostly
3–6 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, slightly discolorous, usually entire; petiole usually 1–3
cm long. Inflorescence 2–5–flowered; peduncle to 4 cm long; rachis 1–2 cm long; pedicels
c. 1 cm long. Calyx 4–6 mm long, enlarged in fruit; lobes triangular, 2–3 mm long.
Corolla broadly stellate to pentagonal, 20–30 mm diam., purple. Anthers 4–5 mm
long. Fruiting calyx-tube 10–15 mm diam. Berry depressed globular, squarish in
143
Solanum SOLANACEAE
outline, 10–15 mm diam., pale ivory-green when ripe, drying light brown. Seeds
2–2.5 mm long, dark liver-coloured. n=12. Figs 30K; 38.
Occurs on mainland northern Australia and adjacent offshore islands, from the
Kimberley region of W.A. to the Gulf of Carpentaria in north-western Qld.
Associated with rocky outcrops, or sandy and alluvial debris at base of outcrops. Map
137.
W.A.: c. 100 km S of Gibb River Stn, D. E. Symon 7149 (PERTH). N.T.: S of Mt Brockman,
R. E. Fox 431 (DNA); near Cannon Hill, P. Martensz AE667 (BRI, CANB, NT); Arnhem Land,
D. E. Symon 7968 (ADW, BRI, NT).
Colour of pubescence, leaf size and prickliness of calyx variable. Closely related to S.
seitheae Symon; distinguished by smaller stature and smaller fruiting calyx.
69. Solanum lucani F. Muell., Victorian Naturalist 9: 175 (1893)

T: Cambridge Gulf, 1889, A. Lucanus s.n.; lecto: MEL 11346; iso: K; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide
Bot. Gard. 4: 199 (1981).
[S. pubescens auct. non Willd.: W. V. Fitzgerald, J. Roy. Soc. W. Austral. 3: 102 (1918)]
Sprawling, probably annual herb to 30 cm high, c. 1 m wide, green or purple-green,
pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 8 mm long, abundant on stems, peduncles
and calyx, less common elsewhere. Leaves ovate; lamina 5–10 cm long, 3–6 cm wide,
sometimes larger, discolorous, entire or shallowly lobed; hairs sparse on upper surface,
dense on lower surface; petiole 3–5 cm long. Inflorescence 6–15–flowered; peduncle
2–5 cm long, lengthening in fruit; rachis 5–10 cm long; pedicels 5–13 mm long. Calyx
mostly 3–4 mm long; lobes more or less triangular, 1–2 mm long; tube enlarged in
fruit. Corolla rotate, 20–25 mm diam., purple. Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry globular,
10–15 mm diam., green when ripe; fruiting peduncle and axis 4–17 cm long; fruiting
calyx 10–15 mm diam. Seeds 1.5 mm long, dark brown. n=12. Figs 25 I; 28D; 30L;
39.
Occurs from the Kimberley region, W.A., to Willeroo Stn, N.T., usually in disturbed
areas such as sand bars and levees of rivers. Occasionally associated with gravelly
washes of rocky outcrops. Map 138.
W.A.: 21 km N of Halls Creek, D. E. Symon 5268 (CANB, PERTH). N.T.: 47 km NNW of
Inverway Homestead, P. K. Latz 5412 (ADW, NT, PERTH); 182 km W of Katherine, J. Must
1242 (DNA, NT).
70. Solanum seitheae Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 201; figs 82, 84 (1981)
T: 116 km SW of Normanton, Qld, 29 May 1967, D. E. Symon 4959; holo: ADW 33274; iso: B,
BRI, CANB, K, NSW, US.
Illustration: D. E. Symon, loc. cit.
Sprawling, perennial subshrub to 60 cm high and 2 m wide, grey-green, densely
pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles 5–6 mm long, scattered to abundant on stems,
petioles, peduncles and calyx, rare or absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate; lamina 4–13 cm
long, 3–9 cm wide, slightly discolorous, shallowly lobed; petiole to 5 cm long.
Inflorescence up to 8–flowered; peduncle to 5 cm long; rachis to 5 cm long; pedicels
1–2 cm long. Calyx 8–11 mm long; lobes triangular, 4–6 mm long; tube enlarged in
fruit. Corolla broadly stellate to rotate, 25–30 mm diam., violet-blue. Anthers 4–6 mm
long. Fruiting calyx 20–25 mm diam. Berry depressed globular, 10–15 mm diam., pale
yellow-green when ripe, drying pale brown. Seeds 2.5 mm long, dark brown. n=12.
144
121. Solanum coactiliferum 122. Solanum centrale 123. Solanum hesperium
124. Solanum esuriale 125. Soalnum tumulicola 126. Solanum tetrathecum
127. Solanum elachophyllum 128. Solanum papaverifolium 129. Solanum adenophorum
130. Solanum eremophilum 131. Solanum lacunarium 132. Solanum terraneum
133. Solanum ellipticum 134. Solanum dianthophorum 135. Solanum cleistogamum
145
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Occurs in north-western Qld and adjacent areas in N.T., and on the Wessel Islands,
N.T. Usually associated with rocky or gravelly outcrops. Map 139.
N.T.: Nicholson River area, T. S. Henshall 275 (ADW, DNA, NT). Qld: 60 km E of Mt Isa, Qld,
J. Swan 117 (ADW, BRI).
Closely related to S. echinatum R. Br.; distinguished by subshrubby habit and larger

size, greyish tomentum and larger fruiting calyx.
71. Solanum sturtianum F. Muell., Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria 1: 19 (1855)

S. sturtii F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 6: 146 (1868), orthographic variant.
T: Central Australia, 1844–46, C. Sturt 16; lecto: BM, fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4:
204 (1981); Interior Australia, 10 Jan. 1848, C. Sturt s.n.; syn: MEL; Interior Australia, C. Sturt 87;
syn: MEL.
S. tetrandrum var. angustifolium A. Morrison, J. Bot. 50: 275 (1912); S. morrisonii Domin, Biblioth.
Bot. 89: 577 (1929), based on S. tetrandrum var. angustifolium A. Morrison.
T: Between Globe Hill and Minderoo, Ashburton River, 7 Oct. 1905, A. Morrison s.n.; holo: BM;
iso: E.
Erect, clonal shrub to 3 m, silvery-green or grey-green, usually densely pubescent
with stellate hairs; prickles absent, or 5–6 mm long, scattered to dense on stems, rare
elsewhere. Leaves lanceolate; lamina mostly 30–60 mm long, 5–15 mm wide,
discolorous, occasionally concolorous, entire to slightly undulate; petiole 5–15 mm
long. Inflorescence short, few–12–flowered; peduncle absent or to 15 mm long;
pedicels 5–8 mm long. Calyx 3–5 mm long; lobes triangular, 1–3 mm long. Corolla
rotate-stellate, 30–40 mm diam., purple. Anthers 5–6 mm long. Berry globular,
10–15 mm diam., yellow to brownish-black, the skin brittle and breaking irregularly.
Seeds 3–5 mm long, dark brown to black. n=12. Thargomindah Nightshade. Fig.
31C.
Widespread in arid areas, extending from central-western W.A. through southern
N.T. and S.A. to south-western Qld and north-western N.S.W. Commonly associated
with ranges, occurring in deep gravelly soils of dry creek lines, rarely on rocky slopes.
Map 140.
W.A.: c. 65 km S of old Mundiwindi, A. S. George 958 (PERTH). N.T.: N of Finke River
crossing, N. Byrnes 573 (DNA, NT). S.A.: Paralana Springs, D. E. Symon 6076 (ADW, CANB,
NSW). Qld: near Thargomindah, M. Olsen 760 & D. E. Boyland (BRI). N.S.W.: Broken Hill,
P. L. Milthorpe 868 (NSW).
Ripe fruit reported to be toxic to stressed sheep and cattle in Qld and N.S.W.
72. Solanum oligacanthum F. Muell, Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria 1: 19 (1855)

T: Central Australia, C. Sturt s.n.; holo: MEL 11991; iso: BM.
Erect, clonal, herbaceous perennial herb or subshrub to 1 m, pale grey-green, densely
pubescent with minute stellate hairs; prickles to 16 mm long, often pubescent in
lower half, on stems, sometimes paired at base of petiole, generally absent elsewhere.
Leaves broadly ovate; lamina 8–20 mm long, 7–20 mm, wide, sometimes larger,
concolorous to slightly discolorous, entire or shallowly lobed at base; petiole 1–5 mm
long. Inflorescence short, 1–6–flowered; peduncle to 10 mm long; pedicels 4–5 mm
long. Calyx 5–8 mm long; lobes triangular, 2–3.5 mm long. Corolla rotate, 20–25 mm
diam., lavender-blue. Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry globular or depressed globular,
146
Figure 37. Solanum tetrathecum. Figure 39. Solanum lucani.
Photograph — M. Fagg. Photograph — D. E. Symon.
Figure 38. Solanum echinatum. Figure 40. Solanum petrophilum.

Photograph — J. Wrigley. Photograph — A. S. George.
147
Solanum SOLANACEAE
4–10 mm diam., pale yellow. Seeds 4–5 mm long, black or dark brown. n=12. Figs
24D; 31B.
Occurs mainly in south-western Qld, north-western N.S.W. and north-eastern S.A.;
established as a weed in southern S.A. Usually associated with seasonally flooded
creek channels, flats and lagoons. Map 141.
S.A.: Coopers Creek, R. Hill 473 (AD); 23 km SW of Etadunna Homestead, M. Lazarides 8372
(CANB); N of Tinga Tingana on road to Gidgealpa, D. E. Symon 5891 (ADW). Qld: W of
Durrie, S. L. Everist & L. S. Smith 82 (BRI). N.S.W.: Sturt National Park, K. Wilson 1657
(NSW).
73. Solanum karsensis Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 95: 230; fig. 4 (1971)
T: 'Tara Downs', Wentworth, N.S.W., Dec. 1961, A. Smith s.n.; holo: NSW 59352.
Clonal, herbaceous perennial to 30 cm, grey-green, densely pubescent with stellate
hairs; prickles to 15 mm long, pubescent in lower half, usually scattered on stems,
rare or absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate; lamina 15–30 mm long, 10–20 mm wide,
sometimes larger, slightly discolorous, undulate to shallowly lobed; petiole 3–10 mm
long. Inflorescence up to 12–flowered; peduncle usually to 10 mm long; rachis
1–2 cm long, sometimes up to 4 cm; pedicels 4–5 mm long, lengthening in fruit.
Calyx 5–10 mm long; lobes triangular, 2–5 mm long; tube enlarged in fruit. Corolla
shallowly campanulate-rotate, 20–35 mm diam., purple. Anthers 3–4 mm long.
Fruiting calyx 7–10 mm diam. Berry globular, c. 7 mm diam., colour not known;
fruiting pedicels 10–15 mm long. Seeds 4–5 mm long, dark. n=12.
Restricted to south-western plains of N.S.W., occurring in occasionally flooded
depressions in clay or red sand. Apparently becoming weedy in recent years. Map
142.
N.S.W.: Lake Tandau, 16 Dec. 1974, A. D. Mears & D. E. Wallin (NSW); Kars Stn, R. Pearce 63
(ADW, CANB, NSW).
74. Solanum quadriloculatum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 161 (1861)

T: Nicholson River, Gulf of Carpentaria, 21–24 Aug. 1856, F. Mueller s.n.; lecto: MEL; iso: K; fide
D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 210 (1981); Arnhem Land, coll. unknown; n.v.
S. crassitomentosum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 584 (1929).
T: W of Pentland, Qld, Feb. 1910, Domin s.n.; iso: PR n.v.
S. ellipticum var. duribaccalis J. Black, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 52: 227 (1928), fide
J. M. Black, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 58: 181 (1934).
T: none cited or traced.
Erect or sprawling, sparingly clonal shrub to 50 cm, grey-green or yellowish-green,
densely pubescent with stellate hairs, sometimes scabrous; prickles to 6 mm long,
abundant on stems, petioles, peduncles and calyx, sparse or absent elsewhere. Leaves
ovate-elliptic; lamina mostly 5–9 cm long 1.5–4 cm wide, sometimes larger, entire to
slightly undulate; petiole 1–4 cm long. Inflorescence up to 20–flowered; peduncle
15–20 mm long; rachis to 8 cm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 6–10 mm long;
lobes narrowly triangular, 4–6 mm long. Corolla stellate or pentagonal, 20–25 mm
diam., purple. Anthers 4–6 mm long. Berry globular or depressed globular, 10–15 mm
diam., light yellow-brown, finally hard and bony. Seeds 2–3 mm long, pale mustard-
yellow to light grey. n=12.
148
SOLANACEAE Solanum
Widespread in arid regions, extending from north-eastern W.A. through N.T. and
S.A. to western Qld and north-western N.S.W. Commonly occurs on undulating
plains, levee banks of seasonally flooded water courses, or flood-out plains. Map
143.
N.T.: Palm Valley, 21 July 1954, G. M. Chippendale (ADW, CANB, NT). S.A.: Paralana Springs,
D. E. Symon 6004 (ADW). Qld: 80 km SE of Camooweal, S. L. Everist 3381 (BRI). N.S.W.:
c. 16 km S of White Cliffs, J. H. Leigh W216 (NSW).
Reported to be toxic to sheep in Central Australia.
75. Solanum eardleyae Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 212; figs 83, 89 (1981)
T: Duffield Rocks, c. 91 km NE of Mt Davies Camp, S.A., 1 Oct. 1970, P. K. Latz 939; holo: NT;
iso: ADW, CANB, MEL.
Straggly, erect shrub to 2 m, rusty-green, rarely grey-green, densely pubescent with
stellate hairs; prickles to 10 mm long, abundant on stems, petioles, peduncles and
calyx, generally scattered elsewhere. Leaves oblong-ovate; lamina mostly 5–10 cm
long, 2–4 cm wide, sometimes larger, concolorous, undulate to shallowly lobed;
petiole 1–2 cm long. Inflorescence few–22–flowered; peduncle 1–2 cm long; rachis
3–10 cm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 8–13 mm long, enlarged in fruit; lobes
narrowly triangular with linear apices, 5–10 mm long. Corolla rotate, 25–35 mm
diam., purple. Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam., yellow, finally
hard and bony. Seeds 1.5–2 mm long, light buff to light grey-brown. Fig. 31A.
Restricted mainly to Musgrave and Everard Ranges and Mt Connor in Central
Australia, usually occurring at the base of rock outcrops. Map 144.
N.T.: SE side of Mt Connor, A. C. Beauglehole 22854 (ADW, CANB); Mulga Park Homestead,
P. K. Latz 5044 (ADW, DNA, NT). S.A.: between Ernabella and Mt Woodroffe, F. L. Hill &
T. R. N. Lothian 707 (AD).
76. Solanum petrophilum F. Muell., Linnaea 25: 433 (1853)

T: Cudnaka, Flinders Ranges, S.A., Oct. 1851, F. Mueller s.n.; holo: MEL 12107; iso: MEL 12106.
Illustrations: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1072 (1957); D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot.
Gard. 4: figs 90–91 (1981).
Intricate, usually erect, clonal shrub to 50 cm, grey-green, occasionally rusty-green,
densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 10 mm long, common on most parts.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong; lamina 3–6 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, sometimes
larger, slightly to distinctly discolorous, shallowly to deeply lobed; petiole 5–15 mm
long. Inflorescence 3–10–flowered; peduncle 5–10 mm long, sometimes to 30 mm;
rachis to 5 cm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 8–10 mm long; lobes narrowly
triangular with linear apices, 6–7 mm long, elongated slightly in fruit. Corolla
shallowly campanulate-rotate, 25–30 mm diam., purple. Anthers 4–6 mm long. Berry
globular or depressed globular, 8–10 mm diam., sometimes to 15 mm, yellow, drying
pale brown. Seeds 1–1.5 mm long, light brown or grey-brown, finally hard and bony.
n=12, 24. Rock Nightshade. Figs 31D; 40.
Associated with ranges in arid areas, occurring in the Coolgardie area of W.A., the
Macdonnell, Musgrave and Everard Ranges of Central Australia, the Gawler and
Flinders Ranges of S.A., and the Barrier Range of N.S.W. Grows in rocky habitats or
close to the base of ranges. Map 145.
149
Solanum SOLANACEAE
W.A.: Cavenagh Range, A. S. George 8741 (PERTH). N.T.: near Kulgera Homestead, 5 Aug.
1954, G. Chippendale (MEL, NT). S.A.: Everard Park, 16 June 1958, J. B. Cleland (AD); 16 km
NW of Moonaree Stn, D. E. Symon 3444 (ADW, CANB). N.S.W.: Mootwingee, 10 June 1973,
P. L. Milthorpe (NSW).
Suspected of poisoning stock in N.S.W. and W.A.
77. Solanum lachnophyllum Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 95: 231; fig. 5
(1971)
T: 58 km E of Meekatharra, W.A., 16 Oct. 1945, C. A. Gardner 7871; holo: PERTH.
Dense, spreading shrub to 1 m, grey-white, densely woolly-pubescent with stellate
hairs, glandular hairs also present; prickles to 10 mm long, abundant on stems, fewer
elsewhere. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; lamina 5–8 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, sometimes
larger, concolorous, entire; petiole 1–5 mm long. Juvenile leaves up to 32 cm long,
11 cm wide, entire to slightly undulate. Inflorescence short, 2–3–flowered; peduncle
10–15 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 12–17 mm long; lobes narrowly
triangular, unequal, 5–10 mm long; tube enlarged in fruit. Corolla shallowly
campanulate; tube to 5 mm long; limb broadly stellate to rotate, 30–35 mm diam.,
purple. Anthers 6–8 mm long. Fruiting calyx-tube to 20 mm long. Berry ovoid to
ovoid-conical, 15–20 mm long, green when ripe, drying brown. Seeds 2.5–3 mm long,
pale. n=12. Fig. 31E.
Restricted to central-western W.A., between Wiluna and Meekatharra, usually
growing on stony hillsides. Map 146.
W.A.: c. 51 km W of Wiluna, N. H. Speck 1484 (CANB, PERTH); 19 km W of Wiluna, D. E.
Symon 9971 (ADW, PERTH).
78. Solanum lasiophyllum Dunal ex Poiret, Encycl. Suppl. 3: 764 (1814)

S. eriophyllum Dunal, Solan. Syn. 30 (1916), nom. illeg., based on S. lasiophyllum Dunal ex Poiret.
T: Shark Bay, W.A., coll. unknown; lecto: P; iso: K, P; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4:
219 (1981).
S. lasiophyllum var. crassissimum Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 463 (1868); S. crassissimum (Benth.)
Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 587 (1929).
T: Northern Australia, NW Coast, Bynoe s.n.; holo: K.
S. inceanum Domin, Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk, Tr. Mat.-Prír. 22: 107 (1923).
T: W.A., W. H. Ince s.n.; holo: PR 530926; iso: K.
Symon, op. cit. fig. 93.
Erect or rounded shrub to 2 m, usually grey-green, the growing points and buds often
purplish, densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 5 mm long, moderately
abundant on stems and fruiting calyx, less common or absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate
to broadly elliptic; lamina mostly 4–7 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, sometimes larger,
concolorous, entire, rarely shallowly lobed; petiole mostly 5–15 mm long.
Inflorescence short, the axis elongated in fruit, 2–7–flowered; peduncle 10–15 mm
long; pedicels 8–10 mm long. Calyx usually 7–10 mm long; lobes triangular, 3–6 mm
long; tube enlarged in fruit. Corolla rotate-pentagonal, usually 25–30 mm diam.,
purple. Anthers 4–6 mm long. Berry globular to ovoid, rarely conical or ellipsoid,
10–15 mm diam., yellow; fruiting peduncle and axis to 9 cm long; fruiting calyx
10–15 mm diam. Seeds 2–3 mm long, pale or light brown. n=12, 24. Flannel Bush.
Fig. 31F.
150
SOLANACEAE Solanum
Widespread in W.A., extending to south-western N.T. and central S.A. Usually

occurs in sand or on stony rises in W.A., but restricted to rocky outcrops and ranges
in N.T. and S.A. Map 147.
W.A.: About 12 km E of Carnegie, J. S. Beard 4812 (PERTH). N.T.: c. 180 km W of Ayers Rock,
J. R. Maconochie 659 (NT). S.A.: near Mt Davies, 24 Aug. 1954, J. B. Cleland (AD); Mt
Christie, D. E. Symon 3387 (ADW).
Used as medicinal plant by Aborigines in W.A.
79. Solanum gilesii Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 95: 229; fig. 3 (1971)
T: c. 11 km W of Dovers Hills, northern Gibson Desert, W.A., 27 July 1967, A. S. George 9014;
holo: PERTH.
Spreading or erect clonal shrub to 50 cm, brownish-green, the young parts rusty red
or orange-brown; densely pubescent with stellate hairs, the peduncles woolly; prickles
to 8 mm long, usually scattered on stems, abundant on calyx, few or absent
elsewhere. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong; lamina mostly 2–4 cm long, 1–3 cm wide,
slightly discolorous, undulate to shallowly lobed; petiole to 10 mm long. Inflorescence
short, 1–3–flowered; peduncle to 5 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 6–10 mm long,
enlarged in fruit; lobes triangular, 1–4 mm long. Corolla rotate-pentagonal,
25 mm diam., purple. Anthers 7–8 mm long. Berry globular, c. 10 mm diam., drab
bone-coloured; fruiting pedicels 10–15 mm long; fruiting calyx 10–15 mm diam. Seeds
3 mm long, pale. Fig. 24C.
Occurs mostly in north-eastern W.A. and central-western N.T., on sand plains and
sand dunes. Map 148.
W.A.: NE of Sir Frederick Range, A. S. George 8909 (PERTH); 61 km S of Sturt Creek
Homestead, P. K. Latz 4035 (AD, ADW, CANB, DNA, PERTH); 155 km S of Halls Creek,
J. H. Willis 24 (MEL).
80. Solanum ashbyae Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 223; figs 95, 97 (1981)
T: 120 km N of Meekatharra, W.A., 15 May 1975, D. E. Symon 9983; holo: PERTH; iso: ADW,
CANB, K.
Shrub to 2 m, densely pubescent with glandular-stellate hairs, yellowish-green, rarely
grey-green, the stems and young leaves yellowish; prickles to 5 mm long, abundant
on stems, sparse elsewhere. Leaves ovate-elliptic; lamina 5–8 cm long, 4–5.5 cm wide,
sometimes larger, concolorous, entire; petiole 2–4 cm long. Inflorescence up to
12–flowered, several lower flowers bisexual, the upper flowers male; peduncle 3–4 cm
long; rachis 2–3 cm long. Bisexual flowers: pedicel to 15 mm long; calyx 8–13 mm
long, enlarged in fruit, the lobes lanceolate, unequal, 4–10 mm long; corolla broadly
stellate to rotate, 25–40 mm diam., purple; anthers 7–8 mm long. Male flowers
similar: corolla to 30 mm diam.; anthers 5–7 mm long; ovary, style and stigma
rudimentary. Berry ovoid to globular, occasionally slightly conical, c. 15 mm diam.,
pale bright green when ripe, drying brown; fruiting calyx 15–18 mm long. Seeds
2 mm long, light brown. n=12.
Restricted to inland central-western W.A., occurring in deep red sand and on the
margins of granite slopes. Map 149.
151
Solanum SOLANACEAE
W.A.: 22 km S of Gascoyne River South, D. E. Symon 9991 (ADW); near Laverton, J. Z. Weber
4815 (AD); Von Treuer Tableland, P. G. Wilson 7426 (PERTH).
81. Solanum gabrielae Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 588; fig. 189 (1929)
T: North-west Australia, between the Ashburton and De Grey Rivers, E. Clement s.n.; holo: PR
530923; iso: K.
Spreading shrub to 30 cm tall and 50 cm wide, yellowish-green, densely silky-
pubescent with stellate hairs, the hairs frequently with glandular tips; prickles to
5 mm long, common on stems and calyx, rare or absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate to
ovate-lanceolate; lamina 3–7 cm long, 2.5–4.5 cm wide, sometimes larger, con–
colorous, usually entire; petiole 1–3 cm long. Inflorescence short, 2–6–flowered;
peduncle 1–2 (sometimes to 6) cm long; pedicels short. Calyx 7–10 mm long,
enlarged in fruit; lobes obtusely triangular, 2–3 mm long. Corolla shallowly
campanulate; tube 3–4 mm long; limb rotate, 2–3 cm diam., lilac-purple with green
centre. Anthers 4–7 mm long. Berry globular, 10–20 mm diam., green or yellow when
ripe; fruiting calyx 1–2 cm diam. Seeds 1.5–2 mm long, light grey-brown, margin
paler. n=12. Fig. 25B.
Restricted to Hamersley Range region of W.A., growing on rocky slopes. Map 150.
W.A.: 48 km SE of Coonarie River crossing, D. E. Symon 5389 (ADW, NSW, PERTH); Tambrey
Stn, D. E. Symon 5401 (CANB, PERTH).
82. Solanum prinophyllum Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 296 (1852)

T: Port Jackson, New Holland, Gaudichaud s.n.; holo: G, microfiche AD.
S. armatum R. Br., Prodr. 446 (1810), nom. illeg., non Forsskal, Fl. Aegyptiaco-Arabico 47 (1775).
T: Port Jackson area, N.S.W., 1803–1805, R. Brown s.n.; holo: BM; iso: K.
S. armatum var. cultum Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 295 (1852).
T: 'In horto Monspel. cultum'; holo: MPU; iso: K, photo ADW.
[S. xanthocarpum auct. non Schrader: F. M. Bailey Queensland Fl. 1088 (1901)]
Sprawling, annual or short-lived perennial herb with stems to 45 cm long, dark green
or purplish-green; sparsely pubescent with minute stellate hairs, the young growing
points also with minute glandular hairs; prickles to 10 mm long, few on peduncle and
pedicel, frequent on most other parts. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic; lamina
mostly 5–8 cm long, 3–5 cm wide, sometimes larger, concolorous, deeply lobed; lobe
margins toothed or lobed; petiole 5–15 mm long. Inflorescence short, 1–6–flowered;
peduncle 1–10 mm long; pedicels usually 8–10 mm long, slightly longer in fruit.
Calyx 5–7 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular, 1–4 mm long, the veins prominent.
Corolla campanulate, 10–15 mm long; limb broadly stellate; lilac-blue. Anthers
2–2.5 mm long. Berry globular or obovoid, 15–20 mm diam., drab green or purple
when ripe; fruiting pedicels 10–20 mm long. Seeds 2–3 mm long, ivory or pale
yellow. n=12. Forest Nightshade.
Occurs along Great Dividing Range from south-eastern Qld to eastern Vic. Usually
associated with rainforest or Eucalypt woodland, often in disturbed areas. Map 151.
Qld: D'Aguilar Range, V. K. Moriarty 1202 (BRI). N.S.W.: near Broulee, L. Haegi 1758 (ADW,
NSW). Vic.: near Lakes Entrance, A. C. Beauglehole 37807 (MEL); Gippsland, 5 Apr. 1872,
A. Morrison (CANB).
152
136. Solanum horridum 137. Solanum echinatum 138. Solanum lucani
139. Solanum seitheae 140. Solanum sturtianum 141. Solanum oligacanthum
142. Solanum karsense 143. Solanum quadriloculatum 144. Solanum eardleyae
145. Solanum petrophilum 146. Solanum lachnophyllum 147. Solanum lasiophyllum
148. Solanum gilesii 149. Solanum ashbyae 150. Solanum gabrielae
153
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Plants in northern areas are more erect and prickly, the leaves often more pubescent,
with stellate and glandular hairs, and approach S. cookii Symon and S.
campanulatum R. Br. Closely related to S. pungetium R. Br.
83. Solanum multiglochidiatum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 586 (1929)

T: near Mungana, Qld, Feb. 1910, Domin s.n.; ?PR n.v.
Sprawling, clonal, herbaceous perennial herb with stems to 25 cm long, green or
yellow-green, sparsely pubescent with stellate hairs, the upper leaf-surface almost
glabrous except along main veins; prickles to 6 mm long, scattered to abundant on
most parts. Leaves ovate; lamina 5–10 cm long, 3–8 cm wide, concolorous, undulate
to shallowly lobed; petiole 1–2 cm long. Inflorescence few–10–flowered; peduncle
2–4 cm long; rachis 1–5 cm long; pedicels 8–15 mm long. Calyx 5–8 mm long; lobes
narrowly triangular, 3–5 mm long, slightly longer in fruit. Corolla broadly stellate to
rotate, 25–40 mm diam., pale lavender-blue. Anthers 6–7 mm long. Berry 15–20 mm
diam., pale yellow-green when ripe; fruiting calyx-lobes to 1 cm long. Seeds
3–3.5 mm diam., pale buff or yellow. n=24.
Known from only a few collections; restricted to the Cook District of northern Qld.
Map 152.
Qld: 24 km W of Petford, D. E. Symon 4873 (ADW, BRI, CANB, NSW).
84. Solanum cookii Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 233; figs 96, 102 (1981)
T: cultivated at Adelaide, S.A., 25 Feb. 1972, D. E. Symon s.n., from seed collected from
McIlwraith Range, Cape York Peninsula, Qld, Oct. 1969, Webb & Tracey 8355; holo: ADW; iso:
BRI, CANB, K.
S. adenophorum var. indivisum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 586 (1929).
T: Rockingham Bay, Qld, Dallachy s.n.; iso: K, photo ADW. Illustrations: D. E. Symon, loc. cit.
Erect or sprawling shrub to 3 m, green, pubescent with simple and glandular hairs;
stellate hairs usually present on lower leaf-surface; prickles to 10 mm long, abundant
on most parts. Leaves ovate-elliptic; lamina 8–15 cm long, 5–10 cm wide, con–
colorous, shallowly lobed; lobes angular, slightly toothed or lobed; petiole 3–6 cm
long. Inflorescence few–10–flowered; peduncle 15–25 mm long; rachis 15–30 mm
long; pedicels 3–8 mm long. Calyx 7–11 mm long; lobes linear-lanceolate, 5–8 mm
long. Corolla broadly stellate to pentagonal, 15–20 mm diam., pale lavender-blue.
Anthers 3.5–5 mm long. Berry globular, 10–15 mm diam.; colour not known. Seeds
2–2.5 mm long, pale yellowish or buff. n=12.
Occurs in northern Qld, in the area inland from Ingham to Cairns and in the
McIlwraith Range. Usually associated with rainforest, growing in soils derived from
basalt and granodiorite. Map 153.
Qld: Evelyn, 11 Jan. 1974, D. J. Collins (ADW, BRI); Rockingham Bay, 12 Apr. 1868, Dallachy
(MEL).
85. Solanum pungetium R. Br., Prodr. 446 (1810)

T: Port Jackson area, N.S.W., 1802–1804, R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; iso: K, P; fide D. E. Symon, J.
154
SOLANACEAE Solanum
Sprawling annual or short-lived perennial herb to 1.5 m, green, pubescent with

stellate hairs, the hairs sparse on upper leaf-surface, moderately dense on lower
surface; prickles to 6 mm long, scattered on stems, peduncles, petioles and leaf-
surfaces. Leaves elliptic; lamina 5–8 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, slightly discolorous,
lobed; lobes obtusely triangular; petiole 10–15 mm long. Inflorescence 1–3–flowered;
peduncle absent or very short; pedicels 2–4 cm long, slightly longer in fruit. Calyx
5–7 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular, 3–4 mm long. Corolla campanulate-rotate,
15–20 mm long, pale purple. Anthers 3–4 mm long. Berry globular, 25–30 mm diam.,
yellow; fruiting pedicel 25–50 mm long. Seeds 2.5–4 mm long, pale yellow-orange.
n=12. Eastern Nightshade. Fig. 25E–F.
Occurs predominantly along eastern coast of N.S.W., extending into north-eastern
Vic. Often associated with basaltic or granitic soil on hillsides or in creeklines. Map
154.
N.S.W.: Boyne National Park, M. Evans 2556 (CANB, NSW). Vic.: Mallacoota Inlet National
Park, A. C. Beauglehole 32919 (ADW, MEL).
Closely related to S. prinophyllum Dunal.
86. Solanum hystrix R. Br., Prodr. 446 (1810)

T: Anchorage 5 (Franklin Isles, S.A.) Feb. 1802, R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; fide D. E. Symon, J.
Sprawling, clonal, herbaceous perennial with usually annual stems to 25 cm long,
green or greenish-yellow, almost glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple hairs,
occasional stellate hairs and minute glandular hairs; prickles to 15 mm long, abundant
on all parts except corolla. Leaves elliptic; lamina 3–7 cm long, 1–3 cm wide,
sometimes larger, almost concolorous, lobed; lobes obtusely triangular, shallowly
lobed; petiole usually up to 15 mm long. Inflorescence 1–10–flowered; peduncle
5–10 mm long; rachis 1–3 cm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 4–8 mm long,
enlarged in fruit; lobes narrowly triangular, 2–4 mm long. Corolla broadly stellate to
rotate, 15–25 mm diam., pale blue or white. Anthers 5 mm long. Berry globular,
15–25 mm diam., drying blackish; fruiting peduncle to 30 mm long, pedicels
15–20 mm long, calyx c. 15–25 mm diam. Seeds 2–2.5 mm long, dark grey to almost
black. n=12. Afghan Thistle, Porcupine Solanum. Fig. 25H.
Native to Eyre Peninsula region and adjacent offshore islands of S.A.; introduced
populations locally established in south-eastern S.A., N.S.W. and W.A. Usually occurs
on sandy plains; common in recently burnt scrub. Map 155.
W.A.: c. 165 km E of Norseman, 20 May 1968, G. Howard (PERTH); S.A.: near Cummins, C. R.
Alcock 2260 (AD); near Kimba, D. E. Symon 4482 (ADW, CANB, NSW); Ceduna, 2 Nov. 1950,
J. H. Willis (MEL).
Treated fruit eaten by Aborigines. Closely related to S. hoplopetalum Bitter &
Summerh., but distinguished by being almost glabrous.
87. Solanum hoplopetalum Bitter & Summerh., Bull. Misc. Inform. 116 (1926)
T: Merredin, W.A., May 1925, E. J. Limbourne s.n.; holo: K; iso: MEL.
Sprawling, clonal, perennial herb with usually annual stems to 35 cm long, green;
prickles to 14 mm long, abundant on all parts. Leaves elliptic; lamina 4–12 cm long,
155
Solanum SOLANACEAE
1–5 cm wide, concolorous, deeply lobed, hispid with simple, often glandular hairs,
and minute glandular hairs; lobes oblong to triangular, toothed or shallowly lobed;
petiole 15–45 mm long. Inflorescence 4–8–flowered; peduncle to 30 mm long; rachis
10–20 mm long; pedicels 5–13 mm long. Calyx 6–13 mm long, enlarged in fruit; tube
almost obscured by prickles; lobes narrowly triangular, 2–5 mm long. Corolla broadly
stellate to subrotate, 15–30 mm diam., pale blue or white. Anthers 4–6 mm long.
Berry globular or depressed globular, 15–20 mm diam., bright green, drying almost
black; fruiting calyx 15–20 mm diam. Seeds 2.5 mm long, dark grey. n=12. Prickly
Potato Weed, Afghan Thistle.
Occurs in south-western W.A. where sometimes a minor weed of cereal crops and
sheep grazing areas. Possibly naturalised in south-eastern S.A. Common on sandy
plains, in open woodlands, cultivated areas and roadsides. Map 156.
W.A.: c. 110 km E of Norseman, K. M. Allen 224 (PERTH); near Broad Arrow, D. E. Symon
9913 (ADW, CANB); 30 km W of Coolgardie, Oct. 1961, J. H. Willis (MEL).
Closely related to, and previously confused with, S. hystrix R. Br.; distinguished by
presence of hispid and reduced stellate hairs (which may be glandular) and minute
glandular hairs.
88. Solanum macoorai Bailey, Queensland Dept. Agric. Bot. Bull. 8: 80 (1893)
T: South peak, Mt Bellenden Ker, Qld, June 1889, coll. unknown; holo: BRI.
Erect shrub or small tree to 4 m tall, dark green or purplish-green; young growth and
buds pubescent with minute stellate hairs, mature growth glabrous except along leaf
veins; prickles to 1 cm long, abundant only on lower main stem and leaf-surfaces of
young plants, sparse to absent elsewhere. Leaves elliptic, concolorous. Juvenile leaves
with lamina 10–25 cm long, 4–12 cm wide, shallowly lobed; petiole 3–8 cm long.
Mature leaves with lamina mostly 5–10 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, entire to shallowly
lobed; petiole 1–2 cm long. Inflorescence short, up to 12–flowered; peduncle 1–2 cm
long; pedicels 10–15 mm long, lengthened in fruit. Calyx 5–8 mm long; lobes
triangular, 2.5–3 mm long. Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 2–3 cm diam, mauve.
Anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry globular or obovoid, mostly 15–20 mm diam., orange-
red; fruiting pedicels 20–30 mm long, distinctly thickened. Seeds 3 mm long, pale
yellow-brown.
Occurs in northern Qld in the Atherton Tableland and McIlwraith Range areas.
Common in disturbed rainforest. Map 157.
Qld: Mt Bartle Frere, V. K. Moriarty 1583 (BRI, CANB).
Closely related to and often confused with S. inaequilaterum Domin; distinguished by
taller stature, shallowly lobed juvenile leaves, absence of glandular hairs on pedicels
and calyx, and orange-red fruit.
89. Solanum sporadotrichum F. Muell., Chem. & Druggist 5: Australas. Suppl. 48

(1882)
T: Mt Dryander, Qld, Kilner & Fitzalan s.n.; lecto: MEL 12282; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot.
Gard 4: 242 (1981); Port Denison, Qld, E. Fitzalan s.n.; syn: K, MEL.
Shrub, green; inflorescence and leaves sparsely pubescent with stellate hairs, the hairs
sometimes dense on lower leaf-surface, branchlets almost glabrous; prickles scattered to
numerous on branchlets, few or absent on leaves. Leaves ovate, concolorous, entire
156
SOLANACEAE Solanum
to shallowly lobed. Entire leaves with lamina 5.5–11 cm long, 1.5–5 cm wide; lobed
leaves with lamina 7–17 cm long, 4–10 cm wide; petiole 1–6 cm long. Inflorescence
short, few–flowered. Calyx c. 9 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular, c. 7 mm long.
Corolla stellate, deeply incised, white or purple. Anthers c. 5 mm long. Berry
c. 16–18 mm diam., probably scarlet. Seeds 2–3 mm long, pale yellow.
Known only from Mt Dryander and adjacent areas in tropical North Qld in
rainforest. Map 158.
Qld: Mt Dryander, R. J. Henderson 2213 (ADW, BRI).
Probably closely related to S. macoorai Bailey and S. inaequilaterum Domin. The
name has been frequently misapplied to other Solanum species. The above is based
largely on Mueller's description and from early collections, the only recent collection
being vegetative.
90. Solanum inaequilaterum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 581 (1929)

T: Near Beech Mtns, southern Qld, Mar. 1910, Domin s.n.; ?PR n.v.
[S. sporadotrichum auct. non F. Muell.: J. H. Maiden & E. Betche, Census New South Wales Pl.
181 (1916)]
Shrub to c. 2 m, green or dark green, the young leaves often purplish; leaves sparsely
pubescent with stellate hairs, the hairs rarely dense on lower surface; simple and
glandular hairs also on pedicel and calyx; prickles 5–12 mm long, dense on main
stems, scattered to abundant on leaves and peduncle, absent from pedicel and calyx.
Leaves elliptic, concolorous. Juvenile leaves with lamina up to 20 cm long and 15 cm
wide, deeply lobed; petiole to 5 cm long. Mature leaves with lamina 4–15 cm long,
2–5 cm wide, entire to shallowly lobed; petiole 1–3 cm long. Inflorescence often
congested, 1–10–flowered; peduncle 10–15 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx
8–10 mm long; lobes linear-lanceolate, 5–8 mm long. Corolla broadly stellate,
25–35 mm diam., blue. Anthers 5–6 mm long. Berry globular to slightly ovoid,
10–20 mm diam., scarlet; fruiting pedicel 20–25 mm long, thickened in upper half.
Seeds 3–3.5 mm long, pale or light brown. n=12.
Occurs in higher rainfall areas of south-eastern Qld and north-eastern N.S.W.,
confined to disturbed areas and forest margins. Map 159.
Qld: Levers Plateau, R. J. Henderson 1304 (ADW, BRI, NSW). N.S.W.: Wiangarie State Forest,
L. Haegi 1533 (NSW).
Closely related to S. macoorai Bailey, but distinguished by the smaller stature, deeply
lobed juvenile leaves, multicelled glandular hairs on pedicels and calyx, and scarlet
fruit.
91. Solanum dallachii Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 456 (1868)

T: Rockingham Bay, Qld, Dallachy s.n.; lecto: K; iso: G, MEL, fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot.
Gard. 4: 245 (1981).
[S. repandrum auct. non G. Forster; F. Mueller, Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 6: 145 (1868)].
Shrub to 4 m, green, pubescent with stellate hairs, the hairs sparse on upper surface
of adult leaves, more dense on lower surface, loose and tufted on young growth;
prickles to 6 mm long, common on juvenile growth, rare or absent on mature growth.
Leaves slightly discolorous. Juvenile leaves broadly elliptic; lamina 7-17 cm long,
157
Solanum SOLANACEAE
3.5-8 cm wide, sometimes larger, shallowly lobed; petiole to 5 cm long. Mature

leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic; lamina mostly 6-12 cm long, 4-5.5 cm wide, entire;
petiole 15-20 mm long. Inflorescence up to 16-flowered; peduncle to 15 mm long;
rachis 2-5 cm long; pedicels 10-15 mm long, longer in fruit. Calyx 5-7 mm long;
lobes broadly lanceolate, 3-4 mm long. Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 25-30 mm
diam., heliotrope with pale centre. Anthers 4.5-6 mm long. Berry broadly ovoid,
15-25 mm diam., reported yellow; fruiting pedicel to 30 mm long, thickened towards
apex. Seeds 2.5 mm long, colour not known. n=24. Fig. 24K-L.
Restricted to northern Qld. Occurs in disturbed rainforest and in openings and
margins of wet scrub. Map 160.
Qld: Wyvuri Holding, B. Hyland 7367 (BRI, NSW); near Yungaburra, 16 Oct. 1968, J. G. Tracey
(ADW, CANB).
92. Solanum furfuraceum R. Br., Prodr. 446 (1810)

T: Broad Sound, Qld, R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; iso: K, MEL, fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot.
Gard. 4: 247 (1981).
Erect shrub to 2 m, dark drab-green, pubescent with stellate hairs, the hairs sparse on
upper leaf-surface, moderately dense on lower surface; prickles to 1 cm long,
scattered on young growth, absent from mature growth and infloresence. Leaves
discolorous. Juvenile leaves broadly ovate, the lamina up to 17 cm long, 12 cm
wide, shallowly lobed; petiole 1-4 cm long. Mature leaves broadly lanceolate to
elliptic; lamina mostly 6-9 cm long, 3-4 cm wide, sometimes larger, entire or
shallowly lobed; petiole to 1.5 (4.5) cm long. Inflorescence 3-9-flowered; peduncle to
5 mm long; rachis to 1 cm long, pedicels 8-10 mm long. Calyx 5-8 mm long; lobes
lanceolate with linear apices, 4-8 mm long, slightly longer in fruit. Corolla broadly
stellate, 25-35 mm diam., bluish-purple. Anthers 4-6 mm long. Berry globular or
depressed globular, 15-20 mm diam., green or yellow-green. Seeds 1.5-2 mm long,
pale yellow or brown. n=12.
Occurs in higher rainfall areas of Great Dividing Range in eastern Qld and north-
eastern N.S.W., usually on margins of rainforest. Map 161.
Qld: Rockhampton, A. Dietrich 1538 (MEL). N.S.W.: Toonumbar State Forest, R. J. Henderson
1267 & J. Parham (BRI); 26 km NW of Kyogle, R. Coveny 4410 (NSW); Levers Plateau, L. J.
Webb & J. G. Tracey 10740 (ADW).
93. Solanum brownii Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 201 (1813)

S. violaceum R. Br., Prodr. 445 (1810), non Ortega, Hort. Matr. Decas 56 (1797).
T: Paterson's River, N.S.W., Oct. 1804, R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; iso: K, fide D. E. Symon, J.
S. violaceum var. scabrum Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 452 (1868); S. violaceum f. scabrum (Benth.)
Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 582 (1929).
T: New South Wales, Vicary s.n.; holo: K; New South Wales, C. Moore s.n.; syn: n.v.
S. violaceum var. variegata R. Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 21: 458 (1896).
T: Rylstone - Goulburn River Districts, N.S.W., R. T. Baker s.n.; n.v.
S. violaceum var. album Maiden & Betche, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 2nd ser., 29: 747
(1905).
T: Mt Dangar, Gungal, near Merriwa, N.S.W., Sept. 1904, J. L. Boorman s.n.; syn: NSW; Wallsend,
N.S.W. Sept. 1904, J. L. Boorman s.n.; n.v.
S. curvicuspe Domin, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 131 (1913).
158
SOLANACEAE Solanum
T: New South Wales, Clowes s.n.; syn: K n.v., photo ADW; Nepean River, coll. unknown; syn: K
n.v., photo ADW; Hastings River, C. Moore s.n.; syn: K n.v.
S. curvicuspe f. curvispina Domin, loc. cit.
T: Clarence River, Beckler s.n.; iso: K n.v., photo ADW.
Erect shrub to 2 m, dark green, pubescent with stellate hairs, the hairs sparse on
upper leaf-surface, dense and woolly on lower surface, peduncle and pedicels; prickles
absent, or to 1 cm long, usually sparse on stems, occasional or rare elsewhere. Leaves
lanceolate; lamina mostly 8–12 cm long, 10–13 mm wide, sometimes larger,
discolorous, entire or sinuate; petiole to 10 mm long. Juvenile leaves with lamina up
to 14 cm long and 8 cm wide, entire or shallowly lobed. Inflorescence up to
10–flowered; peduncle to 10 mm long; rachis 10–20 mm long; pedicels 5–10 mm
long. Calyx usually 5–7 mm long; lobes triangular to narrowly triangular, 2.5–-5 mm
long. Corolla broadly stellate to rotate, 25–40 mm diam., pale blue, heliotrope or rich
purple. Anthers 4.5–6 mm long. Berry globular, 15–20 mm diam., yellow, greenish-
white and white. Seeds 2.5–3.5 mm long, pale bone-coloured. Violet Nightshade.
Fig 28E; 42.
Occurs along the Great Dividing Range from south-eastern Qld to north-eastern Vic.
in a variety of habitats, often disturbed, in soils derived from sandstones and basalts.
Map 162.
N.S.W.: Owens Gap, 11 Aug. 1970, C. Burgess (ADW); Mt Richardson, J. M. Swan 15 (BRI); c.
16 km W of Gloucester, C. Slade & R. Coveny 1901 (NSW); Clyde Mtn, Walker ANU 1111
(CANB, NSW). Vic.: Mt Drummer, N. A. Wakefield 3225 (MEL).
In northern areas the leaves become more deeply lobed, and plants approach S.
cinereum R. Br.
Sect. XVII. MICRANTHA
Solanum sect. Micracantha Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 128, 193 (1813)
Type species: S. micracanthos Lam.
Sprawling or climbing shrubs, pubescent with stellate, often minute hairs, often sparse
on upper leaf-surface. Stems, petioles and often lower midveins of leaves with hooked
prickles; leaf blades sometimes with straight prickles. Leaves simple, angularly
lobed, often paired. Inflorescence a condensed cyme, few-flowered. Corolla stellate.
Anthers lanceolate, dehiscing by terminal pores. Berry succulent, orange-red.
94. Solanum hamulosum C. T. White, Contr. Arnold Arbor. 4: 95 (1933)

T: Boonjie, Atherton Tableland, Qld, 23 Sept. 1929, S. F. Kajewski 1222; holo: BRI; iso: K.
Scrambling shrub to 4 m, green; leaves pubescent with minute stellate hairs, the hairs
sparse on upper surface, dense on lower surface; prickles 2–3 mm long, common on
stems and petioles, scattered on juvenile leaves, few or absent on mature leaves; leaves
discolorous. Mature leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic; lamina mostly 10–15 cm
long, 6–9 cm wide, entire to shallowly lobed; petiole 2–6 cm long. Juvenile leaves
broadly elliptic, the lamina up to 20 cm long, 13 cm wide, lobed; lobe margins
shallowly lobed; petiole 6–7 cm long. Inflorescence to 12–flowered; peduncle
5–10 mm long; rachis up to 10 mm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long, longer in fruit.
Calyx 5–6 mm long; lobes broadly lanceolate, 3–5 mm long, sometimes several fused.
159
Solanum SOLANACEAE
Corolla stellate, deeply incised, 15–35 mm diam., light purple. Anthers 5–6 mm long. Berry
globular, 15–35 mm diam., ripe colour not known; fruiting pedicel 15–40 mm long. Seeds
1.5–2 mm long, yellow-orange. Dirran Curse.
Known only from the Atherton Tabeland, Qld, in disturbed rainforest. Map 163.
Qld: Bellenden Ker Range, B. Hyland 7757 (ADW, BRI, CANB); Boonjie, V. K. Moriarty 1147
(BRI).
Very closely related to S. dimorphispinum C. T. White, differing mainly in habit, leaf
pubescence and chemical composition (V. Bradley et al., Austral. J. Bot. 26: 723-754
(1978).
95. Solanum dimorphispinum C. T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 50: 82

(1939)
T: Mt Spurgeon, Qld, Sept. 1936, C. T. White 10619; holo: BRI.
Similar to the preceding, differing as follows: Erect or sprawling shrub, green or grey-
green; some minute glandular hairs present; prickles on leaves 5-7 mm long. Juvenile
leaves ovate, the lamina up to 25 cm long and 20 cm wide. Calyx lobes elliptic,
2-3 mm long, not fused. Corolla mauve. Anther usually 7-8 mm long. Berry 15-20
mm diam. Seeds 2-2.5 mm long, pale or light brown. n=12. Fig. 28G.
Known only from the Mossman area, north of the Atherton Tableland, Qld, in
disturbed areas of rainforest and along forest margins. Map 164.
Qld: Mt Lewis, V. K. Moriarty 1590 (ADW, BRI, CANB).
S. dimorphispinum C. T. White and S. hamulosum C. T. White are related not to
other Australian species but to species in Central and South America. Both species
are possibly early introductions into Australia.
Sect. XVIII. CAMPANULATA
Solanum sect. Campanulata Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 255 (1981)

Type species: S. campanulatum R. Br.
Shrubs, pubescent with stellate, often glandular, hairs; prickles present. Leaves simple,
lobed. Inflorescence cyme-like; lower flowers bisexual, upper male. Corolla deeply
campanulate, purple. Anthers lanceolate, dehiscing by terminal pores. Berry firm-
fleshed, yellow, partly enclosed by calyx. Seeds black.
96. Solanum campanulatum R. Br., Prodr. 446 (1810)

T: Grose R., N.S.W., 1803-1805, R. Brown s.n.; lecto: BM; iso: K, MEL, ?MPU, fide D. E. Symon,
J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 256 (1981).
Illustration: D. E. Symon, loc. cit. 4: fig. 113 (1981).
Short-lived perennial shrub to 1 m, green, pubescent with stellate and simple
glandular hairs; prickles to 10 mm long, abundant on all parts except corolla. Leaves
ovate-elliptic, the lamina mostly 8-13 cm long, 5-9 cm wide, concolorous, lobed; lobes
angular, obtusely lobed; petiole 2-5 cm long. Inflorescence 4-10-flowered;
upper flowers sometimes male; peduncle to 4 cm long; rachis to 3 cm long; pedicels
15-20 mm long. Calyx 7-12 mm long; lobes lanceolate-acuminate, 5-8 mm long.
Corolla deeply campanulate, 15-20 mm long, lavender-purple. Anthers 5 mm long.
160
SOLANACEAE Solanum
Berry subglobular to obovoid, 20-25 mm diam., pale green-yellow, drying brown to

black. Seeds 2-2.5 mm long, black. n=12. Figs 27C; 31G.
Occurs in the Great Dividing Range in N.S.W. and south-eastern Qld. Map 165.
N.S.W.: 20 km NNE of Rylstone, R. Coveny 10519 & P. Hind (BRI, NSW); Culoul Range,
A. Rodd 413 (ADW, NSW).
Sect. XIX. MELONGENA
Solanum sect. Melongena Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 130, 208 (1813)
Type species: S. melongena L.
Shrubs, rarely herbs, pubescent with stellate, sometimes glandular, hairs; prickles
present. Leaves simple, entire or shallowly to deeply lobed. Plants androdioecious or
dioecious; inflorescence cymose with one or few bisexual flowers at base and few to
many male flowers above, or plants with cyme of male flowers, or solitary female
flowers. Corolla rotate or shallowly incised, usually purple. Anthers lanceolate,
dehiscing by small terminal pores. Berry mucilaginous, rarely pulpy, often yellow,
mostly glabrous, often enclosed by enlarged calyx. Seeds pale or black.
97. Solanum cinereum R. Br., Prodr. 446 (1810)

T: Banks of the Grose R., N.S.W., 1804, R. Brown s.n.; holo: BM.
Erect or bushy clonal shrub to 1 m, dark green, pubescent with stellate hairs; hairs
dense on lower leaf-surface, sparse and mostly along veins of upper surface; minute
glandular hairs also present; prickles to 15 mm long, usually abundant on most parts.
Leaves ovate-elliptic, the lamina mostly 6–10 cm long, 3–6 cm wide, discolorous,
deeply lobed; petiole 5–15 mm long. Inflorescence up to 7–flowered, the upper
flowers sometimes male; peduncle mostly 2–10 mm long; rachis to 6 cm long,
pedicels 5–8 mm long. Calyx 5–10 mm long; lobes usually linear, 3–5 mm long.
Corolla campanulate-rotate, 15–20 mm long, mauve-purple. Anthers 3–4 mm long.
Berry globular, usually 15–20 mm diam., dark brown. Seeds 3–4 mm long, usually
dark brown. n=12, 24. Narrawa Burr. Figs 31H; 41.
Widespread along slopes and tablelands of the Great Dividing Range, extending from
south-eastern Qld to central Vic. Introduced and established in Flinders Ranges area,
S.A. Map 166.
S.A.: 45 km SE of Port Augusta, 1 Oct. 1960, I. Shillabeer (AD); near Crystal Brook, D. E. Symon
5480 (ADW, CANB). Qld: 24 km ENE of Killarney, S. L. Everist 8124 (BRI). N.S.W.:
Yearinan, 2 Nov. 1954, L. A. S. Johnson & E. F. Constable (NSW).
Associated with rainforest in northern regions; elsewhere occurs mainly in rough
pasture on hills and rocky slopes. Berries reported poisonous to sheep. Distinguished
by the shallowly campanulate corolla and parchment-like texture of the berry, and
not closely related to other Australian species.
161
Solanum SOLANACEAE
98. *Solanum marginatum L.f., Suppl. 147 (1781)

T: 'Habitat in Abyssinia' n.v.
Sparingly clonal shrub to 1.5 m, dull green to silvery-white, pubescent with minute
stellate hairs, the hairs dense on lower leaf-surface, sparse on upper surface except
along margins; prickles to 1 cm, scattered on most parts. Leaves elliptic, the lamina
mostly 10–12 cm long, 8–10 cm wide, sometimes larger, discolorous, lobed; lobes
sinuate-crenate; petiole 15–25 mm long. Inflorescence short, 2–10–flowered; lower
flowers bisexual, the remainder male; peduncle absent. Bisexual flower: pedicel
20–25 mm long, calyx 9–10 mm long, the lobes narrowly triangular to oblong,
unequal, 5–10 mm long; corolla rotate, 30–40 mm diam., white or very pale mauve;
anthers 6–7 mm long. Male flower similar but slightly smaller. Berry globular,
30–40 mm diam., pale or deep yellow. Seeds 2–2.5 mm long, light brown. n=12.
White-edge Nightshade. Fig. 32C.
Ornamental plant originally from north-east Africa; sparingly naturalised in Vic., Tas.
and S.A. Map 167.
S.A.: Burnside, 9 Apr. 1917, T. G. B. Osborn (AD); Willunga, D. E. Symon 8806 (ADW, CANB,
NSW). Vic.: Merino district, 1919, W. J. Baker (MEL). Tas.: Domestic garden, Moonah, 4 Apr.
1978, D. I. Morris (HO).
99. Solanum hermannii Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 212; t. 2, fig. b (1813)
S. sodomeum var. hermannii (Dunal) Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 366 (1852).
T: 'Cape of Good Hope, Breyne, Fasc. 25, Hermann, Florae lugduno-batavae flores, t. 474 (1687),
not traced', fide F. N. Hepper, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 292 (1978).
[S. sodomeum auct. non L., vide F. N. Hepper, loc. cit.]
Illustrations: G. H. Clarke, Dept. Agric. S. Austral. Bull. 406: t. opp. 7 (1949) as S. sodomeum var.
hermannii; J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1071 (1957) as S. sodomeum; W. T. Parsons,
Noxious Weeds Victoria, fig. 254 (1973) as S. sodomeum; D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4:
fig. 117 (1981).
Often rounded shrub to 1 m, dark green, pubescent with stellate and some simple
glandular hairs, the hairs sparse on upper leaf-surface, denser on lower surface;
prickles to 15 mm long, common on most parts. Leaves elliptic, the lamina mostly
4-8 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, concolorous, deeply lobed; larger lobes sinuate; petiole
1-2 cm long. Inflorescence short, 3-6-flowered; peduncle absent or short; pedicels
10-15 mm long. Calyx 7-8 mm long; lobes lanceolate, 2-4 mm long. Corolla rotate-
stellate to pentagonal, 15-20 mm diam., pale purple-blue. Anthers 4.5-6 mm long.
Berry globular, 2-3 cm diam., yellow, finally brown or black. Seeds 2-3 mm long,
light brown or mustard coloured. n=12. Apple of Sodom.
Native to South Africa and the Mediterranean basin; introduced to many countries
including Australia, where first collected in 1801. Naturalised in Qld, N.S.W., Vic.,
S.A. and W.A., usually in urban waste places, roadsides and rough pastures.
Commonly associated with calcareous soils, often in near-coastal areas. Map 168.
W.A.: Yalgorup National Park, S. Paust 1412 (PERTH). S.A.: Hindmarsh Tiers, Nov. 1967,
D. Davidson (ADW). Qld: Brisbane, J. R. Clarkson 35 (BRI). N.S.W.: Narrabeen Lakes,
M. Gray 6789 (CANB). Vic.: Ricketts Point, Port Phillip Bay, H. I. Aston 939 (MEL).
A declared noxious weed in Vic., Tas. and parts of W.A. Fruits can be poisonous to
sheep and children; green fruits more toxic than ripe ones.
162
151. Solanum prinophyllum 152. Solanum multiglochidiatum 153. Solanum cookii
154. Solanum pungetium 155. Solanum hystrix 156. Solanum hoplopetalum
157. Solanum macoorai 158. Solanum sporadotrichum 159. Solanum inaequilaterum
160. Solanum dallachii 161. Solanum furfuraceaum 162. Solanum brownii
163. Solanum hamulosum 164. Solanum dimorphispinum 165. Solanum campanulatum
163
Solanum SOLANACEAE
100. Solanum beaugleholei Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 266; figs 118, 120
(1981)
T: Geikie Gorge, Fitzroy River, W.A., 23 June 1967, D. E. Symon 5300; holo: ADW 33147; iso: B,
K, NSW, PERTH, US.
Erect, straggly, sparingly clonal shrub to 1.5 m, grey-green or yellowish-green,
densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 10 mm long, abundant on stems and
petioles, on pedicels and calyx of bisexual flowers, less common to absent elsewhere.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; lamina mostly 6–8 cm long, 3–4 cm wide,
concolorous, entire to slightly undulate; petiole 5–15 mm long. Juvenile leaves up to
21 cm long, 11 cm wide. Inflorescence of one bisexual flower below cyme of up to 25
male flowers; peduncle c. 10 mm long; rachis to 10 (sometimes 20) cm long. Bisexual
flower: pedicels 10–15 mm long, lengthened in fruit; calyx usually 9–14 mm long, the
lobes lanceolate, 5–8 mm long; corolla broadly stellate, 35–40 mm diam., purple;
anthers 7–8 mm long. Male flowers: pedicels 5–10 mm long; calyx 7–9 mm long;
corolla to 40 mm diam.; anthers 6–7 mm long. Berry globular, 25–35 mm diam., pale
yellow; fruiting pedicel 20–35 mm long. Seeds 2.5–3 mm long, black. n=12.
Restricted to the Kimberley region, W.A. Map 169.
W.A.: 84 km S of Derby, A. C. Beauglehole 53055 (PERTH); near Fossil Downs Homestead,
A. C. Beauglehole 53990 (ADW, PERTH); Winjina Gorge, Napier Range, D. E. Symon 7153
(CANB, PERTH).
Closely related to S. phlomoides Cunn. ex Benth. and S. chippendalei Symon;

distinguished by the shrubby habit, usually entire leaves, and the inflorescence which
is often once or twice forked.
101. Solanum phlomoides Cunn. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 464 (1868)

T: Enderby Island, N.W. Coast, W.A., A. Cunningham s.n.; lecto: K; iso: BM, G, MEL, fide D. E.
Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 270 (1981); Hamersley Range, W.A., Maitland Brown s.n.; syn: K.
Rounded, clonal shrub to 2 m, grey-green, occasionally rusty-green, densely
pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 8 mm long, usually abundant on stems and
petioles, and on pedicels and calyx of bisexual flower, less common to absent
elsewhere. Leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, the lamina mostly 4–7 cm long, 1.5–4 cm
wide, concolorous, entire; petiole 1–2 cm long. Juvenile leaves ovate-lanceolate, up to
12 cm long, 5 cm wide, entire or slightly undulate. Inflorescence of one bisexual
flower below cyme of 12–20 male flowers; peduncle 5–15 mm long. Bisexual flower:
pedicels to 25 mm long; calyx 15–23 mm long, the lobes narrowly triangular,
10–16 mm long, lengthened in fruit; corolla broadly stellate to almost rotate,
40–50 mm diam., deep purple; anthers 7–8 mm long. Male flowers: pedicels
c. 10 mm long; calyx 10–13 mm long; the lobes broadly lanceolate, 6–10 mm long,
often partly fused; corolla rotate, 20–40 mm diam., purple; anthers 6–8 mm long.
Berry globular, 25–40 mm diam., yellow when ripe, drying nearly black; fruiting
pedicel 20–25 mm long; fruiting calyx lobes 20–35 mm long. Seeds 4–5 mm long,
black. n=12. Fig. 27A-B.
Occurs in the Hamersley Range region of W.A. and on adjacent offshore islands,
usually associated with spinifex sandplains, at base of rocky outcrops and in rocky
gullies. Map 170.
164
SOLANACEAE Solanum
W.A.: Barlee Range, R. D. Royce 6575 (PERTH); 21 km S of Robe River crossing, D. E. Symon
5417 (AD, ADW, CANB, NSW, PERTH).
Closely related to S. beaugleholei Symon and S. chippendalei Symon; distinguished
from the former by its leaf shape, and from the latter by its shrubby habit, entire
leaves and often larger fruit.
102. Solanum chippendalei Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 272; figs 119, 122
(1981)
T: Sir Frederick Range, W.A., 1 Aug. 1962, D. E. Symon 2272; holo: ADW; iso: AD, CANB,
PERTH.
[S. melanospermum auct. non F. Muell.; G. Chippendale, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 83:
202 (1960)]
[S. phlomoides auct. non Cunn. ex Benth.; A. J. Ewart & E. Davies, Fl. N. Terr. 243 (1917)]
Erect or spreading subshrub to 1 m, usually grey-green, densely pubescent with
stellate hairs; prickles to 10 mm long, common on stems, and on pedicel and calyx of
bisexual flower, scattered to absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate; lamina 4–7 cm long,
2–4 cm wide, concolorous, shallowly lobed to entire; petiole 10–15 mm long.
Inflorescence of one bisexual flower below cyme of many male flowers, peduncle to
5 mm long; rachis to 10 cm long. Bisexual flower: pedicels mostly 10–15 mm long,
lengthened in fruit; calyx usually 15–24 mm long, the lobes linear, 10–15 mm long,
lengthened in fruit; corolla broadly stellate to rotate-pentagonal, 30–35 mm diam.,
purplish; anthers 5–6 mm long. Male flowers: pedicels to 10 mm long; calyx
10–15 mm long, the lobes narrowly triangular, 5–10 mm long; corolla stellate,
20–25 mm diam., purple; anthers 4.5–6 mm long. Berry ovoid or globular, 20–30 mm
diam., pale yellow; fruiting pedicels 25–45 mm long; fruiting calyx-lobes 20–25 mm
long. Seeds 3–3.5 mm long, black. n=12. Figs 32A; 43.
Widespread in N.T., extending to central W.A. and central-western Qld. Map 171.
W.A.: Rawlinson Range, A. S. George 8266 (PERTH). N.T.: Humbert Railway Stn., P. K. Latz
5324 (ADW); 34 km SW of Napperby Stn., M. Lazarides 6001 (CANB, NT); 25 km N of Alice
Springs, D. J. Nelson 1698 (NT). Qld: near Selwyn, C. H. Gittens 716 (BRI).
Important food plant of Aborigines; treated fruit eaten fresh or dried. Leaves variable;
deeply-lobed specimens approach S. melanospermum F. Muell., those
with entire leaves approach S. phlomoides Cunn. ex Benth. Also closely related to S.
beaugleholei Symon.
103. Solanum melanospermum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 163 (1861)

T: Abel Tasman's River (?= Robinson River), Gulf of Carpentaria, coll. unknown; holo: MEL 12085;
iso: K.
Erect shrub to 1.5 m, rusty-green, densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to
7 mm long, abundant on calyx of bisexual flowers and young stems, sparse to absent
elsewhere. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; lamina 4–7 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, concolorous,
with several shallow lobes towards base; petiole 10–15 mm long. Juvenile leaves
ovate, up to 15 cm long, 10 cm wide, lobed to deeply lobed; petiole
4–7 cm long. Inflorescence of one bisexual flower below cyme of up to 10 male
flowers; peduncle absent or very short; rachis to 5 cm long. Bisexual flower: pedicels
2–3 cm long, lengthened in fruit; calyx 10–17 mm long, the lobes linear, 5–7 mm
165
Figure 41. Solanum cinereum. Figure 43. Solanum chippendalei.
Photograph — M. Fagg. Photograph — P. Ollerenshaw.
Figure 42. Solanum brownii. Figure 44. Solanum asymmetriphyllum.

Photograph — M. Fagg. Photograph — D. E. Symon.
166
SOLANACEAE Solanum
long, enlarged in fruit; corolla broadly stellate to pentagonal, 40–45 mm diam.,

purple; anthers 7 mm long. Male flowers: pedicels 2 cm long; calyx 5–6 mm long, the
lobes triangular, c. 3 mm long; corolla broadly stellate, 30–35 mm diam., purple;
anthers c. 6 mm long. Berry broadly ellipsoid, 2.5 cm long, pale yellow with deeper
yellow stripes; fruiting pedicel 3–4 cm long; fruiting calyx lobes 1–2 cm long. Seeds
4 mm long, almost black. n=12. Figs 25J; 32B.
Restricted to McArthur and Robinson River area in north-eastern N.T., occurring on
river flats in open Eucalypt woodland. Map 172.
N.T.: MacArthur River Stn, Aug. 1970, I. Mellor (DNA); 32 km NW of Robinson River
Homestead, D. E. Symon 5074 (AD, ADW, CANB, NSW, NT).
Closely related to S. chippendalei Symon; distinguished by the taller, more open
habit, the leaf lobing, rusty tomentum, and reflexed, ovate-lanceolate fruiting calyx-
lobes.
104. Solanum clarkiae Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 277; figs 124, 126 (1981)
T: 16 km SW of East Alligator River crossing on road to Oenpelli, N.T., 11 June 1967, D. E.
Symon 5156; holo: CANB; iso: ADW, B, K, NSW, NT, US.
Spreading annual or biennial shrub to 1 m, bright yellow-green, densely pubescent
with stellate hairs; prickles to 1 cm long, abundant on stems, pedicels and calyx,
sparse or absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate; lamina 5–10 cm long, 3–6 cm wide,
concolorous, entire or almost so; petiole 2–3 cm long. Juvenile leaves with lamina up
to 22 cm long, 14 cm wide, shallowly lobed, the petiole to 5 cm long. Inflorescence
of one bisexual flower below racemose cyme of up to 20 male flowers; peduncle
absent or to 1 cm long; rachis to 10 cm long. Bisexual flower: pedicels 25–40 mm
long; calyx 15–20 mm long, the lobes narrowly triangular, 10–13 mm long, enlarged
in fruit; corolla broadly stellate, 30–45 mm diam., purple; anthers 5–7 mm long. Male
flowers: pedicels 1–2 cm long; calyx 10–15 mm long, the lobes lanceolate, 8–12 mm
long; corolla broadly stellate, 25–35 mm diam., purple; anthers 6–8 mm long. Berry
globular or ellipsoid, 20–30 mm diam., ivory or pale yellow, drying black; fruiting
calyx lobes 25–50 mm long. Seeds 2.5–3 mm long, black. n=12. Fig. 32D.
Restricted to Wessel Islands and the northern and western escarpments of the
Arnhem Land plateau, N.T. Usually at base of large rocky breakaways. Map 173.
N.T.: Elcho Island, P. K. Latz 6259 (ADW, CANB, DNA, NT); 16 km from East Alligator River
crossing on road to Oenpelli, D. E. Symon 7991 (BRI, NT).
105. Solanum diversiflorum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 6: 146 (1868)

T: La Grange Bay, Martin s.n.; syn: MEL; Davenport Range, J. M. Stuart s.n.; syn:
MEL; Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller s.n.; syn: K, MEL; Port Walcott, C. Harper
s.n.; lecto: MEL 12119; iso: K, fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 280-281 (1981).
Sparingly clonal, rounded shrub to 50 cm, green or grey-green, pubescent with
stellate hairs; prickles to 1 cm long, pubescent for three quarters of length, scattered
to abundant on most parts. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong; lamina 2–4 cm long,
1–2 cm wide, sometimes larger, concolorous, deeply lobed; lobes oblong or obovate;
petiole to 15 mm long. Inflorescence of one bisexual flower below cyme of up to 20
male flowers; peduncle absent; rachis 3–5 cm long. Bisexual flower: pedicels 1–3 cm
167
Solanum SOLANACEAE
long, lengthened in fruit; calyx 5–7 mm long, the lobes narrowly triangular, 1.5–3 mm
long, lengthened in fruit; corolla rotate-pentagonal, c. 3 cm diam., purple; anthers
5–6 mm long. Male flowers similar: pedicels 8–15 mm long; calyx-lobes oblong,
2–3 mm long; anthers 4–5 mm long. Berry depressed globular, 2–3 cm diam., pale
greenish-yellow; fruiting pedicel 2–4 cm long; fruiting calyx lobes 10–15 mm long.
Seeds 3.5–5 mm long, dark brown to black. n=12. Fig. 26 C-D.
Occurs from north-western W.A. north of the Tropic to the Kimberley, extending
east to the Tanami Desert in N.T. usually on red sandy plains, often with gravelly
capping, or on low stony hills, dominated by Triodia and Acacia. Map 174.
W.A.: Between Uaroo & Nanutarra, 1905, A. Morrison (CANB, E, K, PERTH); 139 km SW
of Halls Creek, D. E. Symon 5281 (ADW, CANB, PERTH). N.T.: Negri-Stirling area, C. Dunlop
3577 (DNA); 48 km WNW of Mongrel Downs Homestead, P. K. Latz 756 (AD, ADW, NT).
106. Solanum eburneum Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 95: 228; fig. 2
(1971)
T: c. 19 km E of East Baines River, N.T., 19 May 1971, D. E. Symon 6954; holo: CANB; iso:
ADW, K, NT, PERTH.
Sprawling, clonal, herbaceous perennial or subshrub to 0.5 m wide, grey-green,
densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 5 mm long, common on stems, and
on pedicel and calyx of bisexual flower, less common elsewhere. Leaves usually ovate
to elliptic; lamina 2.5-8 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, usually deeply lobed; petiole
10-25 mm long. Inflorescence of one bisexual flower below elongating cyme of
3-many male flowers; peduncle to 10 mm long. Bisexual flower: pedicel c. 10 mm
long, lengthening in fruit; calyx 7-10 mm long, the lobes narrowly triangular, several
often partly fused, 5-6 mm long, lengthening in fruit; corolla pentagonal, 30 mm
diam., purple; anthers 5-7 mm long. Male flowers similar: pedicels 5-8 mm long.
Berry globular, 15-25 mm diam., whitish to pale green or yellow when ripe; fruiting
pedicel 2-3 cm long; fruiting calyx-lobes 1-2 cm long. Seeds 2-2.5 mm long, very
dark brown or black. n=12.
Restricted to East Baines River area, north-western N.T., usually in disturbed sites
along roadsides, in seasonally dry Melaleuca swamps or on flats with heavy grey soil.
Map 175.
N.T: 24 km E of East Baines River, D. E. Symon 5229 (ADW, NSW, NT, PERTH); 24 km W of
East Baines River, D. E. Symon 6956 (CANB, NT).
107. Solanum heteropodium Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 284; figs 125, 129
(1981)
T: (South) Heywood Island, W.A., 21 May 1972, P. G. Wilson 10895; holo: PERTH; iso: ADW,
CANB.
Sprawling or semi-erect shrub to 1.5 m, yellow-green, densely pubescent with stellate
hairs; prickles to 10 mm long, abundant on most parts. Lower leaves broadly elliptic;
lamina to 22 cm long and 12 cm wide, concolorous, shallowly lobed; petiole 1–4 cm
long. Upper leaves often in unequal-sized pairs, ovate; lamina 7–10 cm long, 4–6 cm
wide, shallowly lobed, sessile or with petiole to 5 mm long. Inflorescence of one
bisexual flower below cyme of up to 12 male flowers; peduncle absent; rachis to 8 cm
long. Bisexual flower: pedicel 10–15 mm long, lengthening in fruit; calyx 15–20 mm
168
SOLANACEAE Solanum
long, enlarged in fruit, the lobes triangular with linear apices, 10–15 mm long; corolla
broadly stellate to pentagonal, 35 mm diam. purple; anthers 7–8 mm long. Male
flowers similar: calyx 8–12 mm long, the lobes linear-lanceolate, unequal, 5–8 mm
long; corolla broadly stellate. Berry slightly bilobed, 10–15 mm diam.; colour
unknown; fruiting pedicel to 4 cm long; fruiting calyx-lobes to 3 cm long. Seeds
4 mm long, black.
A rare species known only from the far north-western Kimberley coast and adjacent
offshore islands of W.A. Map 176.
W.A.: Prince Regent River Reserve, A. S. George 12835 (PERTH); Boongaree Island, P. G.
Wilson 11381 (ADW, PERTH).
108. Solanum oedipus Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 95: 232; fig. 7 (1971)
T: between Kalumburu Mission and Longini Landing, North Kimberley W.A., 29 May 1971, D. E.
Symon 7119; holo: CANB; iso: ADW, K, L, NT, PERTH.
Erect, sparse, clonal shrub to 2m, bright green; leaf axils, petioles, base of younger
leaves and inflorescence pubescent with minute stellate hairs; glandular hairs present
on calyx of bisexual flower; prickles 5–10 mm long, abundant on young stems and
calyx, scattered to absent elsewhere. Leaves elliptic; lamina 7–10 cm long, 3–6 cm
wide, sometimes larger, concolorous, shallowly lobed; lobes triangular, with 1–2
smaller lobes; petiole 1–3(10) cm long. Inflorescence of one bisexual flower at base of
cyme of up to 60 male flowers; peduncle to 2 cm long; rachis 4–10 cm long. Bisexual
flower: pedicel 18 mm long; calyx 20–30 mm long, ribbed, the lobes narrowly
triangular with linear apices, unequal, 15–25 mm long; corolla stellate, 45–55 mm
diam., purple; anthers 10–12 mm long. Male flowers similar: pedicels 10–15 mm long;
calyx 7–18 mm long, the lobes 5–15 mm long; corolla broadly stellate, 35–40 mm
diam.; anthers 8–11 mm long. Berry globular, slightly bilobed, 1.5–2 cm diam., pale
green when ripe. Seeds 4–4.5 mm long, black. n=12. Figs 25G; 32E.
Known only from the Kalumburu Mission area, North Kimberley, W.A.; usually
occurs on rocky quartzite outcrops. Map 177.
W.A.: Kalumburu, D. E. Symon 10188 (ADW, PERTH).
109. Solanum dioicum W. Fitzg., J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. W. Austral. 3: 104, 203
(1918)
T: Dillons Springs, East Kimberley, W.A., Oct. 1906, W. V. Fitzgerald s.n.; holo: NSW; iso: ADW,
BM, E.
Illustrations: D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: figs 131-132 (1981).
Erect or spreading clonal shrub to 1 m, usually male or bisexual; grey-green, rusty-green or
silvery, densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles 5–10 mm long, often pubescent
towards base, usually common on stems and calyx-tube of bisexual flower, few or
absent elsewhere. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic; lamina mostly 6–10 cm
long, 10–30 cm wide, sometimes larger, usually concolorous, petiole 1–2 cm
long. Male plant: inflorescence up to 20–flowered; penduncle to 1 cm long; rachis
2–10 cm long, pedicels 5–7 mm long; calyx 4–6 mm long, the lobes broadly triangular
with linear apices, 1–2 mm long; corolla shallowly campanulate-rotate, 2–3 cm diam.,
purple; anthers 3–5 mm long. Female plant: flowers solitary; peduncle absent or to
2 mm long; pedicel 5–8 mm long; calyx 15–27 mm long, enlarged in fruit, the lobes
linear, 10–20 mm long; corolla broadly stellate, 30–50 mm diam., purple; anthers
169
Solanum SOLANACEAE
c. 5 mm long. Berry globular, 20–30 mm diam., yellow-green when ripe, drying pale
brown; fruiting pedicel 10–30 mm long; fruiting calyx 25–30 mm diam. Seeds
2–2.5(3) mm long, black or very dark brown. n=12, 24. Figs 27E-F; 32F.
Occurs from Port Hedland, north-western W.A., through the Kimberley to north-
western N.T. Grows on sand plains, alluvial flats, and rocky outcrops. Usually
associated with hummock grassland and open woodland. Map 178.
W.A.: Denison Range, P. K. Latz 4019 (ADW, DNA, NT, PERTH); 11 km S of Gibb River Stn,
D. E. Symon 7064 (ADW); 51 km W of Louisa Downs Stn, D. E. Symon 7165 (ADW, PERTH);
15 km E of Hann River crossing, D. E. Symon 10268 (ADW, PERTH). N.T.: 60 km SW of
Hookers Creek, D. E. Symon 6937 (ADW, NT).
One of a complex group currently regarded as three variable species, the other two
being S. cunninghamii Benth., and S. petraeum Symon.
An extremely variable species: plants from the Kimberley usually have narrow leaves
and rusty pubesence; plants from farther south usually have broader leaves and a less
rusty pubescence; plants from inland and eastern areas are usually densely silvery-
pubescent and extremely prickly. Fruit eaten by Aborigines in some areas.
110. Solanum cunninghamii Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 465 (1868)

T: Cygnet Bay, NW Coast, W.A., A. Cunningham 134; lecto: K; iso: BM, fide D. E. Symon, J.
Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 291-292 (1981); NW Coast, Bynoe s.n.; syn: K; Glenelg district, Martin s.n.;
syn: MEL.
Illustrations: D. E. Symon, op. cit. figs 133-134.
Erect, clonal shrub to 2m, usually male or bisexual, rusty-green, densely pubescent with
stellate hairs; prickles 2–5 mm long, abundant on calyx-tube of bisexual flower, usually
scattered on stems. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic; lamina 3–7 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide,
sometimes larger, discolorous, entire; petiole 5–10 mm long. Male plant: inflorescence
up to 50–flowered; peduncle 20–30 mm long; rachis 10–15 cm long, pedicels 2–4 mm
long; calyx 4–6 mm long, the lobes triangular, 2–4 mm long; corolla shallowly
campanulate-rotate, 25–30 mm diam., purple-blue; anthers 3–4 mm long. Female
plant: flowers solitary; pedicels 5–15 mm long, lengthened in fruit; calyx 9–14,
sometimes to 20, mm long, enlarged in fruit, the lobes more or less linear,
5–7(10)mm long; corolla rotate, 20–30 mm diam., purple; anthers 3–4 mm long.
Berry globular or depressed globular, 20 mm diam.; colour unknown; fruiting pedicels
15–20 mm long; fruiting calyx 25–30 mm diam. Seeds 2 mm long, dark brown.
n=12. Fig. 32G.
Occurs in nearcoastal areas near Broome, W.A., usually in deep red sandy soil in
open woodland. Map 179.
W.A.: Broome, D. E. Symon 5342 (CANB, NSW), and 5345 (ADW, CANB, NSW); Cable Bay,
D. E. Symon 6999, 7000 (ADW, PERTH).
A variable species, grading into S. dioicum W. Fitzg.; distinguished by the slender,

narrow leaves and rusty tomentum.
111. Solanum petraeum Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 294; figs 135, 137, 138
(1981)
T: Surveyors Pool, Mitchell Plateau, far NW Kimberley, 1 June 1971, D. E. Symon 7139; holo:
PERTH; iso: ADW, CANB, K, L, NT.
170
SOLANACEAE Solanum
Spreading shrub to 1.5 m, male or bisexual, grey-green to dark grey-green, densely

pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 5 mm long, abundant on stems and calyx-
tube. Leaves lanceolate; lamina 3–7 cm long, 10–12 mm wide, slightly discolorous,
entire; petiole to 10 mm long. Juvenile leaves up to 18 cm long, lobed; lobes broadly
triangular or rounded; petiole to 3 cm long. Male plant: inflorescence 10–14-
flowered; peduncle c. 4 cm long; rachis to 8 cm long; pedicels 8–12 mm long; calyx
6–8 mm long, the lobes narrowly triangular to linear, 4–5 mm long; corolla broadly
stellate, 15–25 mm diam., pale lavender; anthers 4–5 mm long. Female plant: flowers
solitary; peduncle absent; pedicel to 12 mm long; calyx 10–11 mm long, the lobes
linear, 5–6 mm long; corolla broadly stellate to rotate, 2–3 cm diam., lavender;
anthers 4 mm long. Berry depressed globular, 15–20 mm diam., pale, enclosed in
enlarged calyx. Seeds 1.5 mm long, dark brownish. n=12. Fig. 32 I.
A poorly known species restricted to the far north-west of the Kimberley, W.A.,
occurring among or at the base of quartzite rock masses in monsoonal scrub and
woodland. Map 180.
W.A.: Port Warrender, D. E. Symon 10221, 10222 (ADW, PERTH).
Grades into S. dioicum W. Fitzg.; distinguished by the slender habit, narrow leaves,
pale flowers and smaller fruit.
112. Solanum cataphractum Cunn. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 459 (1868)

T: (Prince) Regent River, W.A., A. Cunningham 132; lecto: BM; iso: K p.p., MEL; Bat Island, W.A.,
A. Cunningham 192; syn: BM p.p., K p.p.; fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 298-300
(1981).
Erect or sprawling shrub, green, male or bisexual; younger parts sparsely pubescent
with minute stellate hairs, the stems and leaves soon glabrous; prickles to 7 mm long,
abundant on all parts. Leaves lanceolate; lamina 3–6 cm long, concolorous, deeply
lobed; lobes narrowly linear; petiole c. 1 cm long. Male plant: inflorescence 6–20–
flowered; rachis to 8 cm long; pedicels c. 5 mm long; calyx 5–7 mm long, the lobes
lanceolate, 3–4 mm long; corolla rotate, 20 mm diam., purple; anthers 3 mm long.
Female plant: flowers solitary, pedicels c. 8 mm long, calyx 7–9 mm long, enlarged in
fruit, the lobes linear, 4–5 mm long; anthers 2–5 mm long. Berry c. 20 mm diam.
A poorly known species, restricted to the coast and adjacent offshore islands of the
Kimberley, W.A. Map 181.
W.A.: Bigge Is., N. G. Marchant 72/42 (PERTH).
113. Solanum carduiforme F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 2: 163 (1861).

T: Nicholson River, Gulf of Carpentaria region, Qld, 21 Aug. 1856, F. Mueller s.n.; lecto: K; iso:
MEL, fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 300 (1981).
Erect, clonal herb or subshrub to 50 cm, male or bisexual, pale green, the leaves
densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 8 mm long, abundant on all parts.
Leaves lanceolate; lamina 5–11 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, concolorous, deeply lobed, the
lobes oblong to broadly triangular; petiole 5–15 mm long. Male plant: inflorescence
many-flowered; rachis 3–12 cm long, pedicels 5 mm long; calyx 4–7 mm long, the
lobes triangular, 1–3 mm long; corolla broadly stellate, 20–25 mm diam., purple;
anthers 4–5 mm long. Female plant: flowers solitary; pedicels short; calyx 9–12 mm
171
Solanum SOLANACEAE
long, enlarged in fruit, the lobes linear, unequal, 2–5 mm long; corolla broadly
stellate, 20 mm diam., purple; anthers c. 4 mm long. Berry globular, c. 2 cm diam.,
drying black. Seeds 1–2 mm long, brownish-black.
An extremely rare, inadequately known species occuring only in the Lawn Hill area
of north-western Qld. Map 182.
Qld: Lawn Hill Creek Gorge, T. Farrell 922 (ADW).
Grows on conglomerate rock formations.
114. Solanum leopoldensis Symon, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 95: 231; fig. 6
(1971)
T: Bold Bluff, King Leopold Range, W.A., 26 May 1971, D. E. Symon 7040; holo: PERTH; iso:
ADW, CANB, K, L, NT.
Intricate, spreading, clonal shrub to 1m, green, male or female; leaves pubescent
with minute stellate and minute glandular hairs; prickles 1–6 mm long, abundant on most
parts. Leaves lanceolate; lamina 2–8 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, lobed, the lobes
triangular; petiole to 5 mm long. Male plant: inflorescence 2–3 cm long, up to 11–flowered;
peduncle to 3 cm long; rachis 2–3 cm long; pedicels 5–8 mm long; calyx c. 9–11 mm
long, the lobes triangular to lanceolate with linear apices, 6–7 mm long; corolla
broadly stellate, 30 mm diam., pale lilac; anthers 4–5 mm long. Female plant: flowers
solitary; pedicels 5–10 mm long; calyx 10–11 mm long, enlarged in fruit, the lobes
linear, 5–6 mm long; corolla broadly stellate, 25–30 mm diam., purple; anthers
4–5 mm long. Fruiting calyx 15–25 mm diam., lobes 5–10 mm long. Berry depressed-
globular, 15–20 mm diam., green when ripe, drying pale brown. Seeds 1.5–2 mm
long, dark brown. n=12.
Restricted to King Leopold Range and adjacent areas in the Kimberley region
of W.A. Occurs in rocky gullies and creeklines. Map 183.
W.A.: Mt Broome, King Leopold Range, D. E. Symon 7028 (ADW, CANB, PERTH); Near Inglis
Gap, D. E. Symon 10416, 10417 (ADW, PERTH).
A poorly known species.
115. Solanum asymmetriphyllum Specht, in Specht & Mountford, Rec. Amer.

Austral. Sci. Exped. Arnhem Land 3: 293; fig. 18 (1958)
T: Oenpelli, N.T., 6 Oct. 1948, R. L. Specht 1143; holo: BRI; iso: AD, CANB, K, L, NSW.
S. asymmetriphyllum var. longiflorum Specht, op. cit. 295.
T: Oenpelli, N.T., 6 Oct. 1948, R. L. Specht 1143A; holo: BRI; iso: AD, CANB, K, L.
Illustrations: D. E. Symon, op. cit. figs 142-143.
Erect, clonal shrub to 3 m, male or female, green, lower leaf-surface densely
pubescent with stellate hairs, upper surface almost glabrous; prickles to 8 mm long,
sparse to common on calyx of bisexual flower, sparse to absent elsewhere. Leaves
elliptic to ovate-elliptic; lamina 9–18 cm long, 3–7 cm wide, sometimes larger,
discolorous, entire to shallowly lobed; petiole 1–2 cm long sometimes to 6 cm. Male
plant: inflorescence elongate, 40–60-flowered; peduncle 3.5–5 cm long; pedicels
5–8 mm long; calyx somewhat 2–lipped, 3–5 mm long, the lobes triangular, 1–3 mm
long; corolla broadly stellate, 25–30 mm diam., purple; anthers 5–6 mm long. Female
plant: flowers solitary; pedicels 10–15 mm long; calyx 10–15 mm long, angular,
enlarged in fruit, the lobes narrowly triangular with linear apices, 5–10 mm long;
corolla rotate, 40–60 mm diam., lobes with linear apices 2–7 mm long, purple-blue;
anthers 6–8 mm long. Berry globular, 2–3 cm diam., shining green when ripe, drying
172
166. Solanum cinereum 167. Solanum marginatum 168. Solanum hermannii
169. Solanum beaugleholei 170. Solanum phlomoides 171. Solanum chippendalei
172. Solanum melanospermum 173. Solanum clarkiae 174. Solanum diversiflorum
175. Solanum eburneum 176. Solanum heteropodium 177. Solanum oedipus
178. Solanum dioicum 179. Solanum cunninghamii 180. Solanum petraeum
173
Solanum SOLANACEAE
black. Fruiting calyx 2-3 cm diam. Seeds 2.5–3 mm long, light to dark brown. n=12.
Figs 28A-C; 32H; 44.
Occurs on north-western scarp of Arnhem Land Plateau, N.T. on rocky outcrops.
Map 184.
N.T.: Red Lily Lagoon, East Alligator River, N. Byrnes 2715, 2716 (DNA); East Alligator River
crossing, D. E. Symon 5154 (AD, ADW, CANB, PERTH), 7173 (ADW, CANB, NT); 11 km W of
East Alligator River crossing D. E. Symon 7178 (AD, BRI, MEL, NSW, NT).
116. Solanum tudununggae Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 307, figs 136, 144,
145 (1981)
T: Kalumburu Mission, North Kimberley, W.A., 27 May 1975, D. E. Symon 10201; holo: PERTH;
iso: ADW, CANB, K.
Slender, erect, short-lived perennial shrub to 2 m, silvery-green, male or female,
densely pubescent with stellate hairs; prickles to 6 mm long, few or absent on most
parts. Leaves mostly ovate to elliptic; lamina 9–-25 cm long, 4.5–15 cm wide, slightly
discolorous, deeply lobed; lobes linear, to 17 cm long; petiole 1–2, sometimes to 5
cm long. Leaves on mature flowering stems sometimes linear-lanceolate, the lamina
up to 15 cm long and 1 cm wide. Male plant: inflorescence 12–20-flowered; peduncle
1–2 cm long; rachis 2–4 cm long; pedicels 5 mm long; calyx 4–5 mm long, the lobes
triangular, c. 3.5 mm long; corolla broadly stellate, 30–45 mm diam., purple; anthers
7–9 mm long. Female plant: flowers solitary; pedicel to 2 cm long; calyx 15–27 mm
long, enlarged in fruit, the tube globose, lobes linear, unequal, 10–12 mm long; corolla
broadly stellate, to 50 mm diam., purple, lobes with slender apices 2–5 mm long;
anthers 7–10 mm long. Berry to 2 cm diam., shining green or purplish when ripe,
drying within calyx and splitting around circumferemce towards base to form loose
cap; fruiting calyx 15–20 mm diam. Seeds 2.5–3 mm long, black. n=12.
A rare, poorly known species from the King Edward River close to Kalumburu
Mission, Kimberley Division, W.A. Occurs in sandy soil, usually over quartzite rocks
of river banks, in seasonally wet areas. Map 185.
W.A.: Near Kalumburu Mission, D. E. Symon 10181 (DNA, NSW); Kalumburu Mission, D. E.
Symon 10202 (ADW).
117. Solanum vansittartensis C. Gardner, W. Austral. Forest. Dept. Bull. 32: 89

(1923)
T: 4 to 8 miles (6-12 km) S of Vansittart Bay, W.A., 7 Aug. 1921, C. A. Gardner 1516; holo:
PERTH.
Erect shrub to 3 m, green, male or female, densely pubescent with stellate hairs;
prickles to 10 mm long, abundant on calyx of bisexual flower, scattered to absent
elsewhere. Leaves ovate, the upper ones narrowly lanceolate; lamina 5–10 cm long,
2.5–6 cm wide, concolorous or slightly discolorous, entire; petiole 5–20 mm long.
Male plant: inflorescence condensed, at least 12–flowered; peduncle c. 10 mm long;
pedicels c. 5 mm long; calyx 7–10 mm long, the lobes lanceolate, 5–7 mm long;
corolla broadly stellate to pentagonal, c. 25 mm diam., purple; anthers c. 7 mm long.
174
SOLANACEAE Solanum
Female plant: flowers not known; fruiting pedicel absent or up to c. 5 mm long;

fruiting calyx c. 25 mm diam., covering fruit; lobes triangular with linear apices,
20 mm long. Berry drying within calyx, and splitting around circumference in lower
portion to form a loose cap. Seeds 2.5 mm long, black.
A rare, poorly known species from the North Kimberley, W.A.; occurs on sandy
patches over sandstone. Map 186.
W.A.: Mitchell Plateau, K. F. Kenneally 4793 (ADW, CANB, PERTH).
17. LYCOPERSICON
Lycopersicon Miller, Gard. Dict. 4th edn, abr. (1754); from the Greek lyco (wolf)
and persicon (peach), possibly alluding to its inferior quality compared with the
peach, or to its supposed poisonous properties; erroneously identified with a plant
named Lycopersicon by the Greek Galen (c. 130-200 AD).
Type species: L. esculentum Miller = L. lycopersicum (L.) Karsten ex Farwell
Sprawling, aromatic, perennial herbs, pubescent with glandular and non-glandular
simple hairs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, pinnately lobed or pinnate (often irregularly);
leaflets entire or lobed, sessile or petiolate. Inflorescence racemose or cymose, usually
lateral. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic; pedicels articulate above middle. Calyx
deeply 5–lobed, the lobes lanceolate. Corolla stellate, yellow, 5–lobed, the lobes
valvate in bud. Stamens 5, equal in height, inserted on throat of corolla tube; anthers
bilocular, basifixed, each with apical, sterile, conical appendage, cohering to form a
cone around style, dehiscing inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary bilocular; stigma
capitate. Fruit a berry. Seeds elliptic.
A genus of c. 10 species native to western South America and Galapagos Islands.
Closely related to the genus Solanum, from which it differs in having appendaged
anthers. The genus contains the cultivated tomato, an important food crop, grown
world-wide and naturalised in many countries in subtropical and tropical areas,
including Australia.
C. H. Muller, A revision of the genus Lycopersicon, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ.
no. 382 (1940); L. C. Luckwill, The genus Lycopersicon, Aberdeen Univ. Studies
no. 120 (1943); C. M. Rick, The tomato, Sci. Amer. 239: 66-76 (1978); D. E.
Symon, The solanaceous genera, Browallia, Capsicum, Cestrum, Cyphomandra,
Withania, naturalised in Australia, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 133-166 (1981).
*Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten ex Farwell, Ann. Rep. Commissioners

Parks Boulevards Detroit 11: 83 (1900)
Solanum lycopersicum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 185 (1753).
L. esculentum Miller, Gard. Dict. 8th edn, no. 2 (1768).
T: 'Habitat in America calidiore'; n.v.
Short-lived herb, 50–150 cm tall, often densely pubescent, aromatic. Leaves ovate in
outline, the lamina to 30 cm long, deeply pinnatisect with 7–9 major lobes; petiole
2–5 cm long. Inflorescence raceme- or cyme-like. Calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate,
4–10 mm long. Corolla to 25 mm diam.; lobes narrowly triangular, to 10 mm long,
often reflexed. Anthers 5–10 mm long, including sterile appendage 2–3 mm long.
175
Figure 45. Capsicum. A–G, C. annuum var. glabriusculum (A, E: P. Sharpe &
R. Dowling 2287, BRI; B: B. Lebler & L. Durrington 33, BRI; C: S. T. Blake 3448, BRI;
D: S. L. Everist 5078, BRI; F: C. T. White 8836, BRI; G: L. J. Brass & C. T. White
196, BRI). H–L, C. frutescens (H: Solomon Is., P.N.G., A. R. Dick, BRI; I–J: Kimguni,
Qld, S. H. Nilson, BRI; K–L: Duke of York Is., P.N.G., W. Bradthe, BRI). A, L ×0.8;
B–K ×1.5.
176
SOLANACEAE Lycopersicon
Ovary glabrous or pubescent. Berry globular or depressed-globular, 10–20 mm diam.,

red at maturity. Seeds 2–3 mm long, pilose, yellow-grey. Tomato.
Spontaneous escape from cultivation, recorded from eastern Qld, central coast of
N.S.W., central S.A. and far northern W.A. Map 187.
W.A.: Near Kalumburu, D. E. Symon 7127 (PERTH); S.A.: SW of Lake Eyre, D. E.
Symon 11274 (ADW); Qld: Conway Range, N. Byrnes 3849 & J. Clarkson (BRI); N.S.W.:
Broughton Pass, 9 May 1951, L. A. S. Johnson (NSW).
The numerous cultivated forms are usually larger, the corolla 6–9–lobed, ovary
multilocular and fruit 5–10 cm diam.
Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten ex Farwell is the correct name under the
present International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1978). The name L.
esculentum Miller is a widely used synonym for the cultivated tomato, but its epithet
is later than that of Linnaeus. Unless conserved under the provision for nomina
specifica conservanda introduced into the Code at the XIII International Botanical
Congress (1981), the name L. esculentum is incorrect.
18. CAPSICUM
Capsicum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 188 (1753) and Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 86 (1754); origin of name
uncertain.
Type species: C. annuum L.
Erect or spreading herbs or short-lived, soft-wooded shrubs, glabrous or sparsely
pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves alternate or paired, simple, entire, petiolate.
Flowers solitary or a few in leaf axils and stem forks, bisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx
shortly tubular, with 5 minute teeth, or teeth absent. Corolla stellate in Australian
material, white, greenish-white or pale blue; limb deeply 5–lobed, the lobes valvate in
bud. Stamens 5, equal in height, inserted at base of corolla-tube; anthers bilocular,
connivent, basifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary bilocular; stigma capitate.
Fruit a berry, dryish or somewhat fleshy. Seeds reniform to sub-orbicular.
A genus of c. 10 species, native to tropical America. Several species widely cultivated
in temperate and tropical areas throughout the world as vegetables or pungent
condiments (Chili, Paprika, Cayennne Pepper, Red and Green Peppers), or as
ornamentals. Two closely related species naturalised in Australia as weeds common in
waste ground.
W. G. D'Arcy & W. H. Eshbaugh, New World peppers (Capsicum—Solanaceae)
north of Columbia: A résumé, Baileya 19: 93–105 (1974); D. E. Symon, The
solanaceous genera, Browallia, Capsicum, Cestrum, Cyphomandra, Hyoscyamus,
Lycopersicon, Nierembergia, Physalis, Petunia, Salpichroa and Withania, naturalised
in Australia, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 133–166 (1981).
1 Pedicels, after first flowering, usually one (rarely two) at each node;
corolla white or blue; fruit globose, ovoid or oblong-conical, usually
more than 6 mm diam. 1. C. annuum
1: Pedicels, after first flowering, usually two or more at each node;
corolla white or green; fruit narrowly conical to narrowly ellipsoid or
fusiform, usually 3–6 mm diam. 2. C. frutescens
177
Capsicum SOLANACEAE
1. *Capsicum annuum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 188 (1753)

var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill, Baileya 19: 156 (1975)
C. hispidum var. glabriusculum Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 420 (1825).
T: In Mexico, near Bejar, Berland 1863; near Tampicode de Tamaulipas, Berland 95; n.v.
C. frutescens var. queenslandicum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 572 (1928).
T: Near Harveys Creek, North Qld, Jan. 1910, Domin s.n.; PR, n.v., fide D. E. Symon, J. Adelaide Bot.
Gard. 3: 137 (1981).
Shrub to 2 m; distal branches often widely forked. Leaves ovate, the lamina 12 cm
long, 5 cm wide, frequently smaller; petiole 1–4 cm long. Flowers solitary, rarely two,
in each axil; pedicels 15–20 mm long. Calyx 2–3 mm long. Corolla c. 15 mm diam.,
white. Staminal filaments 1 mm long; anthers 1.5–2.5 mm long, bluish. Ovary
obtusely conical, 2.5 mm long; style 4 mm long. Berry erect, globose or ovoid to
oblong-conical, to 25 mm long, 5–10 mm diam., bright orange-red; fruiting pedicel
20–35 mm long. Seeds 3–4 mm long, yellow. Figs. 45A–G; 50.
Recorded from Darwin, N.T., north-eastern N.S.W. and eastern Qld. Often found at
edge of rainforest or in rainforest regrowth. Map 188.
Qld: Near Yandoran, P. Sharpe & R. Dowling 2287 (BRI). Irvine Bank, Qld, D. Symon 4878 (ADW,
BRI, CANB, K). N.S.W.: Gunnedah, May 1974, R. J. Powell (NSW).
Differs from the cultivated pepper C. annuum L. var. annuum, in which the fruits are
usually more than 10 mm diam. C. annuum L. var. annum is native to tropical
America, but is widely cultivated in temperate and tropical regions.
Solanum shanesii F. Muell. Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 6: 144 (1868), collected near
Rockhampton, Qld, in 1869 by Dallachy & O'Shanesy (iso: K, MEL), was
apparently based on a garden escape. It appears to be C. annuum var. annuum, vide
2. *Capsicum frutescens L., Sp. Pl. 1: 189 (1753)

T: 'Habitat in India'; lecto: L, n.v., fide C. B. Heiser & B. Pickersigill, Taxon 18: 280 (1969).
Herb or shrub to 2 m. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; lamina upto 10 cm long,
5 cm wide, frequently smaller; petiole usually 1–3 cm long. Flowers usually several in
each leaf axil. Pedicels 10–20 mm long. Calyx 2–3 mm long. Corolla c. 8 mm diam.,
white or green. Staminal filaments 1 mm long; anthers 1.5–2 mm long, usually blue.
Ovary obtusely conical, 1.5–2 mm long; style 3–4 mm long. Berry erect, narrowly
conical to narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform, 10–20 mm long, 3–7 mm diam., red; fruiting
pedicel 15–25 mm long. Seeds 3–5 mm long, yellow. Fig. 45H–L.
Widespread in North and South America, Pacific Islands and south-eastern Asia
where it is often cultivated as condiment. Uncommon weed in eastern Qld and far
north-eastern N.S.W. Map 189.
Qld: Kimguni via Mirani, Apr. 1920, S. H. Nilsson (BRI); near Toorilla Homestead, Port Curtis
district, N. H. Speck 1735 (CANB, NSW).
178
SOLANACEAE Physalis
19. PHYSALIS
Physalis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 182 (1753), and Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 85 (1754); from the Greek
physallis (bladder), in reference to the inflated fruiting calyx.
Type species: P. alkekengi L.
Summer-growing annuals, rhizomatous perennials or short-lived shrubs, glabrous or
pubescent with simple, forked or glandular hairs. Leaves alternate, 1 or 2 per node
(but not opposite), when 2 unequal in size, simple, entire, toothed or lobed, petiolate.
Flowers solitary in leaf axils and stem forks, bisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx tubular to
campanulate, 5–lobed, enlarged in fruit. Corolla broadly campanulate to rotate, mostly
yellow, often with dark spots towards the base; tube short; limb expanded, shallowly
5–lobed, folded in bud. Stamens 5, equal or unequal in height, inserted towards base
of corolla-tube; anthers bilocular, basifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary
bilocular; stigma capitate. Fruit a berry enclosed by inflated calyx. Seeds disc-shaped
to broadly reniform.
A widespread genus of c. 100 species, most common in North and South America
but with some species occurring naturally in temperate and tropical Asia. Several
species with edible berries are cultivated for their fruit. One species (P. minima L.)
possibly endemic to Australia; seven species introduced and naturalised to varying
degrees as weeds of waste and cultivated ground.
U. T. Waterfall, A taxonomic study of the genus Physalis in North America north of
Mexico, Rhodora 60: 107–114, 128–142, 152–173 (1958); U. T. Waterfall, Physalis
in Mexico, Central America and the West Indies, Rhodora 69: 82–120, 202–239,
319–329 (1967); R. B. Fernandes, Sur l'identification d'une espéce de Physalis
souspontanée au Portugal, Bol. Soc. Brot. 44: 343–366 (1970); D. E. Symon, The
solanaceous genera, Browallia, Capsicum, Cestrum, Cyphomandra, Hyoscyamus,
Lycopersicon, Nierembergia, Physalis, Petunia, Salpichroa and Withania, naturalised
in Australia, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 3: 133–166 (1981).
1 Herbaceous perennials with rhizomatous rootstock; indumentum of
simple or forked non-glandular hairs, or glabrescent
2 Corolla dull white, limb distinctly 5–lobed; fruiting calyx orange or
red P. alkekengi †
2: Corolla yellow, limb entire or scarcely lobed; fruiting calyx green or
yellow
3 Tomentum including some minute forked hairs; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, usually toothed or sinuate 8. P. viscosa
3: Tomentum of simple hairs only; leaves elliptic, entire or with a
few indistinct lobes 7. P. virginiana
1: Annuals or short-lived perennials; indumentum sparse to dense, of
glandular or simple (never forked) non-glandular hairs
4 Plants obviously pubescent, hirsute or pilose with erect, glandular
or simple non-glandular hairs; corolla conspicuously spotted
5 Annuals; corolla 7–11 mm long; anthers 1.5–2 mm long; fruiting
calyx 5–angled 6. P. pubescens
5: Soft-wooded short-lived perennials; corolla 10–15 mm long;
anthers 4–5 mm long; fruiting calyx 10–angled 5. P. peruviana
4: Plants sparsely pubescent with erect or appressed, simple, non-
glandular hairs, or becoming glabrescent; corolla marked with
inconspicuous blotches
179
Physalis SOLANACEAE
6 Anthers 3–4 mm long, becoming twisted; flowers bright yellow;

berries mostly 17–30 mm diam. 4. P. philadelphica
6: Anthers 2–2.5 mm long, straight; flowers dull yellow; berries
usually 8–15 mm diam.
7 Leaves narrowly elliptic; pedicels usually 20–30 mm long 1. P. lanceifolia
7: Leaves ovate-lanceolate; pedicels usually 5–25 mm long;
8 Pedicel 5–10 mm long; style 2–2.5 mm long; fruiting calyx
circular in section 2. P. ixocarpa
8: Pedicel usually 20–25 mm long; style 4–5 mm long; fruiting
calyx angular in section 3. P. minima
† Cultivated species; not treated further in this work.
1. *Physalis lanceifolia Nees, Linnaea 6: 473 (1831)

T: Described from material native to Central and South America; n.v.
Annual to 50 cm, glabrescent or sparsely pubescent with minute, simple hairs. Leaves
alternate, 1 or 2 per node (but not opposite); lamina narrowly elliptic, cuneate at
base, usually 5–7 cm long, 2 cm wide, sometimes larger entire, sinuate or lobed;
petiole up to 4 cm long, grooved above. Pedicels 15–30 mm long. Calyx 2.5–5 mm
long; lobes triangular, 1–2.5 mm long. Corolla 5–angled, 5–7 mm long, yellow with
darker yellow centre. Anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Style 2.5 mm long. Fruiting calyx
10–angled, 25–32 mm long, pale yellow-green. Berry globular, 12–15 mm diam Seeds
disc-shaped to broadly reniform, 1.5–2 mm long, pale yellowish-brown. Fig. 46G.
Native to southern United States of America and Mexico. A recently intro–
duced (c. 1924) weed now occurring in south-eastern Qld (mostly in the Darling Downs
district), northern N.S.W., and the Gippsland district of Vic. Confined to seasonally
wet areas with heavy clay soil. Map 190.
Qld: Near Bymount, R. W. Johnson 2245 (BRI). N.S.W.: between Goodooga & Lightning
Ridge, K. L. Wilson 1798 (NSW).
2. *Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem., Suppl. Hort. Bot. Hafn. 26 (1819)

T: Cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Copenhagen, as a variety of P. angulata L.; iso: C, n.v., fide
R. B. Fernandes, Bol. Soc. Brot. 44: 344–351 (1970).
Annual to 50 cm, sparsely pubescent with minute, simple hairs, or glabrescent.
Leaves alternate, 1 or 2 per node (but not opposite); lamina ovate-lanceolate, cuneate
at base, usually c. 6 cm long, 3 cm wide, sometimes larger irregularly toothed or
lobed; petiole to 6 cm long. Pedicels 6–10 mm long. Calyx 3.5–5 mm long; lobes
triangular, 1–2 mm long. Corolla broadly stellate to 5–angled, 6–10 mm long, pale
yellow with five dull brownish blotches. Anthers 1–1.5 mm long. Style 2–2.5 mm
|long. Fruiting calyx circular in section, 15–30 mm long, pale green when dry. Berry
globular, 11–14 mm diam. Seeds lens-shaped, 1.5–2 mm diam., yellow. Ground
Cherry. Fig. 46J.
A recently introduced species (c. 1925), now a widespread weed of cultivated areas
in south-eastern Qld and eastern N.S.W. Usually associated with summer crops.
Map 191.
Qld: Tummaville, C. T. White 12583 (BRI). N.S.W.: Glenfield, E. J. McBarron 20181 (NSW).
180
SOLANACEAE Physalis
3. Physalis minima L., Sp. Pl. 1: 183 (1753)

T: From India; lecto: BM, n.v.; photo ADW, fide H. Heine, Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie 7: 131
(1976).
P. parviflora R. Br., Prodr. 447 (1810).
T: north coast of Australia, R. Brown; ?BM, n.v.
[P.indica auct. non Lam.; R. H. Anderson, Contrib. New South Wales Nat. Herb. 1:29 (1939)]
Illustration: H. E. Kleinschmidt & R. W. Johnson, Weeds Queensland 424 (1977).
Bushy annual to 50 cm, glabrous or with minute simple hairs. Leaves alternate, 1 or
sometimes 2 per node (but not opposite); lamina ovate-lanceolate, rounded to cuneate
at base, usually 4–6 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, sometimes larger, entire or shallowly
toothed or lobed; petiole to 6 cm long. Pedicels usually 20–25 mm long, occasionally
shorter. Calyx 3–5 mm long; lobes triangular-acute, 1–2 mm long. Corolla 5–angled,
5–8 mm long, pale creamy-yellow, usually with large brownish spots towards base.
Anthers 2–2.5 mm long. Style 4–5 mm long. Fruiting calyx 10–angled with 5 minor
and 5 major veins, 23–30 mm long, pale green (pale brown when dry). Berry globular,
8–14 mm diam. Seeds disc-shaped to broadly reniform, 1–1.5(2) mm long, pale
yellow. Wild Gooseberry. Fig. 46E–F, M.
Generally considered native to Australia although widespread in tropical America,
Asia and Africa. Possibly a pre–1788 introduction into Australia from the earliest
European-Pacific-Central American contact. A widespread weed of disturbed areas in
W.A., N.T., Qld and north-eastern N.S.W. Frequently found near rivers. Map 192.
W.A.: Brook Creek, C. A. Gardner 7186 (PERTH). N.T.: Victoria River, J. Must 1579 (CANB,
CBG, DNA, NT). Qld: near Wernadinga Stn, D. E. Symon 5015 (BRI, ADW). N.S.W.: near
Booragul, R. Coveny 6484 & J. Powell (ADW, BRI, NSW).
May be confused with P. ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem, but distinguished by the longer
pedicels, creamy-yellow corolla and angular fruiting calyx. Berries used as food by
Aborigines in N.T. and northern Qld.
4. *Physalis philadelphica Lam., Encycl. 2: 101 (1786)

T: Described from cultivated plants; thought to originate from northern America; P n.v.
Annual to 50 cm, sparsely pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves alternate, 1 or 2 per
node (but not opposite); lamina ovate-lanceolate, obtusely cuneate at base, up to 12
(usually c. 6) cm long, sparsely and irregularly toothed; petiole to 7 cm long with a
pubescent groove above. Pedicels 3–13 mm long. Calyx 6–9 mm long; lobes broadly
triangular, usually 4–5 mm long. Corolla rotate, 10–15 mm long, yellow with 5
brownish spots alternating with anthers. Anthers 3–4 mm long, twisted after anthesis.
Style 8–9 mm long. Fruiting calyx 10–veined, circular in section or nearly so,
18–36 mm long, yellow-green, the veins often purplish. Berry globular, usually
20–25 mm diam. Seeds broadly reniform, 2–3 mm long, pale yellow-brown.
Tomatillo. Fig. 46 A–B.
Uncommon weed, recorded from scattered localities in south-eastern Qld, north-
eastern N.S.W., Vic. and south-western W.A. Map 193.
W.A.: Spearwood, 10 Feb. 1961, Major & Son (PERTH). Qld: near Warwick, R. Henderson 360
(BRI). N.S.W.: Border Gate near The Head, L. Bird & K. Williams (BRI 257800). Vic.: near
Dimboola, 8 Apr. 1898, F. M. Reader (MEL).
Occasionally cultivated for its edible fruit.
181
Figure 46. Physalis. A–B, P. philadelphica (Cult. Adelaide ex Birmingham, England,
D. E. Symon, ADW). C–D, P. viscosa (Cult. Adelaide ex Wolsely, S.A., D. E. Symon,
ADW). E–F, P. minima (D. E. Symon 12060, ADW). G, P. lanceifolia (Cult. Adelaide
ex Portugal, D. E. Symon, ADW). H, P. peruviana (Waterfall Gully, S.A., D. E. Symon,
ADW). I, P. minima (D. E. Symon 4871, ADW). J, P. ixocarpa (Cult. Adelaide ex
Portugal, D. E. Symon, ADW). K, P. viscosa (Cult. Adelaide ex Savernake, N.S.W.,
D. E. Symon, ADW). L, P. peruviana (D. E. Symon 4871, ADW). M, P. minima
(W. Leutert 20, CANB). N, P. viscosa (D. E. Symon 3692, CANB). A–F ×1; G–K
×0.7; L,M ×0.25; N ×0.5.
182
SOLANACEAE Physalis
5. *Physalis peruviana L., Sp. Pl. 2nd edn 2: 1670 (1763)

T: From Lima, Peru; LINN, n.v.; microfiche AD.
Illustrations: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn 4: fig. 1077 (1957); B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall,
How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 598 (1975).
Short-lived shrub to 1 m, densely pubescent with glandular or simple, non-glandular
hairs. Leaves alternate, 2 per node (but not opposite); lamina ovate, cordate at base,
up to 13 cm (usually c. 6 cm) long, entire or shallowly lobed; petiole to 5 cm long.
Pedicels 6–12 mm long. Calyx 7–10 mm long; lobes triangular-acuminate, 4–5 mm
long. Corolla 5–angled, 10–15 mm long, dull yellow with distinct purple-brown spots
alternating with the anthers. Anthers 4–5 mm long. Style 5–7 mm (occasionally to
11 mm) long. Fruiting calyx 10–angled, 27–40 mm long, the lobes free at apex for up
to 10 mm, pale yellow-green to gold, drying to pale brown. Berry globular, 10–20 mm
diam., aromatic. Seeds disc-shaped, 1.7–2 mm long, pale yellow to orange-brown.
Cape Gooseberry. Fig. 46H, L.
Introduced to N.S.W. from the Cape of Good Hope at end of 18th century. Now a
garden escape or weed of disturbed areas, occurring in Qld, N.S.W., Vic., Tas., S.A.
and W.A.; commonest in south-eastern Australia; also on Lord Howe Is. Map 194.
S.A.: Waterfall Gully, Hj. Eichler 14580 (AD). Qld: Danbulla, G. C. Stocker 1509 (BRI).
N.S.W.: Boyne National Park, M. Evans 2557 (ADW, CANB, MEL, NSW). Vic.: Lower Glenelg
National Park, A. C. Beauglehole 39101 (MEL).
Frequently cultivated for its edible fruit.
6. *Physalis pubescens L., Sp. Pl. 1: 183 (1753)

T: From India; LINN, n.v.; microfiche AD.
Annual to 50 cm, pubescent with glandular and simple, non-glandular hairs. Leaves
alternate; lamina ovate to ovate-elliptic, cordate at base, up to 10 cm (usually
c. 6 cm) long, toothed or with obtuse, triangular lobes; petiole to 7 cm long. Pedicels
5–10 mm long. Calyx 6–7 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular, 3–4 mm long. Corolla
5–angled 7–11 mm long, dull yellow with 5 distinct purple-brown spots towards base.
Anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Style 4–5 mm long. Fruiting calyx prominently 5–angled,
25–40 mm long, very pale yellow-green, drying to light brown. Berry globular to
ovoid, 12–15 mm diam. Seeds disc-shaped, 1.5 mm long, light brown.
Uncommon weed known from isolated localities in Vic. and south-western W.A.
Map 195.
W.A.: Bowelling, 20 Feb. 1959, J. D. Price (PERTH). Vic: near Dimboola, 20 Mar. 1898, Anon.
(MEL).
7. *Physalis virginiana Miller, Gard. Dict. 8th edn, no. 4 (1768)

T: Described from material cultivated from seed collected in Philadelphia, U.S.A.; syn: ?BM, n.v.
P. virginiana var. sonorae (Torrey) Waterfall, Rhodora 60: 154 (1958); P. pumila var. sonorae
Torrey, Bot. Mexican Boundary 153 (1859).
T: Fronteras, Sonara, Mexico, June 1851, G. Thurber 418; holo: NY n.v.; iso: GH, n.v.; fide U. T.
Waterfall, loc. cit.
Rhizomatous perennial to 50 cm, glabrescent or sparsely pubescent with minute
simple hairs. Leaves alternate, 1–2 per node (but not opposite); lamina elliptic,
cuneate at base, up to 9 cm (usually c. 6 cm) long, entire or slightly toothed or lobed;
petiole to 3 cm long, grooved above. Pedicels 8–15 mm long. Calyx usually 8–10 mm
183
Physalis SOLANACEAE
long; lobes narrowly triangular, 5–6 mm long. Corolla rotate, 10–12 mm long,
greenish-yellow with dark spots between anthers. Anthers 2.5–4 mm long. Style
6–8 mm long. Fruiting calyx 10–angled, 15–25 mm long, pale green. Berry globular,
c. 10 mm diam. Seeds disc-shaped to broadly reniform, 1.5–2 mm long, brown to
yellow-brown. Perennial Ground Cherry.
Primarily a weed of cultivation in eastern Australia, occurring on the central
tablelands and slopes of N.S.W., the Darling Downs district of Qld, and in scattered
localities in Vic. Map 196.
Qld: Near Pittsworth, 29 Jan. 1971, C. Porter (BRI). N.S.W.: near Gunnedah, 27 Dec. 1977,
A. R. Leys (NSW). Vic: Dookie, 1907, H. Pye (MEL).
8. *Physalis viscosa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 183 (1753)

T: From Virginia, U.S.A.; LINN, n.v.; microfiche AD.
Illustrations: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1078 (1957); W. T. Parsons, Noxious
Weeds Victoria, fig. 246 (1973), as P. lanceolata Michaux.
Rhizomatous perennial to 30 cm, sparsely pubescent with minute, forked hairs at
least on calyx margin. Lower leaves alternate; lamina ovate-lanceolate, up to 5 cm
long; upper leaves often 2 per node (but not opposite), lanceolate, c. 3 cm
long; margin toothed or sinuate, sometimes entire; base cuneate; petiole to 2 cm long,
narrowly winged above. Pedicels 7–12 mm long. Calyx 6–10 mm long; lobes
triangular, 2–4 mm long. Corolla rotate or 5–angled, 11–15 mm long, pale yellow,
often with conspicuous olive-yellow blotches towards base. Anthers 3–4 mm long.
Style 9–10 mm long. Fruiting calyx 10–angled, 15–20 (occasionally to 30) mm long,
dull yellow-green, drying to pale brown or straw-colour. Berry globular, 10–15 mm
diam. Seeds disc-shaped, 1.7–2.3 mm long, pale yellow or light brown. Sticky Cape
Gooseberry, Sticky Ground Cherry. Fig. 46C–D, K, N.
Widespread in Vic. and southern N.S.W.; localised in south-eastern Qld, near
Adelaide, S.A., and Perth, W.A. A weed of waste ground particularly along railway
lines, and of cultivated areas, especially under irrigation. Map 197.
W.A.: Bunbury, Mar. 1942, C. A. Gardner (PERTH). S.A.: Darlington, Hj. Eichler 12166 (AD).
Qld: Goondiwindi, R. Roe 28 (BRI, CANB). N.S.W.: Savernake, 7 Apr., 1978, M. Toms (ADW,
NSW). Vic.: near Gunbower, H. Aston 519 (MEL).
A declared noxious weed in Vic.
20. WITHANIA
Withania Pauquy, Diss. Bellad. 14 (1825) (nom. cons.); after Henry Witham, an
English palaeobotanist of the early 19th century.
Type species: W. frutescens (L.) Pauquy; Atropa frutescens L.
Shrubs, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves alternate, or opposite on flowering stems,
simple, entire, petiolate. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary, bisexual, actino–
morphic. Calyx campanulate, 5–lobed, persistent and inflated in fruit; lobes triangular.
Corolla campanulate, 5–lobed; lobes valvate in bud. Stamens 5, equal in height,
inserted near base of corolla-tube; anthers bilocular, cohering, dehiscing by
longitudinal slits. Ovary bilocular. Fruit a semi-succulent berry, enclosed by inflated
calyx. Seeds disc-shaped to almost reniform.
184
181. Solanum cataphractum 182. Solanum carduiforme 183. Solanum leopoldense
184. Solanum asymmetriphyllum 185. Solanum tudununggae 186. Solanum vansittartense
187. Lycopersicon lycopersicum 188. Capsicum annuum 189. Capsicum frutescens
var. glabriusculum
190. Physalis lanceifolia 191. Physalis ixocarpa 192. Physalis minima
193. Physalis philadelphica 194. Physalis peruviana 195. Physalis pubescens
185
Withania SOLANACEAE
A genus of c. 10 species occurring predominantly from North Africa and the

Mediterranean basin to India. One species naturalised in Australia.
*Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, in DC., Prodr. 13(1): 453 (1852)

Physalis somnifera L., Sp. Pl. 1: 182 (1753).
T: From Mexico, Crete and Spain; n.v.
Illustration: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: fig. 1079 (1957).
Erect shrub to 1 m. All parts grey-pubescent with dendritic hairs. Leaves ovate, the
lamina up to 8 cm long, and 4.5 cm wide, usually c. 5 cm long, 3 cm wide; petiole
c. 1 cm long. Inflorescence a congested cluster of 4–6 flowers; pedicels 3–5 mm long.
Calyx 4–6 mm long at time of flowering; lobes shortly triangular with linear apices,
2–3 mm long. Corolla 5–6 mm long, dull yellow-green; lobes triangular, 1.5–3 mm
long, spreading. Anthers 1 mm long. Ovary obtusely conical, 1–1.5 mm long; style
3 mm long. Berry globular, 5–10 mm diam., shining red, surrounded by urn-shaped
inflated calyx, the tube 15–20 mm long. Seeds more or less disc-shaped, 1.5–2.2 mm
long, light brown. Winter Cherry. Fig. 47A–B.
An uncommon weed known from Eyre Peninsula in S.A. and the north coast of
N.S.W. Grows in shallow rocky soil. Map 198.
S.A.: Near Port Lincoln, Dec. 1950, W. C. Johnson (AD); near Port Lincoln, D. E. Symon 11837
(ADW). N.S.W.: Vacy, Sept. 1949, J. N. Doyle (NSW).
Cultivated in India as a drug plant.
Trib. VIII. NICANDREAE
Trib. Nicandreae Wettst. in Eng. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4,3b: 10 (1895).
Type genus: Nicandra Adans.
Herbs. Calyx-lobes auriculate. Corolla separated from calyx by rather long internode,
broadly campanulate, actinomorphic; aestivation imbricate, cochlear or quincuncial.
Stamens 5; filaments geniculate at attachment to corolla, inserted at base of anther;
anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits, the thecae adnate except in lower quarter.
Ovary 4–5–locular; disc present. Fruit a berry; stone-cells present; embryo strongly
curved.
Contains only the monotypic genus Nicandra from Peru.
21. NICANDRA
Nicandra Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 219 (1763) (nom. cons.); after Nicander, a poet of
Colophon, who wrote about plants c. 100 BC.
Type species: N. physalodes (L.) Gaertner; Atropa physalodes L.
Summer-growing annual herbs, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent with non-glandular
hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or irregularly toothed, petiolate. Flowers
solitary, in leaf axils, bisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx 5–lobed; lobes ovate, saggitate at
base; persistent in fruit. Corolla broadly campanulate, pale blue to mauve; limb
186
Figure 47. A–B, Withania somnifera (A: D. E. Symon 11837, ADW, ×0.5; B: Cult.
Adelaide ex Port Lincoln, S.A., D. E. Symon, ADW, ×1.25). C–D, Nicandra physalodes
(C: Adelaide, S.A., P. Horton, ADW; D: L. Haegi 1606, ADW); both ×0.5. E,
Hyoscyamus albus (Hobart, Tas., W. W. Spicer, HO), ×0.5. F–H, Hyoscyamus niger
(L. Haegi 570, ADW), ×1; H–cap of capsule.
187
Nicandra SOLANACEAE
shallowly 5–lobed, the lobes folded in bud. Stamens 5, equal in height, inserted near
base of corolla-tube; anthers bilocular, dorsifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits.
Ovary 3–5–locular. Fruit a dryish berry, enclosed by calyx. Seeds broadly reniform to
almost disc-shaped.
A monotypic genus native to Peru, widely cultivated as an ornamental, and
naturalised in Australia as a garden escape.
P. Horton, Taxonomic account of Nicandra (Solanaceae) in Australia, J. Adelaide
Bot. Gard. 1: 351–356 (1979).
*Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertner, De Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 237 (1791)

Atropa physalodes L., Sp. Pl. 1: 181 (1753).
T: 'Habitat in Peru. D. B. Jussieu'; lecto: LINN 246/3, n.v., microfiche AD, fide E. Schónbeck-Temesy,
Fl. Iranica 100: 2 (1972).
Illustrations: B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 603 (1975); H. E.
Kleinschmidt & R. W. Johnson, Weeds Queensland 423 (1977); P. Horton, op. cit. fig. 1.
Annual herb to c. 2 m. Leaves variable; lamina narrowly to broadly ovate, 2–30 cm
long; petiole to 9 cm long. Pedicels 6–24 mm long. Calyx 7–22 mm long; margins of
the lobes appressed to form longitudinal wings. Corolla-lobes 12–30 mm long, obtuse
or slightly notched. Staminal filaments 3–3.5 mm long, densely pubescent at base.
Berry globular, 11–22 mm diam. occasionally smaller, pale yellow; fruiting calyx
papery with prominent, reticulate veins. Seeds 1.2–2.1 mm long, brown. Apple of
Peru. Figs. 47C–D, 49.
Occurs in Qld, N.S.W., Vic., Tas., S.A. and W.A., mainly as a summer weed in
coastal and near-coastal areas. An important weed of maize crops in northern Qld.
Map 199.
W.A.: Busselton, Feb. 1969, S. Wilkes (PERTH). S.A.: Bethel, 6 Apr. 1970, B. Frost (AD). Qld:
Brisbane, 3 June 1926, C. T. White (BRI). N.S.W.: near Penrith, L. Haegi 1606 (NSW). Vic.:
Neerim, 29 Feb. 1912, H. S. Wheeler (MEL).
Trib. IX. DATUREAE
Trib. Datureae Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 399 (1838).

Type genus: Datura L.
Herbs or soft-wooded shrubs. Calyx tubular, spathaceous, circumscissile at base in
fruit. Corolla infundibular, actinomorphic; aestivation conduplicate-contorted, the limb
plicate. Stamens 5; filaments inserted at base of anthers; anthers dehiscing by
longitudinal slits, the thecae adnate. Ovary bilocular or incompletely 4–locular. Fruit
a 4–valved capsule or indehiscent; embryo strongly curved.
Contains 1 or 2 genera, the species chiefly South American, serveral eurasian and
Australian.
188
SOLANACEAE Datura
22. DATURA
Datura L., Sp. Pl. 1: 179 (1753), and Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 83 (1754); from the Hindi
dhatura, the name given to D. fastuosa L. and D. metel L.
Type species: D. stramonium L.
Summer-growing annual herbs or short-lived perennials, glabrous or pubescent with
glandular or simple, non-glandular hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or lobed,
petiolate. Flowers solitary in forks of stems, bisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx tubular,
the lobes 5 (occasionally 3, 4 or up to 9); base persistent in fruit. Corolla funnel- or
trumpet-shaped, rarely multiple, white or variously coloured; limb shortly 5–lobed or
appearing 10–lobed, folded and twisted in bud. Stamens usually 5, equal in height,
inserted in lower half of corolla-tube. Anthers bilocular, basifixed, dehiscing by
longitudinal slits. Ovary bilocular, or falsely 4–locular in lower half; stigma saddle-
shaped. Fruit a 2–4–locular, spiny or tuberculate capsule, opening regularly or
irregularly from apex. Seeds approximately D-shaped.
A genus of 10 species occurring naturally in tropical and warm-temperate Central and
South America, China, Asia and north Africa. Some species have a long history of
use as drug plants. One species, Datura leichhardtii F. Muell. ex Benth., generally
considered endemic to Australia; five species naturalised and declared noxious weeds in
most States. Sometimes toxic to stock.
W. E. Safford, Synopsis of the genus Datura, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 11: 173–189
(1921); A. G. Avery, S. Satina & J. Rietsema, Blakeslee: The genus Datura, Chron–
ica Botanica 20 (1959); L. Haegi, Taxonomic account of Datura L. (Solanaceae) in
Australia with a note on Brugmansia Pers., Austral. J. Bot. 24: 415–435 (1976).
Key adapted from L. Haegi, op. cit., 421–422.
1 Leaves lobed, the lobes usually toothed or sinuate; capsule erect;
seeds black or grey
2 Flowers 6–10 cm long; capsule with more than 100 slender spines
of various lengths, randomly distributed 1. D. stramonium
2: Flowers 4.5–6 cm long; capsule with 40–60 stout spines, upper
longer than lower 2. D. ferox
1: Leaves entire to sinuate or lobed, the lobes entire; capsule deflexed;
seeds brown or yellow
3 Plants glabrous or sparsely pubescent with non-glandular hairs
4 Branches green; flowers 4.5–7 cm long; capsule with numerous
sharp spines 3. D. leichhardtii
4: Branches tinged with purple; flowers 14–20 cm long; capsule with
numerous short, blunt tubercles 6. D. metel
3: Plants tomentose with non-glandular and/or glandular hairs
5 Hairs glandular, erect; stigma well below level of anthers; margin
of corolla limb angular 4. D. inoxia
5: Hairs mostly non-glandular and retrorse, some glandular and
erect; stigma usually exserted well above anthers; margin of
corolla limb rounded 5. D. wrightii
189
Datura SOLANACEAE
1. *Datura stramonium L., Sp. Pl. 1: 179 (1753)

T: Habitat in America; LINN 243/1, n.v., fide E. Schönbeck-Temesy, Fl. Iranica 100: 45 (1972)
D. tatula L., Sp. Pl. 2nd edn, 256 (1762); D. stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torrey, Fl. North &
Middle U.S. 1: 232 (1824).
Illustrations: G. H. Clarke, Dept. Agric. S. Austral. Bull. 406: 13 (1949) as D. tatula L.; J. N.
Whittet, Weeds (New South Wales Dept. Agric.), fig. 146 (1958); G. R. Meadly, Weeds W. Austral.,
134, 135, fig. 8 (1965); N. T. Burbidge & M. L. Gray, Fl. Austral. Cap. Terr., fig. 323 (1970);
W. T. Parsons, Noxious Weeds Victoria., figs 236, 238A(2) (1973); H. E. Kleinschmidt & R. W.
Johnson, Weeds Queensland, 177 (1977).
Stout annual herb, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with non-glandular hairs. Mature
leaves rhomboid to angularly ovate, the lamina up to 36 cm long, deeply lobed, the
lobes few and usually coarsely toothed or sinuate. Calyx 3–4 (occasionally to 5.5) cm
long, 5–lobed, the lobes 6–8 mm long. Corolla 6–8 (occasionally to 10) cm long,
white or pale lavender; limb 5–lobed, the lobes ending in a slender point c. 10 mm
long. Stamens not exserted; anthers 3–6 mm long. Style 4–6 mm long; stigma below,
level with or above anthers. Capsule ovoid, to 4.5 cm long, erect, spiny; spines
100–200, slender, conical, sharp, variable in length, the longest less than half length
of capsule; persistent base of calyx to 10 mm long. Seeds 2.5–4.5 mm long, black or
grey. Common Thornapple. Figs 51; 52C.
Origin uncertain, but widely naturalised in temperate and warm-temperate regions of
the world. Widespread in Australia, occurring in eastern Qld, N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic.,
eastern Tas., S.A. and south-western W.A.; also on Lord Howe Is. Weed of waste
ground, disturbed areas in agricultural districts, and along creek beds in semi-arid
native pastures. Map 200.
S.A.: Wanilla, C. R. Alcock 2675 (AD, ADW). Qld: Thallen, S. L. Everist 841 (BRI). N.S.W.:
near Merimbula, L. Haegi 1723 (NSW). Vic.: East Gippsland, A. C. Beauglehole 37044 (MEL).
Tas.: Hobart, 16 Feb. 1966, D. I. Morris (HO).
Seeds sometimes toxic, contaminating grain and causing death of poultry and pigs.
The names D. tatula L. and D. stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torrey were used
for lavender-flowered forms in earlier Australian literature.
2. *Datura ferox L., Amoen. Acad. 3: 403 (1756)

T: 'Habitat in China'; n.v.
Illustrations: J. N. Whittet, Weeds (New South Wales Dept. Agric.), fig. 30 (1958); L. G. R. Meadly,
Weeds W. Austral., 135, fig. A (1965); W. T. Parsons, Noxious Weeds Victoria., fig. 238A(1)
(1973); S. L. Everist, Poison. Pl. Austral., t. 47 (1974); H. E. Kleinschmidt & R. W. Johnson,
Weeds Queensland, t. vi (1977).
leaves from broadly-ovate and somewhat angular to rounded-triangular, the lamina up
to 14 cm long, 16 cm wide, with a few shallow usually toothed or sinuate lobes.
Calyx to 3.5 cm long, 5–lobed, the lobes 4–7 mm long. Corolla 4–6 cm long, white,
5–lobed, the lobes ending in a point 1–2 mm long. Stamens not exserted; anthers
3–4 mm long. Style c. 3 cm long; stigma below anthers. Capsule ellipsoid or nearly
so, to 4 cm long, erect, spiny; spines usually 40–60, stout, conical, sharp, usually
longer near capsule summit, the longest at least half length of capsule; persistent base
of calyx base to 8 mm long. Seeds 4–5 mm long, black or grey. Fierce Thornapple,
Longspine Thornapple. Fig. 52F.
190
Figure 48. Lycium ferocissimum. Figure 50. Capsicum annuum var.
Photograph — R. W. Purdie. glabriusculum. Photograph — R. W.
Purdie.
Figure 49. Nicandra physalodes. Figure 51. Datura stramonium.

Photograph — L. Haegi. Photograph — M. Fagg.
191
Figure 52. Datura. A, D. leichhardtii (L. Haegi 579, CANB). B, D. inoxia (R. A. Perry
& M. Lazarides 2959, CANB). C, D. stramonium (Canberra, A.C.T., M.Fagg, ?CBG). D,
D. wrightii (L. Haegi 623, CANB). E, D. metel (Cult. Adelaide, J. Pike, ADW). F, D.
ferox (L. Haegi 606, CANB). All ×0.5.
192
SOLANACEAE Datura
Native to China but now widely distributed in warm regions of the world. In
Australia, occurs in Qld, N.S.W., Vic., S.A., W.A., and N.T.; also reported to occur
in Tas. A weed of waste ground, and disturbed areas in agricultural and pastoral
districts; often a serious weed of summer grain crops in Qld and N.S.W. Map 201.
W.A.: Serpentine, Apr. 1965, L. & E. Fawcett (PERTH). N.T.: near Adelaide River, 7 Feb. 1971,
G. Brown (NT). S.A.: Adelaide, L. Haegi 605 (AD); Qld: near Monto, 3 Nov. 1976, E. M.
Ross (BRI). N.S.W.: Finley, D. E. Symon 9805 (ADW, CANB, NSW).
The seeds sometimes contaminate harvested grain. Natural hybrids between D. ferox
and D. stramonium L. occur.
3. Datura leichhardtii F. Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 4: 468 (1868)

T: Gulf of Carpentaria, Landsborough s.n.; syn: MEL; Ashburton River, Walcott s.n.; syn: n.v.;
Gilbert River, F. Mueller s.n.; syn: K, MEL; Comet River, Leichhardt s.n.; syn: MEL; Suttor river,
D'Orsay s.n.; lecto: K, iso: K, MEL, fide L. Haegi, Austral. J. Bot. 24: 428 (1976); Rockingham Bay,
O'Shanesy s.n.; syn: MEL; Armadillo, Barton s.n.; syn: MEL.
Illustrations: G. M. Chippendale & L. R. Murray, Poison. Pl. Northern Territory, fig. 41 (1963);
G. R. Meadly, Weeds W. Austral., 135 fig. D (1965); S. L. Everist, Poison. Pl. Austral., t. 48
(1974); L. Haegi, op. cit. fig. 3.
leaves rhomboid to angularly ovate, the lamina up to 8 cm long, more or less
regularly serrate to sinuate. Calyx to 4 cm long, 5–lobed; lobes 7–10 mm long.
Corolla 4–7 cm long, usually cream; limb appearing 10–lobed, alternate lobes shallow-
triangular or ending in a slender point 5–7 mm long. Stamens not exserted; anthers
3–4 mm long. Style to 4.5 cm long; stigma level with or below anthers. Capsule
globose or nearly so, 2–3 cm long, deflexed, spiny; spines numerous, conical, sharp, of
various lengths, the longest 4–9 mm; persistent base of calyx to 7 mm long. Seeds
4–5 mm long, light brown to grey-brown. Native Thornapple. Fig. 52A.
Widespread in semi-arid areas in Qld, N.S.W., S.A., W.A., and N.T. Frequently
associated with water courses and flood plains. Generally considered endemic to
Australia but may have originated in central America. Map 202.
W.A.: Hamersley Range, J. V. Blockley 293 (PERTH). N.T.: Temple Bar Creek, J. Must 1400
(DNA). S.A.: Flinders Range, W. R. Barker 300 (AD). Qld: near Windorah, S. L. Everist 7441
(BRI). N.S.W.: near Willangee Stn, 1974, J. Pickard site B (NSW).
Sometimes poisonous to sheep.
4. *Datura inoxia Miller, Gard. Dict. 8th edn, no. 5 (1768)

T: Cultivated from seeds collected in Vera Cruz, Mexico, Chelsea Phys. Gard. no. 1843; neo: BM,
fide A. S. Barclay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 18: 255 (1959).
[D. metel auct. non L.: J. M. Black, Fl. S. Austral. 2nd edn, 4: 755 (1957)]
Illustrations: J. M. Black, op. cit. fig. 1081, as D. metel L.; W. T. Parsons, Noxious Weeds Victoria.,
fig. 238A(3) (1973); B. J. Grieve & W. E. Blackall, How to Know W. Austral. Wildfl. 4: 603 (1975).
Stout annual herb, tomentose with erect, glandular hairs. Mature leaves broadly
ovate, the lamina up to 20 cm long, almost entire, slightly sinuate, or irregularly
lobed towards base. Calyx 5–11 cm long, 3–6–lobed; lobes 13–20 mm long,
sometimes incompletely separated. Corolla 12–19 cm long, white with green veins;
limb undulate, appearing 10–lobed, alternate lobes broadly triangular or ending in a
slender point 5–10 mm long. Stamens not exserted; anthers 8–10 mm long. Style
10–14 cm long; stigma well below anthers. Capsule globose or nearly so, 3–5 cm long,
193
Datura SOLANACEAE
deflexed, spiny; spines numerous, slender, sharp, all about equal in length, to 10 mm
long. Persistent base of calyx to 20 mm long, very prominent. Seeds 4–5 mm long,
brown. Downy Thornapple. Fig. 52B.
Native to Mexico, South America and the West Indies, but now widely distributed in
warmer regions of the world. In Australia, a weed of disturbed areas in Qld, N.S.W.,
Vic., S.A., W.A., and N.T. Map 203.
W.A.: Bayswater, 24 Jan. 1961, V. Veitch (PERTH). N.T.: Alice Springs, 23 June 1967,
P. Bonning (NT). S.A.: Wallaroo, B. Copley 1053 (AD). Qld: Mt Morgan, C. T. White 11027
(BRI). N.S.W.: near Balranald, D. E. Symon 9874 (NSW).
5. *Datura wrightii Regel, Gartenfl. 8: 193, t. 260 (1859)

T: Described from Texas, North America, C. Wright 526; neo: US, n.v., fide A. S. Barclay, Bot.
Mus. Leafl. 18: 254 (1959).
Annual herb, tomentose with retrorse, non-glandular hairs and some erect, glandular
hairs. Mature leaves ovate to angularly ovate, the lamina up to 16 cm long and
10 cm wide, entire or irregularly lobed. Calyx 6–9 cm long, 5–lobed; lobes 10–25 mm
long, sometimes incompletely separated. Corolla 14–20 cm long, white, usually tinged
with lavender towards margin, 5–lobed; lobes ending in slender point 5–13 mm long.
Stamens shortly exserted; anthers 10–14 mm long. Style 15–17 cm long; stigma above
level of anthers. Capsule globose, to 3.5 cm diam., deflexed, spiny; spines numerous,
sharp, all about equal in length, usually 3–5 mm long; persistent base of calyx to
10 mm long, prominent. Seeds 5–6 mm long, yellow-brown to grey-brown. Hairy
Thornapple. Fig. 52D.
Occurs naturally in California, Mexico, and western Texas. Occasionally grown as an
ornamental. Uncommon garden escape in N.S.W., Vic., S.A., and W.A. Map 204.
W.A.: Northam, Royce 5675 (PERTH). N.T.: Alice Springs, P. K. Latz 6722 (NT). S.A.:
Mannum, D. E. Symon 1942 (ADW). N.S.W.: Finley, D. E. Symon 9804 (NSW). Vic.:
Yarrawonga, Mar. 1953, R. H. Nation (MEL).
A variable species; leaf margin, style length and spine length occasionally approach
those of D. inoxia Miller with which it has sometimes been misidentified under the
misapplied name D. metel L.
6. *Datura metel L., Sp. Pl. 1: 179 (1753)

T: From Asia, Africa; n.v.
Annual herb, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with non-glandular hairs. Mature leaves
ovate to broadly ovate and angular, lamina up to 16 cm long and 15 cm wide,
slightly sinuate to coarsely serrate. Calyx 4–7 cm long, 5 (occasionally up to
9)–lobed; lobes 8–15 mm long. Corolla usually double or triple, the inner one
14–20 cm long, deep purple outside, pale lavender to white inside; limb 5
(occasionally to 9)–lobed, the lobes ending in slender point 10–25 mm long. Stamens
not exserted; anthers 8–12 mm long. Style 10–14 cm long; stigma 2–4 cm below
anthers. Capsule globose or nearly so, 3–4 cm diam., deflexed, tuberculate; tubercles
100–200, conical, all about equal in length, 2–5 mm long. Persistent base of calyx to
3 mm long. Seeds 4–5 mm long, yellow. Fig. 52E.
194
SOLANACEAE Datura
Believed to have originated in Asia; widely cultivated in the tropics and as an indoor
plant in temperate regions. In Australia, an uncommon garden escape in Qld, N.S.W.,
S.A., W.A., and N.T. Map 205.
W.A.: Melville, A. S. George 4377 (PERTH). N.T.: cult. Alice Springs, 8 June 1958,
G. Chippendale (NT). S.A.: cult. Blackwood, S.A., from seed 320 km from Alice Springs, N.T.,
A. Ashby 87 (AD). Qld: Thursday Island, 4 Oct. 1971, M. Williams (BRI). N.S.W.: cult.
Brewarrina, May 1926, J. R. Burns (NSW).
The name D. metel commonly misapplied to D. inoxia Miller and D. wrightii Regel
in early Australian literature.
Trib. X. HYOSCYAMEAE
Trib. Hyoscyameae Miers, J. Bot. 5: 148 (1846).

Type genus: Hyoscyamus L.
Herbs. Corolla infundibular-campanulate, slightly zygomorphic; aestivation imbricate
or quincuncial. Stamens 5; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary bilocular. Fruit a
capsule with circumscissile operculum; calyx enlarged, indurated; embryo coiled or
spiral.
Contains several small genera found mainly in Eurasia.
23. HYOSCYAMUS
Hyoscyamus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 179 (1753) and Gen. Pl. 5th edn, 84 (1754); from the
Greek hys (a hog) and kyamos (a bean), alluding to the belief that it poisoned swine.
Type species: H. niger L.
Annual or perennial herbs, pubescent with glandular or simple, non-glandular hairs.
Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed or lobed, petiolate or sessile. Inflorescence
a dense unilateral spike. Flowers bisexual, slightly zygomorphic, each subtended by a
leafy bract. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5–lobed, enlarging in fruit. Corolla broadly
funnel-shaped, yellowish; limb 5–lobed, the lobes folded in bud. Stamens 5,
subequal, inserted near base of corolla-tube; anthers bilocular, basifixed, dehiscing by
longitudinal slits. Ovary bilocular; stigma capitate. Fruit a capsule, smooth or nearly
so, opening by an apical lid, enclosed in enlarged calyx. Seeds reniform to orbicular.
A genus of c. 20 species native to Europe and north Africa, and extending eastwards
to central Asia. One species, H. niger L., formerly widely cultivated as a source of
alkaloids for medicinal drugs. Two species of apparently transitory occurrence in
Australia, recorded infrequently as spontaneous weeds of waste places.
1 Cauline leaves sessile; corolla pale yellow with purple veins 1. H. niger
1: Cauline leaves petiolate; corolla cream or white 2. H. albus
195
Hyoscyamus SOLANACEAE
1. *Hyoscyamus niger L., Sp. Pl. 1: 179 (1753)

T: 'Habitat in Europae'; LINN 244.1, n.v., fide E. Schönbeck-Temesy, Fl. Iranica 100: 66 (1972).
Foetid annual or biennial herb to 50 cm. Basal leaves ovate, petiolate, the lamina up
to 13 cm long, with 2–4 triangular lobes on each side; cauline leaves smaller, sessile
and stem clasping. Flowers subsessile. Calyx 10–15 mm long, the lobes triangular,
2–3 mm long. Corolla 20–30 mm diam., pale yellow with conspicuous purple veins.
Anthers somewhat exserted. Fruiting calyx broadly urn-shaped, to 25 mm long, veins
prominent. Seeds c. 1.5 mm long, brown. Black Henbane. Fig. 47F–H.
Known only from early collections from scattered localities in eastern N.S.W., Vic.
and southern S.A. Map 206.
N.S.W.: Cult. Sydney, 22 Jan. 1917, E. N. Ward (NSW).
2. *Hyoscyamus albus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 180 (1753)

T: From southern Europe; LINN. 244.2 n.v., fide E. Schönbeck-Temesy, Fl. Iranica 100: 69 (1972).
Annual, biennial or perennial herb to 50 cm. Leaves orbicular-ovate, the lamina
4–10 cm long, deeply toothed; petiole 1–5 cm long. Lowest flowers with pedicels to
8 mm long, other flowers sessile. Calyx 10–15 mm long, the lobes broadly triangular,
1.5–2.5 mm long. Corolla to 30 mm long, usually cream or white, the throat tinged
with green or purple. Anthers included or slightly exserted. Fruiting calyx broadly
tubular-campanulate, slightly swollen in lower half, 20–25 mm long. White Henbane.
Fig. 47E.
Known mostly from early collections from scattered localities in south-eastern Qld,
Vic. and Tas. Map 207.
Qld: Brisbane, 13 Oct. 1976, D. Martin (BRI). Tas.: Hobart, Dec. 1876, W. W. Spicer (HO).
196
196. Physalis virginiana 197. Physalis viscosa 198. Withania somnifera
199. Nicandra physalodes 200. Datura stramonium 201. Datura ferox
202. Datura leichhardtii 203. Datura inoxia 204. Datura wrightii
205. Datura metel 206. Hyoscyamus niger 207. Hyoscyamus albus
197
Abbreviations and Contractions
Author abbreviations follow the Draft Index of Author Abbreviations compiled at the
Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (HMSO, London, 1980).
Journal titles are abbreviated in accordance with G.H.M.Lawrence et al.,

Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum (Hunt Botanical Library, Pittsburgh, 1968).
Other literature is abbreviated in accordance with F.A.Stafleu & R.S.Cowan,

Taxonomic Literature, 2nd edn (Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht, 1976–), except
that upper case initial letters are used for proper names and significant words. The
Flora of Australia is abbreviated to Fl. Australia.
Abbreviations of herbaria are in accordance with P.K.Holmgren, W. Keuken

& E. K. Schofield, Index Herbariorum Part I, 7th edn (Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht,
1981). Those most commonly cited in the Flora are:
AD State Herbarium of South Australia, Adelaide
ADW Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide
BM British Museum (Natural History), London
BRI Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane
CANB Australian National Herbarium, Canberra
CBG Australian National Botanic Gardens Herbarium, Canberra
DNA Northern Territory Herbarium, Darwin
HO Tasmanian Herbarium, Hobart
JCT James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville
K Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
MEL National Herbarium of Victoria, Melbourne
NSW National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney
NT Northern Territory Herbarium, Alice Springs
PERTH Western Australian Herbarium, Perth
QRS Australian National Herbarium, Atherton
US Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Abbreviations of Australian States and Territories and nearby countries as used in statements
of distribution and citation of collections.
A.C.T. Australian Capital Territory
N.Caled. New Caledonia
N.S.W. New South Wales
N.T. Northern Territory
N.Z. New Zealand
P.N.G. Papua New Guinea
Qld Queensland
S.A. South Australia
Tas. Tasmania
Vic. Victoria
W.A. Western Australia
198
General abbreviations
alt. altitude
app. appendix
auct. auctoris (of an author or authors)
c. circa (about)
cm centimetre
col. colour
coll. collector
cult. cultivated
diam. diameter
E east
ed. editor
edn edition
et al. et alii/and others
eds editors
fam. familia/family
fig./figs figure/figures (in other works)
Fig. Figure (referring to a Figure in this Volume of the Flora)
holo holotype
iso isotype
km kilometre
lat. latitude
lecto lectotype
loc. cit. loco citato (in the same work and page as just cited)
long. longitude
L.S. longitudinal section
m metre
mm millimetre
N north
n haploid chromosome number
2n diploid chromosome number
nom. cons. nomen conservandum (conserved name)
nom. illeg. nomen illegitimum (illegitimate name)
nom. inval. nomen invalidum (invalid name)
nom. nud. nomen nudum
nom. rej. nomen rejiciendum (rejected name)
n. ser. new series
n.v. non vidi (not seen)
op. cit. opere citato (in the work cited above)
p./pp. page/pages
p.p. pro parte (in part)
S south
sect. sectio/section
ser. series/series
s. lat. sensu lato (in a wide sense)
sp./spp. species (singular/plural)
s. str. sensu stricto (in a narrow sense)
Stn (pastoral) Station
subg. subgenus
subsp. subspecies
suppl. supplement
syn syntype
synon. synonym
199
T Type (collection)
t. tabula (plate)
trib. tribus/tribe
W west
x basic chromosome number
Symbols
† taxon included in key but not treated further in text
* naturalised taxon
[] misapplied name or nomen invalidum
Publication date of the previous volume
Volume 1 22 August 1981
For the publication date of Volume 29, see Volume 8.
200
INDEX
Accepted names are in roman, synonyms in italic.
Principal page references are in bold, figures in italic.
Afghan Thistle 155, 156 Anthocercis continued

Androcera Nutt. 120 viscosa R. Br. 7
lobata Nutt. 120 subsp. caudata Haegi 7, 10, 19
Anthocerceae Don 5 subsp. viscosa 7, 19
Anthocercideae Don 5 var. baueriana Benth. 7
Anthocercis Labill. 5, 6 Anthocercis auct. non Labill. 17
sect. Cyphanthera (Miers) F. Muell. 21 Anthotroche Endl. 30
albicans Cunn. 23 blackii F. Muell. 32
var. tomentosa Benth. 24 healiana F. Muell. 32
sensu Maiden & Betche 24 myoporoides C. Gardner 20, 30, 33, 49
amblyantha F. Muell. 26 pannosa Endl. 21, 30, 32, 37, 49
angustifolia F. Muell. 8, 19 truncata Ising 29
anisantha Endl. 12 walcottii F. Muell. 32, 49
subsp. anisantha 10, 12, 19 Apple, Devil’s 119
subsp. collina Haegi 12, 19 Kangaroo 110, 112, 113
anthocercidea (F. Muell.) Druce 22 Mountain Kangaroo 112
arborea F. Muell. 11 Spiny Kangaroo 130
aromatica C. Gardner 16 Apple of Peru 188
eadesii F. Muell. 22 Apple of Sodom 162
fasciculata F. Muell. 8, 19 Atropa 4, 5
frondosa (Miers) J. Black 28 belladonna L. 1
frondosa auct. non (Miers) J. Black 23 frutescens L. 184
genistifolia Gand. 23 glandulosa Hook. 67
genistoides Miers 11, 14, 19 physalodes L. 186, 188
glabella Miers 8 rhomboidea Hook. 67
gracilis Benth. 12, 13, 19 Aubergine 70
hopwoodii F. Muell. 18
ilicifolia Hook. 9 Bittersweet 103
subsp. caldariola Haegi 11, 19 Boxthorn, African 64
subsp. ilicifolia 9, 10, 19 Australian 64
intricata F. Muell. 11, 19 Chinese 66
leichhardtii F. Muell. 18 Kaffir 66
littorea Labill. 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 19 Brinjal 70
microphylla F. Muell. 27 Browallia L. 1, 61
myosotidea F. Muell. 26 americana L. 61, 62
odgersii F. Muell. 27 demissa L. 62
odgersii F. Muell sensu A. J. Ewart 28 Brunfelsia 1
racemosa F. Muell. 25 Burr, Buffalo 120
scabrella Benth. 25 Narrawa 161
spinescens F. Muell. 11
tasmanica (Miers) J. D. Hook. 25 Cape Gooseberry 1, 183
tenuipes Gand. 13, 18 Sticky 184
201
INDEX
Capsicum L. 1, 177 Cyphanthera continued

annuum L. 177 tomentosa (Benth.) Miers 24
var. annuum 178 Cyphomandra C. Martius ex Sendtner 68
var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & betacea (Cav.) Sendtner 68, 101
Pickersgill 176, 178, 185, 191
frutescens L. 176,178,185 Datura L. 1, 188, 189
var. queenslandicum Domin 178 fastuosa L. 189
hispidum var. glabriusculum Dunal 178 ferox L. 190, 192, 193, 197
Cestreae Don 5, 34 inoxia Miller 192, 193, 194, 195, 197
Cestreas Don 5 leichhardtii F. Muell. ex Benth. 189, 192,
Cestroideae Reiche 5 193, 197
Cestrum L. 1, 5, 34, 35 metel L. 189, 192, 194, 195, 197
aurantiacum Lindley 33, 36, 49 metel auct. non L. 193, 194, 195
elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schldl. 33, 35, stramonium L. 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 197
49 stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torrey 190
Green 38 tatula L. 190
nocturnum L. 35, 36 wrightii Regel 192, 194, 195, 197
Orange 36 Datureae Don 62, 188
parqui L’Hér. 36, 38, 49 Deadly Nightshade 1, 5
Cherry, Ground 180 Devil’s Apple 119
Jerusalem 116 Devil’s Fig 122
Madeira Winter 116 Giant 121
Perennial Ground 184 Devil’s Needles 125
Sticky Ground 184 Dirran Curse 160
Winter 186 Duboisia R. Br. 1, 17
Chili 1, 177 campbellii Morrison 21
Corkwood 18 hopwoodii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 14, 15, 18,
Crenidium Haegi 34 31
spinescens Haegi 33, 34, 37, 49 leichhardtii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 18, 31
Cyphanthera Miers 21 myoporoides R. Br. 5, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 28
albicans (Cunn.) Miers 18, 23, 28 Duboisieae Miers 5
subsp. albicans 24, 31
subsp. notabilis Haegi 24, 31 Eadesia F. Muell. 21
subsp. tomentosa (Benth.) Haegi 24, 31 anthocercidea F. Muell. 21, 22
anthocercidea (F. Muell.) Haegi 14, 20, 22, Eggplant 1, 70
31 Entrecasteauxia Montr. 17
cuneata Miers 18, 28 elliptica Montr. 17
frondosa Miers 18, 28 Eremophila saligna (S. Moore) C. Gardner 21
microphylla Miers 1, 27, 31
miersiana Haegi 26, 31 Fig, Devil’s 122
myosotidea (F. Muell.) Haegi 26, 31 Devil’s, Giant 121
odgersii (F. Muell.) Haegi 27 Flannel Bush 150
subsp. occidentalis Haegi 28, 31
subsp. odgersii 20, 27, 31 Gooseberry, Cape 1, 183
ovalifolia Miers 24 Sticky Cape 184
racemosa (F. Muell.) Haegi 25, 31 Wild 181
scabrella (Benth.) Miers 13, 18, 20, 24, 25, 31
tasmanica Miers 25, 31
202
INDEX
Grammosolen Haegi 28 Narrawa Burr 161

dixonii (F. Muell. & Tate) Haegi 15, 21, 26, Nettle, White Horse 132
28, 29, 31, 33 Newcastelia dixonii F. Muell. & Tate 28, 29
truncatus (Ising) Haegi 29, 33, 49 Nicandra Adans. 186
Ground Cherry 180 physalodes (L.) Gaertner 186, 187, 188, 191,
Perennial 184 197
Sticky 184 Nicandreae Wettst. 62, 186
Nicotiana L. 1, 21, 38, 58
Habrothamus elegans Brongn. ex Neumann 35 sect. Paniculatae Goodspeed 57
Henbane, Black 1, 196 sect. Suaveolentes Goodspeed 45
White 196 alata Link & Otto 43
Hyoscyameae Miers 62, 195 amplexicaulis N. Burb. 50, 59
Hyoscyamus L. 195 australis R. Br. 57
albus L. 187, 196, 197 axillaris Lam . 58
niger L. 1, 187, 195, 196, 197 benthamiana Domin 37, 40, 41, 42, 48, 59
cavicola N. Burb. 39, 40, 41, 46, 49
Isandra F. Muell. 13 debneyi Domin 45
bancroftii F. Muell. 13, 16 subsp. debneyi 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 49
subsp. monoschizocarpa P. Horton 41, 46,
Jaborosa A. L. Juss. 66 49
Jaboroseae Miers 62, 66 excelsior (J. Black) J. Black 39, 41, 42, 50,
Jerusalem Cherry 116 59
exigua H. Wheeler 54
Kaffir Boxthorn 66 fastigiata Nees 56
Kangaroo Apple 110, 112, 113 flindersiensis Nicholls 57
Mountain 112 glauca Graham 43, 57, 59
Spiny 130 goodspeedii H. Wheeler 41, 42, 54, 57, 59
gossei Domin 39, 41, 51, 52, 59
Lady of the Night 36 hesperis N. Burb. 48
Lily-of-the-valley, Pampas 67 ingulba J. Black 54
Lycianthes 3, 5 macrocalyx Domin 50
Lyciae Hunz. 62, 63 maritima H. Wheeler 39, 55, 56, 59
Lycium L. 1, 63 megalosiphon Van Heurck & Muell. Arg. 51,
afrum L. 63, 64, 66, 101 56
australe F. Muell. 64, 65, 101 subsp. megalosiphon 39, 41, 42, 52, 59
barbarum L. 65, 66, 101 subsp. sessilifolia P. Horton 39, 52, 59
chinense auct. non Miller 66 neesii Lehm. ex Nees 56
europaeum auct. non L. 64 obtusisepala Domin 58
ferocissimum Miers 64, 65, 66, 101, 191 occidentalis H. Wheeler 47
macrocalyx Domin 64 subsp. hesperis (N. Burb.) P. Horton 41,
Lycopersicon Miller 175 42, 48, 49
esculentum Miller 175, 177 subsp. obliqua N. Burb. 47, 49
lycopersicum (L.) Karsten ex Farwell 1, 175, subsp. occidentalis 47, 49
177, 185 paniculata L. 57
rosulata (S. Moore) Domin 53
Madeira Winter Cherry 116 subsp. ingulba (J. Black) P. Horton 54, 59
subsp. rosulata 37, 41, 42, 53, 59
rotundifolia Lindley 56, 59
subsp. aridicola N. Burb. 56
203
INDEX
Nicotiana continued Pepper 1

rustica L. 43 Cayenne 177
simulans N. Burb. 41, 52, 57, 59 Native 115
stenocarpa H. Wheeler 53 Peru, Apple of 188
suaveolens Lehm. 41, 45, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59 Petunia A. L. Juss. 1, 58
var. cordifolia Benth. 48 axillaris (Lam.) Britton, Sterns & Pogg. 58,
var. excelsior J. Black 50 60, 101
var. longiflora Benth. 51 × hybrida Vilm . 60
var. parviflora Benth. 45, 54, 55 integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thellung 60
var. rosulata S. Moore 53 parviflora A. L. Juss. 58, 60, 101
var. rotundifolia (Lindley) Comes 56 Physalis L. 1, 179
var. undulata (Vent.) Comes 54 alkekengi L. 179
sylvestris Spegazzini & Comes 43 indica auct. non Lam. 181
tabacum L. 38, 43 ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem. 180, 181, 182, 185
umbratica N. Burb. 39, 41, 46, 49 lanceifolia Nees 180, 182, 185
undulata Vent. 54 lanceolata Michaux 184
velutina H. Wheeler 39, 41, 42, 55, 57, 59 minima L. 179, 181, 182, 185
Nicotianeae Don 5, 38 origanifolia Lam. 67
Nierembergia Ruíz Lopez & Pavón 1, 60 parviflora R. Br. 181
hippomanica Miers 61, 65, 101 peruviana L. 1, 182, 183, 185
var. caerulea (Miers) Millan 61 philadelphica Lam. 181, 182, 185
var. violacea Millan 61 pubescens L. 183, 185
repens Ruíz Lopez & Pavón 60 pumila var. sonorae Torrey 183
Nightshade, Black-berry 99 sommfera L. 186
Brazilian 105 virginiana Miller 183, 197
Deadly 1, 5 var. sonorae (Torrey) Waterfall 183
Eastern 155 viscosa L. 182, 184, 197
Forest 152 Pituri 21
Glossy 95 Poisonberry, Green 38
Green-berry 98 Potato 1, 70
Jasmine 104 Potato Bush 141
Lagoon 140 Potato Climber 104
Pincushion 120 Potato Tree 115
Rock 149 Potato Weed 141
Silver-leaf 132 Prickly 156
Thargomindah 146
Three-flowered 104 Quena 137
Violet 159
Western 134 Ray Flower, Grey 23
White-edge 162
Whitetip 99 Salpichroa Miers 67
Woody 103 glandulosa (Hook.) Miers 67
Woolly 102 origanifolia (Lam.) Baillon 65, 67, 101
rhomboidea (Hook.) Miers 67
Oondoroo 113 Salpiglossideae Benth. 5, 61
Salpiglossis Ruíz Lopez & Pavón 1, 61
Pampas Lily-of-the-valley 67 Schizanthus 1
Paprika 177 Sodom, Apple of 162
204
INDEX
SOLANACEAE 1 Solanum continued

subfam. Cestroideae Reiche 5 amblymerum Dunal 130
subfam. Solanoideae 62 americanum Miller 95, 101
trib. Cestreae Don 34 angustum Domin 125
trib. Datureae Don 62, 188 armatum R. Br. 152
trib. Hyoscyameae Miers 62, 195 var. cultum Dunal 152
trib. Jaboroseae Miers 62, 66 ashbyae Symon 151, 153
trib. Lycieae Hunz. 62, 63 asymmetriphyllum Specht 97, 109, 166, 172,
trib. Nicandreae Wettst. 62, 186 185
trib. Nicotianeae Don 5, 38 var. 1ongiflorum Specht 172
trib. Salpiglossideae Benth. 61 auriculatum Aiton 115
trib. Solaneae 62, 68 aviculare G. Forster 70, 105, 112, 117
Solandra 1 var. brisbanense Herasim. 105
Solaneae 62, 68 var. 1aciniatum (Aiton) Domin 110
Solanoideae 62 var. typicum Domin 105
Solanum L. 1, 62, 68, 69, 175 var. vescum (F. Muell.) Ewart 112
sect. Acanthophora Dunal 118 balbisii Dunal 120
sect. Androceras (Nutt.) Bitter ex Marz. 120 beaugleholei Symon 164, 165, 173
sect. Archaesolanum (Bitter ex Marz.) Danert betaceum Cav. 68
105 biflorum R. Br. 142
sect. Brevantherum Seithe 115 brisbanense (Herasim.) Herasim. 105
sect. Campanulata Symon 160 brownii Dunal 97, 158, 163, 166
sect. Cryptocarpum Dunal 120 callium C. White ex R. Henderson 102, 117
sect. Dulcamara Dumort. 102 campanulatum R. Br. 96, 108, 154, 160, 163
sect. Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe 124 capsiciforme (Domin) Baylis 106, 114, 117
sect. Irenosolanum Seithe 122 capsicoides All. 73, 118, 127
sect. Jasminosolanum Bitter ex Seithe 104 carduiforme F. Muell. 171, 185
sect. Lasiocarpum (Dunal) D’Arcy 119 carolinense auct. non L. 131
sect. Leiodendra Dunal 102 cataphractum Cunn. ex Benth. 171, 185
sect. Melongena Dunal 161 centrale J. Black 107, 136, 137, 145
sect. Micracantha Dunal 159 chenopodinum F. Muell. 72, 107, 130, 135
sect. Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter 131 chenopodioides Lam. 98, 101, 106
sect. Pseudocapsica Roemer & Schultes 116 chippendalei Symon 109, 164, 165, 166, 167,
sect. Pugiunculifera Symon 118 173
sect. Solanum 95 cinereum R. Br. 108, 159, 161, 166, 173
sect. Torva Nees 121 clarkiae Symon 109, 167, 173
ser. Avicularia Herasim. 105 cleistogamum Symon 142, 145
ser. Graciliflora Dunal 124 coactiliferum J. Black 107, 134, 137, 145
ser. Laciniata Herasim. 110 cookii Symon 154, 163
ser. Oliganthes Dunal 131 corifolium F. Muell. 125, 126, 135
ser. Similia Herasim. 113 crassissimum (Benth.) Domin 150
subgen. Archaesolanum Bitter ex Marz. 105 crassitomentosum Domin 148
subser. Lasiocarpa Dunal 119 cunninghamii Benth. 109, 170, 173
accedens Domin 125 curvicuspe Domin 158
aculeatissimum Jacq. 118 f. curvispinum Domin 159
aculeatissimum auct. non Jacq. 121 dallachii Benth. 71, 157, 163
adenophorum F. Muell. 139, 145 defensum F. Muell. 128
var. indivisum Domin 154
var. typicum Domin 139
205
INDEX
Solanum continued Solanum continued

densevestitum F. Muell. ex Benth. 72, 107, gracile Dunal 98, 99
129, 130, 135 gracile Sendtner 98
dianthophorum Dunal 142, 143, 145 graciliflorum Dunal 124
dietrichiae Domin 104 gracilius Herter 99
dimidiatum Raf. 131, 135 hamulosum C. White 159, 160, 163
dimorphispinum C. White 97, 160, 163 hermannii Dunal 162, 173
dioicum W. Fitzg . 96, 109, 169, 170, 171, hesperium Symon 136, 145
173 heteropodium Symon 168, 173
discolor R. Br. 128, 135 hispidum Pers. 121, 127
var. procumbens C. White 126 hoplopetalum Bitter & Summerh. 155, 163
diversiflorum F. Muell. 73, 167, 173 horridum Dunal. ex Poiret 142, 143, 153
douglasii Dunal 78, 95 var. repandifolium Dunal 143
dulcamara L. 102, 103, 117 hystrix R. Br. 72, 155, 156, 163
dunalianum Gaudich. 122, 127 inaequilaterum Domin 156, 157, 163
eardleyae Symon 108, 149, 153 inceanum Domin 150
eburneum Symon 168, 173 indicum L. 131
echinatum R. Br. 107, 143, 146, 147, 153 jasminoides Paxton 104, 117
elachophyllum F. Muell. 71, 138, 145 karsense Symon 148, 153
elaeagnifolium Cav. 131, 135 lachnophyllum Symon 108, 150, 153
elegans Dunal 130, 135 laciniatum Aiton 70, 106, 110, 111, 117
ellipticum R. Br. 107, 132, 141, 143, 145 lacunarium F. Muell. 73, 140, 145
f. aibiflorum Domin 141 largiflorum C. White 122
f. inermis Wawra 137 lasiocarpum Dunal 119
var. chillagoense Domin 141 lasiophyllum Dunal ex Poiret 108, 150, 153
var. duribaccalis J. Black 148 var. crassissimum Benth. 150
var. horridum Domin 141 leopoldense Symon 172, 185
var. mollibaccalis J. Black 141 leptophyllum F. Muell. 126
var. panmfolium Cunn. ex Benth. 143 linearifolium Herasim. ex Symon 110, 111,
var. typicum Domin 141 112, 113, 117
eremophilum F. Muell. 140, 145 lithophilum F. Muell. 141
erianthum D. Don 115, 127 lucani F. Muell. 72, 97, 107, 144, 147, 153
eriophyllum Dunal 150 lucorum Domin 125
esuriale Lindley 97, 107, 132, 136, 137, 138, lycopersicum L. 175
140, 145 macoorai Bailey 156, 157, 163
var. sublobatum Domin 137 magnifolium F. Muell. 124
fascicuiatum F. Muell. 114 mammosum L. 78, 118
fasciculatum Yell. 114 marginatum L.f. 109, 162, 173
ferocissimum Lindley 71, 96, 107, 125, 126, mauritianum Scop. 71, 106, 115, 127
135 melanospermum F. Muell. 72, 109, 165, 173
var. hastilobum Domin 126 melanospermum auct. non F. Muell. 165
var. rectispineum Domin 126 melongena L. 1, 70, 80, 89, 161
var. typicum Domin 126 micracanthos Lam. 159
ferox L. 106, 119, 127 mitchellianum Domin 124
furcatum Dunal ex Poiret 98, 101 Money-leaved 133
furfuraceum R. Br. 158, 163 morrisonii Domin 146
gabrielae Domin 72, 152, 153 multiglochidiatum Domin 154, 163
giganteum Jacq. 75, 87
gilesii Symon 71, 151, 153
206
INDEX
Solanum continued Solanum continued

nemophilum F. Muell. 129, 135 scabrum Miller 78
var. brachycarpum Domin 129 schultesii Opiz 99
var. typicum Domin 129 seaforthianum Andrews 73, 105, 117
nemophilum auct. non F. Muell. 136 seitheae Symon 144, 153
nigrum L. 69, 99, 101 semiarmatum F. Muell. frontispiece, 73, 124,
subsp. schultesii (Opiz) Wessely 99 127
nigrum auct. non L. 95, 98 shanesii F. Muell. 178
nitidibaccatum Bitter 100 simile F. Muell. 73, 106, 113, 114, 117
nodiflorum Jacq. 95, 98 var. capsiciforme Domin 114
subsp. nutans R. Henderson 95 var. fasciculatum Domin 114
nudum Dunal 102 var. fasciculatum (F. Muell.) J. Black 114
nummularium S. Moore 71, 107, 133, 135 var. fastigiatum Domin 114
oedipus Symon 72, 109, 169, 173 var. typicum Domin 113
oldfieldii F. Muell. 71, 96, 133, 135 sisymbriifolium Lam. 120, 121, 127
var. plicatile S. Moore 134 × shirleyanum Domin 126
oligacanthum F. Muell. 71, 108, 146, 153 sodomeum L. var. hermannii (Dunal) Dunal
opacum A. Braun & Bouche 98, 101 162
opacum auct. non A. Braun & Bouche 99 sodomeum auct. non L. 162
orbiculatum Dunal ex Poiret 132, 133 sporadotrichum F. Muell. 156, 163
subsp. macrophyllum Symon 71, 133, 135 sporadotrichum auct. non F. Muell. 157
subsp. orbiculatum 71, 97, 107, 132, 135 stellatum Jacq. 121
palitans Morton 103, 117 stellatum Ruíz Lopez & Pavón 121
papaverifolium Symon 139, 145 stelligerum Smith 111, 124, 125, 127, 128
parvifolium R. Br. 72, 125, 126, 130, 135 var. magnifolium Benth. 124
petraeum Symon 109, 170, 173 var. procumbens C. White 125
petrophilum F. Muell. 108, 140, 147, 149, sturtianum F. Muell. 108, 146, 153
153 sturtii F. Muell. 146
var. pedicellatum Ewart & Davies 142 symonii H. Eichler 114, 117
phlomoides Cunn. ex Benth. 96, 164, 165, terraneum Symon 141, 142, 145
173 tetrandrum R. Br. 107, 123, 127
phlomoides auct. non Cunn. ex Benth. 165 var. angustifolium A. Morrison 146
pinnatifolium Salisb. 110 var. ?floribundum Benth. 123
plicatile (S. Moore) Symon 71, 134, 135, 136 tetrathecum F. Muell. 138, 145, 147
Porcupine 155 torvum Sw. 96, 121, 122, 127
prinophyllum Dunal 152, 155, 163 triflorum Nutt. 73, 103, 106, 111, 117
pseudocapsicum L. 116, 127 var. ponticum (Prodan) Borza 104
pubescens auct. non Willd. 144 tuberosum L. 1, 70, 74, 76
pugiunculiferum C. White 106, 118, 127 tudununggae Symon 174, 185
pulchellum F. Muell. 137 tumulicola Symon 136, 137, 145
pungetium R. Br. 72, 154, 163 vansittartense C. Gardner 174, 185
quadriloculatum F. Muell. 148, 153 verbascifolium auct. non L. 115
rantonnei Carriere 76 vescum F. Muell. 73, 110, 112, 114, 117
repandum auct. non G. Forster 157 villosum Miller 100, 117
retroflexum Dunal 100, 101 violaceum R. Br. 158
rostratum Dunal 73, 106, 120, 127 f. scabrum (Benth.) Domin 158
Round-leaved 132 var. album Maiden & Betche 158
sarrachoides Sendtner 100, 117 var. amblymerum (Dunal) Maiden & Betche
130
207
INDEX
Solanum continued
violaceum var. scabrum Benth. 158
var. variegatum R. Baker 158
viride R. Br. 123, 127
viridifolium Dunal 123
wendlandii J. D. Hook, 70, 74, 75
wilkinsii S. Moore 143
woahense Dunal 122
xanthocarpum auct. non Schrader 152
yirrkalense Symon 128, 135
Streptosolen 1
Symonanthus Haegi 13
aromaticus (C. Gardner) Haegi 14, 15, 16, 19
bancroftii (F. Muell.) Haegi 13, 14, 16, 19
Tailflower, Slender 13
Sticky 7
Yellow 9
Tamarillo 69
Thistle, Afghan 155, 156
Thornapple 1
Common 190
Downy 194
Fierce 190
Hairy 194
Longspine 190
Native 193
Tobacco 1, 43
Coast 55
Native 47, 55
Tree 57
Tobacco Tree 115
Wild 116
Tomatillo 181
Tomato 1, 177
Tomato, Tree 69
White Horse Nettle 132

Withania Pauquy 184
frutescens (L.) Pauquy 184
somnifera (L.) Dunal 186, 187, 197
208
Flora of Australia — Index to families of flowering plants.
Bold figures denote published volumes.
Volume Volume Volume

Acanthaceae 33 Campanulaceae 34 Ericaceae 9
Aceraceae 25 Cannabaceae 3 Eriocaulaceae 40
Actinidiaceae 6 Cannaceae 45 Erythroxylaceae 24
Agavaceae 46 Capparaceae 8 Eucryphiaceae 10
Aizoaceae 4 Caprifoliaceae 36 Euphorbiaceae 23
Akaniaceae 25 Cardiopteridaceae 22 Eupomatiaceae 2
Alangiaceae 22 Caryophyllaceae 5 Fabaceae 13, 14, 15
Alismataceae 39 Casuarinaceae 3 Fagaceae 3
Amaranthaceae 5 Celastraceae 22 Flacourtiaceae 8
Anacardiaceae 25 Centrolepidaceae 40 Flagellariaceae 40
Annonaceae 2 Cephalotaceae 10 Frankeniaceae 8
Apiaceae 27 Ceratophyllaceae 2 Fumariaceae 2
Apocynaceae 28 Chenopodiaceae 4 Gentianaceae 28
Aponogetonaceae 39 Chrysobalanaceae 10 Geraniaceae 27
Aquifoliaceae 22 Cistaceae 8 Gesneriaceae 33
Araceae 39 Clusiaceae 6 Goodeniaceae 35
Araliaceae 27 Combretaceae 18 Grossulariaceae 10
Arecaceae 39 Commelinaceae 40 Gunneraceae 18
Aristolochiaceae 2 Connaraceae 10 Gyrostemonaceae 8
Asclepiadaceae 28 Convolvulaceae 30 Haemodoraceae 45
Asteraceae 37, 38 Corsiaceae 47 Haloragaceae 18
Austrobaileyaceae 2 Corynocarpaceae 22 Hamamelidaceae 3
Balanopaceae 3 Costaceae 45 Hanguanaceae 46
Balanophoraceae 22 Crassulaceae 10 Hernandiaceae 2
Basellaceae 5 Cucurbitaceae 8 Himantandraceae 2
Bataceae 8 Cunoniaceae 10 Hippocrateaceae 22
Berberidaceae 2 Cuscutaceae 30 Hydatellaceae 45
Betulaceae 3 Cymodoceaceae 39 Hydrocharitaceae 39
Bignoniaceae 33 Cyperaceae 41, 42 Hydrophyllaceae 30
Bixaceae 8 Datiscaceae 8 Icacinaceae 22
Bombacaceae 7 Davidsoniaceae 10 Idiospermaceae 2
Boraginaceae 30 Dichapetalaceae 22 Iridaceae 46
Brassicaceae 8 Dilleniaceae 6 Juncaceae 40
Bromeliaceae 45 Dioscoreaceae 46 Juncaginaceae 39
Brunoniaceae 35 Dipsacaceae 36 Lamiaceae 31
Burmanniaceae 47 Donatiaceae 34 Lauraceae 2
Burseraceae 25 Droseraceae 8 Lecythidaceae 8
Byblidaceae 10 Ebenaceae 10 Leeaceae 24
Cabombaceae 2 Elaeagnaceae 16 Lemnaceae 39
Cactaceae 4 Elaeocarpaceae 7 Lentibulariaceae 33
Caesalpiniaceae 12 Elatinaceae 6 Liliaceae 45
Callitrichaceae 32 Epacridaceae 9 Limnocharitaceae 39
Volume Volume Volume
Linaceae 24 Piperaceae 2 Surianaceae 10

Loganiaceae 28 Pittosporaceae 10 Symplocaceae 10
Loranthaceae 22 Plantaginaceae 32 Taccaceae 46
Lythraceae 18 Plumbaginaceae 5 Tamaricaceae 8
Magnoliaceae 2 Poaceae 43, 44 Theaceae 6
Malpighiaceae 24 Podostemaceae 18 Thymelaeaceae 18
Malvaceae 7 Polemoniaceae 30 Tiliaceae 7
Marantaceae 45 Polygalaceae 24 Trapaceae 18
Tremandraceae 24
Melastomataceae 18 Polygonaceae 5
Triuridaceae 39
Meliaceae 26 Pontederiaceae 45
Tropaeolaceae 27
Melianthaceae 25 Portulacaceae 5
Typhaceae 45
Menispermaceae 2 Posidoniaceae 39
Ulmaceae 3
Menyanthaceae 30 Potamogetonaceae 39
Urticaceae 3
Mimosaceae 11, 12 Primulaceae 10 Valerianaceae 36
Molluginaceae 5 Proteaceae 16, 17 Verbenaceae 30
Monimiaceae 2 Punicaceae 18 Violaceae 8
Moraceae 3 Rafflesiaceae 22 Viscaceae 22
Moringaceae 8 Ranunculaceae 2 Vitaceae 24
Musaceae 45 Resedaceae 8 Winteraceae 2
Myoporaceae 33 Restionaceae 40 Xanthophyllaceae 24
Myristicaceae 2 Rhamnaceae 24 Xanthorrhoeaceae 46
Myrsinaceae 10 Rhizophoraceae 22 Xyridaceae 40
Myrtaceae 19, 20, 21 Rosaceae 10 Zannichelliaceae 39
Najadaceae 39 Rubiaceae 36 Zingiberaceae 45
Nelumbonaceae 2 Ruppiaceae 39 Zosteraceae 39
Nepenthaceae 8 Rutaceae 26 Zygophyllaceae 26
Nyctaginaceae 4 Salicaceae 8
Nymphaeaceae 2 Santalaceae 22
Ochnaceae 6 Sapindaceae 25
Olacaceae 22 Sapotaceae 10
Oleaceae 32 Saxifragaceae 10
Onagraceae 18 Scrophulariaceae 32
Opiliaceae 22 Simaroubaceae 25
Orchidaceae 47 Smilacaceae 46
Orobanchaceae 33 Solanaceae 29
Oxalidaceae 27 Sonneratiaceae 18
Pandanaceae 39 Sparganiaceae 45
Papaveraceae 2 Sphenocleaceae 34
Passifloraceae 8 Stackhousiaceae 22
Pedaliaceae 33 Stemonaceae 46
Philydraceae 45 Sterculiaceae 7
Phytolaccaceae 4 Stylidiaceae 34
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FLORA OF

This volume was published before the Commonwealth Government

© Commonwealth of Australia 1982.

Cover: Solanum semiarmatum F . Muell.

Volume 1 Cannabaceae Volume 7 Volume 10 Haloragales

Australian Government Publishing Service Canberra 1982

Printed at Griffen Press Limited, Marion Road, Netley, South Australia

Dr Laurie Haegi, Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs Macquarie’s Road

Dr Rosemary W. Purdie, c/- Herbarium Australiense,

Mr David E. Symon, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen

Ms Betsy Osborn, Illustrator

In order to avoid complicated terminology and descriptions, inflorescences in this

KEY TO SUBFAMILIES AND TRIBES

1 Seeds prismatic, reniform, or subglobose, or of a different form but

5: Aestivation imbricate, cochlear or quincuncial

1 Anthers dehiscing by terminal pores or short slits

21: Calyx not or scarcely enlarged in fruit, always shorter than

Trib. I. ANTHOCERCIDEAE Don

Trib. Anthocercideae Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 479 (1837) (as Anthocerceae).

5: Plant glabrous, rarely pubescent, the branches sometimes with

1. Anthocercis viscosa R. Br., Prodr. 448 (1810)

1a. Anthocercis viscosa R. Br. subsp. viscosa

1b. Anthocercis viscosa subsp. caudata Haegi, Telopea 2: 175 (1981)

Occurs between Esperance and Mt Ragged, and in the Walpole-Nornalup National

2. Anthocercis fasciculata F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 122 (1859)

3. Anthocercis angustifolia F. Muell., Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria 1: 21 (1855)

4. Anthocercis littorea Labill., Nov. Holl. Pl. 2: 19, t. 158 (1806)

5. Anthocercis ilicifolia Hook., Bot. Mag. 57: sub t. 2961 (1830)

5a. Anthocercis ilicifolia Hook. subsp. ilicifolia

Figure 2. Anthocercis ilicifolia subsp. Figure 4. Anthocercis littorea.

5b. Anthocercis ilicifolia subsp. caldariola Haegi, Telopea 2: 174 (1981)

6. Anthocercis intricata F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 1: 211 (1859)

W.A.: North Irwin, A. M. Ashby 3268 (AD, PERTH); c. 15 km SW of Ravensthorpe, L. Haegi

8. Anthocercis anisantha Endl., Stirp. Herb. Hügel. 13 (1838)

8a. Anthocercis anisantha Endl. subsp. anisantha

8b. Anthocercis anisantha subsp. collina Haegi, Telopea 2: 174 (1981)

9. Anthocercis gracilis Benth. in DC., Prodr. 10: 192 (1846)

Anthocercis tenuipes Gand., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 69 (1918).

Figure 7. Duboisia hopwoodii. Figure 9. Grammosolen dixonii.

1. Symonanthus bancroftii (F. Muell.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 175 (1981).

2. Symonanthus aromaticus (C. Gardner) Haegi, Telopea 2: 175 (1981)

Endemic to south-western W.A. in the south-eastern wheatbelt region. Occurs as

1. Duboisia myoporoides R. Br., Prodr. 448 (1810)

Contains tropane alkaloids; leaves harvested commercially as source of hyoscine for

Reported to be toxic to cattle, horses and humans. Contains tropane alkaloids;

3. Duboisia hopwoodii (F. Muell.) F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austral. 10: 20

Figure 11. Cyphanthera scabrella. Figure 13. Cyphanthera odgersii subsp.

Illustrations: C. A. Gardner & H. W. Bennetts, Toxic Pl. W. Austral., 177 (1956); G. M.

Contains the alkaloids nicotine and nor-nicotine; used by Aborigines as an animal

Duboisia campbellii Morrison, J. W. Austral. Natural Hist. Soc. 2: 15 (1906)

present; anthers unilocular, not cohering, dehiscing by a terminal, semicircular slit.

1. Cyphanthera anthocercidea (F. Muell.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 176 (1981)

T: Near Mt Zero, Vic., C. Wilhelmi s.n.; syn: K, MEL.

2a. Cyphanthera albicans (Cunn.) Miers subsp. albicans

2b. Cyphanthera albicans subsp. tomentosa (Benth.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 176

2c. Cyphanthera albicans subsp. notabilis Haegi, Telopea 2: 176 (1981)

5. Cyphanthera racemosa (F. Muell.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 177 (1981)

6. Cyphanthera myosotidea (F. Muell.) Haegi, Telopea 2: 177 (1981)

7. Cyphanthera miersiana Haegi, Telopea 2: 177 (1981)