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    Early Islamic Art and Architecture Images-F21

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    jzinke
    Notes on Early Islamic art and architecture

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    Early Islamic Art and Architecture Images-F21

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    jzinke
    9 views44 pages
    Notes on Early Islamic art and architecture

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    Early Islamic art and architecture images-F21

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    Notes on Early Islamic art and architecture

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views44 pages

    Early Islamic Art and Architecture Images-F21

    Uploaded by

    jzinke
    Notes on Early Islamic art and architecture

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 44

    Early Islamic and Mughal Art and Architecture

    PowerPoint #1 topics

    1. Islam and its introduction to South Asia

    2. The Islamic faith: history and tenets

    3. The Turko-Afghan Sultanate at Delhi (1206-1526)


    India
    India

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi giving speech at the Red


    Fort on India’s Independence Day, Aug. 15th 2021.
    Islam and its introduction to South Asia
    area of Sind

    Bhadreshwar,
    Gujrat

    Stone mihrab. Gwalior


    Fort, Madhya Pradesh,
    2nd half of the 8th
    century.
    The Islamic faith: history and tenets
    1st Islamic caliphate is
    established in 661,
    29 years after his death in
    632.

    Dec. 629 returns to Mecca


    with a group of over 10,000
    faithful and takes the city.
    622 leaves for Medina,
    establishes a community
    of faithful
    Prophet Muhammad (c. 570-632 CE)
    native of Mecca; outside of Mecca:
    site of his first revelations from the
    archangel Gabriel.
    the Islamic faith: the basics
    monotheistic • belief in one god

    • the same God of Abraham as within the Jewish and Christian


    religions
    Allah
    • Allah as Arabic for “God”-linguistically related to the Hebrew
    word for God “elōah”

    • Islam as “submission to God”


    Islam and Muslim • Muslim as “those who have submitted to God.”

    • the Prophet of God


    Muhammad (c. 570-632 CE) • last in the line of Judeo-Christian prophets

    • the primary and most sacred text


    Qur’an • verses revealed to Muhammad in Arabic by the archangel Gabriel.
    • 114 chapters (suras) made up of verses (ayat)
    (“reading” or “recitation”) • read and studied in Arabic—written Arabic as a unifying feature of
    Islamic history
    • numerous schools or branches of Islam have developed in the historical
    past and contemporary present. The most well known are Sunni, Shia,
    schools/branches and Sufism.
    • There have also been various religious or political movements within the
    faith.
    5 Pillars of Islam

    • Shahadah proclamation of one’s faith usually through the declaration


    “there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet.”

    • Salat prayer by turning toward the Kaaba in Mecca 5 times daily


    (dawn, noon, late afternoon, sunset, and nightfall)

    • Zakah tithing/giving of alms to help community members in need.


    Equivalent to 1/40th of one’s assets.

    • Sawm
    daylight fasting during Ramadan (9th month of Islamic
    calendar-when Muhammad received the revelations)

    • Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca during one’s lifetime for those who are
    physically and financially able.
    The Turko-Afghan Sultanate at Delhi (1206-1526)
    Introduction of Islam to
    South Asia (late 10th c. onward)

    Islam introduced through Both had royal cultures


    Central Asian Turkic associated with Persian-
    polities who speaking rulers of Iran,
    invaded northern India. Central Asia, and
    Afghanistan.

    First of these were the


    Ghaznavids (977-1186)
    followed closely by the Great supporters of the
    Ghurids (1000-1215). arts, they sponsored
    monumental structures,
    introduced mosques,
    arched and domed
    tombs, palaces, and the
    Islamic faith.
    Late 12th c.: beginning of the Delhi sultanates

    Delhi

    *After 1030: Ghurids claim independence from the Ghaznavids and begin to take over their territories

    *1175: commander of the Ghurid sultanate (Aybak) establishes independent court in Delhi, Qutb al-Din
    Remains of the Quwwat ul-Islam mosque
    complex. Delhi, India. Initially
    commissioned by Qutb al-Din Aybak
    circa 1192.
    .

    Plan of the Quwwat ul-Islam mosque complex. Delhi, India.


    (above) Qutb minar, Quwwat ul-
    Islam mosque complex, Delhi, India.
    Built circa 1192-1196 CE.
    (above) Ornamentation on arched
    screen, Quwwat ul-Islam mosque
    complex. Red sandstone.
    (right) Qutb minar,
    Quwwat ul-Islam mosque
    complex, Delhi, India.
    Built circa 1192-1196 CE.

    (left) Ornamentation on arched screen,


    Quwwat ul-Islam mosque complex. Red
    sandstone.
    .
    Diagram of the Prophet’s house in its
    original form described in early textual
    sources.

    Remains of the Quwwat ul-Islam


    mosque complex. Delhi, India. Initially
    commissioned by Qutb al-Din Aybak
    circa 1192.
    .

    Ornamentation on arched screen. Quwwat ul-Islam mosque complex. Red sandstone.


    .

    Ashokan pillar above the ruins of Firuzabad, Delhi, India. Fort Firuzabad
    commissioned by Firuz Shah Tughlak, r. 1351-1388.
    Timurid Empire territories under Timur (r. 1370-1405).
    Tomb of Iltutmish. Delhi
    sultanate, circa 1235.
    Tomb of Muhammad Shah Lodi. Lodi Gardens, Delhi. 1434-44
    Pavilion tomb of Sher Shah Suri.
    Sasaram, Bihar, circa 1530-1545.

    Tomb of Muhammad Shah Lodi. Lodi Gardens,


    Delhi. 1434-44
    Regional diversity: Muslim and Hindu arts and
    architecture in the Deccan
    *power of the Delhi sultanates
    wanes as several kingdoms in
    the Deccan (central India) and
    southern India become more
    powerful.

    *Muslim Bahmani
    dynasty (1347-1538) and
    its successor states in the
    Deccan.

    *Hindu kings of
    Vijayanagara (1336-
    1646) in the southern
    Deccan.
    Andreas Volwahsen. View over the roof
    of Gulbarga Mosque. Archival pigment
    on paper.

    Image from Mitter text, p. 92.


    Jami Masjid (Friday
    mosque). Gulbarga,
    Bahamani sultanate, 1367.

    Plan and axonometric view of Jami


    Masjid, Gulbarga.
    Jami Masjid (Friday
    mosque). Gulbarga,
    Bahamani sultanate, 1367.
    Photo by Lala Deen Dayal,
    circa the 1880s.

    Plan and axonometric view of Jami


    Masjid, Gulbarga.
    Virupaksha Temple. 10th century and
    later. Vijayanagara. Hampi, Karnataka.
    Design and
    topography of
    Vijayanagara,
    capital city of the
    Vijayanagara
    empire.
    (above): Lotus Mahal, circa 15th century.
    (above right): Stepped water tank., circa
    15th century.
    (right): Queen’s bath, circa 15th century.
    Virupaksha Temple. 10th century and later. Vijayanagara. Hampi, Karnataka.
    Virupaksha Temple. 10th
    century and later.
    Vijayanagara. Hampi,
    Karnataka.

    Gopura of the
    Rajarajeshwara. 1010 CE.
    Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu.
    Painting and the Book Arts in the pre-Mughal Sultanate period
    innovation of the 1st c. CE:
    development of the codex
    (bound manuscript)

    Codex (pl: codices): format


    similar to a modern book; sheets of
    paper, parchment, or vellum bound
    together.

    Scrolls: sheets of papyrus, parchment, vellum, or


    paper glued end to end; ends attached rods. Text
    could be written either horizontally or vertically.

    parchment: sheets of thin and


    soft sheepskin or calfskin.

    vellum: extremely thin


    sheets of sheep/calfskin
    Illustrated pages from the Pañcarakṣā. Palm leaf, ink, and polychrome. Dated to the
    4th regnal year of Nayapāla of Bengal, either 1054 or 1057 CE. MS Add.1688,Cambridge
    University Library.
    “Preparation of sweets.” Manuscript
    page from Nasir al-Din Shah’s
    Ni'matnama (Nasir Shah’s Book of
    Delights). Ink, color, and gold on
    paper. 1495-1505. British Library
    IO Islamic 149, ff4v.
    Master of the Jainesque Shahnama (act.
    circa 1425-40). Siyavash is Pulled from
    His Bed and Killed: Page from a
    Shahnama Manuscript. India, possibly
    Malwa. Opaque watercolor and ink on
    paper.
    “Campavati standing next to a lotus pond.” Page from an early 16th century copy of
    Caurapanchasika. Produced possibly in Mewar.

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