COSH Finals Reviewer

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY and HEALTH (COSH)

CODE: CE434
Prepared By:
AdU Civil Engineering Faculty

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT COSH - CE 434
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH (COSH)
COSH - CE 434
OBJECTIVES
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
At the end of this session, will be able to:

• Identify laws and policies which govern
• OSH administration in the Philippines;
• Determine government agencies which administers such
laws;
• Explain the various strategies for OSH administration;
• Discuss the requirements under D.O. 13 and D.O. 198-18;
COSH - CE 434
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
involves implementing rules, regulations,

and safeguards at construction sites to keep

workers safe from injury and harm. There
are countless hazards that could cause
serious injury or death unless the proper
precautions are taken.
COSH - CE 434
Step 2:
Step 1:
Assess the risks

Identify the hazard
Step 3:
Step 5: Evaluate the
Monitor and existing controls
Review
Step 4:
Implement
additional risks
controls
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
COSH - CE 434
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION FOR OSH
In the PHILIPPINES
DOLE • Implements laws,

policies, plans,
programs, projects,
ECC rules and regulations
of the DOLE.
BWC
OSHC
RO1 RO2 RO3 RO4 RO5 RO6 RO7 RO15

COSH - CE 434
• Employees Compensation Commission
• The ECC is responsible for initiating, rationalizing and coordinating the policies on
employees compensation programs as well as deciding appealed cases from the

GSIS and SSS, the agencies which initially administer the employee’s
compensation program in the public and private sector.
• Occupational Safety and Health Center

• Undertakes continuing studies and researches on OSH
• Plans, develops and implements training programs on OSH Undertakes practical
testing for safe use and sets standard specifications of PPEs
• Monitor workers’ exposure to hazardous substance and environmental conditions.
• Bureau of Working Conditions

• The BWC performs primarily policy and program development and advisory
functions in the administration and enforcement of laws relating to working
conditions.
• It oversee the implementation of standards through technical supervision of
enforcement by the DOLE’s Regional Offices all over the country.
COSH - CE 434
The DOLE is the lead agency of the government in charge in the

administration and enforcement of laws, policies, and programs on
occupational safety and health.

(Legal basis: Presidential Decree No. 442)

LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
As embodied in Article 162, Chapter 2 of Book Four o f the Labor

Code of the Philippines, “The Secretary of Labor and
Employment shall by appropriate orders set and enforce
mandatory occupational safety and health standards to
eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards
in all work places and institute new and update existing
programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in
all places of employment.”
COSH - CE 434
Constitutional mandate to safeguard the Article 162 of the Labor Code of the Phil.
worker’s social and economic well-being as Secretary of Labor should:
well as his physical safety and health. • set mandatory standards;

• enforce such standards.

Policy and Framework: Article 164 of the Labor Code of the Phil.
Labor Code of the Philippines Secretary of Labor should:
Art. 162 – Mandatory OSH Standards • develop and implement training programs;
Art. 164 – OSH Trainings • increase no. & competence of OSH
Art. 165 – Administration and personnel.
enforcement
Art. 128 – Visitorial and enforcement Article 165 of the Labor Code of the Phil.
• DOLE solely responsible for administration
power
and enforcement of OSH laws, regulations, and
standards
• But, chartered cities may conduct industrial
safety inspections
COSH - CE 434
5. R.A. 8504 – HIV/AIDS Prevention Act –
Article 128 of the Labor Code of the Phil. signed in February 13, 1998
1. Inspectors have access to employer records
and premises 6. R.A. 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous

• at any time when work is undertaken Drugs Act of 2002

• can copy such records
• can question workers 7. R.A. 6969 – Nuclear and Other Hazardous
Substance s and Chemicals Act
2. Can order compliance of labor laws (after
due notice and hearing) 8. Local Government Act – decentralized some
national government functions to LGUs. Ex.
3. Secretary can order stoppage of work or Inspection of buildings, health care provisions,
suspension of operations in imminent danger etc.
cases
9. E.O. 307 – created OSHC as national focal
4. Presidential Decree 626 – created the point on:
Employee’s Compensation Commission in 1975 • training
Sanitation Code of the Philippines • research
• information
• technical services/assistance on OSH
OSHC – Occupational Safety and Health Center matters.
COSH - CE 434
CONSIDERED THE LEGAL BASIS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH STANDARDS
Book IV, Title I – Medical, Dental Occupational Safety and Health

and Occupational Safety Standards, (OSHS)1978
COSH - CE 434
OSH STANDARDS
Purpose and Scope

The objective of this issuance is to protect

every workingman against the dangers of
injury, sickness or death through safe and
healthful working conditions, thereby
assuring the conservation of valuable
manpower resources and the prevention of
loss or damage to lives and properties,
consistent with national development goals
and with the State’s commitment for the total
development of every worker as a complete
human being.
COSH - CE 434
Rules of OSHS
1000 General Provisions
1010 Other Safety Rules
1020 Registration
1030 Training of Personnel in OSH

1040 Health & Safety Committee
1050 Notification & Keeping of Records of
Accidents and/or Occupational Illnesses
1060 Premises of Establishments
1070 Occupational Health and Environmental
Control
1080 Personal Protective Equipment and Devices
1090 Hazardous Materials
1100 Gas and Electric Welding and Cutting
Operations
1120 Hazardous Work Processes
1140 Explosives
1150 Materials Handling and Storage
1160 Boiler
1170 Unfired Pressure Vessels
1180 Internal Combustion Engine
COSH - CE 434
Rules of OSHS
1200 Machine Guarding
1210 Electrical Safety
1220 Elevators and Related Equipment

1230 Identification of Piping System

1240 Power Piping Lines
1410 Construction Safety
1420 Logging
1940 Fire Protection and Control
1950 Pesticides and Fertilizers
1960 Occupational Health Services
1970 Fees
1980 Authority of Local Government
1990 Final Provision
COSH - CE 434
International Labor Organization (ILO )

CODE OF PRACTICE
Chapters
1 General Provisions
2 General Duties
3 Safety at Workplace
4 Scaffolds and Ladders
5 Lifting Appliances and Gears
6 Transport, earth-moving and materials- handling
equipment
7 Plant, machinery, equipment and hand tools
8 Work at heights including roof work
9 Excavation, shafts, earthworks, underground
works and tunnels
10 Cofferdams, caissons, and work in compressed air
11 Structural frames, and concrete work
12 Pile-driving
13 Work over water
COSH - CE 434
International Labor Organization (ILO )

CODE OF PRACTICE
Chapters
14 Demolition
15 Electricity
16 Explosives
17 Health hazards, first aid and occupational
health services
18 Personal protective equipment and protective
clothing
19 Welfare
20 Information and training
21 Reporting of accidents and diseases
COSH - CE 434
Department Order No. 13
Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety
and Health in the Construction Industry

Objectives
• To ensure the protection and welfare of

workers employed in the construction
industry
• To ensure protection and welfare of the
general public within and around the
immediate vicinity of any construction
worksite as w ell as the promotion of
harmonious employer-employee
relationships
• To take into consideration industry
practices and applicable government
requirements
COSH - CE 434
Department Order No. 13 Objectives
Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety
and Health in the Construction Industry

Effectivity – signed July 23, 1998

COSH - CE 434
Accredited Organization - any organization duly accredited by

DOLE delegated or authorized to perform functions related to

improvement of OSH in the form of training, testing,

certification, SH auditing or any other similar activity.
Construction SH Committee - the general SH committee for a

construction project site that shall be the overall coordinator in
implementing OSH program
Construction SH Officer - any employee/worker trained and,

in addition to the regular duties and responsibilities, tasked by
his employer to implement OSH programs in accordance with
the provisions of the OSH Standards
COSH - CE 434
Construction SH Program - a set of detailed rules to cover the

processes and practices that shall be utilized in a specific

construction site in conformity with the OSHS including the

personnel responsible and the penalties for violation thereof.
• Executed and verified by the construction project manager
or project manager
• Shall be submitted to BWC for approval or modification
• Cost shall be integrated into the project cost, provided it shall
be a separate pay item.
COSH - CE 434
“Safety officer”–refers to any employee or officer of the company trained by
the DOLE or DOLE Accredited Training Organization and tasked by the
employer to implement an OSH program in accordance to OSHS

“Worker” refers to any member of the labor force, regardless of employment

status.
“Workers’ OSH Seminar” refers to the mandatory eight (8)-hour module

conducted by the safety officer of the establishment or any certified OSH
practitioner or consultant, as prescribed by the OSH standards (shall include a
portion on joint employer-employee orientation).
COSH - CE 434
R.A. 11058
An act strengthening compliance with occupational safety and health
standards and providing penalties for violations thereof.

The OSH Law has a matrix indicating the administrative fines that may be imposed
for willful non-compliance of said law and its Implementing Rules and Regulations
(IRR) under DOLE Department Order No. 198, S. 2018.
Pursuant to DO No. 198, the DOLE Secretary and his representatives (through the
Bureau of Working Conditions) is empowered to conduct spot audits and can enter
workplaces (which include production sites) at any time of the day or night where
work is being performed to examine records and investigate facts, conditions or
matters necessary to determine compliance with OSH rules and regulations, and in
the case of the Safe Filming, to the FDCP-DOLE Joint Memorandum Circular
(JMC). DOLE may order a stoppage of work or suspension of operations of any unit
or department when non-compliance poses grave and imminent danger to the safety
and health of workers in the workplace.
COSH - CE 434
R.A. 11058
Prohibited Acts and It’s Corresponding Penalties

Any willful failure or refusal of an employer, contractor

or subcontractor to comply with the following OSH
standards below or with a compliance order issued by
the Secretary of Labor and Employment or his/her
authorized representative shall be penalized of the
administrative fines as follows:
COSH - CE 434
Department Order D.O. 198, S. 2018
Description Amount
Registration of establishment to DOLE 20,000.00

Provision of job safety instruction or orientation prior to work 20,000.00

Provision of worker’s training (first aid, mandatory workers training,
25,000.00
mandatory OSH training for safety officers and health personnel)
Provision of safety signage and devices 30,000.00
Provision of medical supplies, equipment and facilities 30,000.00
Submission of reportorial requirements as prescribed by OSH
40,000.00
standards
Provision of safety officer and/or OH personnel 40,000.00
Provision of certified personnel or professionals required by the
40,000.00
OSH standards
Establishment of a safety and health committee 40,000.00
Formulation and implementation of a comprehensive safety and
40,000.00
health program
COSH - CE 434
Department Order D.O. 198, S. 2018
Description Amount
Provision of information on hazards and risk (absence of chemical

safety data sheet, no written SOP in materials handling, lifting etc.,

40,000.00
no permitting system for confined spaces/hot works, no lock-out/tag-
out system etc.)
Provision of sanitary and welfare facilities 40,000.00
Use of approved or certified devices and equipment for the task 50,000.00
Provision of PPE or charging of provided PPE to workers 50,000.00
Compliance with DOLE issued WSO 30,000.00
Compliance to other OSH standards 40,000.00
Note:
SOP – Service Operating Permit
WSO – Work Stoppage Order
COSH - CE 434
Requirements in the Practice of OSH
Completion of the Bureau Prescribed Training Course On OSH conducted by DOLE

Accredited Safety Training Organization

Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training (BOSH) – an 8 hour OSH

orientation plus 2-hour training of Trainers designed to impart knowledge and skills
on basic concepts and principles of occupational safety and health to enable potential
safety officers (SO1-certification) to implement their company safety and health
program.
Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training (BOSH) – mandatory 40 hours

training for all industries (except construction and maritime) for safety officers whose
work involves OSH. Qualified as Safety Officer 2 (SO2).
Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training (COSH) – mandatory

40 hours training for those in the construction industry, for safety officers whose work
involves OSH. Qualified as Safety Officer 2 (SO2).
BWC Accreditation as OSH practitioner/consultant. Includes PNRC first aid training

to qualify as SO3.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT .
COSH - CE 434
CONCLUSION
Every safety officer and worker must undergo safety

training and seminar in order to be fully aware of the
hazards and risks in construction.
Standards set by the Government in terms of safety
requires every construction project to have at least a full
time safety officer and shall vary depending on the
magnitude of the works.
Any project not following the DOLE safety guidelines shall
be penalized according to the gravity of the situation.
COSH - CE 434
REFERENCES
Occupational Safety and Health Center. https://oshc.dole.gov.ph/

DOLE OSH Standards=2017-2 Book
ILO Code of Practice in Safety

Department Order No. 198. S. 2018
Republic Act 11058
Department Order No. 13. S. 1998. Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and
Health in the Construction Industry
CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY and HEALTH (COSH)
CODE: CE434
Prepared By:
AdU Civil Engineering Faculty

PROFESSIONAL COURSES CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

AND MANAGEMENT (PCCEM)
CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

(COSH)
MODULE 2
COSH - CE 434
Course Topics
1. DOLE/OSH Policies, Programs and Standards

2. Importance of COSH in Construction Site
3. Safety Induction, Safety Meeting, Safety Toolbox Meeting

4. Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) and Application
5. Safety on Construction Heavy Equipment and Control
6. Workers Alertness to Accidents
7. COSH and Biological Hazards (Ex. Covid19) and Control
8. JHA in Work at Heights
9. JHA in Work at Confined Spaces
10. Industrial Hazards, Prevention and Control
11. Environmental Safety in Construction
12. Conduct of Accident Investigation and Corrective Action
13. Emergency Response in Construction
14. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC)
15. Project Safety Inspection Guidelines
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CE 430A
Hazard
potential source of danger that may cause

harm or damage, e.g. electricity, chemicals,
working up a ladder, noise, a keyboard, a
bully at work, stress, etc.
CE 430A
Safety hazard
something that has potential for injury

Health hazard
something that has a potential to cause illnesses
CE 430A
Physical Hazards
These are environmental factors that can harm an employee without necessarily
touching them, including heights, indoor air quality, etc. These further include
unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness and death.

Physical hazards include:
Radiation: including ionizing and non-ionizing (EMF’s, microwaves, radio waves, etc.)
materials
High exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays
Gases under pressure
Temperature extremes – hot and cold
Constant loud noise
Electricity- exposure to electrical live parts can result in serious injuries and fatalities,
including electric shocks, burns, explosions and falls from height. The risk is increased in wet
conditions, where a worker’s equipment and surroundings can also become live.
Fires - Every workplace is at risk of fire. However, some workplaces are at an increased risk –
either due to the work activities or types or employees/residents. For example, care homes, schools,
hotels, organizations that carry out hot work, food manufacturers and restaurants. Fires can be
devastating, both to the organization and to the people impacted, they can cause serious injuries, such
as burns, asphyxiation and fatalities. A risk assessment is an essential precaution in fire safety
procedures; our free template will help you complete one for your premises.
CE 430A
Safety Hazards
Something that has a potential for injury
Safety hazards are number one on the list of workplace hazards. These hazards play
an effect on employees who work directly with machinery or on construction sites.
Safety hazards are unsafe working conditions that can cause injury, illness, and death.
Safety hazards are the most common workplace risks.
They include:
- Anything that can cause spills or trips such as cords running across the floor
or ice
- Anything that can cause falls such as working from heights, including ladders,
scaffolds, roofs, or any elevated work area.
- Unguarded and moving machinery parts that a worker can accidentally touch.
- Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins, and improper wiring
- Confined spaces.
CE 430A
Ergonomic Hazards
These are a result of physical factors that can result in musculoskeletal injuries. For
example, a poor workstation setup in an office, poor posture and manual handling.
Ergonomic safety hazards occur when the type of work, body positions, and working
conditions put a strain on your body. They are the hardest to spot since you don’t always
immediately notice the strain on your body or the harm that these hazards pose. Short-
term exposure may result in “sore muscles” the next day or in the days following the
strain, but extended exposure can result in serious long-term issues.
Ergonomic Hazards include:

Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
Frequent lifting
Poor posture
Awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
Having to use too much force, especially if you have to do it frequently
Excessive vibration
CE 430A
Psychological Hazards
Psychological hazards are aspects of the work environment

and the way that work is organized that are associated with
mental disorders and/or physical injury or illness. When
psychosocial hazards are not effectively managed, they can
negatively impact on organizational measures including
productivity, absenteeism and turnover.
CE 430A
Biological Hazards
These include viruses, bacteria, insects, animals, etc., that can cause adverse health
impacts. For example, mould, blood and other bodily fluids, harmful plants, sewage, dust
and vermin.
Another definition of biological hazards, commonly known as biohazards, can be any

biological substance that could cause harm to humans. Biological hazards exposure to
harm or disease from working with animals, people, or infectious plant materials.
Workplaces with these kinds of safety hazards include, but are not limited to, work in
schools, daycare facilities, colleges and universities, hospitals, laboratories, emergency
response, nursing homes, or various outdoor occupations.
Types of things you may be exposed to for biological hazards:

Blood and other body fluids
Fungi/mold
Bacteria and viruses
Plants
Insect bites
Animal and bird droppings
CE 430A
Chemical Hazards
Chemical hazards are present when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the
workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas). These are hazardous substances that can cause
harm. These hazards can result in both health and physical impacts, such as skin irritation,
respiratory system irritation, blindness, corrosion and explosions. They can be very
dangerous but might not always be immediately identifiable in the workplace.
Some are safer than others, but to some workers who are more sensitive to chemicals, even
common solutions can cause illness, skin irritation, or breathing problems.
Chemical hazards can be present in the following:

Liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents – particularly if hazardous
products are in an unlabeled container
Vapors and fumes that come from welding or exposure to solvents
Gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide, helium, h2s gas
Hazardous products and flammable materials like gasoline, solvents, and explosive
chemicals
Pesticides
CE 430A
Natural Hazards
Mostly coming from natural calamities.

CE 430A
Anthropogenic Hazards
Hazards caused by human action or inaction which has a

negative impact in the society.
Contrasted with natural disasters which occur without human
interference.
Sabotage, Terrorism, Etc.

CE 430A
Technological Hazards
The following list indicates the type of actions which can constitute technological hazards:
- release of chemicals to the atmosphere by explosion, fire
- release of chemicals into water (groundwater, rivers etc.) by tank rupture,
pipeline rupture, chemicals dissolved in water (fire),
- oil spills in marine environment
- satellite crash (radionuclides)
- radioactive sources in metallurgical processes
- other sources of releases of radionuclides to the environment
- contamination by waste management activities
- soil contamination
- accidents with groundwater contamination (road, rail)
- groundwater contamination by waste dumps (slowly moving contamination)
- aircraft accidents
- releases and contaminations as a consequence of military actions (e.g. depleted
uranium), or destruction of facilities
- releases as consequence of the industrial use of biological material (e.g. viruses,
bacteria, fungi)
CE 430A
Hazard Assessment
Steps
1. Identify the hazard
2. Assess the risks
3. Evaluate the existing controls
4. Implement additional risks controls
5. Monitor and review
COSH - CE 434
Course Topics
1. DOLE/OSH Policies, Programs and Standards

2. Importance of COSH in Construction Site
3. Safety Induction, Safety Meeting, Safety Toolbox Meeting

4. Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) and Application
5. Safety on Construction Heavy Equipment and Control
6. Workers Alertness to Accidents
7. COSH and Biological Hazards (Ex. Covid19) and Control
8. JHA in Work at Heights
9. JHA in Work at Confined Spaces
10. Industrial Hazards, Prevention and Control
11. Environmental Safety in Construction
12. Conduct of Accident Investigation and Corrective Action
13. Emergency Response in Construction
14. Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC)
15. Project Safety Inspection Guidelines
COSH - CE 434
Importance of COSH in Construction Site

Why construction site safety is important?
What are the potential cost involved?
How to manage OSH in construction site.
Culture of safety in construction site.
And many more……..

DOLE ILO OSH Standards.. D.O.No.13
COSH - CE 434
Safety Induction, Safety Meetings, Toolbox Meetings

Define
Importance . . . .
The process . . . The people involved
Agenda…..

COSH - CE 434
Job Hazard Analysis

Define
Importance . . . .
The contents….The process . . .
State at least 3 example JHA activities…..

COSH - CE 434
Safety in Construction Equipment and Control

Define
Importance . . . . Personnel involved

The different types of heavy equipment and
purpose…
Different accidents involving these machineries…
Preventive maintenance…
Hand signals during mobility….
COSH - CE 434
Workers Alertness to Accidents

Define

COSH - CE 434
COSH and Biological Hazards Prevention and Control

Define
Different biological hazards… severity.
Prevention
Control
COSH - CE 434
JHA in Work at Heights

Define
The different items to consider in work at height…
Fall protection, Scaffolds, Barricades, Railings,
Ladders
Maintenance
Sample JHA
COSH - CE 434
JHA in Work at Confined Spaces

Define
The different confined spaces
Process before entering confined spaces
Sample JHA
COSH - CE 434
Industrial Hazards Prevention and Control

Define
The different industrial hazards
Prevention
Control
COSH - CE 434
Environmental Safety in Construction

Define
Importance
Prevention
Control
COSH - CE 434
Conduct of Accident/Incident Investigation and

Corrective Action
Define
Importance
Process
COSH - CE 434
Emergency Response in Construction

Define
Importance
COSH - CE 434
Hazard Identification Risks Assessment and Control

Define
Sample HIRAC activity

COSH - CE 434
Project Safety Inspection Guidelines

Define
Importance
Sample inspection documents, checklists, etc.

IMPORTANCE OF
COSH
IN CONSTRUCTION SITE
Buela, Phoebe Andrea
Luna, Laurice Ann Mae
Magdamit, Marie Sheen
|CE 437: SECTION 50106|
OBJECTIVES
01 To define what is occupational safety and health.
02 To have a peek on global and national situation of OSH.
03 To enumerate organizations and its standards for

occupational health and safety in the construction
industry.
04 To identify the potential costs in a construction site.
05 To identify the health and safety measures to be made

in a construction site.
06 To understand the importance of COSH in a

construction site.
01
Definition of
Occupational
Health and Safety
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
A branch of public health aimed at improving workplace health
and safety standards.
Deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and
has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards.
01
Studies injury and illness trends in the worker population and
offers suggestions for mitigating the risks and hazards they
encounter on the job.
0
3
02
Global & National
Situation of OSH
Global Situation of Occupational Safety & Health
In 2016, work-related diseases and injuries were responsible
for the deaths of 1.9 million people.
The majority of work-related deaths were due to respiratory and
cardiovascular disease. (Figure A)
81% of the deaths are accounted for non-communicable diseases.
19% of deaths are caused by occupational injuries. 01
0
3
Global Situation of Occupational Safety & Health
Exposure to long working hours and workplace exposure to air
pollution, asthmagens, carcinogens, ergonomic risk factors,
and noise are some of the occupational risk factors.
Between 2000 and 2016, work-related deaths per population fell
by 14%. However, deaths from heart disease and stroke associated
with exposure to long working hours rose by 41 and 19 %
respectively.
In 2021, 136 million healthcare and social workers are at serious
risk of contracting COVID-19 at work.
0
3
Source: WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000-2016: Global
Monitoring Report
National Situation of Occupational Safety & Health
Both cases of occupational accidents
and cases of occupational injuries in
2017 were comparatively lower by 14.5
percent and 9.2 % , respectively from
2015. (Figure 1)
0
3
National Situation of Occupational Safety & Health
Occurrences of occupational
diseases in establishments
in 2017 were comparatively
lower by 19.1% from cases
in 2015. (Figure 3)
0
3
03
Organizations and
Standards for Occupational
Health and Safety
Occupational Safety & Health Organizations
WHO (World Health Organization)
ILO (International Labor Organization)
ISO (International Organization for 01

Standardization)
DOH (Department of Health)
DOLE (Department of Labor and Employment)

0
3
Occupational Safety & Health Standards
Code of Health and Safety in Construction
ISO 45001: Occupation Health and Safety Standard
DOLE Department Order (D.O) No. 13 Series of 1998:

Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in
the Construction Industry
01
DOLE D.O. No. 56 Series of 2005: Guidelines for the
Implementation of DOLE DO No. 13, Series of 1998
on Occupational Safety and Health in Construction
Industry
0
3
04
Potential Costs in a
Construction Site
Occupational Safety & Health Organizations
01
0
3
05
Current Health and Safety
Measures in Construction
Site
Current Health and Safety Measures in Construction Site
1. Wearing of PPE at all times
2. Do not start work without an induction
3. Keep a tidy site or having a good housekeeping
4. Minimize and manage risk
5. Follow safety signs and procedures
6. Never work in unsafe areas
7. Never tamper with equipment 01
8. Report defects and near misses
9. Having first aid kit is a must
10. Prevention of unauthorized entry
11. Fire prevention and fire fighting equipment
12. Conduct a job hazard analysis
13. Provide training on workers
14. Establish a strong safety culture 0
3
06
Importance of
Occupational Safety
and Health
Importance of Occupational Safety and Health
According to ILO Standards:
1. Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all
occupation.
2. Prevention among its workers of any departures from health 01

caused by their working conditions.
3. Protection among workers in their employment from risk

usually from factors adverse to health.
4. Placing and maintenance of worker in an environment

adapted to his/her psychological ability.
Importance of Occupational Safety and Health
According to OSH Standards:
1. To protect every working man against the dangers of injury,
sickness or death through safe and healthful working
conditions assuring the conservation of valuable manpower
resources.
01
2. To prevent loss or damage to lives and properties, consistent
with national development goals and with the State’s
commitment for the total development of every worker as a
complete human being.
Juan Somavia
“Occupational Safety and health is

vital to the dignity of work.”
REFERENCES
● https://degree.lamar.edu/articles/business/importance-of-construction-site-saf
ety/
● https://www.onsite-support.co.uk/news/why-is-construction-safety-important
● https://www.thesmcl.co.uk/why-health-safety-is-important-in-the-construction-i
ndustry/
● https://oshc.dole.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/DO_13.pdf
● https://www.dole9portal.com/qms/references/QP-OO2-23/DPWH-DO-056-S2005.pdf
●
01
https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/439/occupational-health-and-safety-ohs
● https://www.ioe-emp.org/policy-priorities/occupational-safety-and-health
● https://www.who.int/news/item/16-09-2021-who-ilo-almost-2-million-people-die-f
rom-work-related-causes-each-year
● https://psa.gov.ph/content/20172018-integrated-survey-labor-and-employmentisle
-part-6-module-occupational-injuries-and
● https://www.who.int
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization
● https://www.imsm.com/philippines/iso-45001/?utm_term=iso%2045001&utm_campaign
● https://www.ilo.org/
● https://www.doh.gov.ph
● World Day for Safety and Work at 2021: Summary Report: International Labour
Organization
● DOLE OSHS
● Safety and Health in Construction : ILO
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THANK YOU.
PCCEM-COSH 50106
CUSTODIO, DIANA ROSE

VILLAR, KATHLEEN
To discuss what a Job Hazard
Analysis is and its components.
To explain the importance and
purpose of conducting a Job
Hazard Analysis.
To determine what jobs are
appropriate for a Job Hazard
Analysis.
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
To discuss the process in making

a Job Hazard Analysis.
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
A hazard is something that has the potential to
cause harm. In practice, a danger is usually
related with a condition or action that, if left
unchecked, can lead to injury or sickness.
Preventing injuries and illnesses begins with
identifying dangers and eliminating or reducing
them as soon as possible.
A job hazard analysis is a strategy
for identifying dangers before they
occur by focusing on occupational
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
duties.
It focuses on the worker's

relationship with the task, tools,
and work environment.
Preventive action/controls are
implemented after uncontrolled risks
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
are detected in order to eliminate

or reduce risk.
The goal of this program is to ensure
that personal health and safety are
taken into account while developing
and planning all tasks that employees
will undertake, as well as to identify
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
the personal protective equipment that

is required to safeguard employees
from work-related dangers.
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
• Supervisors - Frontline Personnel
responsible for making change
• Employee - Person/Crew most familiar with
job
• Safety Professional
• Engineers - Technical Advisor
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
• Jobs with the highest injury and illness rates
• Jobs that have the potential to cause serious
injury
• Jobs in which one simple human error could cause
injury
• Jobs complex enough to have written instructions
• Jobs that are new to your facility
• Jobs that significantly had changes in process
technology or procedures
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
Supervisors can use the

findings of a job hazard
analysis to eliminate
and prevent hazards in
their workplaces.
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
Fewer worker injuries

and illnesses
Safer, more effective

work methods
Reduced workers’
compensation costs
Increased worker
productivity
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS Can be a valuable tool for
training new employees in the
steps required to perform
their jobs safely.
Can also be used to

investigate accidents and
to train workers how to do
their jobs safely.
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
• Job Breakdown steps
• Potential Hazard / Hazard Identification
• Hazard Controls / Action / Procedure
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
1. Involve employees.
2. Review your company's accident/injury/illness/near

miss history to determine which jobs pose the highest
risk to employees.
3. Identify the standards that apply to your jobs.

Incorporate their requirements into your JHA.
4. Set priorities.
Break the job task into steps.
Identify the hazards of each step.
Review the list of hazards with

employees who do the job.
Identify ways to eliminate or

reduce the hazards. Identify
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
Control Measures.
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
1. Correct the unsafe conditions and processes.
2. Review the Job Hazard Analysis.
3. Use the Job Hazard Analysis.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
PCCEM-COSH 50106
CUSTODIO, DIANA ROSE

VILLAR, KATHLEEN
https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha3071.pdf
https://www.safetyworksmaine.gov/safe_workplace/safety_management/hazard_analysis.html
https://www.mga.edu/risk-management/docs/training/safety-powerpoints/Job_Hazard_Analysis.ppt
https://k3lh.com/2021/09/25/job-hazard-analysis-examples-construction/
https://www.scribd.com/document/347496158/Sample-JHA
https://institute.acs.org/lab-safety/hazard-assessment/fundamentals/control-measures.html
Safety on Construction
Heavy Equipment and
Control
PRESENTED BY:
CARANDANG, LANCE ROI A
PANGANIBAN, JANSOFIA P..
OBJECTIVES:
• To discuss what is heavy construction
equipment and its usage.
• To identify the hazards when working

with heavy construction equipment
• To provide knowledge on safety of handling

heavy construction equipment.
WHAT IS HEAVY CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT
• Heavy equipment or heavy machinery refers to heavy-
duty vehicles, specially designed for
executing construction tasks, most frequently ones
involving earthwork operations or other large construction
tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment
systems: implementation, traction, structure, power train, control
and information.
EXAMPLES OF HEAVY
MACHINERY AND ITS FUNCTION
1. Excavators
Their general purpose
is for excavation but
other than that they
are also used for
many purposes like
heavy lifting,
demolition, river
dredging, cutting of
trees etc.
• 2. Bulldozers
• Bulldozers are
another type
of soil
excavating
equipment
which are
used to
remove the
topsoil layer
up to
particular
depth.
3. Graders
• Graders also called
as motor graders. It
is mainly used to
level the soil surface.
It contains a
horizontal blade in
between front and
rear wheels and this
blade is lowered in to
the ground while
working.
4. Loaders
• Loaders are
used in
construction
site to load
the material
onto
dumpers,
trucks etc.
5. Compactors
• Compactors
or Rollers are
used to
compact the
material or
earth surface.
HAZARDS WHEN WORKING
AROUND HEAVY EQUIPMENT
1. Mechanical Hazards
2. Non-Mechanical Hazards
3. Access Hazards
Heavy Equipment
Construction Safety Tips
Equipment Operator Training
• Workers should be trained on the proper
procedures to safely operate all pieces of
equipment they will be working on. Training should
be conducted as a combination of classroom and
practical hands-on instruction. Topics that should
be covered include safety, hazard identifications,
safety features of the equipment and safe
maneuvering of the heavy equipment.
Be Aware of Your Surroundings
• When operating heavy equipment, you need to
mindful of the area you are working in and any
obstacles you may encounter. Overhead power lines
should be deenergized, or if that’s not possible,
establish barriers to avoid making contact with them.
If digging, make sure that all underground utilities,
such as sewer, water, gas and electrical, have been
identified and clearly marked to avoid damaging them
and creating delays and more work.
Entering and Exiting Equipment
• This one should go without saying, but based on the

number of injuries workers suffer each year, but there
is a right and a wrong way to mount and dismount
from heavy equipment. When climbing onto
equipment, always maintain three points of contact
just like you do when climbing a ladder. Never carry
anything with you as you enter or exit the cab. Never
jump out of the cab or off the equipment to exit.
Inspect Equipment Before Use
• Visually inspect heavy equipment before each use to
ensure it’s in good operating condition. Check tires
and tracks for any wear and damage. At the very
least, you should check fluid levels such as engine oil
and hydraulic fluid and oil levels before you start up
the equipment for the first time each day. Check
hydraulic hoses, buckets, booms and other
components for cracks and damage. Make sure all
attachments are securely locked into place.
Only Use Equipment as Intended
• Each piece of equipment was designed to
perform a specific task. Excavators aren’t cranes
and wheel loaders weren’t made to carry workers
in the bucket and used as an aerial lift. Pick the
right piece of equipment for the task at hand and
use it as the manufacturer intended.
Wear Your Seatbelt
• Those seatbelts aren’t just a suggestion, they could
save your life. In the event the equipment starts to tip
or roll over, the seatbelt is probably going to keep you
alive. If equipment starts to tip or roll over, you might
instinctively be compelled to jump out of the cab.
Unfortunately, that is the worst thing you could
possibly do. The equipment could tip back the other
way and fall on as you make your escape or you
could get caught or flung out as it rolls over and
seriously injured.
Keep the Area Clear
• Ideally, you can cordon off the area with barriers
to keep workers from accidentally getting in close
proximity to operating equipment. If you are
moving or operating equipment near workers use
a spotter, using radio or hand signals to
communicate, to keep your blind spots clear.
SUMMARY
• Construction job sites are busy and often
hazardous places. They commonly involve the
movement of heavy equipment that can lead to
injuries involving being struck by accidents and
being caught in or between accidents. Heavy
construction equipment can be dangerous when
not used properly, or when workers are not
trained to understand and avoid the hazards of
heavy equipment. Having enough knowledge on
how to handle heavy construction equipment can
prevent a lot of accidents from happening in the
construction site.
CONCLUSION
• In conclusion, heavy machineries are very
essential to construction but without
proper usage and training on how to use it
it can cause hazards that may risks the
workers' lives.
REFERENCES:
• https://www.constructconnect.com/blog/he
avy-equipment-construction-safety-tips
• https://www.holtca.com/company/news/co
nstruction-equipment-safety-tips
• https://theconstructor.org/construction/hea
vy-construction-equipment-
types/26305/?amp=1
THANKYOU FOR LISTENING !
CARANDANG, LANCE ROI A.

201813365
PANGANIBAN, JANSOFIA MARIE P.
201813372
COSH and Biological
Hazards Prevention and
Control
Gannaban, Zaira Samantha P.

Osorio, Evan James F.
• To know different kinds of Biological Hazards.
• To know its prevention and control measures.
• To help prevent occupational disease and unpleasant
health effects.
• To improve or maintain the health of workers exposed to
biological agents.
OBJECTIVES:
Biological Hazard, also known as Biohazard, refers
to biological substances that endanger the health of
living organisms, primarily humans. Medical waste
or samples of microorganisms, viruses or toxins
(from biological source) that can harm human
health are examples of this.
What is Biological Hazard?

TYPES OF
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
• Viruses.
• Toxins from biological sources.
• Spores.
• Bacteria
• A virus is a small group of genetic code, either
VIRUS DNA or RNA, encased in a protein coat. A virus
cannot replicate on its own. Viruses must infect
cells and use host cell components to replicate
themselves. They frequently kill the host cell in the
process, causing harm to the host organism.
Ex: COVID-19
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
You can be infected by breathing in the virus if you
are near someone who has COVID-19, or by touching
a contaminated surface and then your eyes, nose or
mouth. The virus spreads more easily indoors and in
crowded settings.
• Biological toxins are poisonous
substances produced by certain
• Examples of toxins of
microorganisms, animals, and biological origin include;
plants 1.Diphtheria Toxin
• Although toxins are derived from 2.Tetrodotoxin
biological materials, they do not 3.Pertussis Toxin
replicate and are therefore not 4.Botulinium Toxin
considered infectious. However, 5.Snake Venom Toxins
they may be extremely toxic in 6.Conotoxin
very small quantities and must be 7.Ricin.
managed like hazardous chemicals
in the workplace.
Toxins from biological sources

• A spore is a cell that certain fungi,
plants (moss, ferns), and bacteria
produce. Spores are involved in
SPORES
reproduction.
• Certain bacteria make spores as a way

to defend themselves. Spores have
thick walls. They can resist high
temperatures, humidity, and other
environmental conditions.
• The bacteria Clostridia form spores.

These spores create the bacteria that
cause a rare condition called gas
gangrene and a type of colitis that is
linked to use of antibiotics.
- Microscopic organisms that live in soil, water or the bodies of
plants and animals and are characterized by lack of distinct
nucleus and the inability to photosynthesize.
There are many different types of bacteria. One way of classifying them is by shape. There
are three basic shapes.
• Spherical: Bacteria shaped like a ball are called cocci, and a single bacterium is a
coccus. Examples include the streptococcus group, responsible for “strep throat.”
• Rod-shaped: These are known as bacilli (singular bacillus). Some rod-shaped bacteria
are curved. These are known as vibrio. Examples of rod-shaped bacteria include
Bacillus anthracis or anthrax.
• Spiral: These are known as spirilla (singular spirillus). If their coil is very tight they are
known as spirochetes. Leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and syphilis are caused by bacteria
of this shape.
BACTERIA
HOW DOES BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD ENTER THE BODY?
Biolgical Hazards can enter the body in various ways. When
determining suitable protective measures, measures are clear
understanding of how it can enter the body.
• Inhalation – through breathing.
• Absorption – direct contact through breaks in the skin,
even chapped skin or through mucous membranes/contact
with eyes, nose and mouth.
• Injestion – through swallowing.
• Injection – through a puncture.0
HOW DOES BIOHAZARD SPREAD?
BIOHAZARD DISEASE SPREAD PRECAUTION CONTROL
BACTERIA PINK EYE Human to human Do not share personal things.
contact.
VIRUS HEPATITIS A Human to human Do not ingest contaminated water or
contact. food. Avoid direct contact with
infected person.
VIRUS HEPATITIS B Human to human Immunization. Avoid contact with
contact. infected people. Avoid tattooing and
body piercing dispose of sharps in
disposal container.
VIRUS HEPATITIS C Human to human Avoid direct contact with infected
contact. people. Follow standard precaution.
VIRUS MEASLES Human to human Immunization. Avoid direct contact

contact spread by with infected people.
cough and nasal
droplets.
Dangerous and exotic, posing a high risk of
aerosol-transmitted infections. Infections
caused by these microbes are frequently fatal
and without treatment vaccine.
BSL 4
Microbes there can either indigineous or exotic

BSL 3 and they can cause serious or potentially lethal
disease through respiratory transmission.
Moderate potential hazard to personnel and the

environment. Includes bacteria and viruses that
BSL 2 causes mild disease to humans or are difficult
to contract via aerosol in a lab setting.
Not known to consistently cause disease in

healthy adult humans and of minimal potential
BSL1 hazard to laboratory personnel and the
environment.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

PREVENTING BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD
• How to prevent Biohazard in the workplace.

• How to prevent Biohazard at home.
• How to prevent Biohazard in food.
There’s a lot of precautions to protect yourself from
biohazards in the workplace.
• Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when responding to

situations involving biohazards. These includes gloves, facemask
and shields, respirators, aprons, special protective eyewear and full
body gown or suits.
• Wash your hands properly and frequently using warm water and
soap.
• Utilize proper disposal methods including labeled biohazard bags or
containers.
• Don’t ever assume a situation involving biohazards will be fine to
respond without proper precautions.
• Report all incidents to supervisors.
HOW TO PREVENT BIOLOGICAL

HAZARD IN THE WORKPLACE.
• Ensure that your work area is home to proper ventilation
in order to prevent building-up unwanted or harmful
substances.
• Proper cleaning of your work are and home with medical-
grade sanitization products is important.
• Even if it appears to be clean, viruses may be present and
bacteria can build up quickly and is impossible to see.
• Sanitation is an effective way to ensure clean and safe
home.

HAZARD AT HOME
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and warm water
enough to tolerate before and after eating.
• Carefully wash cooking materials before and after food
preparation or put those in a dishwasher that uses water at
a temperature that kills microorganisms.
• Minimize the time any food spends in the danger zone.
• Dispose or discard food that has been time and
temperature abused, has visible molds, is discolored or
has an unusual odor.

HAZARD IN FOOD
CONTROLLING EXPOSURE TO
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
There are three (3) approaches to control hazards. The first approach is
to look at engineering controls. If hazard cannot be eliminated at first,
second approch to control hazard is administrative. Then, if exposure to
a hazard cannot be controlled with either engineering or administrative
controls then PPE is necessary.
• These controls are the first line of defense and includes
built in protection in buiding, work areas, equipment or
supplies. It reduce risk through physical means.
Examples:
1. Ventilation systems and construction seals to create
negative pressure room.
2. Bio-safety hoods with specific ventilation system.
3. Regular cleaning of workplace; proper disposal of
materials and items that may pose a biological risk.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
• These controls reduce risk by changing work processes
and activities to make them more safe.
Examples:
1. Worker training.
2. Rules that require proper handwashing.
3. Allowing employees to have sick leave.
4. Providing immunization program.
5. Limiting employees from exposure to possible
biological safety hazards.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
• When hazard poses a possible threat even after Engineering
and Administrative controls have been implemented, then PPE
is necessary.
Some PPE measures that can protect you are;

 Proper mask and latex gloves for biohazard.
 Eye protection.
 For PPE to be effective, it must be worn correctly and must be
comfortable for each person.
 Workers must be properly trained on how to use PPE and when
it is needed.
PERSONAL PROTECTVE EQUIPMENT

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS ARE ORGANISMS THAT
MAY CAUSE HEALTH PROBLEMS TO HUMANS.
THESE HAZARDS ARE VERY DANGEROUS THAT IT
NEEDS TO BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY BY ALL
WORKERS. CONTROL MEASURES SHOULD
CONFORM TO THE RECOMMENDATION OF
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL.
CONCLUSION
JHA IN WORK AT
HEIGHTS
6.53
Aguirre, John Mark C.

Alcala, Dennis John A.
PCCEM-COSH 50106
OBJECTIVES
• To define work at heights

• To discuss the different
items to consider in work
at heights
• To discuss the hierarchy
of fall protection
WHAT IS WORK AT HEIGHTS?
• ‘Work at heights’ means work in any place where, if there were

no precautions in place, a person could fall a distance liable to
cause personal injury (for example a fall through a fragile roof
down an unprotected lift shaft, stairwells).
• Working at height remains one of the biggest causes of
fatalities and major injuries. Common cases include falls from
roofs, ladders, and through fragile surfaces.
DIFFERENT ITEMS
TO CONSIDER
WHEN WORKING
AT HEIGHTS
SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding, also called scaffold
or staging, is a temporary
structure used to support a work
crew and materials to aid in the
construction, maintenance and
repair of buildings, bridges and
all other man-made structures.
BASIC PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDING TRESTLE SCAFFOLDING

SINGLE SCAFFOLDING DOUBLE SCAFFOLDING

STEEL SCAFFOLDING SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDING

KWIKSTAGE SCAFFOLDING
BARRICADES
Barricades act as warning
devices that alert others of
the hazards created by
construction activities.
RAILINGS
Guard rail, guardrails, or
protective guarding, in general,
are a boundary feature and may
be a means to prevent or deter
access to dangerous or off-limits
areas while allowing light and
visibility in a greater way than a
fence.
LADDERS
a structure consisting of a series
of bars or steps between two
upright lengths of wood, metal,
or rope, used for climbing up or
down something.
FALL PROTECTION
• Fall protection is the use of controls designed to

protect personnel from falling or in the event they
do fall, to stop them without causing severe
injury.
• Anytime you are working in a situation where you
could fall four or more feet, some sort of fall
protection system is required.
EXAMPLES OF WORK AT HEIGHTS
• Working on trestles
• Working on a flat roof
• Erecting false work or formwork
• Working on a ladder
• Working at ground level adjacent to an excavation
• Working on formwork within an excavation
• Working near or adjacent to fragile materials
COMMON ACCIDENTS IN WORK AT
HEIGHTS
• Slips
• Trips
• Falls
• Struck by objects
MAINTENANCE
• Avoid working at height completely
• Prevent falls using a safe place to carry out work
• Prevent falls using collective equipment
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE): Fall restraint
• Minimize the distance the worker could fall
• Minimize the impact of a fall
• Use PPE: Fall arrest
• Minimize risk by undergoing training
SUMMARY
Work at heights is working in any
place, including a place at, above or
below ground level, where a person
could be injured if they fall from that
place. It requires fall protection and
items such as scaffolding, barricades,
railings, and ladders. Moreover, the
most important thing is awareness of
the workers on site.
REFERENCES
• https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Work_at_Height/#:~:text=Wor
k%20at%20height%20is%20work,Working%20on%20trestles
• https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-administration-
inspection/resources-library/publications/guide-for-labour-
inspectors/working-at-height/lang--en/index.htm
• https://simplifiedsafety.co.uk/resources/personal-fall-
protection/working-at-heights-hierarchy-of-control
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
JHA
JHA
CONFINED SPACES
in
PRESENTED BY
RIZAN, KIMBERLY G.
SANTIAGO, ALYZA GALE F.
SECTION: 50106
OBJECTIVES
To define confined space and its hazards
To identify different confined spaces in construction
To elaborate procedure in entering confined spaces
To identify confined space personnel duties and responsibilities
To be able to know the importance of JHA especially in working at confined spaces
CONFINED SPACE
Confined space, according to OSHA, is a space that
Is large enough and configured for a worker to enter and

perform assigned work;
Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit;
Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy

PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE
(also known as Permit Space)
In addition to the dangers posed by small spaces with limited access,

there is a further class of confined space called a “permit space.” These are
spaces in which only trained and certified workers may work, and only
after the employer has signed off on a permit that identifies and confirms
the presence of adequate security precautions.
Permit-required confined spaces has one or more
of the following characteristics:
1. Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere

2. Contains a material with the potential to engulf someone who enters the space
3. Has an internal configuration that might cause an entrant to be trapped or
asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward
and tapers to a smaller cross section
4. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazards
SAMPLE OF CONFINED
SPACE ENTRY PERMIT
SAFE ENTRY TAG
A tag that is used to ensure that the existing
hazards of a confined space have been
properly identified, assessed (evaluated) and
that necessary preventive and protective
measures and procedures are put into place
for the safety and health of workers involved
in confined space work.
DIFFERENT CONFINED SPACES
M A N H O L E S
(SUCH AS SEWERS, STORM
DRAINS, ELECTRICAL
COMMUNICATION, AND
OTHER UTILITIES)
An opening to a confined space
such as a shaft, utility vault, or large
vessel. Manholes are often used as
an access point for an underground
public utility, allowing inspection,
maintenance, and system
upgrades.
P I T S
(SUCH AS ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS,
PUMPS, VALVES, OR OTHER
EQUIPMENT)
Even though a pit is typically open

on top and over 4 feet deep, it can
still be a confined space or permit-
required confined space.
Additionally, pits can be completely
underground or below grade.
T A N K S
(SUCH AS FOR WATER, FUEL,
CHEMICALS, OR OTHER
LIQUIDS, GASES, OR SOLIDS)
Tanks are another type of

confined workspace commonly
found in construction. They are
used for a variety of purposes,
including the storage of water,
chemicals, etc
HEATING, VENTILATION, AND

AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)
DUCTS
Ventilation ducts, like pipe runs,
are very common at the
construction site. These sheet
metal enclosures create a
complex network which moves
heated and cooled air and
exhaust fumes to desired
locations in the plant
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED with confined space
TOXIC ATMOSPHERE
A toxic atmosphere may occur due to the presence or ingress of hazardous substances.
These substances may be present in the Confined Space for various reasons such as:
- remaining from previous processing or storage

- arising from the disturbance of sludge and other deposits
- the presence of a fire or flames within the space
- seepage from improperly isolated adjoining plant
- formation during the work processes carried out in the space
- being released from under scale and in brickwork as a result of the work process
OXYGEN DEFICIENCY
Oxygen can be lacking a confined space for the following reasons:
- displacement of air by another gas
- various biological processes or chemical reactions (such as rotting of organic matter, rusting of
metals, burning, etc)
- absorption of air onto steel surfaces, especially where these are damp
OXYGEN ENRICHMENT
An excess of oxygen, in the presence of combustible materials, results in an increased risk of fire and
explosion. Some materials, which do not burn in air, may burn vigorously or even spontaneously in an
enriched oxygen atmosphere.
FLAMMABLE OR EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE

A flammable atmosphere presents a risk of fire or explosion. Such an atmosphere can arise from the
presence in the confined space of flammable liquids or gases or of a suspension of combustible dust in
air. If a flammable atmosphere inside a confined space ignites, an explosion may occur, resulting in the
expulsion of hot gases and the disintegration of the structure.
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH CONFINED SPACE

FLOWING LIQUID OR FREE FLOWING SOLIDS
Liquids or solids can flow into the confined space causing drowning, suffocation, burns and other
injuries. Solids in powder form may also be disturbed in a confined space resulting in an asphyxiating
atmosphere.
EXCESSIVE HEAT
The enclosed nature of a confined space can increase the risk of heat stroke or collapse from
heat stress, if conditions are excessively hot. The risk may be exacerbated by the wearing of
personal protective equipment or by lack of ventilation.

PHYSICAL LIMITED
HAZARDS COMMUNICATIONS
Potential physical hazards in Communication is key to keeping

confined spaces include: confined space workers safe – particularly
Noise when there is no direct line of sight
between those outside the space and
Extreme heat or cold
those in it.
Radiation Without reliable communication, workers
Vibration inside have no way to call for help or alert
Electrical hazard supervisors to potentially unsafe
Inadequate lighting within the conditions. It also means that supervisors
have no real way to confirm the safety of
space
those inside, which puts lives at risk.
Managing Hazards with the Right PPE

PREPARATION
SAFE ENTRY Before workers can enter a
confined space, employers
PROCEDURE must provide pre-entry
planning. This includes:
Having a competent person evaluate the work site
1 for the presence of confined spaces, including
permit-required confined spaces.
Once the space is classified as a permit-required

confined space, identifying the means of entry and
2
exit, proper ventilation methods, and elimination or
control of all potential hazards in the space.
Ensuring that the air in a confined space is tested, before

3 workers enter, for oxygen levels, flammable and toxic
substances, and stratified atmospheres.
If a permit is required for the space, removing or

controlling hazards in the space and determining 4
rescue procedures and necessary equipment.
If the air in a space is not safe for workers, ventilating or

5 using whatever controls or protections are necessary so
that employees can safely work in the space
ONGOING PRACTICES
After pre-entry planning, employers must ensure that the space is monitored
for hazards, especially atmospheric hazards. Effective communication is
important because there can be multiple contractors operating on a site, each
with its own workers needing to enter the confined space. Attendants outside
confined spaces must make sure that unauthorized workers do not enter them.
Rescue attempts by untrained personnel can lead to multiple deaths.
Employers should assess the worksite to determine what personal protective
equipment (PPE) is needed to protect workers. Employers should provide workers
with the required PPE and proper training on its use and about any related hazards
before the work starts.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

FALL PROTECTION
Workers entering the confined space
must don a chest or full-body harness
with a retrieval line sufficient to allow
for the successful removal of the
worker in case of emergency.

GAS DETECTION
In confined space work, gas

detection equipment is
treated as PPE. Employers
must provide the equipment
to workers at no cost,
maintain the devices, and
give training on how to use
them.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Respiratory protection is required under OSHA
rules anytime a space does not meet the following
conditions:
Oxygen: 19.5 to 23.5 percent
Flammability: below 10 percent of lower
flammable limit for gases, vapors, mists, or
combustible dust
Toxic gases: below the permissible exposure
limit or time-weighted average of a substance

RESPIRATORY
PROTECTION

COMMUNICATION DEVICES
Communication gear is a critical part
of keeping workers safe inside a
confined space, and as such, it should
fall under the PPE umbrella. There are
a number of things you need to look
for in communication devices:
Hands-free
Wireless
Full-duplex
Independently powered
Integrated with hearing protection

All workers must wear eye and face protection,
including safety goggles where there is a risk of eye-
irritating chemicals, vapors, or dusts. Workers must also
use gloves made of a material suitable to the hazards
present in the space. Note that specialty gloves may be
necessary to protect workers from extreme heat or cold
or when using specific tools.
Shoes and boots should comply with safety codes and
offer good traction on slippery surfaces. Additional
considerations may be made for workers in spaces that
have slip hazards, electricity, falling objects, chemicals, or
sparks.
Finally, workers who are exposed to excessive noise must
wear hearing protection. It’s important to consider
communication, however, as workers inside a confined
space must be able to communicate with those outside
it with ease

A confined space rescue
plan is a system of steps
RESCUE PLAN
undertaken by designated
personnel to rescue
employees from permit
spaces.
Develop and implement Evaluate a prospective
procedures for summoning rescuer’s ability to respond to
rescue and emergency services a rescue summons in a timely
manner, considering the
hazard(s) identified
To facilitate non-entry rescue, retrieval Inform each rescue team or service

systems or methods shall be used of the hazards they may confront
whenever an authorized entrant enters a when called on to perform rescue at
permit space the site.
J H A
job hazard analysis
A PROCEDURE THAT CAN ASSIST IN EFFECTIVELY IDENTIFYING AND

ANALYZING HAZARDS ON-SITE BEFORE THEY OCCUR. IT BREAKS DOWN
ALL THE ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH A SPECIFIC JOB TO ASSESS ANY
UNSAFE CONDITIONS SO THE RISKS CAN BE ELIMINATED OR REDUCED.
SAMPLE JHA
Because confined spaces
are so inherently dangerous,
especially the permit-
CONFINED required confined spaces

that would necessitate a
SPACE team like this, it is very
important that each
PERSONNEL member understand and
have the proper training to
perform each of their
respective duties.
CATEGORY RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Know the hazards associated with confined space entry,

and in particular, the hazards associated with the PRCS
being entered.
2. Know how to use all required equipment.
ENTRANT 3. Know the procedures for communication with the
attendant.
4. Know how to alert the attendant of hazardous or
prohibited conditions.
5. Know how to exit the space if necessary (that is, self
rescue).
1. Know the hazards.

2. Verify safe entry conditions.
3. Terminate entry and cancel permit.
4. Verify availability and effectiveness of rescue
SUPERVISOR services.
5. Remove unauthorized persons.
6. Ensure acceptable entry conditions are
maintained.
1. Know the hazards. In the case of the attendant, this can

often include using air monitoring equipment to keep a
close watch on the atmospheric conditions inside the
confined space and communicate any changes observed.
2. Know the behavioral effects of the hazards.
ATTENDANT 3. Be able to identify the authorized entrants.
4. Remain outside until relieved.
5. Communicate with entrants through out the work period.
6. Monitor and evacuate entrants if necessary.
7. Summon rescue, if needed.
8. Warn away unauthorized persons.
BREAKDOWN OF
INDIVIDUAL
RESPONSIBILITIES
A VISUAL GUIDE
A number of people are killed or seriously injured in confined spaces each year in
the Philippines. This happens in a wide range of industries, from those involving complex
plant to simple storage vessels. Those killed include people working in the confined space
and those who try to rescue them without proper training and equipment.
On this note, conducting JHA when activities involve confined spaces is very important in
order to decide what are the necessary measures for safety. Detailed safety procedures
must be thoroughly conducted to ensure all entrants will be provided adequate protection
while performing their job inside the confined space. Moreover, employers are responsible
for educating and reinforcing their workers about safety rules.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
https://www.hsetraining.org/hazards-associated-with-confined-spaces/
https://www.osha.gov/confined-spaces-construction
https://www.tdi.texas.gov/pubs/videoresource/wpconfinedconst.pdf
https://madesafe.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Confined_Space_Entry_Procedure.pdf
https://www.safeopedia.com/confined-spaces-in-construction/2/6476
https://safetyculture.com/topics/confined-space-safety/
PRESENTED BY
Kimberly G. Rizan Alyza Gale F. Santiago

Industrial
hazards,
prevention and
control
Alvarez, Richardzen
Orbase, Amiel Cedrick
Subista, James Brylle PCCEM – COSH
Section: 50106
Objectives
● To define what is industrial hazard
● To know the different types of industrial hazards
● To define what is industrial hygiene
● To understand the importance of industrial hygiene
● To know how to prevent or lessen the industrial hazards
● To know the control measures to industrial hazards
What is industrial
hazard?
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition
produced by industries that may cause injury or death
to personnel or loss of product or property. Safety in
simple terms means freedom from the occurrence of
risk or injury or loss.
Different types of Industrial
Hazards:
Physical Hazard Chemical Hazard Ergonomic Hazard
Biological Hazard Safety Hazard

Physical Hazard
Physical hazards occur when the working area
poses a danger to those just standing in it.
For instance, noise, radiation exposure and
temperature extremes can affect anyone in
an industrial area, regardless of if they are
working with equipment or not.
Noise Radiation
Extreme Temperatures
Chemical Hazard
Chemical dangers reflect exposure to hazardous chemicals.
Anything that could cause illness from inhalation or touch
falls under this category. Even innocuous substances in
large amounts could lead to physical harm. For example, the
protracted development of mesothelioma from exposure to
asbestos illustrates this type of danger.
Ergonomic Hazard
The human body requires regular
exercise and movement. However,
doing the same set of actions too often,
especially without proper form or
support, can lead to overuse injuries.
Even long periods of incorrectly
standing or sitting can lead to pain.
Biological Hazard
Biological hazards come from living
organisms, whether those are as tiny as
viruses or as large as animals. Illnesses
from bacteria, fungi, viruses, exposure to
plants, or animal bites or scratches pose
genuine risks for workers.
Safety Hazard
Safety hazards appear while an employee
works. Examples of safety hazards include
shocks from faulty electrical equipment,
slips on floors, falls from working at heights,
head injuries from falling debris and cuts or
worse from improperly used machinery.
What is industrial hygiene?
Industrial hygiene has been defined as “that science and art

devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control
of those environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the
workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and
well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or among
the citizens of the community.”
Who are industrial hygienists?
An industrial hygienist is a
professional who is capable of
assessing and controlling physical,
chemical, biological or
environmental hazards present in
the workplace, work environment
or public space that could cause
injury or illness.
Importance of industrial hygiene
• Nonfatal illnesses: Skin, lung and gastrointestinal diseases like anthrax are common
occupational hazards in agricultural operations, and blood-borne illnesses like hepatitis B
and C are common occupational hazards in medical settings and laboratories. Industrial
hygiene can help prevent the transmission of these diseases and many others.
• Respiratory conditions: Respiratory conditions like chronic bronchitis, asbestosis and

pneumonitis are common occupational hazards, especially in industries like mining where
inhaling dust is common. Industrial hygiene can help by mandating the use of personal
protective equipment (PPE) which provides respiratory protection and improves working
conditions.
• Skin diseases: Skin diseases like dermatitis, eczema, rashes and blisters are common in
industries where workers' skin comes into contact with hazardous chemicals. Industrial
hygiene can help by mandating PPE and offering guidelines about how chemicals are
used, labeled and stored in the workplace.
• Poisoning: Poisoning can occur if workers accidentally ingest toxic chemicals like
pesticides, herbicides, formaldehyde or cleaning agents. Workers might also absorb those
chemicals through their skin. Industrial hygiene can help by mandating how poisons are
used, labeled and stored.
• Hearing loss: Hearing loss can occur when employees are exposed to high-decibel
sounds in environments like airports or at construction and mining sites where detonations
occur. Industrial hygiene can help by mandating personal PPE, measuring hazards with
sound level meters and offering guidelines about noise exposure in the workplace.
• Repetitive stress injuries: Repetitive stress injuries occur when employees perform the
same motions many times throughout the workday. Industrial hygiene can help by offering
guidelines about correct posture and lifting techniques and mandating breaks for
employees engaged in repetitive tasks.
How to prevent industrial hazards?
1. Obey Safety Requirements
One of the main causes of injuries and accidents on the job is failure to comply with safety
regulations. If you are an employer, then be sure to provide proper safety training for your
employees and post warnings and instructions throughout the workspace to ensure that your
employees know what they should and shouldn’t be doing. If you are an employee, make sure
you know what the rules are and that you follow them.
2. Communicate
Another way to help prevent accidents on the job is to be in constant communication with
other workers in your area. If you are working with heavy machinery, make sure everyone
knows what you’re planning to do. If you need to walk through a hard hat zone, make sure
you talk to someone and know what work is being done in the area so that you are on the
alert.
3. Provide/Get Proper Training
As an employer, make sure your workers know what they are doing. Provide proper training
to anyone who is going to use heavy machinery, chemicals, or dangerous products of any
kind. As an employee, make sure you know how to properly use a machine, a chemical, or
any other dangerous product – never assume you can figure it out yourself.
4. Keep Machinery & Equipment in Working Order

Always make sure you are using a machine that has been recently inspected and has
received proper maintenance and repairs before you take it out on the job.
5. Don’t Take Shortcuts

Faster isn’t always better, especially when safety can be jeopardized. Do your work the right
way and always make sure to keep safety your number one priority, even if it takes a little
longer. You could save a life – possibly even yours.
Lock-out, tag-out
Many serious accidents have happened when someone thought a

machine or the power to it was safely off. "Lock-out, tag-out" is a way to
protect yourself and others by ensuring that machines remain
completely, temporarily off. Without a lock-out tag-out system there is the
possibility that a machine will unexpectedly start up, either because of
stored energy which was not correctly released or through the actions of
someone starting the process without realizing that it isn't safe to do so.
Seven Basic Steps for Lock-out Tag-out:
1. Think, plan and check.
• If you are in charge, think through the entire
procedure.
• Identify all parts of any systems that need to be
shut down.
• Determine what switches, equipment and people
will be involved.
• Carefully plan how restarting will take place.
2. Communicate.
• Notify all those who need to know that a lock-out
tag-out procedure is taking place.
• Identify all appropriate power sources, whether near
or far from the job site.
• Include electrical circuits, hydraulic and pneumatic
systems, spring energy and gravity systems.
3. Neutralize all appropriate power at the source.
• Disconnect electricity.
• Block movable parts.
• Release or block spring energy.
• Drain or bleed hydraulic and pneumatic lines.
• Lower suspended parts to rest positions.
4. Lock out all power sources.

• Use a lock designed only for this purpose.
• Each worker should have a personal lock.
5. Tag out all power sources and machines.

• Tag machine controls, pressure lines, starter switches and suspended
parts.
• Tags should include your name, department, how to reach you, the date
and time of tagging and the reason for the lockout.
6. Do a complete test.
• Double check all the steps above.
• Do a personal check.
• Push start buttons, test circuits
and operate valves to test the
system.
7. When It's Time To Restart

After the job is completed, follow the
safety procedures you have set up for
restart, removing only your own locks
and tags. With all workers safe and
equipment ready, it's time to turn on
the power.
Control measures to industrial hazards:
1. Eliminate the hazard
Elimination of the hazard is not always achievable though it does totally remove the hazard and
thereby eliminates the risk of exposure. For example, a workplace might stop using a chemical or
eliminate the use of radiation in its operations.
2. Substitute the hazard with lesser risk

Substituting the hazard may not remove all of the hazards associated with the process or activity
and may introduce different hazards but the overall harm or health effects will be lessened. In
laboratory research, toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene.
3. Isolate the Hazard

Isolating the hazard is achieved by restricting access to plants and equipment or in the case of
substances locking them away under strict controls. When using certain chemicals then a fume
cupboard can isolate the hazard from the person, similarly placing noisy equipment in a non-
accessible enclosure or room isolates the hazard from the person(s).
4. Use Engineering Controls
Engineering Controls involve redesigning a process to place a barrier between the person and
the hazard or remove the hazard from the person, such as machinery guarding, proximity
guarding, extraction systems or removing the operator to a remote location away from the
hazard.
5. Use Administrative controls

Administrative controls include adopting standard operating procedures or safe work practices
or providing appropriate training, instruction or information to reduce the potential for harm
and/or adverse health effects to person(s). Isolation and permit to work procedures are
examples of administrative controls.
6. Use PPE
Personal protective equipment (PPE) include gloves, glasses, earmuffs, aprons, safety
footwear, dust masks which are designed to reduce exposure to the hazard. PPE is usually
seen as the last line of defense and is usually used in conjunction with one or more of the other
control measures.
Summary
The study of Industrial Hazards, Prevention, and Control is essential for
the overall economy of which we belong. This sector aims to maintain the
safety and order of the employee, workplace, and organization so that its
system will be in order. Adequate understanding of any hazards is
required to maintain active and safe working conditions. There are many
different ways to organize and avoid the hazards if we have come, such
as proper equipment, safety duties, and adequate training programs.
References:
• https://www.omicsonline.org/conferences-list/industrial-hazards-and-safety-
measures#:~:text=Industrial%20hazard%20may%20be%20defined,risk%20or%20in
jury%20or%20loss
• https://www.law-jms.com/Blogs/2017/March/Tips-to-Prevent-Industrial-
Accidents.aspx
• https://gesrepair.com/the-5-types-of-industrial-safety-hazards/
• https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Hazards/
• https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/training-library_industrial_hygiene.pdf
• https://ehs.ucsc.edu/programs/safety-ih/lockout-tagout.html
Environment Safety in
Construction
Presented by: Custorio, Clarence Jester C & Miranda, Glaiza Felice B.
Objectives:
To know what are the safe environment for construction workers.

To determine what are the factors that affect the safe environment in construction site.
To know what are the things to maintain the safe environment.
To discuss about the environment hygiene.
To know the Environment Hazards and it’s effect to human.
What is environmental safety?
Defined by the guidance, policies, and practices enforced in order to ensure that the
surrounding environment is free from hazards that will warrant the safety and well-
being of workers and employees, residents near industrial operations.
DENR requirements in environmental safety
1. Geotagged photographs of project site (taken for last 30 days)
2. Topographic Map of impact/affected areas (at least 1 km from the project boundaries)
3. Certification from LGU on the compatibility of proposed project with existing land use plan
4. Site Development and/or Vicinity map signed by registered professionals
5. Project/Plan layout signed by registered professionals
6. Schematic diagram of wastewater treatment facility
7. Schematic Diagram of Air Pollution Control Facility
8. Organizational Chart in charge on environmental concerns
9. Proof of authority over the project site (land title, lease contract, deed of absolute sale, etc.)
10. Affidavit of No Complaint
Environmental hazards
• are defined as extreme events or substances in the Earth and its

ecological system that may cause adverse consequences for
humans and things they value.
Different environment hazards
• Biological Hazards
Biological hazards come from organisms, including people, animals and plants, and threaten human health.
• Chemical Hazards
Chemicals can be toxic, corrosive, flammable and combustible. As such, they can pose health risks to workers
and become hazards if workers inhale, ingest or absorb them through their skin.
• Physical Hazards
Physical hazards include activities or natural substances in a work environment that pose health risks.
Hazard assessment
• the process followed to identify,

assess, and eliminate or manage
workplace hazards and risks to
worker health and safety.
Create a Risk Management System
A risk management system analyzes the potential dangers

of each task associated with a building project.
Follow Safety Procedures
All safety procedures are stated at the induction of every construction

project. All workers must receive an induction, and then subsequently
follow all of the safety procedures to avoid any hazards.
Wear Personal Protective Equipment (ppe)
Workers must wear Personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times.

Even with a risk assessment, an induction, and safety measures put into
place, it is still important for construction workers to wear protective
equipment.
Hard hats, safety goggles, cut-resistant gloves, and slip-resistant steel-
toed boots are a few examples of PPE.
Hard Hats and Falling Objects
Since construction workers can build some extremely tall

buildings, there is a risk for objects falling from long
distances.
Ear Plugs and Loud, Excessive Noise
Prolonged exposure to loud noises can cause permanent ear damage without proper
protection. It is hard to control loud noises, but workers can protect themselves.
Slip-Resistant Boots and Falls
Working at height also poses a potential risk

for falling. Slip-resistant boots, the initial
induction, and the risk management system
all work together to prevent falls resulting
from working at height.
Example of environment hazard
Contamination of Work environment.

Chemical Substance
• Ingestion of poisons- One of the biggest risks that
surround hazardous chemicals in a workplace is making sure
everyone on site knows exactly what chemicals they are using
and where they are.
• Exposure To Toxic Fumes- accidentally inhaled hydrogen
sulfide
INJURY
ILLNESS
DEATH
HAZARDS RECOGNITION
How do you recognize these hazards?

You should know your task.
Ocular inspection or walk-through survey.
Knowing the complaints of everyone in the workplace
(workers).
Know the raw materials that are used and different products.
Controlling of Occupational Hazards
Engineering
Control
Hierarchy of Administrative
controls Control
Personal Protective
Equipment
Engineering Administrative PPE
Control Control
✓Replacing of used ✓Correct

materials supervising ✓Gloves
✓Equipment ✓Fixing work ✓Safety goggles
maintenance schedules ✓Visor/ Face
✓Modified process ✓Knowledge about shields
and equipment to good ✓Safety shoes
be used housekeeping ✓Earplugs
✓Ventilation ✓Trained
employees
Environment hygiene
• Environmental hygiene encompasses effective cleaning of surfaces using appropriate

products, decontamination of medical equipment and devices used in patient-care
procedures, safe and appropriate handling of sharps.
• Encourages good housekeeping, provides workers with clean drinking water,
sanitary restrooms, and washing facilities to clean up.
Keep the site tidy
Keeping a neat site reduces the risk of workers slipping, tripping, and/or
falling.
Cleanliness is next to godliness

Why we need construction site hygiene
It is essential to ensure the health and well-being of the workers. While it does include
cleanliness, there are other equally important aspects that go into maintaining a healthy
construction site.
• Includes house keeping and Providing basic amenities
Always remember!
As a civil engineer we must have a safe working

environment and our number one priority should
be to keep our workers and other subcontractors
safe.
conclusion
It is important to observe environmental safety to have the

assurance of worker’s safety during work and to anyone who is
nearby the construction site. So, having a clean and safe
workplace is important. Also, knowing the potential
environmental risks will benefit anyone in seeking for some
possible ways to lessen the risks. Compliance with the things to
do and no to do will protect everyone and will reduce liabilities.
CONDUCT OF ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION AND
CORRECTIVE ACTION
Presented By:
Benedicto, Andrei V.
Finesa, Nicaella R.
Section: 50106
PAGE 1
Objectives
1 3
To define corrective
To define accident
action plans directed
investigation and to To determine the root
at preventing a
understand its importance. cause of the accident
recurrence of the
and identify how to
accident.
conduct an adequate
investigation.
PAGE 2
WHAT IS AN
ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION?
PAGE 3
ACCIDENT DEFINITION
INVESTIGATION A systematic approach to:

• identify the root cause of an
incident/accident; and
• define corrective action to
prevent similar occurrences.
SIGNIFICANCE
An effective way to prevent injuries
and illnesses from recurring is to
find the threats that existed that
resulted in the injury or illness and
take measures to correct or eliminate
the hazard(s).
PAGE 4
Accident
Investigation
Program
• Investigation team identified
• Written procedures
• Tracking of hazard correction
• Communicate findings/corrections
to all employees
PAGE 5
ALL OCCURRENCES NEED
AN INVESTIGATION
• Injuries
• Illnesses
• Near misses
• Property damage and fire
• Spill/Release(air,water,ground)
PAGE 6
Who should conduct and participate
in the investigation?
Members of the Company
Safety Committee Representative
Investigation Team
Supervisors/ Subject matter

Management experts
Persons involved in
the accident/incident
PAGE 7
WHEN SHOULD THE ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION BE CONDUCTED??
1 3
2
As soon as
Before victim(s)
possible, after the
and witnesses
incident occurs or Before the scene of
forget what
is reported. the incident is
happened.
disturbed or changed.
PAGE 8
Reporting of
Occurences
• All injuries, incidents and
near-misses should be
reported. An incident or
near-miss cannot be
investigated if it is not
reported.
• There should be no discipline

imposed on an employee who
reports an incident or near-
miss.
PAGE 9
Elements of Accident
Investigation
The Second Element
The First Element The Third Element
ON-SITE INVESTIGATION
DEVELOPMENT OF A
PREPARATION
REPORT
PAGE 10
PREPARATION
• Provide training to investigators,
including management, workers,
safety committee members, and union
representatives.
• Implement a process for notifying
investigators when an incident
occurs.
• Create forms to be used for taking
notes and documenting conditions.
• Identify documents that need to be
collected.
PAGE 11
• The purpose of the on-site
investigation is to document
conditions and collect information,
as well as to do a root-cause
analysis to determine the cause(s).
• It is important to take notes and

document any and all information
that might be important to the
investigation.
PAGE 12
ON-SITE
COLLECTING EVIDENCE AT THE
SCENE.
a. Document conditions using:
INVESTIGATION • photographs
• video tapes
• written notes
• Taking measurements
b. What to look at and what
information to collect.
INTERVIEWS
• Who to interview?
• Where should interview (s) take
place
• The purpose of interviews is to get
the facts and find out what
happened.
• Asking the questions: when,who,
what,where,why
PAGE 13
DEVELOPMENT OF A
REPORT
• Based upon the information
collected in the investigation, the
root cause(s) of the incident will
be determined, and recommendations
for prevention will address the
root cause(s).
PAGE 14
HOW TO CONDUCT A GOOD
INVESTIGATION??
1 2 3
Questions to Conducting the

Get the Fact
Ask Interviews
4 5
Define
Define Root Effective
Causes Corrective
Actions
PAGE 15
EVENTS & CAUSAL
• Developed by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
to aid investigators in organizing
FACTOR CHARTING and communicating information
gathered during the investigation.
(E&CF) • Provides a graphical depiction of the

events that occurred leading up to an
incident or injury.
• Critical process steps are identified.
• Provides a format for incident

investigation teams to analyze events
and root causes without assigning
blame.
PAGE 16
E & CF CHARTING
PAGE 17
ROOT CAUSE
• A deeper investigation of all
potential causes causes of an
incident
ANALYSIS • The process involves a team in
gathering and analyzing of data to
identify root causes and effective
corrective actions that would prevent
future incidents.
• It is a tool for supporting continuous
improvement
• Serious incidents have failure at
several safety management elements
PAGE 18
USES OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
DIAGRAM
1 2 3 4
To discover To visualize To provide To aid in

all potential possible focus for development of
causes relationships discussions Incident
between causes Prevention
Plans
PAGE 19
5-WHY STAIRWAY
Each concern requires an action,

even if it is not the root cause.
PAGE 20
FISHBONE DIAGRAM
PAGE 21
Weaknesses in • SUPERFICIAL INCIDENT
incident INVESTIGATIONS AND INCORRECT

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS.
investigation • FAILURE TO REPORT NEAR

MISSES.
• MINOR INCIDENTS NOT REPORTED.
• DOWNPLAYING INCIDENT REPORTS.
• FAILURE TO LEARN FROM

PREVIOUS INCIDENTS.
• REWARDING EMPLOYEES FOR LOW

INJURY & ILLNESS RATES.
PAGE 22
TEAM CONCLUSION
1 2 3
The evidence is
It is The evidence is
direct or based
supported by based on
on eyewitness
evidence assumption
accounts
PAGE 23
RECOMMENDATIONS SHOULD
1 2 3 4
Identify
Identify root
Be specific Be constructive contributing
causes
factors
PAGE 24
DEFINITION
CORRECTIVE ACTION • A reactive response to a problem
• consists of improvement to an
organization's processes to
eliminate causes of incidents as
well as to prevent its recurrence
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
Recovery steps
PERMANENT ACTIONS
Procedures & plans initiated to
prevent recurrence
PAGE 25
• Respond to the recommendations
HOW SHOULD A
in the report by explaining
what can and cannot be done
(and why or why not).
FOLLOW-UP BE DONE? • Develop a timetable for
corrective actions.
• Monitor that the scheduled

actions have been completed.
• Check the condition of injured

worker(s).
• Educate and train other

workers at risk.
• Re-orient worker(s) on their

return to work.
PAGE 26
Conclusion
Any occurrences in the workplace must be reported, or else
they will not be investigated, which will cause the same event
to occur. Also, the basis of the investigation is the victim(s),
eyewitnesses, and the scene. Conducting an investigation is
essential, which will improve the safety of workers and the
workplace itself. However, it is a critical process that will affect
the corrective action since the report needs to be accurate and
detailed.
PAGE 27
References
• https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/2018-12/fy11 _sh-22246-
11_IncidentInvestigationGuide.pdf (osha.gov)
• https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/cal_vpp/best_practices_symposiums/In
cident-investigation.Walter-Gonzales.pdf
• https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/investig.html
PAGE 28
Do you have any
questions of us?
Thank
You
PAGE 29
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE IN
CONSTRUCTION
Nardo, Jeric
Santos, Jan Christer
Section: 50106
 Emergency response in construction is the actions taken during the actual
emergency and plans that provides procedures so that workers know exactly what
are the expected emergencies that are possible to occur on site and what to do in
the event of emergency.
 To understand the emergencies on site.
 To have knowledge of the causes of these emergencies.
 To identify the potential emergency responses.
 Emergency response is a systematic plan for possible unexpected dangerous
occurrence.
 The goal of emergency response is to mitigate the impact of the event to the
people and environment.
 Emergency situations warranting a response can range from natural disasters to
hazardous materials problems and transportation incidents. Emergency response
plans are a critical component of workplace safety
 Response time is an important aspect of emergency response. This refers to how
long the emergency responders take to arrive to the place of emergency.
 Emergency preparedness refers to the actions taken
during the time of emergency. This includes the
planning of response, coordination to the
responders, emergency drills for knowledge and
preparedness and training programs.
 It promotes safety awareness.
 Show organization commitment to the safety of the workers.
 Lack of emergency plan could result to heavy losses for both workers and
equipment on site.
 Can cause financial collapse for the company.
 Protect the environment.
 Accelerate the resumption of normal operations
 FLOODS
 EARTHQUAKES
 EXTREME TEMPERATURE
 Is the overflowing of  Sudden shake of the ground  10 degrees or more above the
water onto the land that caused by the passage of average high temperature.
submerges the land seismic waves
 Great in degree or intensity
that is usually dry.
 When two blocks of the Earth
 Heat waves cause health issues
 Heavy rain suddenly slip past one another
 Climate change
 Ocean waves come on
shore  Can damage equipment being
used on site
 Chest pain
 Bleeding
 Choking
 Fainting
 Vomiting of blood
 Dizziness
 Change in mental status
What to do during these
Emergencies?
 Determine what happened and determine the
intensity of the situation. Identify the cause of
the emergency and control it to eliminate
problem.
 Assume the worst possible case and make
proper judgement.
 Since you are the senior person on site, think
of the most accurate solutions.
 Lead all the workers to cooperate and take
charge to the situation.
 Assign different tasks for controlling the
situation.
 Maintain calmness and order to prevent
panic.
 Provide an assistance to the injured workers.
 Assure a safe working space.
 Lead the workers to check their protective
gears.
 Keep the emergency services or hotlines in
contact and informed.
 Contact the utilities and some experts about the
emergency.
 Inform and report to the company about the
emergency.
 Lead the emergency service to the emergency
scene on site.
 Explain to the emergency service team the
hazards and causes and the time it happened.
 Report all high and even low injuries.
 Request immediate inspection for all workers on-
site.
 External organizations that are available to provide emergency response:
 Fire department
 Ambulance service
 Police departments
 Telephone companies
 Hospitals
 Government agencies
 Utility companies
 Identify any risks based on the site location
 Have a plan to protect equipment
 Assess the materials that will damaged by flood
 Build portable barriers to prevent flood damage
 Store electrical and mechanical equipment above project flood heights
 Understand the risks of contamination from chemical
 If flashflood warning is issued, evacuate the area
Preparing a construction site for an earthquake
 Have a safe place designated on the construction sites
 Practice Drop, Cover and Hold
 Hold earthquake drills
 Watch for fires
 Have earthquake emergency kit
 If operating equipment stop and exit as soon as possible
After an Earthquake
 Know that after the shaking stops, there is always a possibility of aftershocks
 If there is an clear path away from the construction site, exit as quick as possible
after the shaking stopped
 If an aftershock hits, the area will be still be recovering from the damages of the
first quake
 Only enter the site to assess damage after all risk of aftershock has passed
 If trapped, find something to tap to help rescue crew find you
 Wear protective clothing
Rising Temperature Risk:
 Heat Cramps
 Heat exhaustion
 Heatstroke
Safety tools for Extreme Temperature
 Access to cool water
 Regularly schedule break times’
 Medical and observational training
 Emergency preparedness is important for acquiring knowledge on what to do
when these events occur.
 Emergency response is also important because it is the actual response or the
execution of the emergency plan that was made before the construction begin.
 Safety is important because it causes lives, profit, equipment and damage to
environment.
 Prevention is best way to eliminate the emergencies.
 https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science-earthquakes
 https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/planning.html#:~:text=In%20addit
ion%2C%20an%20emergency%20plan,will%20occur%2C%20preplanning%20is
%20necessary.
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/extreme-temperature
 https://www.bigrentz.com/how-to-guides/disaster-safety-construction-sites
 https://www.attorneystevelee.com/our-library/construction-workers-risk-extreme-
heat-and-cold/
COSH and Biological
Hazards Prevention and
Control
Gannaban, Zaira Samantha P.

Osorio, Evan James F.
• To know different kinds of Biological Hazards.
• To know its prevention and control measures.
• To help prevent occupational disease and unpleasant
health effects.
• To improve or maintain the health of workers exposed to
biological agents.
OBJECTIVES:
Biological Hazard, also known as Biohazard, refers
to biological substances that endanger the health of
living organisms, primarily humans. Medical waste
or samples of microorganisms, viruses or toxins
(from biological source) that can harm human
health are examples of this.
What is Biological Hazard?

TYPES OF
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
• Viruses.
• Toxins from biological sources.
• Spores.
• Bacteria
• A virus is a small group of genetic code, either
VIRUS DNA or RNA, encased in a protein coat. A virus
cannot replicate on its own. Viruses must infect
cells and use host cell components to replicate
themselves. They frequently kill the host cell in the
process, causing harm to the host organism.
Ex: COVID-19
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
You can be infected by breathing in the virus if you
are near someone who has COVID-19, or by touching
a contaminated surface and then your eyes, nose or
mouth. The virus spreads more easily indoors and in
crowded settings.
• Biological toxins are poisonous
substances produced by certain
• Examples of toxins of
microorganisms, animals, and biological origin include;
plants 1.Diphtheria Toxin
• Although toxins are derived from 2.Tetrodotoxin
biological materials, they do not 3.Pertussis Toxin
replicate and are therefore not 4.Botulinium Toxin
considered infectious. However, 5.Snake Venom Toxins
they may be extremely toxic in 6.Conotoxin
very small quantities and must be 7.Ricin.
managed like hazardous chemicals
in the workplace.
Toxins from biological sources

• A spore is a cell that certain fungi,
plants (moss, ferns), and bacteria
produce. Spores are involved in
SPORES
reproduction.
• Certain bacteria make spores as a way

to defend themselves. Spores have
thick walls. They can resist high
temperatures, humidity, and other
environmental conditions.
• The bacteria Clostridia form spores.

These spores create the bacteria that
cause a rare condition called gas
gangrene and a type of colitis that is
linked to use of antibiotics.
- Microscopic organisms that live in soil, water or the bodies of
plants and animals and are characterized by lack of distinct
nucleus and the inability to photosynthesize.
There are many different types of bacteria. One way of classifying them is by shape. There
are three basic shapes.
• Spherical: Bacteria shaped like a ball are called cocci, and a single bacterium is a
coccus. Examples include the streptococcus group, responsible for “strep throat.”
• Rod-shaped: These are known as bacilli (singular bacillus). Some rod-shaped bacteria
are curved. These are known as vibrio. Examples of rod-shaped bacteria include
Bacillus anthracis or anthrax.
• Spiral: These are known as spirilla (singular spirillus). If their coil is very tight they are
known as spirochetes. Leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and syphilis are caused by bacteria
of this shape.
BACTERIA
HOW DOES BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD ENTER THE BODY?
Biolgical Hazards can enter the body in various ways. When
determining suitable protective measures, measures are clear
understanding of how it can enter the body.
• Inhalation – through breathing.
• Absorption – direct contact through breaks in the skin,
even chapped skin or through mucous membranes/contact
with eyes, nose and mouth.
• Injestion – through swallowing.
• Injection – through a puncture.0
HOW DOES BIOHAZARD SPREAD?
BIOHAZARD DISEASE SPREAD PRECAUTION CONTROL
BACTERIA PINK EYE Human to human Do not share personal things.
contact.
VIRUS HEPATITIS A Human to human Do not ingest contaminated water or
contact. food. Avoid direct contact with
infected person.
VIRUS HEPATITIS B Human to human Immunization. Avoid contact with
contact. infected people. Avoid tattooing and
body piercing dispose of sharps in
disposal container.
VIRUS HEPATITIS C Human to human Avoid direct contact with infected
contact. people. Follow standard precaution.
VIRUS MEASLES Human to human Immunization. Avoid direct contact

contact spread by with infected people.
cough and nasal
droplets.
Dangerous and exotic, posing a high risk of
aerosol-transmitted infections. Infections
caused by these microbes are frequently fatal
and without treatment vaccine.
BSL 4
Microbes there can either indigineous or exotic

BSL 3 and they can cause serious or potentially lethal
disease through respiratory transmission.
Moderate potential hazard to personnel and the

environment. Includes bacteria and viruses that
BSL 2 causes mild disease to humans or are difficult
to contract via aerosol in a lab setting.
Not known to consistently cause disease in

healthy adult humans and of minimal potential
BSL1 hazard to laboratory personnel and the
environment.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

PREVENTING BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD
• How to prevent Biohazard in the workplace.

• How to prevent Biohazard at home.
• How to prevent Biohazard in food.
There’s a lot of precautions to protect yourself from
biohazards in the workplace.
• Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when responding to

situations involving biohazards. These includes gloves, facemask
and shields, respirators, aprons, special protective eyewear and full
body gown or suits.
• Wash your hands properly and frequently using warm water and
soap.
• Utilize proper disposal methods including labeled biohazard bags or
containers.
• Don’t ever assume a situation involving biohazards will be fine to
respond without proper precautions.
• Report all incidents to supervisors.

HAZARD IN THE WORKPLACE.
• Ensure that your work area is home to proper ventilation
in order to prevent building-up unwanted or harmful
substances.
• Proper cleaning of your work are and home with medical-
grade sanitization products is important.
• Even if it appears to be clean, viruses may be present and
bacteria can build up quickly and is impossible to see.
• Sanitation is an effective way to ensure clean and safe
home.

HAZARD AT HOME
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and warm water
enough to tolerate before and after eating.
• Carefully wash cooking materials before and after food
preparation or put those in a dishwasher that uses water at
a temperature that kills microorganisms.
• Minimize the time any food spends in the danger zone.
• Dispose or discard food that has been time and
temperature abused, has visible molds, is discolored or
has an unusual odor.

HAZARD IN FOOD
CONTROLLING EXPOSURE TO
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
There are three (3) approaches to control hazards. The first approach is
to look at engineering controls. If hazard cannot be eliminated at first,
second approch to control hazard is administrative. Then, if exposure to
a hazard cannot be controlled with either engineering or administrative
controls then PPE is necessary.
• These controls are the first line of defense and includes
built in protection in buiding, work areas, equipment or
supplies. It reduce risk through physical means.
Examples:
1. Ventilation systems and construction seals to create
negative pressure room.
2. Bio-safety hoods with specific ventilation system.
3. Regular cleaning of workplace; proper disposal of
materials and items that may pose a biological risk.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
• These controls reduce risk by changing work processes
and activities to make them more safe.
Examples:
1. Worker training.
2. Rules that require proper handwashing.
3. Allowing employees to have sick leave.
4. Providing immunization program.
5. Limiting employees from exposure to possible
biological safety hazards.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
• When hazard poses a possible threat even after Engineering
and Administrative controls have been implemented, then PPE
is necessary.
Some PPE measures that can protect you are;

 Proper mask and latex gloves for biohazard.
 Eye protection.
 For PPE to be effective, it must be worn correctly and must be
comfortable for each person.
 Workers must be properly trained on how to use PPE and when
it is needed.
PERSONAL PROTECTVE EQUIPMENT

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS ARE ORGANISMS THAT
MAY CAUSE HEALTH PROBLEMS TO HUMANS.
THESE HAZARDS ARE VERY DANGEROUS THAT IT
NEEDS TO BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY BY ALL
WORKERS. CONTROL MEASURES SHOULD
CONFORM TO THE RECOMMENDATION OF
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL.
CONCLUSION
JHA IN WORK AT
HEIGHTS
6.53
Aguirre, John Mark C.

Alcala, Dennis John A.
PCCEM-COSH 50106
OBJECTIVES
• To define work at heights

• To discuss the different
items to consider in work
at heights
• To discuss the hierarchy
of fall protection
WHAT IS WORK AT HEIGHTS?
• ‘Work at heights’ means work in any place where, if there were

no precautions in place, a person could fall a distance liable to
cause personal injury (for example a fall through a fragile roof
down an unprotected lift shaft, stairwells).
• Working at height remains one of the biggest causes of
fatalities and major injuries. Common cases include falls from
roofs, ladders, and through fragile surfaces.
DIFFERENT ITEMS
TO CONSIDER
WHEN WORKING
AT HEIGHTS
SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding, also called scaffold
or staging, is a temporary
structure used to support a work
crew and materials to aid in the
construction, maintenance and
repair of buildings, bridges and
all other man-made structures.
BASIC PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDING TRESTLE SCAFFOLDING

SINGLE SCAFFOLDING DOUBLE SCAFFOLDING

STEEL SCAFFOLDING SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDING

KWIKSTAGE SCAFFOLDING
BARRICADES
Barricades act as warning
devices that alert others of
the hazards created by
construction activities.
RAILINGS
Guard rail, guardrails, or
protective guarding, in general,
are a boundary feature and may
be a means to prevent or deter
access to dangerous or off-limits
areas while allowing light and
visibility in a greater way than a
fence.
LADDERS
a structure consisting of a series
of bars or steps between two
upright lengths of wood, metal,
or rope, used for climbing up or
down something.
FALL PROTECTION
• Fall protection is the use of controls designed to

protect personnel from falling or in the event they
do fall, to stop them without causing severe
injury.
• Anytime you are working in a situation where you
could fall four or more feet, some sort of fall
protection system is required.
EXAMPLES OF WORK AT HEIGHTS
• Working on trestles
• Working on a flat roof
• Erecting false work or formwork
• Working on a ladder
• Working at ground level adjacent to an excavation
• Working on formwork within an excavation
• Working near or adjacent to fragile materials
COMMON ACCIDENTS IN WORK AT
HEIGHTS
• Slips
• Trips
• Falls
• Struck by objects
MAINTENANCE
• Avoid working at height completely
• Prevent falls using a safe place to carry out work
• Prevent falls using collective equipment
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE): Fall restraint
• Minimize the distance the worker could fall
• Minimize the impact of a fall
• Use PPE: Fall arrest
• Minimize risk by undergoing training
SUMMARY
Work at heights is working in any
place, including a place at, above or
below ground level, where a person
could be injured if they fall from that
place. It requires fall protection and
items such as scaffolding, barricades,
railings, and ladders. Moreover, the
most important thing is awareness of
the workers on site.
REFERENCES
• https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Work_at_Height/#:~:text=Wor
k%20at%20height%20is%20work,Working%20on%20trestles
• https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-administration-
inspection/resources-library/publications/guide-for-labour-
inspectors/working-at-height/lang--en/index.htm
• https://simplifiedsafety.co.uk/resources/personal-fall-
protection/working-at-heights-hierarchy-of-control
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
JHA
JHA
CONFINED SPACES
in
PRESENTED BY
RIZAN, KIMBERLY G.
SANTIAGO, ALYZA GALE F.
SECTION: 50106
OBJECTIVES
To define confined space and its hazards
To identify different confined spaces in construction
To elaborate procedure in entering confined spaces
To identify confined space personnel duties and responsibilities
To be able to know the importance of JHA especially in working at confined spaces
CONFINED SPACE
Confined space, according to OSHA, is a space that
Is large enough and configured for a worker to enter and

perform assigned work;
Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit;
Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy

PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE
(also known as Permit Space)
In addition to the dangers posed by small spaces with limited access,

there is a further class of confined space called a “permit space.” These are
spaces in which only trained and certified workers may work, and only
after the employer has signed off on a permit that identifies and confirms
the presence of adequate security precautions.
Permit-required confined spaces has one or more
of the following characteristics:
1. Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere

2. Contains a material with the potential to engulf someone who enters the space
3. Has an internal configuration that might cause an entrant to be trapped or
asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward
and tapers to a smaller cross section
4. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazards
SAMPLE OF CONFINED
SPACE ENTRY PERMIT
SAFE ENTRY TAG
A tag that is used to ensure that the existing
hazards of a confined space have been
properly identified, assessed (evaluated) and
that necessary preventive and protective
measures and procedures are put into place
for the safety and health of workers involved
in confined space work.
M A N H O L E S
(SUCH AS SEWERS, STORM
DRAINS, ELECTRICAL
COMMUNICATION, AND
OTHER UTILITIES)
An opening to a confined space
such as a shaft, utility vault, or large
vessel. Manholes are often used as
an access point for an underground
public utility, allowing inspection,
maintenance, and system
upgrades.
P I T S
(SUCH AS ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS,
PUMPS, VALVES, OR OTHER
EQUIPMENT)
Even though a pit is typically open

on top and over 4 feet deep, it can
still be a confined space or permit-
required confined space.
Additionally, pits can be completely
underground or below grade.
T A N K S
(SUCH AS FOR WATER, FUEL,
CHEMICALS, OR OTHER
LIQUIDS, GASES, OR SOLIDS)
Tanks are another type of

confined workspace commonly
found in construction. They are
used for a variety of purposes,
including the storage of water,
chemicals, etc
HEATING, VENTILATION, AND

AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)
DUCTS
Ventilation ducts, like pipe runs,
are very common at the
construction site. These sheet
metal enclosures create a
complex network which moves
heated and cooled air and
exhaust fumes to desired
locations in the plant
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED with confined space
TOXIC ATMOSPHERE
A toxic atmosphere may occur due to the presence or ingress of hazardous substances.
These substances may be present in the Confined Space for various reasons such as:
- remaining from previous processing or storage

- arising from the disturbance of sludge and other deposits
- the presence of a fire or flames within the space
- seepage from improperly isolated adjoining plant
- formation during the work processes carried out in the space
- being released from under scale and in brickwork as a result of the work process
OXYGEN DEFICIENCY
Oxygen can be lacking a confined space for the following reasons:
- displacement of air by another gas
- various biological processes or chemical reactions (such as rotting of organic matter, rusting of
metals, burning, etc)
- absorption of air onto steel surfaces, especially where these are damp
OXYGEN ENRICHMENT
An excess of oxygen, in the presence of combustible materials, results in an increased risk of fire and
explosion. Some materials, which do not burn in air, may burn vigorously or even spontaneously in an
enriched oxygen atmosphere.
FLAMMABLE OR EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE

A flammable atmosphere presents a risk of fire or explosion. Such an atmosphere can arise from the
presence in the confined space of flammable liquids or gases or of a suspension of combustible dust in
air. If a flammable atmosphere inside a confined space ignites, an explosion may occur, resulting in the
expulsion of hot gases and the disintegration of the structure.

FLOWING LIQUID OR FREE FLOWING SOLIDS
Liquids or solids can flow into the confined space causing drowning, suffocation, burns and other
injuries. Solids in powder form may also be disturbed in a confined space resulting in an asphyxiating
atmosphere.
EXCESSIVE HEAT
The enclosed nature of a confined space can increase the risk of heat stroke or collapse from
heat stress, if conditions are excessively hot. The risk may be exacerbated by the wearing of
personal protective equipment or by lack of ventilation.

PHYSICAL LIMITED
HAZARDS COMMUNICATIONS
Potential physical hazards in Communication is key to keeping

confined spaces include: confined space workers safe – particularly
Noise when there is no direct line of sight
between those outside the space and
Extreme heat or cold
those in it.
Radiation Without reliable communication, workers
Vibration inside have no way to call for help or alert
Electrical hazard supervisors to potentially unsafe
Inadequate lighting within the conditions. It also means that supervisors
have no real way to confirm the safety of
space
those inside, which puts lives at risk.
Managing Hazards with the Right PPE

PREPARATION
SAFE ENTRY Before workers can enter a
confined space, employers
PROCEDURE must provide pre-entry
planning. This includes:
Having a competent person evaluate the work site
1 for the presence of confined spaces, including
permit-required confined spaces.
Once the space is classified as a permit-required

confined space, identifying the means of entry and
2
exit, proper ventilation methods, and elimination or
control of all potential hazards in the space.
Ensuring that the air in a confined space is tested, before

3 workers enter, for oxygen levels, flammable and toxic
substances, and stratified atmospheres.
If a permit is required for the space, removing or

controlling hazards in the space and determining 4
rescue procedures and necessary equipment.
If the air in a space is not safe for workers, ventilating or

5 using whatever controls or protections are necessary so
that employees can safely work in the space
ONGOING PRACTICES
After pre-entry planning, employers must ensure that the space is monitored
for hazards, especially atmospheric hazards. Effective communication is
important because there can be multiple contractors operating on a site, each
with its own workers needing to enter the confined space. Attendants outside
confined spaces must make sure that unauthorized workers do not enter them.
Rescue attempts by untrained personnel can lead to multiple deaths.
Employers should assess the worksite to determine what personal protective
equipment (PPE) is needed to protect workers. Employers should provide workers
with the required PPE and proper training on its use and about any related hazards
before the work starts.

FALL PROTECTION
Workers entering the confined space
must don a chest or full-body harness
with a retrieval line sufficient to allow
for the successful removal of the
worker in case of emergency.

GAS DETECTION
In confined space work, gas

detection equipment is
treated as PPE. Employers
must provide the equipment
to workers at no cost,
maintain the devices, and
give training on how to use
them.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Respiratory protection is required under OSHA
rules anytime a space does not meet the following
conditions:
Oxygen: 19.5 to 23.5 percent
Flammability: below 10 percent of lower
flammable limit for gases, vapors, mists, or
combustible dust
Toxic gases: below the permissible exposure
limit or time-weighted average of a substance

RESPIRATORY
PROTECTION

COMMUNICATION DEVICES
Communication gear is a critical part
of keeping workers safe inside a
confined space, and as such, it should
fall under the PPE umbrella. There are
a number of things you need to look
for in communication devices:
Hands-free
Wireless
Full-duplex
Independently powered
Integrated with hearing protection

All workers must wear eye and face protection,
including safety goggles where there is a risk of eye-
irritating chemicals, vapors, or dusts. Workers must also
use gloves made of a material suitable to the hazards
present in the space. Note that specialty gloves may be
necessary to protect workers from extreme heat or cold
or when using specific tools.
Shoes and boots should comply with safety codes and
offer good traction on slippery surfaces. Additional
considerations may be made for workers in spaces that
have slip hazards, electricity, falling objects, chemicals, or
sparks.
Finally, workers who are exposed to excessive noise must
wear hearing protection. It’s important to consider
communication, however, as workers inside a confined
space must be able to communicate with those outside
it with ease

A confined space rescue
plan is a system of steps
RESCUE PLAN
undertaken by designated
personnel to rescue
employees from permit
spaces.
Develop and implement Evaluate a prospective
procedures for summoning rescuer’s ability to respond to
rescue and emergency services a rescue summons in a timely
manner, considering the
hazard(s) identified
To facilitate non-entry rescue, retrieval Inform each rescue team or service

systems or methods shall be used of the hazards they may confront
whenever an authorized entrant enters a when called on to perform rescue at
permit space the site.
J H A
job hazard analysis
A PROCEDURE THAT CAN ASSIST IN EFFECTIVELY IDENTIFYING AND

ANALYZING HAZARDS ON-SITE BEFORE THEY OCCUR. IT BREAKS DOWN
ALL THE ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH A SPECIFIC JOB TO ASSESS ANY
UNSAFE CONDITIONS SO THE RISKS CAN BE ELIMINATED OR REDUCED.
SAMPLE JHA
Because confined spaces
are so inherently dangerous,
especially the permit-
CONFINED required confined spaces

that would necessitate a
SPACE team like this, it is very
important that each
PERSONNEL member understand and
have the proper training to
perform each of their
respective duties.
1. Know the hazards associated with confined space entry,

and in particular, the hazards associated with the PRCS
being entered.
2. Know how to use all required equipment.
ENTRANT 3. Know the procedures for communication with the
attendant.
4. Know how to alert the attendant of hazardous or
prohibited conditions.
5. Know how to exit the space if necessary (that is, self
rescue).
1. Know the hazards.

2. Verify safe entry conditions.
3. Terminate entry and cancel permit.
4. Verify availability and effectiveness of rescue
SUPERVISOR services.
5. Remove unauthorized persons.
6. Ensure acceptable entry conditions are
maintained.
1. Know the hazards. In the case of the attendant, this can

often include using air monitoring equipment to keep a
close watch on the atmospheric conditions inside the
confined space and communicate any changes observed.
2. Know the behavioral effects of the hazards.
ATTENDANT 3. Be able to identify the authorized entrants.
4. Remain outside until relieved.
5. Communicate with entrants through out the work period.
6. Monitor and evacuate entrants if necessary.
7. Summon rescue, if needed.
8. Warn away unauthorized persons.
BREAKDOWN OF
INDIVIDUAL
RESPONSIBILITIES
A VISUAL GUIDE
A number of people are killed or seriously injured in confined spaces each year in
the Philippines. This happens in a wide range of industries, from those involving complex
plant to simple storage vessels. Those killed include people working in the confined space
and those who try to rescue them without proper training and equipment.
On this note, conducting JHA when activities involve confined spaces is very important in
order to decide what are the necessary measures for safety. Detailed safety procedures
must be thoroughly conducted to ensure all entrants will be provided adequate protection
while performing their job inside the confined space. Moreover, employers are responsible
for educating and reinforcing their workers about safety rules.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
https://www.hsetraining.org/hazards-associated-with-confined-spaces/
https://www.osha.gov/confined-spaces-construction
https://www.tdi.texas.gov/pubs/videoresource/wpconfinedconst.pdf
https://madesafe.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Confined_Space_Entry_Procedure.pdf
https://www.safeopedia.com/confined-spaces-in-construction/2/6476
https://safetyculture.com/topics/confined-space-safety/
PRESENTED BY
Kimberly G. Rizan Alyza Gale F. Santiago

Industrial
hazards,
prevention and
control
Alvarez, Richardzen
Orbase, Amiel Cedrick
Subista, James Brylle PCCEM – COSH
Section: 50106
Objectives
● To define what is industrial hazard
● To know the different types of industrial hazards
● To define what is industrial hygiene
● To understand the importance of industrial hygiene
● To know how to prevent or lessen the industrial hazards
● To know the control measures to industrial hazards
What is industrial
hazard?
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition
produced by industries that may cause injury or death
to personnel or loss of product or property. Safety in
simple terms means freedom from the occurrence of
risk or injury or loss.
Different types of Industrial
Hazards:
Physical Hazard Chemical Hazard Ergonomic Hazard
Biological Hazard Safety Hazard

Physical Hazard
Physical hazards occur when the working area
poses a danger to those just standing in it.
For instance, noise, radiation exposure and
temperature extremes can affect anyone in
an industrial area, regardless of if they are
working with equipment or not.
Noise Radiation
Extreme Temperatures
Chemical Hazard
Chemical dangers reflect exposure to hazardous chemicals.
Anything that could cause illness from inhalation or touch
falls under this category. Even innocuous substances in
large amounts could lead to physical harm. For example, the
protracted development of mesothelioma from exposure to
asbestos illustrates this type of danger.
Ergonomic Hazard
The human body requires regular
exercise and movement. However,
doing the same set of actions too often,
especially without proper form or
support, can lead to overuse injuries.
Even long periods of incorrectly
standing or sitting can lead to pain.
Biological Hazard
Biological hazards come from living
organisms, whether those are as tiny as
viruses or as large as animals. Illnesses
from bacteria, fungi, viruses, exposure to
plants, or animal bites or scratches pose
genuine risks for workers.
Safety Hazard
Safety hazards appear while an employee
works. Examples of safety hazards include
shocks from faulty electrical equipment,
slips on floors, falls from working at heights,
head injuries from falling debris and cuts or
worse from improperly used machinery.
What is industrial hygiene?
Industrial hygiene has been defined as “that science and art

devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control
of those environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the
workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and
well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or among
the citizens of the community.”
Who are industrial hygienists?
An industrial hygienist is a
professional who is capable of
assessing and controlling physical,
chemical, biological or
environmental hazards present in
the workplace, work environment
or public space that could cause
injury or illness.
• Nonfatal illnesses: Skin, lung and gastrointestinal diseases like anthrax are common
occupational hazards in agricultural operations, and blood-borne illnesses like hepatitis B
and C are common occupational hazards in medical settings and laboratories. Industrial
hygiene can help prevent the transmission of these diseases and many others.
• Respiratory conditions: Respiratory conditions like chronic bronchitis, asbestosis and

pneumonitis are common occupational hazards, especially in industries like mining where
inhaling dust is common. Industrial hygiene can help by mandating the use of personal
protective equipment (PPE) which provides respiratory protection and improves working
conditions.
• Skin diseases: Skin diseases like dermatitis, eczema, rashes and blisters are common in
industries where workers' skin comes into contact with hazardous chemicals. Industrial
hygiene can help by mandating PPE and offering guidelines about how chemicals are
used, labeled and stored in the workplace.
• Poisoning: Poisoning can occur if workers accidentally ingest toxic chemicals like
pesticides, herbicides, formaldehyde or cleaning agents. Workers might also absorb those
chemicals through their skin. Industrial hygiene can help by mandating how poisons are
used, labeled and stored.
• Hearing loss: Hearing loss can occur when employees are exposed to high-decibel
sounds in environments like airports or at construction and mining sites where detonations
occur. Industrial hygiene can help by mandating personal PPE, measuring hazards with
sound level meters and offering guidelines about noise exposure in the workplace.
• Repetitive stress injuries: Repetitive stress injuries occur when employees perform the
same motions many times throughout the workday. Industrial hygiene can help by offering
guidelines about correct posture and lifting techniques and mandating breaks for
employees engaged in repetitive tasks.
1. Obey Safety Requirements
One of the main causes of injuries and accidents on the job is failure to comply with safety
regulations. If you are an employer, then be sure to provide proper safety training for your
employees and post warnings and instructions throughout the workspace to ensure that your
employees know what they should and shouldn’t be doing. If you are an employee, make sure
you know what the rules are and that you follow them.
2. Communicate
Another way to help prevent accidents on the job is to be in constant communication with
other workers in your area. If you are working with heavy machinery, make sure everyone
knows what you’re planning to do. If you need to walk through a hard hat zone, make sure
you talk to someone and know what work is being done in the area so that you are on the
alert.
3. Provide/Get Proper Training
As an employer, make sure your workers know what they are doing. Provide proper training
to anyone who is going to use heavy machinery, chemicals, or dangerous products of any
kind. As an employee, make sure you know how to properly use a machine, a chemical, or
any other dangerous product – never assume you can figure it out yourself.
4. Keep Machinery & Equipment in Working Order

Always make sure you are using a machine that has been recently inspected and has
received proper maintenance and repairs before you take it out on the job.
5. Don’t Take Shortcuts

Faster isn’t always better, especially when safety can be jeopardized. Do your work the right
way and always make sure to keep safety your number one priority, even if it takes a little
longer. You could save a life – possibly even yours.
Lock-out, tag-out
Many serious accidents have happened when someone thought a

machine or the power to it was safely off. "Lock-out, tag-out" is a way to
protect yourself and others by ensuring that machines remain
completely, temporarily off. Without a lock-out tag-out system there is the
possibility that a machine will unexpectedly start up, either because of
stored energy which was not correctly released or through the actions of
someone starting the process without realizing that it isn't safe to do so.
1. Think, plan and check.
• If you are in charge, think through the entire
procedure.
• Identify all parts of any systems that need to be
shut down.
• Determine what switches, equipment and people
will be involved.
• Carefully plan how restarting will take place.
2. Communicate.
• Notify all those who need to know that a lock-out
tag-out procedure is taking place.
• Identify all appropriate power sources, whether near
or far from the job site.
• Include electrical circuits, hydraulic and pneumatic
systems, spring energy and gravity systems.
3. Neutralize all appropriate power at the source.
• Disconnect electricity.
• Block movable parts.
• Release or block spring energy.
• Drain or bleed hydraulic and pneumatic lines.
• Lower suspended parts to rest positions.
4. Lock out all power sources.

• Use a lock designed only for this purpose.
• Each worker should have a personal lock.
5. Tag out all power sources and machines.

• Tag machine controls, pressure lines, starter switches and suspended
parts.
• Tags should include your name, department, how to reach you, the date
and time of tagging and the reason for the lockout.
6. Do a complete test.
• Double check all the steps above.
• Do a personal check.
• Push start buttons, test circuits
and operate valves to test the
system.
7. When It's Time To Restart

After the job is completed, follow the
safety procedures you have set up for
restart, removing only your own locks
and tags. With all workers safe and
equipment ready, it's time to turn on
the power.
1. Eliminate the hazard
Elimination of the hazard is not always achievable though it does totally remove the hazard and
thereby eliminates the risk of exposure. For example, a workplace might stop using a chemical or
eliminate the use of radiation in its operations.
2. Substitute the hazard with lesser risk

Substituting the hazard may not remove all of the hazards associated with the process or activity
and may introduce different hazards but the overall harm or health effects will be lessened. In
laboratory research, toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene.
3. Isolate the Hazard

Isolating the hazard is achieved by restricting access to plants and equipment or in the case of
substances locking them away under strict controls. When using certain chemicals then a fume
cupboard can isolate the hazard from the person, similarly placing noisy equipment in a non-
accessible enclosure or room isolates the hazard from the person(s).
4. Use Engineering Controls
Engineering Controls involve redesigning a process to place a barrier between the person and
the hazard or remove the hazard from the person, such as machinery guarding, proximity
guarding, extraction systems or removing the operator to a remote location away from the
hazard.
5. Use Administrative controls

Administrative controls include adopting standard operating procedures or safe work practices
or providing appropriate training, instruction or information to reduce the potential for harm
and/or adverse health effects to person(s). Isolation and permit to work procedures are
examples of administrative controls.
6. Use PPE
Personal protective equipment (PPE) include gloves, glasses, earmuffs, aprons, safety
footwear, dust masks which are designed to reduce exposure to the hazard. PPE is usually
seen as the last line of defense and is usually used in conjunction with one or more of the other
control measures.
Summary
The study of Industrial Hazards, Prevention, and Control is essential for
the overall economy of which we belong. This sector aims to maintain the
safety and order of the employee, workplace, and organization so that its
system will be in order. Adequate understanding of any hazards is
required to maintain active and safe working conditions. There are many
different ways to organize and avoid the hazards if we have come, such
as proper equipment, safety duties, and adequate training programs.
References:
• https://www.omicsonline.org/conferences-list/industrial-hazards-and-safety-
measures#:~:text=Industrial%20hazard%20may%20be%20defined,risk%20or%20in
jury%20or%20loss
• https://www.law-jms.com/Blogs/2017/March/Tips-to-Prevent-Industrial-
Accidents.aspx
• https://gesrepair.com/the-5-types-of-industrial-safety-hazards/
• https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Hazards/
• https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/training-library_industrial_hygiene.pdf
• https://ehs.ucsc.edu/programs/safety-ih/lockout-tagout.html
Environment Safety in
Construction
Presented by: Custorio, Clarence Jester C & Miranda, Glaiza Felice B.
Objectives:
To know what are the safe environment for construction workers.

To determine what are the factors that affect the safe environment in construction site.
To know what are the things to maintain the safe environment.
To discuss about the environment hygiene.
To know the Environment Hazards and it’s effect to human.
What is environmental safety?
Defined by the guidance, policies, and practices enforced in order to ensure that the
surrounding environment is free from hazards that will warrant the safety and well-
being of workers and employees, residents near industrial operations.
DENR requirements in environmental safety
1. Geotagged photographs of project site (taken for last 30 days)
2. Topographic Map of impact/affected areas (at least 1 km from the project boundaries)
3. Certification from LGU on the compatibility of proposed project with existing land use plan
4. Site Development and/or Vicinity map signed by registered professionals
5. Project/Plan layout signed by registered professionals
6. Schematic diagram of wastewater treatment facility
7. Schematic Diagram of Air Pollution Control Facility
8. Organizational Chart in charge on environmental concerns
9. Proof of authority over the project site (land title, lease contract, deed of absolute sale, etc.)
10. Affidavit of No Complaint
Environmental hazards
• are defined as extreme events or substances in the Earth and its

ecological system that may cause adverse consequences for
humans and things they value.
Different environment hazards
• Biological Hazards
Biological hazards come from organisms, including people, animals and plants, and threaten human health.
• Chemical Hazards
Chemicals can be toxic, corrosive, flammable and combustible. As such, they can pose health risks to workers
and become hazards if workers inhale, ingest or absorb them through their skin.
• Physical Hazards
Physical hazards include activities or natural substances in a work environment that pose health risks.
Hazard assessment
• the process followed to identify,

assess, and eliminate or manage
workplace hazards and risks to
worker health and safety.
Create a Risk Management System
A risk management system analyzes the potential dangers

of each task associated with a building project.
Follow Safety Procedures
All safety procedures are stated at the induction of every construction

project. All workers must receive an induction, and then subsequently
follow all of the safety procedures to avoid any hazards.
Wear Personal Protective Equipment (ppe)
Workers must wear Personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times.

Even with a risk assessment, an induction, and safety measures put into
place, it is still important for construction workers to wear protective
equipment.
Hard hats, safety goggles, cut-resistant gloves, and slip-resistant steel-
toed boots are a few examples of PPE.
Hard Hats and Falling Objects
Since construction workers can build some extremely tall

buildings, there is a risk for objects falling from long
distances.
Ear Plugs and Loud, Excessive Noise
Prolonged exposure to loud noises can cause permanent ear damage without proper
protection. It is hard to control loud noises, but workers can protect themselves.
Slip-Resistant Boots and Falls
Working at height also poses a potential risk

for falling. Slip-resistant boots, the initial
induction, and the risk management system
all work together to prevent falls resulting
from working at height.
Example of environment hazard
Contamination of Work environment.

Chemical Substance
• Ingestion of poisons- One of the biggest risks that
surround hazardous chemicals in a workplace is making sure
everyone on site knows exactly what chemicals they are using
and where they are.
• Exposure To Toxic Fumes- accidentally inhaled hydrogen
sulfide
INJURY
ILLNESS
DEATH
HAZARDS RECOGNITION
How do you recognize these hazards?

You should know your task.
Ocular inspection or walk-through survey.
Knowing the complaints of everyone in the workplace
(workers).
Know the raw materials that are used and different products.
Controlling of Occupational Hazards
Engineering
Control
Hierarchy of Administrative
controls Control
Personal Protective
Equipment
Engineering Administrative PPE
Control Control
✓Replacing of used ✓Correct

materials supervising ✓Gloves
✓Equipment ✓Fixing work ✓Safety goggles
maintenance schedules ✓Visor/ Face
✓Modified process ✓Knowledge about shields
and equipment to good ✓Safety shoes
be used housekeeping ✓Earplugs
✓Ventilation ✓Trained
employees
Environment hygiene
• Environmental hygiene encompasses effective cleaning of surfaces using appropriate

products, decontamination of medical equipment and devices used in patient-care
procedures, safe and appropriate handling of sharps.
• Encourages good housekeeping, provides workers with clean drinking water,
sanitary restrooms, and washing facilities to clean up.
Keep the site tidy
Keeping a neat site reduces the risk of workers slipping, tripping, and/or
falling.
Cleanliness is next to godliness

Why we need construction site hygiene
It is essential to ensure the health and well-being of the workers. While it does include
cleanliness, there are other equally important aspects that go into maintaining a healthy
construction site.
• Includes house keeping and Providing basic amenities
Always remember!
As a civil engineer we must have a safe working

environment and our number one priority should
be to keep our workers and other subcontractors
safe.
conclusion
It is important to observe environmental safety to have the

assurance of worker’s safety during work and to anyone who is
nearby the construction site. So, having a clean and safe
workplace is important. Also, knowing the potential
environmental risks will benefit anyone in seeking for some
possible ways to lessen the risks. Compliance with the things to
do and no to do will protect everyone and will reduce liabilities.
CONDUCT OF ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION AND
CORRECTIVE ACTION
Presented By:
Benedicto, Andrei V.
Finesa, Nicaella R.
Section: 50106
PAGE 1
Objectives
1 3
To define corrective
To define accident
action plans directed
investigation and to To determine the root
at preventing a
understand its importance. cause of the accident
recurrence of the
and identify how to
accident.
conduct an adequate
investigation.
PAGE 2
WHAT IS AN
ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION?
PAGE 3
ACCIDENT DEFINITION
INVESTIGATION A systematic approach to:

• identify the root cause of an
incident/accident; and
• define corrective action to
prevent similar occurrences.
SIGNIFICANCE
An effective way to prevent injuries
and illnesses from recurring is to
find the threats that existed that
resulted in the injury or illness and
take measures to correct or eliminate
the hazard(s).
PAGE 4
Accident
Investigation
Program
• Investigation team identified
• Written procedures
• Tracking of hazard correction
• Communicate findings/corrections
to all employees
PAGE 5
ALL OCCURRENCES NEED
AN INVESTIGATION
• Injuries
• Illnesses
• Near misses
• Property damage and fire
• Spill/Release(air,water,ground)
PAGE 6
Who should conduct and participate
in the investigation?
Members of the Company
Safety Committee Representative
Investigation Team
Supervisors/ Subject matter

Management experts
Persons involved in
the accident/incident
PAGE 7
WHEN SHOULD THE ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION BE CONDUCTED??
1 3
2
As soon as
Before victim(s)
possible, after the
and witnesses
incident occurs or Before the scene of
forget what
is reported. the incident is
happened.
disturbed or changed.
PAGE 8
Reporting of
Occurences
• All injuries, incidents and
near-misses should be
reported. An incident or
near-miss cannot be
investigated if it is not
reported.
• There should be no discipline

imposed on an employee who
reports an incident or near-
miss.
PAGE 9
Elements of Accident
Investigation
The Second Element
The First Element The Third Element
DEVELOPMENT OF A
PREPARATION
REPORT
PAGE 10
PREPARATION
• Provide training to investigators,
including management, workers,
safety committee members, and union
representatives.
• Implement a process for notifying
investigators when an incident
occurs.
• Create forms to be used for taking
notes and documenting conditions.
• Identify documents that need to be
collected.
PAGE 11
• The purpose of the on-site
investigation is to document
conditions and collect information,
as well as to do a root-cause
analysis to determine the cause(s).
• It is important to take notes and

document any and all information
that might be important to the
investigation.
PAGE 12
ON-SITE
COLLECTING EVIDENCE AT THE
SCENE.
a. Document conditions using:
INVESTIGATION • photographs
• video tapes
• written notes
• Taking measurements
b. What to look at and what
information to collect.
INTERVIEWS
• Who to interview?
• Where should interview (s) take
place
• The purpose of interviews is to get
the facts and find out what
happened.
• Asking the questions: when,who,
what,where,why
PAGE 13
DEVELOPMENT OF A
REPORT
• Based upon the information
collected in the investigation, the
root cause(s) of the incident will
be determined, and recommendations
for prevention will address the
root cause(s).
PAGE 14
HOW TO CONDUCT A GOOD
INVESTIGATION??
1 2 3
Questions to Conducting the

Get the Fact
Ask Interviews
4 5
Define
Define Root Effective
Causes Corrective
Actions
PAGE 15
EVENTS & CAUSAL
• Developed by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
to aid investigators in organizing
FACTOR CHARTING and communicating information
gathered during the investigation.
(E&CF) • Provides a graphical depiction of the

events that occurred leading up to an
incident or injury.
• Critical process steps are identified.
• Provides a format for incident

investigation teams to analyze events
and root causes without assigning
blame.
PAGE 16
E & CF CHARTING
PAGE 17
ROOT CAUSE
• A deeper investigation of all
potential causes causes of an
incident
ANALYSIS • The process involves a team in
gathering and analyzing of data to
identify root causes and effective
corrective actions that would prevent
future incidents.
• It is a tool for supporting continuous
improvement
• Serious incidents have failure at
several safety management elements
PAGE 18
USES OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
DIAGRAM
1 2 3 4
To discover To visualize To provide To aid in

all potential possible focus for development of
causes relationships discussions Incident
between causes Prevention
Plans
PAGE 19
5-WHY STAIRWAY
Each concern requires an action,

even if it is not the root cause.
PAGE 20
FISHBONE DIAGRAM
PAGE 21
Weaknesses in • SUPERFICIAL INCIDENT
incident INVESTIGATIONS AND INCORRECT

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS.
investigation • FAILURE TO REPORT NEAR

MISSES.
• MINOR INCIDENTS NOT REPORTED.
• DOWNPLAYING INCIDENT REPORTS.
• FAILURE TO LEARN FROM

PREVIOUS INCIDENTS.
• REWARDING EMPLOYEES FOR LOW

INJURY & ILLNESS RATES.
PAGE 22
TEAM CONCLUSION
1 2 3
The evidence is
It is The evidence is
direct or based
supported by based on
on eyewitness
evidence assumption
accounts
PAGE 23
RECOMMENDATIONS SHOULD
1 2 3 4
Identify
Identify root
Be specific Be constructive contributing
causes
factors
PAGE 24
DEFINITION
CORRECTIVE ACTION • A reactive response to a problem
• consists of improvement to an
organization's processes to
eliminate causes of incidents as
well as to prevent its recurrence
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
Recovery steps
PERMANENT ACTIONS
Procedures & plans initiated to
prevent recurrence
PAGE 25
• Respond to the recommendations
HOW SHOULD A
in the report by explaining
what can and cannot be done
(and why or why not).
FOLLOW-UP BE DONE? • Develop a timetable for
corrective actions.
• Monitor that the scheduled

actions have been completed.
• Check the condition of injured

worker(s).
• Educate and train other

workers at risk.
• Re-orient worker(s) on their

return to work.
PAGE 26
Conclusion
Any occurrences in the workplace must be reported, or else
they will not be investigated, which will cause the same event
to occur. Also, the basis of the investigation is the victim(s),
eyewitnesses, and the scene. Conducting an investigation is
essential, which will improve the safety of workers and the
workplace itself. However, it is a critical process that will affect
the corrective action since the report needs to be accurate and
detailed.
PAGE 27
References
• https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/2018-12/fy11 _sh-22246-
11_IncidentInvestigationGuide.pdf (osha.gov)
• https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/cal_vpp/best_practices_symposiums/In
cident-investigation.Walter-Gonzales.pdf
• https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/investig.html
PAGE 28
Do you have any
questions of us?
Thank
You
PAGE 29
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE IN
CONSTRUCTION
Nardo, Jeric
Santos, Jan Christer
Section: 50106
 Emergency response in construction is the actions taken during the actual
emergency and plans that provides procedures so that workers know exactly what
are the expected emergencies that are possible to occur on site and what to do in
the event of emergency.
 To understand the emergencies on site.
 To have knowledge of the causes of these emergencies.
 To identify the potential emergency responses.
 Emergency response is a systematic plan for possible unexpected dangerous
occurrence.
 The goal of emergency response is to mitigate the impact of the event to the
people and environment.
 Emergency situations warranting a response can range from natural disasters to
hazardous materials problems and transportation incidents. Emergency response
plans are a critical component of workplace safety
 Response time is an important aspect of emergency response. This refers to how
long the emergency responders take to arrive to the place of emergency.
 Emergency preparedness refers to the actions taken
during the time of emergency. This includes the
planning of response, coordination to the
responders, emergency drills for knowledge and
preparedness and training programs.
 It promotes safety awareness.
 Show organization commitment to the safety of the workers.
 Lack of emergency plan could result to heavy losses for both workers and
equipment on site.
 Can cause financial collapse for the company.
 Protect the environment.
 Accelerate the resumption of normal operations
 FLOODS
 EARTHQUAKES
 EXTREME TEMPERATURE
 Is the overflowing of  Sudden shake of the ground  10 degrees or more above the
water onto the land that caused by the passage of average high temperature.
submerges the land seismic waves
 Great in degree or intensity
that is usually dry.
 When two blocks of the Earth
 Heat waves cause health issues
 Heavy rain suddenly slip past one another
 Climate change
 Ocean waves come on
shore  Can damage equipment being
used on site
 Chest pain
 Bleeding
 Choking
 Fainting
 Vomiting of blood
 Dizziness
 Change in mental status
What to do during these
Emergencies?
 Determine what happened and determine the
intensity of the situation. Identify the cause of
the emergency and control it to eliminate
problem.
 Assume the worst possible case and make
proper judgement.
 Since you are the senior person on site, think
of the most accurate solutions.
 Lead all the workers to cooperate and take
charge to the situation.
 Assign different tasks for controlling the
situation.
 Maintain calmness and order to prevent
panic.
 Provide an assistance to the injured workers.
 Assure a safe working space.
 Lead the workers to check their protective
gears.
 Keep the emergency services or hotlines in
contact and informed.
 Contact the utilities and some experts about the
emergency.
 Inform and report to the company about the
emergency.
 Lead the emergency service to the emergency
scene on site.
 Explain to the emergency service team the
hazards and causes and the time it happened.
 Report all high and even low injuries.
 Request immediate inspection for all workers on-
site.
 External organizations that are available to provide emergency response:
 Fire department
 Ambulance service
 Police departments
 Telephone companies
 Hospitals
 Government agencies
 Utility companies
 Identify any risks based on the site location
 Have a plan to protect equipment
 Assess the materials that will damaged by flood
 Build portable barriers to prevent flood damage
 Store electrical and mechanical equipment above project flood heights
 Understand the risks of contamination from chemical
 If flashflood warning is issued, evacuate the area
Preparing a construction site for an earthquake
 Have a safe place designated on the construction sites
 Practice Drop, Cover and Hold
 Hold earthquake drills
 Watch for fires
 Have earthquake emergency kit
 If operating equipment stop and exit as soon as possible
After an Earthquake
 Know that after the shaking stops, there is always a possibility of aftershocks
 If there is an clear path away from the construction site, exit as quick as possible
after the shaking stopped
 If an aftershock hits, the area will be still be recovering from the damages of the
first quake
 Only enter the site to assess damage after all risk of aftershock has passed
 If trapped, find something to tap to help rescue crew find you
 Wear protective clothing
Rising Temperature Risk:
 Heat Cramps
 Heat exhaustion
 Heatstroke
Safety tools for Extreme Temperature
 Access to cool water
 Regularly schedule break times’
 Medical and observational training
 Emergency preparedness is important for acquiring knowledge on what to do
when these events occur.
 Emergency response is also important because it is the actual response or the
execution of the emergency plan that was made before the construction begin.
 Safety is important because it causes lives, profit, equipment and damage to
environment.
 Prevention is best way to eliminate the emergencies.
 https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science-earthquakes
 https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/planning.html#:~:text=In%20addit
ion%2C%20an%20emergency%20plan,will%20occur%2C%20preplanning%20is
%20necessary.
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/extreme-temperature
 https://www.bigrentz.com/how-to-guides/disaster-safety-construction-sites
 https://www.attorneystevelee.com/our-library/construction-workers-risk-extreme-
heat-and-cold/
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
AND RISK ANALYSIS IN
CONSTRUCTION
Sunga, Beaver Khaylle A.
Falceso, Daryll Benjamin F.
Section:
50106
14:00-15:30 TTh
Objectives
To identify different
hazards in Construction
Discuss Risk Assessment and

Prioritization, Application of
Controls (Elimination, Substitution,
Engineering,
Administrative, & PPE)
To know the importance of

hazards and
risks and be able to prevent
them.
HAZARD AND RISK
Hazard is a condition or set of circumstances
that presents a potential for harm. Hazards are
categorized into Safety and Health hazard.
Risk assessment is a process of identifying

situation where people may be exposed to injury
or disease in a certain workplace.
Risk
Management
Risk management is the
practice of using processes,
methods and tools for
managing these risks and
focuses on identifying what
could go wrong, evaluating
which risks should be dealt
with and implementing
strategies to deal with those
risks.
LEVEL OF RISK
Low Risk- smaller chance that they will cause the
entire work to go off the rails.
Medium risk - types of risks are ones that could cause

issues, but that there is still a lower chance that they
will cause your work to fail
High risk - risks that take the highest priority. They can
cause your work to fail, and you need to plan for these
risks ahead of time
RISK MANAGEMENT STEPS
The Five Steps to Managing Risk
1. Identify hazards
2. Assess the risk level of risk each hazard
identified
3. Control the risk to reduce the harm and its
severity
4. Reassess the level of risk for each hazard
5. Review and monitor that controls are
working, and risk levels are acceptable
EXAMPLE OF RISK
FALLING FROM HEIGHTS
• SCAFFOLDING AND LADDER HAZARD
Most common way of providing platforms to

works at heights.
EXCAVATION AND
DEMOLITION HAZARD
• EXCAVATION
According to the OSHA (2002), the fatality

rate for excavation works is 112% higher
than the rate for general construction
EXCAVATION AND
DEMOLITION HAZARD
• DEMOLITION
Approximately 10% of all fatal accidents

each year in the construction field occur in
the demolition sector.
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
AND TOOLS HAZARD
According to Helander 1991, of all the

construction industry fatalities, 18% occur with
construction machinery.
Risk Assessment
Three Essential Steps in Assessing
Risk
1. The probabilty or likelihood of an

incident to happened
Example:
4
3
2
1
Risk Assessment
Risk
2. The severity of the potential consequences is

calculated.
Example:
Severity Example Rating
Negligible Minor abrasion, bruises, cuts, 1
first aid type injury
Minor Disabling but not permanent 2
injury
Serious Non-fatal injury, permanent 3
disability
Fatal Approximate one single fatality 4
major property damage
Catastrophic Numerous fatalities, 5
irrecoverable property damage
Risks
Risk can be calculated using the formula:

L x S= Relative Risk Likelihood
1 2 3 4 5
5
Where: 4
Severity
3
L= Likelihood 2
1
S= Severity
Risk Assessment Matrix
CRITICAL AND HIGH
MEDUIM AND
MODERATE
LOW AND VERY LOW

Risk Assessment
Risk
3. Priority for risk control with the usage of risk
rating
Example: LIKELIHOOD (L)

1 2 3 4 5
SEVERITY (S)
5 5 10 15 20 25
4 4 8 12 16 20
3 3 6 9 12 15
2 2 4 6 8 10
1 1 2 3 4 5
RISK RANGE
HIGH 15-25
MEDIUM 5-12
LOW 1-4
Conclusion
The first step in emergency planning and maintaining a safe
environment is to hazards are being defined and analyzed in
the workplace. Regardless of the dangers should be addressed;
however, resource constraints frequently prevent this from
happening to occur at the same moment The identification of
hazards and the assessment of risks are both possible be used
to define priorities in order to ensure that the most harmful
circumstances are avoided are handled first, as are the events
that are least likely to occur and have the least chance of
occurring. Major issues can be considered later.
References:
https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/2018-12/fy11_sh-22318-11_Mod_3_ParticipantManual.pdf
https://www.dirtworkexcavation.net/2019/08/08/5-excavation-hazards-and-how-to-prevent-them/
https://safeti.com/how-to-assess-the-risk-health-and-safety-masterclass/
https://www.sitesafe.org.nz/guides--resources/practical-safety-advice/risk-control/
https://safetyculture.com/topics/risk-assessment/
https://www.infoentrepreneurs.org/en/guides/manage-
risk/#:~:text=Risk%20management%20is%20the%20practice,to%20deal%20with%20those%20risks.
https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer18/ijaerv13n10_56.pdf
https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/laws-and-compliance/work-health-and-safety-laws/specific-obligations/health-
safety-contact-centres/psychosocial-issues
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!!!
1
CONSTRUCTION
SAFETY AND
HEALTH
PROGRAM
By:
Arquiza, John Richmond (201811946)
Bejec, Paul Vincent (201814102)
Bernardino, Rose Daianne (201812102)
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION…………………………………………………………….……...3
A. Title of the Project………………………………………………………….…….…........3

B. Location of the Project…………………………………………………….…….…….…3
C. Project Classification…………………………………………………………………….3
D. Project Owner/Contact No……………………………………………………………….3
E. Name of the Project In Charge……………………………………...……………………3
F. Estimated No. Of Workers to be deployed………………………………………………3
G. Estimated duration of the project…………………………………………………...……3
H. Specific Scope of Works to be undertaken………………………………………………3
II. CHSP PROGRAM……………………………………………………………………………4
A. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….4
B. Occupational Safety & Health (OSH) Policy……………………………………………..5
C. Construction Safety & Health Committee Organization………………………………….6
D. To Provide Workers Welfare Facilities……………………………………………….…10
E. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE’s)………………………………………………….11
F. Construction Safety Procedures………………………………………………………….13
III. ATTACHMENTS…………………………………………………………………………..27
A. Safety Signages………………………………………………………………………….27
3
I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. Title of the Project
• ARCA SOUTH LAND DEVELOPMENT
B. Location of the Project
• East Service Road, Western Bicutan, Taguig City
C. Project Classification
• General Engineering Construction
D. Project Owner/Contact No.
• Ayala Land Incorporated/(02)717-5500
E. Name of the Project in Charge
• Brendell Fortunato
F. Estimated No. of Workers to be Deployed
• 68 workers
G. Estimated duration of the project
• 744 calendar days
H. Specific Scope of Works to be undertaken
• N/A
4
II. CSHP PROGRAM
A. INTRODUCTION
5
B. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH (OSH) POLICY

6
C. CONSTRUCTION SAFETYAND HEALTH COMMITTEE ORGANIZATION

7
8
9
10
D. TO PROVIDE WORKERS WELFARE FACILITIES

11
E. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPEs)

12
13
F. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY PROCEDURES

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
III. ATTACHMENTS
A. SAFETY SIGNAGES
28
29

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY and HEALTH (COSH)

AdU Civil Engineering Faculty

At the end of this session, will be able to:

involves implementing rules, regulations,

and safeguards at construction sites to keep

Assess the risks

DOLE • Implements laws,

RO1 RO2 RO3 RO4 RO5 RO6 RO7 RO15

employees compensation programs as well as deciding appealed cases from the

compensation program in the public and private sector.

• Occupational Safety and Health Center

• Bureau of Working Conditions

The DOLE is the lead agency of the government in charge in the

occupational safety and health.

(Legal basis: Presidential Decree No. 442)

As embodied in Article 162, Chapter 2 of Book Four o f the Labor

well as his physical safety and health. • set mandatory standards;

• enforce such standards.

and premises 6. R.A. 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous

• at any time when work is undertaken Drugs Act of 2002

Book IV, Title I – Medical, Dental Occupational Safety and Health

Purpose and Scope

The objective of this issuance is to protect

1030 Training of Personnel in OSH

1220 Elevators and Related Equipment

1230 Identification of Piping System

International Labor Organization (ILO )

International Labor Organization (ILO )

and Health in the Construction Industry

• To ensure the protection and welfare of

and Health in the Construction Industry

Effectivity – signed July 23, 1998

Accredited Organization - any organization duly accredited by

DOLE delegated or authorized to perform functions related to

improvement of OSH in the form of training, testing,

Construction SH Committee - the general SH committee for a

Construction SH Officer - any employee/worker trained and,

Construction SH Program - a set of detailed rules to cover the

processes and practices that shall be utilized in a specific

construction site in conformity with the OSHS including the

employer to implement an OSH program in accordance to OSHS

“Worker” refers to any member of the labor force, regardless of employment

“Workers’ OSH Seminar” refers to the mandatory eight (8)-hour module

standards and providing penalties for violations thereof.

Prohibited Acts and It’s Corresponding Penalties

Any willful failure or refusal of an employer, contractor

Registration of establishment to DOLE 20,000.00

Provision of job safety instruction or orientation prior to work 20,000.00

Provision of information on hazards and risk (absence of chemical

safety data sheet, no written SOP in materials handling, lifting etc.,

Completion of the Bureau Prescribed Training Course On OSH conducted by DOLE

Accredited Safety Training Organization

Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training (BOSH) – an 8 hour OSH

Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training (BOSH) – mandatory 40 hours

Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training (COSH) – mandatory

BWC Accreditation as OSH practitioner/consultant. Includes PNRC first aid training

Every safety officer and worker must undergo safety

Occupational Safety and Health Center. https://oshc.dole.gov.ph/

ILO Code of Practice in Safety