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YOJANA
MAGAZINE
ANALYSIS
(May 2023)

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Table of Contents
1. Innovation in Space Technology......................................................4
2. New Age Businesses............................................................................6
3. Potential of India’s Ed Tech Sector..................................................7
4. Digital Health.....................................................................................9
5. 5G Cyber Security Challenges...........................................................11
6. Use of Technology in Urban Planning.............................................13

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Click here to watch the following topics on YouTube.

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Yojana – May 2023 Discussion & Analysis

Innovation in Space Technology
 Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been at the forefront of space technology
and exploration since its inception.
 Over the years, leveraging its key resources, the organisation has made several strides in
space technologies, making India a major player in the global space arena.
 In ISRO, the evolution of space technology and innovation had taken place in various
technological frontiers
 On 21 November 1963, the first rocket took off from Thumba, a fishing hamlet near
Thiruvananthapuram, announcing the birth of India’s space programme.
 The then rocket, payload, radar, and computer all that was required for the first launch,
came from outside the country.
Space Transportation System
 The 1970s marked the beginning of the space transportation system with the development
of solid-propulsion-based Sounding Rockets, which are capable of putting 30 kg of payload
in 120 km of altitude.
 It was followed by the subsequent development of first generation launch vehicles, i.e.,
Satellite Launch Vehicles (SLV) and Augmented SLV (ASLV) with the induction of liquid-
propulsion technology.
 The integration of solid and liquid propulsion and the development of various key
technologies have resulted in the development of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
(PSLV), with the capability of placing a 1700 kg payload into polar orbit.
 The indigenous development of a Cryogenic propulsive engine was the major technology
leap in the development of third generation rockets i.e., GSLV launch vehicles, which have
the capability of placing a 2000 kg payload in Geo-Synchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
 Launching of high-throughput communication satellites necessitated the development of a
further advanced launch vehicle, i.e., Launch Vehicle MK3 (LVM3).
 Powered by the world’s 3rd largest solid boosters, high-capacity liquid and cryogenic
engines, LVM3 has the capability of putting 4000 kg payload in GTO.
Space Infrastructure
 Like the space transportation system, the early 1970s were the formative years of the Space
Infrastructure of ISRO, which led to the foundations for design, building and operation of
spacecraft.
 Soon, the first satellite of the country, ‘Aryabhata’ was realised and launched on 19 April
1975.
 Subsequently, experimental missions like Bhaskara and APPLE were executed and geared
towards remote sensing, meteorology, and communications technologies.

Space Inter Planetary Missions

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 ISRO has sailed successfully to the reach of the Moon and Mars, opening the era of
planetary explorations and beyond.
 Chandrayaan-1, the first lunar orbiter mission has brought new experiences in hosting
international payloads, calibration, data interpretation, adopting global standards in
science data formats, etc.
 Successful findings of water on the Moon was the scientific breakthrough achieved by
Chandrayaan-1.
 Then, Rover and Landercraft technologies were developed, leading to the conception of a
second mission to our nearest celestial neighbour.
 Chandrayaan-2 mission was altogether a highly complex mission, consisting of an
Orbiter, Lunar Rover and Lunar Landercraft, as compared to its predecessor.
 ISRO continues to explore Mars with the first ever interplanetary mission to the red
planet, called Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), aka Mangalyaan.
 It made India the first Asian nation to reach the Martian orbit and the first nation in the
world to do so on its maiden attempt.
 Space Applications is yet another vertical of the ISRO programme, which has witnessed
many technological innovations.
 Earth Observation (EO) applications are institutionalized across many user
Ministries/Departments, towards National security, Agriculture, Agro-forestry, Disaster
management, Fishery, Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Resource Mapping, Planning,
Monitoring & Evaluation and decision support for major Flagship Programmes of the
Government.
Human Space Exploration
 Human Space Exploration is the latest entrant to programmatic verticals of ISRO. At
present, ISRO is actively pursuing the maiden human spaceflight mission - Gaganyaan to
send astronauts to space and safely return to Earth.
 Gaganyaan is yet another very complex mission, involving development of major
technology elements such as human-rated launch vehicle, Crew escape systems, Habitable
orbital module, Life support system, Crew management activities for the safety of
humans onboard, to name a few.
 With the advent of space sector reforms, the participation of Non-Governmental Entities
(NGEs) in space activities is encouraged to foster the space ecosystem and make space a
driver for the country's scientific temperament and overall development.
 As can be seen, in the country, the field of space technology has witnessed an
unprecedented amount of innovation over the past few decades, and ISRO has played the
role of a gravity organisation to unlocking the secrets of the cosmos and advancing
human knowledge.

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New Age Businesses

 The rise of the Indian startup ecosystem is unarguably igniting innovation among the
entrepreneurs of the nation, leading it to fulfil the Vision@2047 for the country.
 To facilitate this growing, promising, yet scattered ecosystem, the Government of India
realised the need for a platform for inclusive innovation and entrepreneurship in India.
 Therefore, in 2016, the government launched the Startup India initiative to promote,
transform, and nurture the ecosystem and empower startups, along with budding and
aspiring entrepreneurs.
 The country’s entrepreneurial ecosystem has also seen an exponential spurt in funding
activities over the past few years.
 Indian startups raised over $25 billion in 2022 alone. Indian Unicorns are also flourishing
in the fast-paced, dynamic ecosystem while developing innovative solutions and
generating large-scale employment.
 Until FY 2016-17, approximately one unicorn was being added every year.
 Over the past four years (since FY 2017-18), this number has increased exponentially, with
a whopping 66% Year-on-Year growth in the number of additional unicorns being added.
 Startup India has introduced various schemes to simplify and facilitate the process of
raising funds at both early and mature stages.
 One such scheme, supporting early-stage funding from angel investors and venture capital
firms, is the Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SIFSS) with an outlay of Rs 945 crore, which
provides financial assistance to early-stage startups for proof of concept, prototype
development, product trials, market entry, and commercialisation.
 It will support an estimated 3,600 entrepreneurs through 300 incubators in the upcoming
4 years (till 2024).
 Another government scheme committed to assisting startups financially is the Fund of
Funds scheme launched in 2016.
 Under FFS, support is extended to Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
registered Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), which in turn invest in startups.
 FFS was announced with a corpus of Rs. 10,000 crores and is aimed at supporting and
handholding startups at mature stages.

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Potential of India’s Ed Tech Sector

 EdTech is the usage of technology – software and/or hardware, to enhance teaching and
learning.
 Smartphones loaded with EdTech apps have now become synonymous with education.
 Classrooms have now moved beyond bricks and mortar to clicks and portals.
 The potential for EdTech to reach underprivileged students in areas far and wide has
played and will continue to play a big role in the sector’s growth in the coming years.
 EdTech enables everyone to get a consistent quality of education, no matter their age or
learning abilities.
 Given these advantages, why has EdTech not been embraced in all these years?
 The answer to this question lies in the fact that for EdTech to flourish, there is a need for
the availability of and access to a robust Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) ecosystem.

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India’s ICT Revolution

 The emergence and rapid adoption of EdTech can also be attributed to the fast-paced
Digitalisation of India, the expansion of ICT infrastructure, and the accessibility of gadgets
and data over the last two decades.
 Between 2010 and 2022, the number of internet users in India has increased by 10X, from
92.5 million to 932.2 million. This is expected to rise to 1.53 billion by 2040.
How Does Ed Tech Help Students?
 Learning while Playing
 Classes Anywhere & Anytime
 Access to Quality Teachers
 According to the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2019, around 30% of all
schools in India are privately managed.
 In urban areas, the percentage of private schools is higher, and in some cities, it is nearly
70%.
 Most good-quality teachers are available in these schools, but they charge fees ranging
from several thousand rupees to a few lakhs per year, depending on the school and the
grade level, making them unaffordable for the masses.
 In a traditional offline classroom setting, the cost structure includes rentals, utilities, and
maintenance on the property, as well as the cost of the teacher’s time.
 Several inefficiencies are apparent: the accessibility factor with the classroom being
physically accessible to students living in the vicinity; the quality and time factor, with the
best teachers not being available to all students all the time.
 The brunt of these costs and inefficiencies are eventually borne by students (and parents)
 Lower infrastructure costs and a larger student base help leverage economies of scale.
 This ultimately leads to lower costs for the end user.
 Moreover, the best teachers can be made available to students living in the remotest parts
of India.
 The primary requirements are a simple smartphone or a tablet and a data connection that
can be accessed at their convenience.
Financial Potential
 The Indian EdTech sector was valued at US$750 million in 2020 and has grown to reach
US$ 5.8 billion by early 2023, at a CAGR of 43%.
 Furthermore, the market size is estimated to grow 3.7X over the next five years, from the
current levels to $10.4 billion.
 By 2027, the sector is expected to grow to US$10.1 billion.
 This growth is driven by rising demand for non-academic courses from Tier II and III cities
and the need for personalization in the EdTech space.

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Challenges
 Psychological and Social Effects of Online Digital Education : Online digital education
can have psychological and social effects on students.
 Lack of face-to-face interaction and socialization opportunities can affect their mental
health and social skills.
 It is important to consider these effects when designing online education programmes and
to provide students with opportunities for social interaction and emotional support.
 Peception of Parents: Parents may have reservations about the effectiveness of EdTech
and may prefer traditional classroom-based education for their wards.
 It is important to address the concerns of parents and provide them with information
about the benefits and effectiveness of online education to increase acceptance.
Way Forward
 EdTech programmes must integrate internships/ apprenticeships as part of the
curriculum design. This will help students develop group dynamics, team building, and
interpersonal skills that are vital at the workplace.
 According to the last Census, only 10% of the Indian population speaks English and 45%
speaks Hindi.
 This means that nearly 45% of the Indian population is not conversant with Hindi and/or
English.
 EdTech programmes must ensure that the core elements of holistic education that include
environmental responsibility and sustainable development at the planet level, self reliance
at national level.

Digital Health
 Digital health is a broad multidisciplinary framework which encompasses software,
hardware, and services in an integrated platform.
 Digital health refers to the use of technology interventions for providing healthcare
solutions and empowering healthcare seekers and providers (including individuals, the
community or professional caregivers, doctors, the paramedical workforce, and the
pharmaceutical and medical device industries), with a focus on better quality, higher
efficiency, and easy access to healthcare services.
 Digitisation of data (including patient data), data stacks, e-registries, electronic medical
records (ENO, health informatics and analytics platforms, self- health trackers, wearable
health devices with sensors are all included in the large ambit of what comprises digital
health.
 Newer realms of biotechnology, genomics, and Al-assisted healthcare are also being
discussed in the same breath.
 Additionally, in recent times, the internet of Medical Things (loMT) has combined medical
devices and applications connecting to health IT systems that use diverse networking
technologies.

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 The Internet of Things (IoT) uses range from telemedicine technology to improve
communication between doctors and patients, to decreasing the potential for exposure to
contagious diseases, along with various smart sensor technologies that can collect data at
the user level.
Growth of Digital Health Interventions
 The global market size of digital health was estimated at USD 332.53 billion in 2022, it is
anticipated to peak around USD 1,694.21 billion by 2032.
 While the use of mobile-aided health interventions has been around for some time now, it
is widely believed that the global pandemic gave a major push to the quick adoption of
digital health innovations and mainstreamed them.
 The use of telemedicine platforms and remote monitoring solutions increased significantly,
thereby enabling healthcare providers to remotely monitor patient health and provide care.
 It is noted that increasing smartphone penetration along with several applications related
to health and fitness across the globe are expected to be key factors driving the digital
health market’s presence and growth.
 Furthermore, rapid investments in the healthcare IT infrastructure, particularly in
developing and developed nations, is also estimated to be conducive to scaling up market
growth.
 One of the major advantages of telemedicine is that it can save time and efforts especially
for rural patients, who need not travel long distances for obtaining consultation and
treatment.
 Digital health could contribute to achieving targets of the Sustainable Development Goals
by 2030 by providing assured access to quality healthcare services to a wider cohort of
population.
Digital Health Solutions in India
 Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission
 CoWIN: Cowin stands for Covid Vaccine Intelligent Network. The platform was unveiled
by the union government in January 2021 to launch a vaccine drive across the country.
 Tele-MANAS
 Nikshay 2.0: President Draupadi Murmu launched the ‘Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat
Abhiyan’ and the Nikshay 2.0 portal to eliminate TB by 2025.
 Nikshay 2.0 is a digital platform for community support for the persons diagnosed with
tuberculosis.
 The purpose of this portal is to provide technology backup for the Nikshay Scheme, which
aims to mobilise communities, stakeholders, elected representatives, corporates, NGOs,
and individuals to come forward as donors to help the patients through additional
diagnostic, nutritional, and vocational support.
ABDM
 Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission envisions an integrated digital health infrastructure for
the country and aims to develop the backbone that is necessary to support it.

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 These digital highways will bridge the existing gap among different stakeholders of
healthcare ecosystem.
 The Prime Minister launched ABDM in September 2021.
 The ABDM will eventually connect the digital health solutions of hospitals across the
country.
 This will not only make the processes of hospitals simplified but also will increase ease of
living.
 The digital ecosystem will also enable a host of other facilities, like digital consultation,
consent of patients to letting medical practitioners access their records, etc.

5G Cyber Security Challenges

 The ultra-fast speed of 5G indeed holds the promise of revolutionary changes in how we
communicate and consume content on the internet.
 Upgraded mobile service is among the most noticeable impacts of initial 5G network
rollouts.
 However, it will subsequently impact edtech, autonomous and robotic systems,
telemedicine, and precision agriculture.
 According to one study, by 2035, 5G will enable US$ 13.2 trillion of global economic
output and support 22.3 million jobs.
 In India, 5G services were launched in October 2022, with telecom companies' services in
select cities, including Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Kolkata.
 The country is estimated to have over 150 million 5G users by the end of 2024 – a tiny
fraction of the current 1.2 billion mobile phone users.
Geopolitics of 5G
 Given its potential to influence our digital future and bring economic transformation, the
major world telecom leaders have taken the lead in developing 5G technology.

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 However, the real thrust has come from the Chinese telecom companies, which have been
aggressively penetrating new markets by commercializing the technology and offering it at
cheaper rates than their competitors.
 This has sparked concerns that China may be strategically pushing these companies to
capture global markets and, therefore, may establish a vast eavesdropping network.
 For example, in August 2020, a report from the Australian government and Papua New
Guinea’s National Cyber Security Centre noted that the latter’s National Data Centre, built
by a Chinese telecom company, had multiple cybersecurity issues, which exposed
confidential government data.
 Likewise, in 2019, vulnerabilities were found with equipment deployed by the same
Chinese company for Italian telecom network.
 Consequently, in the last few years, the United States has spearheaded a campaign to
counter the Chinese telecom companies’ dominance in the 5G market.
 The US government has designated Huawei and ZTE as national security threats, banned
American companies from using government subsidies to buy their equipment, and barred
sales of semiconductor chips without a specific licence.
 The fundamental drivers (geopolitical rivalries, commercial motives, and data harvesting)
behind the recently increased cyberattacks and data breaches from adversarial states and
other threat actors remain intact.
 Therefore, they will pose threats to even 5G networks.
 Among these is the increased tendency among threat actors to target critical national
infrastructure.
 Considering the potential role that 5G will play in national development and economic
growth, it can undoubtedly be regarded as a critical infrastructure.
Vulnerability of 5G
 Due to the complexity of technology, there are many moving parts in the 5G ecosystem,
which raises uncertainty about the resilience of each of those parts.
 This uncertainty dramatically expands the threat landscape.
 For instance, if some systems in the network are not fully patched, they can potentially act
as the weakest link in cyber defence.
 Therefore, 5G will require an enhanced focus on the security of the connections, devices,
and applications.
Way Forward
 5G offers new opportunities for Digitalisation and development, but the technology and
network are not secure by design.
 Therefore, countries, like India, adopting 5G must have a cyber resilience plan in place.
 Much depends on the cyber and information-security policies of the ecosystem’s various
elements.
 Organisations connecting to the 5G network must be cognizant of the evolving threat
landscape, adopt security protocols, accordingly, determine their threat posture, and
secure their digital infrastructure.
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Use of Technology in Urban Planning

 Urban planning is the process of both developing and designing open land, urban areas,
and the built environment.
 Urban Planning dates back its history since the town and cities have existed.
 Early city planning revolved around some essential and significant elements like building
structures and bastions with fortification and has experienced a huge change throughout
the centuries.
 Urban planners, also known as city planners, design cities and create plans for future
improvements and growth.
 Urban planning is a many-sided process involving infrastructure like physical and social,
utility systems, communication networks, distribution chains, and more.
 In the modern era, the rapid boom of Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence
has more significant potential to incorporate diverse issues of city planning into a general
platform, as well as leading to a better way to deal with the challenges of complexity.
 The use of Information Technology has helped urban planners in many aspects, especially
with softwares based on GIS (Geographic Information System).
Conclusion
 Technology is effectively applied when it prioritises local citizens and residents.
 Citizens may participate more actively in the creation of sustainable and environmentally
friendly cities in this way.
 Therefore, technology has become the savior in all fields, and with globalisation, its effects
have reached to far flung as well as remote areas.
 Hence, technology has become the key for planners to do planning efficiently and
effectively.

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