FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

BY:

ALAFIYA TALIB
PANKAJ NANDARGIKAR
AVITA NORONHA
MADEEHA SHAIKH
LULUA NAZIR
RUKAIYA SHAIKH
TARABKHANAM SHAIKH
KARAN ANTHONY
FAHAD SHAIKH
 INTRODUCTION
BUILDING ENVELOPE BUILDING FACADE
 separates indoor environment from outside environment
providing comfortable indoor environment through an  ‘façade’ can refer to any predominantly vertical face of a
appropriate balance of passive and active technology. building envelope, such as an external wall.

 Building envelopes are designed with respect to  A façade refers to one side, usually the front, of a building.
environmental, technological, socio-cultural, functional It is an integral piece to the overall design of a building.
and aesthetic determinants.

 Building envelopes consists of the roof, walls, slabs ,doors,  It provides the opportunity to create a personality and
windows, etc. character to a building.

 The major focus in designing buildings is on making them

sustainable by reducing energy consumption without  The façade can be living, mechanical, or false depending
compromising on user’s comfort. on the architectural design.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 IMPORTANCE OF GOOD FACADE AND ENVELOPE DESIGN

 The building envelope components,  Support (to resist and transfer

two key functions: weather barrier mechanical loads)
against the environmental factors for  Control (the flow of matter and
air and water infiltration and light energy of all types)
transmittance to the interior space.

Novancia Business School

Poly international
builcorp

The orange cube

 an elegant component that helps to
define the unique architectural
aesthetics of the building parkpalette
Hawa mahal rajasthan

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 CLASSIFICATION OF FAÇADE AND ENVELOPES

CURTAIN WALL DOUBLE SKIN FACADE CLADDING/PANELLING

• The framing is attached to the • The double-skin facade is a system • the external appearance of a
building structure and does not of building consisting of two skins, building. Mostly, the term is used
carry the floor or roof loads of or facades, placed in such a way when making reference to design,
the building. that air flows in the intermediate style or color.
• The wind and gravity loads of cavity. • External cladding, on the other
the curtain wall are transferred • The ventilation of the cavity can be hand, refers to an external
to the building structure, natural, fan supported or protective layer that protects and
typically at the floor line. mechanical. beautifies a building envelope

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 COMPARATIVE CHART - CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS

SPECIFIC HEAT THERMAL

REFERENCE SUITABLE DENSITY ‘U’ VALUE SPECIFIC
MATERIAL CAPACITY CONDUCTIVTY
IMAGE CLIMATE (kg/m3) (W/m2.K) GRAVITY
(J/Kg.K) (W/m.K)

CONCRETE HUMID 1000 1.13 2000 0.18 TO 0.99 0.16

ALUMINIUM COLD 896 250 2700 5.34 TO 5.65 0.23

STEEL COLD AND DRY 480 45 7800 0.65 TO 1.2 0.12

POLYCARBONATE MODERATE 1200 0.19 – 0.22 1200 0.9 TO 0.56 1.19

PVC MODERATE 900 0.14 – 0.28 1350 1.13 TO 1.19 1.4

GLASS TROPICAL 840 0.8 2200 0.7 TO 1.22 0.16

TIMBER COLD 1200 0.14 650 0.5 TO 0.64 0.5

TERRACOTTA HOT AND DRY 900 0.31 1700 0.08 1.5

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 GLAZED ENVELOPE - FRAMELESS CURTAIN WALL

• One of the most used building facades is the Frameless, which offers beauty; proper sealing, simple installation, and convenient
loading. In this system, the surface of the facade is completely sub structured into a grid.
• The presence of sealing rubber around frames and glass makes the surface of the façade completely insulated (water and air
sealing) and the most important point of this system is that the surface of the facade is more uniform in terms of the material.
• Besides, opening windows are not visible. These reasons have made the system more attractive to most building designers.

TYPES OF SUPPORT SYSTEM

GLASS FINS TENSION CABLES VERTICAL TRUSS SYSTEM CABLE NET SYSTEM

An exclusive structural wall system These are suspended from minimal Non-structural truss that extends from a A specially designed glass wall where
comprised of facade glass panels stainless steel tension rods or pre- structural wall system solely for the the construction carrying the glass is of
and vertical glass mullions designed stressed cables. Almost invisible to purpose of holding cavity fill insulation. stainless steel cables stretched in a cross
to resist site specific design loads. the eye and completely frameless. Also known as a Larson Truss. weave, creating a delicate appearance

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 GLAZED ENVELOPE
STICK-TYPE CURTAIN WALL GLAZING SYSTEM UNITIZED FRAMING SYSTEM
ARCHITECT: Adrian Smith
( SOM)
The exterior cladding is
comprised of reflective
glazing with aluminum
and textured stainless
Steel spandrel panels and
stainless steel vertical
SPERTUS INSTITUTE OF JEWISH STUDIES CHICAGO tubular fins. The whole
The building is innovative and environmentally sustainable. structures was comprised
It is a 10 storey building: 161 feet tall and 80 feet wide. The geometry of the of 28000 prefab panels.
façade is unique because the surface tilts in three dimensions. keeping in mind the shape of the structure making it flat and not
The lightness of the wall and absolute minimal use of materials offer great convex glazing sheets to reflect harsh heavy rays. Hence double layer
efficiency and sustainability. façade’s dynamic crystalline form allow light to glass set with extruded aluminum frames were provided The glass is
extend into the narrow building Individual units of glass that are positioned vertical in the frame and segmented around the tower. This
parallelograms rather than rectangles. is to avoid the distortions due to the heat treatment of the glass.
TYPES OF GLASS

FLOAT GLASS PATTERNED GLASS TINTED GLASS REFLECTIVE GLASS INSULATING GLASS
FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES
 CONVENTIONAL ENVELOPE
TERRACOTA STRUCTURE TIMBER STRUCTURE

• Manufactured with natural and aged raw clay without other Flexibility in use, as it can be made into various forms and profiles
chemicals, fired at high temperatures, terracotta cladding is an Adaptability, as it can be equally adapted to offsite or factory construction
architectural cladding material that provides certain degree of Technically simple, as it utilises simple, tried and proven construction and
thermal insulation and weather resistance while creating an erection technologies. Lightweight, making it easy to transport and handle
aesthetically pleasing facade. Aesthetics. Timber facades can also be creative, and used to add visual
interest and help a building tell its story Low carbon footprint.

Ho chi minh house by Sanuki Daisuke Architects chose terracotta for its
relatively low cost. The perforated blocks also provide natural The Miramar house has wooden shutters which permit the residents to
ventilation and cooling by shading, while still maintaining privacy from be in charge of the interior temperature of the house. Moreover, they
the street. This helps filter the harsh sunlight give the needed privacy for the owners. The lower story is separated
Diamond and floral motifs are cut through the terracotta from the outside by gliding transparent doors while the upper one is
facade fronting the building equipped with a wooden-shutter arrangement.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 CONCRETE ENVELOPE

• Concrete even though a material that retains heat can also be used to create a stable and efficient indoor environment with its
envelope.
• Concrete can easily reflects heats as well as radiation when treated with suitable coatings that makes it a good and strong material
for structures.
• As a rigid material, it can with stand the toughest of weather and same time maintaining a better inside environment and is best
for sound proofing also.

CONCRETE FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE CONCRETE SHELL STRUCTURE

Mülimatt Gymnasium by Studio Vachini, Switzerland PALAZZETTO DELO SPORTS by Pier Luigi Nergi, Rome, Italy
The folded plates are made up of pre cast concrete panels on façade A 60m diameter in plan, this structure comprises of an indoor large
and roof. The roof is rigid while the façade have triangular glazing that stadium that was made to serve as a location for 1960 Olympics. The
gives an interesting form. The concrete not only helps in structural roof is made up of concrete shell supported by concrete ribs. At the
loads but also provides better climate control for a relatively cold center top of the dome, an opening was provided for stack ventilation
climate of Switzerland. The glass glazing also helps in retaining heat as well as day light that inspired from the Pantheon. Smooth surface of
that helps in less heating loads in winters. The exposed concrete also dome helped reflect the light back. The stack effect consists of air
gives a bold aesthetic to overall structure. entering from sides and exiting from top.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 METAL ENVELOPE CLADDING

• Metals are the material that absorbs and reflects light to the surrounding making them a more suitable material for colder
climates.
• These provide huge design advantages as the material is very flexible not just physically but also in the scope of designing and
application on facades.
• The material is relatively a light weight one with huge designing possibility considering not much of structural constraints.

ALUMINIUM CLADDING STAINLESS STEEL CLADDING

LILLEHAMMER ART MUSEUM by Snøhetta, Norway

ESSEX CROSSINGS by SHoP Architects, New York City, USA The art museum in Norway used a very unique expression of shooting
A very slight twist that the Architect termed as ‘Torqued’ nature of star blasting through the universe giving a rippled effect. This was very
structure inspired the use of Aluminum panels for its flexibility. The much evident on the façade block that was made completely out of
champagne colored aluminum sheets had a special coating that stainless steel. Using the flexibility of material, the façade actually
catches the light but disperses instead of reflecting it on neighbors. consists of the undulations that go 250mm deep at its maximum
This gave an interesting glowing façade design that used reflectivity differences in levelling. Another reason of using the material is
and flexibility of aluminum material in a fascinating way. corrosion resistance feature of the metal stainless steel.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 POLY MER FAÇADE CLADDING

• Polymer façade uses various qualities and advantages of plastic as material for building facades.
• The material is extreme light weight as well as durable giving a good results structurally.
• Variants of this material can also be rendered translucent giving an interesting façade element that looks much different than the
conventional glass.
• The material is also weather resistant and the aesthetics can render the surface that can mimic other materials visually like wood,
metal, blocks, etc.

POLYCARBONATE PANELLING PVC FAÇADE PANELLING

HARVARD ART LAB by Barkow Leibinger, Harvard

The steel frame is clad in transparent insulated glass and lightweight PVC is a very flexible material with innumerable application in facades
high-insulating polycarbonate panels. These panels range from for paneling. Being a weather proof and light weight material is the
transparent to translucent to opaque, exploiting diffuse natural light biggest advantage of PVC for paneling. The panels can render wood in
and a street-level view by day, emerging as a glowing “lightbox” by best way giving the appearance in a budget friendly way. This cladding
night. These materials emphasize the building’s ephemerality while have acoustical advantages as well in some cases.
providing a robust and adaptable space for the arts.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 COMPARATIVE CHART – New facade MATERIALS
REFERENCE THERMAL
REFERENCE
MATERIAL IMAGE CASE STUDY CLIMATE PROPERTIES CONDUCTIVITY
IMAGE (W/m.K)

• 5 times the tensile strength of iron.

• Sustainable material
TEXTILE
EXTREME • Resistance to impact ,cracking
ARAMID MANUFACTURI
CLIMATIC • Low density (1.3 g/cubic cm) 0.25
(high tech fibre ) NG COMPANY,
CONDITIONS • Low thermal expansion
SOUTH KOREA
• Non conductive
• Resistance to vibration, absorption
BUDDY HOLLY
• Blocks direct sunlight
REFLECTIVE HALL FOR ARTS
COLD AND • Translucent
METAL & SCIENCE, 0.122
DRY CLIMATE • Porous
PANELS TEXAS
• Zero consumption energy

• Light weight
PLANNING EXTREME • Good insulation properties
GLAZED EXHIBITION WINTERS • fire proof
3.3
CERAMIC TILES CENTER, CHINA AND MILD • High acoustic damper
SUMMERS • Easy to lay
• Low water absorption
KINDERGARTEN • UV stabilized
TRANSLUCENT
IN CZECH MODERATE • Shatter resistant
FIBREGLASS 0.05
REPUBLIC CLIMATE • Light diffuser and translucent

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 COMPARATIVE CHART – New facade MATERIALS
REFERENCE THERMAL
REFERENCE
MATERIAL IMAGE CASE STUDY CLIMATE PROPERTIES CONDUCTIVITY
IMAGE (W/m.K)

GREEN • Maximum temp decrease 8.4 degree c

SKY VILLA
FACADES MODERATE • absorb and retain rainwater and can be 0.062
PROJECT
used to manage stormwater run-off

ITALIAN
EXTREME • Consists of cement and fine aggregate
TRANSLUCENT PAVILION FOR
WINTERS AND • Does not contain coarse aggregate 0.3815
CONCRETE THE EXPO
MILD SUMMERS • Optical fibres casted within to help
SHANGHAI 2010
transmit light

PERFORATED • High performance polymere panels

POLYMERE MERCADO DE LA • Non porous and very light
MEDITERRANEAN
CONCRETE ALQUERIA • Post graffiti treatment and high color 1-4
CLIMATE
PANELS durability
• Easy maintenance and good ventilation

NORTHEASTERN
UNIVERSITY • High durability
INTERDISCIPLIN HUMID SUMMERS • High aesthetic appeal
BRONZE FINS
ARY SCIENCE AND SNOWY • Acts like curtain wall 0.58
&ENGINEERING SUMMERS • Rain screen protection
COMPLEX • Mitigates direct solar gains

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 NEW FACADE MATERIALS
PRE FABRICATED CASSETTES WITH TEXTURED GLASS BRONZE FINES
• Vented material for finishing are often called
cassette. The main feature of these products is • Bronze is growing in popularity, mainly because
their design . The edges of the cassettes are bent of its high aesthetic appeal and durable, long
inward, due to which they have similarities with lasting properties that provides robust
the box.. protection from the elements.
• The bottom edge is hooking; it contains openings • The fins contribute to the daylighting and
for exiting the accumulated condensate and thermal strategy by mitigating direct solar gains
ventilating the base

FUTURIUM BERLIN NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY INTERDISCIPLINARY

BERLIN BASED ARCHITECTS RICHTER MUSIKOWSKI SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING COMPLEX

• The Futurium has been built to host events and exhibitions that showcase • Northeastern University’s new Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering
possible scenarios on the changing shape of life. Modular facade system Complex (ISEC) One of the defining characteristics of this building is its
consisting of prefabricated cassettes combining translucent textured glass on complex facade.
the front with a folded metal reflector on the back. • The bronze, curved fins march across the curving office block, undulating in
• The optical interplay of reflective, translucent and transparent surfaces results plan and split in elevation to create a free-form shape.
in a smooth and shimmering skin transforming continuously over the course of • In combination with the high-performance glazed curtain wall and the
the day depending on the lighting conditions and viewing angle. building’s mechanical system, they balance the facade’s thermal, daylighting,
and comfort performance requirements

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 NEW FACADE MATERIALS
TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE PERFORATED POLYMER CONCRETE PANELS
• Translucent concrete is a concrete based building
material with light-transmissive properties due to • perforated panels architects can combine different
embedded light optical elements — usually optical fibers. designs to customize their projects.
• Light is conducted through the stone from one end to the • The product lays claim to an impressive list of
other. Therefore, the fibers have to go through the whole virtues like high resistance to traction,
object. compression, shock, industrial/ saline
• This results in a certain light pattern on the other surface, environments, chemicals, temperature, freezing
depending on the fiber structure. Shadows cast onto one and thawing environments, etc.
side appear as silhouettes through the material

ITALIAN PAVILION FOR THE EXPO

SHANGHAI 2010 MERCADO DE LA ALQUERIA
IODICEARCHITETTI AS ARCHITECTS
La Alquería Market was opened in
• The pavilion design is a square plan of 3,600 Dos Hermanas, Seville, Spain This
sqm for a height of 20 m project features more than 1900
• The building is grazed on three sides by a square meters of ventilated panels
water blade which reflects and redoubles it
so as to intensify its natural light effects. They were able to create
• Covered with ‘transparent concrete’, a a custom engineered stone facade
material of latest conception made up of solution inspired by the Neo-
concrete and polymers; Mudéjar style that is local to the
region

• In fact, the project proposes a building which,

within a typical model of the Italian fabric of the
city, attempts to incorporate an interpretation,
from an architectural point of view, of the
Chinese play of the building and of the Shanghai

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 NEW FAÇADE MATERIALS:
GREEN FACADES TRANSLUCENT FIBRE GLASS
• The green facades are created by
growing plants across the façade
provided in front of a building.
• often climbing plants grown either at Designed by: Architect PetrStolin.
the base of the building in garden • aim of balancing plentiful outdoor space with
beds or by plants grown in the the need for security and privacy.
containers installed at different levels • An inner building is covered by a fibreglass-
across the building. clad wooden frame, and the whole structure is
• They cost less, are easy to install and
demands little maintenance in the then wrapped by a steel and fibreglass shell.
entire year The gap between the two layers forms a
terrace space.

ADVANTAGES
• Green roofs absorb and retain
rainwater and can be used to manage KINDERGARTEN IN CZECH REPUBLIC
stormwater run-off in urban
environments.
• They can also filter particulates and
pollutants.
• Additional water storage capacity in
green roof systems can be provided.
• Temperatures can be reduced
• Green roofs can contribute to and
enhance biodiversity
• It can also provide a link or corridor
across urban ecological deserts and
assist in migration of invertebrates
and birds.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 NEW FAÇADE MATERIALS:
AMARID REFLECTIVE METAL PANELS
Designed by : Architect Kolon
Designed by : Diamond
• Interconnected sun shade system. Schmitt architects.
• Folded façade morphosis type design.
• Made from high tech fibre (reinforced • intricate facade is designed to shade the
fibre). venue from Texas' extreme climate.
• 5 times the tensile strength of iron. • The upper part is claded insulated metal
• It is used in everything from bullet-proof panels that have deep interior sills to prevent
vests to aircraft parts. the building's solar gain.
• Striking and sustainable building

BUDDY HOLLY HALL FOR ARTS & SCIENCE, TEXAS

TEXTILE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, SOUTH KOREA

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 NEW FAÇADE MATERIALS:
CERAMIC TILES ACANTHA PAPYRUS
Designed by: Architect Playze. Designed By: Architecture studio DROO.

• Skin of planeglazed ceramic tiles. • facade that looks and feels like crumpled paper.
• The tiled surface sweeps around the • The facade is made from a recycled resin and
upper level of the entire centre like a concrete composite called Acantha Papyrus,
green hill. developed by facade specialist Carea.
• Varying gaps between each tile have • The texture was achieved by digitally mapping
created a screen that is solid in some real paper, creating a mould that could be used in
areas and more open in others. the fabrication of panels.

PLANNING EXHIBITION CENTER, CHINA RESIDENTIAL & OFFICE BUILDING , LONDON:

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 SUSTAINABLE FAÇADES – USING “RECYCLED MATERIALS”
COMPARATIVE CHART OF THE MATERIALS
THERMAL ‘R’ VALUE OTHER CLIMATE
MATERIAL CASE STUDY APPLICATION LIGHT QUALITY
CONDUCTIVITY m2.K/W RESPONSIVE FACTORS
Recycled • Flexible architectural 0.25 W/(m.K) 0.170 – - Light and - The course of the day,
Semi- element. 0.180 silhouettes beyond changes show on
Transparent • 1,500 structural semi- the space show the surface of the wall due
Plastic transparent baskets. through. to the diffusion and
Baskets • The surface minimizes the - Passage of time is reflection of the material.
separation between the more actively sensed - When the building is
inside and outside. from both inside and demolished in 2 years, the
• The baskets are directly outside, as these baskets can be reused.
installed on a framing light effects stimulate - Offers great resistance
structure behind. our senses against moisture.
Naju Art Museum,
South Korea
Recycled • Saint Bernard's Chapel (the 0.4 – 0.7 W/(m.K) 0.80 - The chapel´s - The old structure is
Bricks local patron saint) rises in a volume opens up dismantled in order to
small grove, originally towards the sun, reuse their materials,
occupied by a rural house and capturing the natural especially its one-
its yards. light of the sunset in hundred-year-old bricks.
• The structure is a complete the interior. - Properties such as
envelope made with recycled - The shadow of the thermal and hygric storage
bricks. horizontal poles capacity.
outside, slides along - Both, self shading effects
the curved interior, as well as evaporation
overlapping with cooling.
Capila San Bernardo, - Counteracts the urban
Argentina each other.
heat island effect.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 SUSTAINABLE FAÇADES – USING “RECYCLED MATERIALS”
COMPARATIVE CHART OF THE MATERIALS
THERMAL ‘R’ VALUE OTHER CLIMATE
MATERIAL CASE STUDY APPLICATION LIGHT QUALITY
CONDUCTIVITY m2.K/W RESPONSIVE FACTORS
Recycled • 2000 ice cream buckets, 0.50 W/(m.K) 0.450 – - A pleasant indoor - A pleasant indoor climate
Plastic interpreted as zeros 0.500 light ambiance since without the use of air
Ice-cream (opened) and ones (closed), they scatter direct conditioning.
containers in the form of a binary code. sunlight and act as - Façade material shades
• Code – “Books are the natural light bulbs. the interior, lets daylight
windows to the world”. pass and enables enough
• The buckets are placed in cross ventilation.
between vertical steel ribs
spanning from floor to roof
Bima Micro-library, and are inclined towards the
Indonesia outside to repel rainwater.
Recycled • The inside offers many voids 0.6 – 1.7 W/(m.K) 0.25 – 1.00 - There is an - Featured in both living
Ceramic while the outside has interesting pattern and working space, it is a
Bricks double-skin facade including created due to the solution to the quality
the inner layer as all-glass shades and shadows improvement of used
panels. Ceramic bricks- offered by the play of space by creating a natural
40x40cm. light through the sense of breathing rhythm
• The layer of ceramic bricks is tiles. in monsoon tropical
to purify dust and smoke, conditions.
suck in fresh air and take - Pot plants are also
heat away through open randomly arranged to
panels alternated. This filter absorb the humidity and
Properly Breathing helps revitalize the mitigate calorific
House, Vietnam architectural space. radiation.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 SUSTAINABLE FAÇADES – USING “RECYCLED MATERIALS”
COMPARATIVE CHART OF THE MATERIALS
THERMAL ‘R’ VALUE OTHER CLIMATE
MATERIAL CASE STUDY APPLICATION LIGHT QUALITY
CONDUCTIVITY m2.K/W RESPONSIVE FACTORS
Recycled • All the abandoned old things 0.04 – 0.12 0.71 – 1.41 - Some open - The windows have been
Windows collected from a previous W/(m.K) windows on the roof used in Vietnam for a long
(Wooden) project used to create a provide the trees time because of its
fresher place which still beneath with space ventilation.
keeps traditional values of and natural light. - Rearranged into a new
the former house. - These windows also facade with different
• The old windows were used turn up inside the colours, it covers the old
as the main material. house as light façade and wraps it up to
• Installed on the already partitions, separate the rooftop and creates a
existing building fabric. and decorate space. special attraction.
Vegan House, Vietnam

Recycled • Made of 53,780 recycled 0.33 W/(m.K) 0.320 – - There is an - Used bottles from
Plastic bottles. 0.350 interesting pattern organizations, businesses,
Bottles • Head in the Clouds is a space created due to the schools, and individuals
where visitors can enter into transparency which throughout New York
and contemplate the light allows light in its City and beyond; were
and colour filtering through original direction and repurposed to construct
the bottles from the inside, some are translucent the pavilion by more than
out. which allows light 200 volunteers.
• The structure is an enclosure but changes light - Resistance against
made entirely with PET rays direction. weathering.
Bottles construction
Head in the Clouds technique.
Pavilion, NYC

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 SUSTAINABLE FAÇADES – USING “RECYCLED MATERIALS”
COMPARATIVE CHART OF THE MATERIALS
THERMAL OTHER CLIMATE
MATERIAL CASE STUDY APPLICATION ‘R’ VALUE LIGHT QUALITY
CONDUCTIVITY RESPONSIVE FACTORS
Recycled •Applied to the 0.4 – 0.7 W/(m.K) 0.80 •Since this façade is •As it is a double skin façade,
Grey Green previously existing enveloping an already it helps the keep the
Bricks masonry wall. existing masonry wall, interiors of the exhibition
•Applied with the no effect on lighting of hall cooler than usual.
robotic masonry the interior spaces. •Since the base material of
fabrication technique, •The undulating surface the façade is clay, it
which accomplishes the of the façade bounces inherently helps to keep the
first endeavor to utilize off light in different structure cooler.
the advanced digital angles, creating a visual •The grey green bricks used
Chi She Exhibition fabrication technology texture of the walls. are off an old demolished
Centre, Shanghai, to construct on site. building, thus following the
China policy of no waste – recycle.
Recycled • Comprised of 900 0.33 – 0.5 W/(m.K) 0.85 -1.25 •The base façade is •The colour of the chairs
Plastic black plastic chairs. made up of frosted used is black granulate is
Sheets •Individual seats are glass. So the light used for the outdoors
fixed on a structure entering the room is because it is resistant to
made from steel subdued and patterned different weather
sections fixed on the by the silhouette of the conditions, especially UV
façade. chairs outside. light.
•Easily removable •Most of the interior •Helps with the recycle and
structure. lighting is dependant on reuse policy as these plastic
The Gallery of artificial lighting. chairs can be dismantled
Furniture, Czech and used again.
Republic

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 SUSTAINABLE FAÇADES – USING “RECYCLED MATERIALS”
COMPARATIVE CHART OF THE MATERIALS
THERMAL OTHER CLIMATE RESPONSIVE
MATERIAL CASE STUDY APPLICATION ‘R’ VALUE LIGHT QUALITY
CONDUCTIVITY FACTORS
Recycled •Façade comprises of tile 0.31 W/(m.K) 12.5 •The brise-soleil •The use of terracotta, an
Terracotta course fixed to main façade façade filters the inherently cooler material
Roof Tiles by custom steel joints. harsh sun while at helps to reduce load on active
•Each tile course placed the same time cooling systems.
based on its function. maximizing light •Material reuse solves both
Acute course at bottom - through the small 8m these environmental impacts
strength & to obscure the wide frontage. and is by far the cooling most
spandrels. Equilateral tiles •The base façade is efficient form of building.
at eyelevel- reduce visual composed of glass, •The curved tile façade, gives
obstructions. -Diagonal allowing it a proportion within its built
tiles at the top due to their transparency for the context by linking its
The Beehive, Australia low clearance and were light to filter in misaligned neighboring
angled north. through patterns. buildings.
Recycled Fly • Layering starting from 0.36 W/(m.K) 0.5 -0.8 •Perforations in the •The grey fly ash bricks help
Ash Bricks huge random rubble & facade and the roof address the microclimate of
stone at bottom, to finer slab allow the light the structure by keeping it
solid brick work, mud and to filter into the cool during harsh summer
slate on top. Alternating space in interesting months.
wall layers of grey fly ash shapes and patterns.
brick recycled from •Entire structure
industrial cement waste gives an effect of
were used. shade as well as well
Rane Vidyalaya School, lit and airy at the
Thirampalayam, India
•Source material from local
areas. same time.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 SUSTAINABLE FAÇADES – USING “RECYCLED MATERIALS”
• Sustainable and climate responsive structures have become the need of the time due to the extreme climatic crisis faced today.
• With the aim of supporting architects to become active agents of sustainable design, facades that incorporate different recycled
materials are being used.
• Beyond the typical uses of plastic and glass, innovative materials such as mattress springs, ice cream containers, plastic chairs, and
recycled waste from agricultural and industrial products are also being used to create an attractive facade.

RECYCLED AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE RECYCLED TILES

PRODUCTS

STRUCTURE: Ningbo Historic Museum, China

The architects designed the façade of the building as if it was the surface
STRUCTURE: Backyard Cabin, Oakland of a mountain comprised of massive reinforced concrete walls, partly clad
Over 4,500 3D-printed ceramic tiles clad the exterior of the in recycled terracotta and clay tiles. By recycling materials from the
building. Up-cycled agricultural and industrial waste products, demolished buildings that once constituted the existing site, Wang and Lu
and at times its custom materials. Grape skins, salt, cement, and were trying to recall a past that was almost forgotten. In Wang and Lu's
sawdust, among others, have been integrated to create variety design, the past has been turned into the permanent inner lining of the
among the tiles. formwork, providing a randomly decorative coating.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 SUSTAINABLE FAÇADES – USING “RECYCLED MATERIALS”

RECYCLED PALLETS RECYCLED BEDSPRINGS

STRUCTURE: The Recycled Pallet Pavilion

The office is oriented to identifying design
strategies towards ecology, flexible systems,
biodiversity, and recycled materials in the STRUCTURE: The Luxury Pavilion, Dubai
urban context. The 100 square meters The outer skin of the pavilion is a mesh of
detachable structure is made up of entwined bedsprings that naturally lends itself
prefabricated pallets forming an articulated to an organic form, floating amongst the
wooden diamond structure. surrounding buildings.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 COMPARATIVE CHART – SHADING DEVICES

Shading Device Horizontal Inclined louver Vertical fins Surrounding Inclined double Vertical Louvers Hortizontal
Canopy Canopy shades louvered Louvers
Canopy
Suitable Climate Cold Cold / Tropical Hot Moderate Tropical Hot Hot

Visual Permeability 100% 85% 95% 97% 70% 55% 60%

Glare Protection Moderate Moderate High High Moderate High High

Radiant Temperature(C) 19,71-26,50 19,36-26,18 19,32-26,91 18,96-25,97 18,22-25,31 19,50-26,20 18,85-25,64

Daylighting(Lux) 155-2392 136-2418 90-1892 82-1534 89-803 6-314 92-731

Peak electricity 13900 13750 14000 13100 12600 12500 12500

Consumption(kwH) (13% (14% (12% (18% (21% (21% Reduction) (21% Reduction)
Reduction) Reduction) Reduction) Reduction) Reduction)
Solar gains exterior 128040 111620 105890 85057 65834 48079 74539
windows (30% (39% (42% (54% (64% (74% Reduction) (60%
Reduction) Reduction) Reduction) Reduction) Reduction) Reduction)

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 SMART FACADES WITH SHADING DEVICES

Introduction
• Sun Shading Devices inhibit the solar radiation (block,
allow, etc.) incident on a building and are used either
internally or externally or in between the internal and
the external building space.
• They can be any mechanical equipment (like dynamic
facades), projections (chajja), cantilevers, louvres, fins,
jaalis, or even textiles.
• They can be fixed, manual and automatic moveable.
• The primary objective of creating a comfortable internal
environment, that is, cool in the summer and warm in Use of shading
the winter. • Solar controls should be considered for all glazed
openings exposed to direct sunlight.
• Solar control is particularly important on south to west-
facing facades, since the solar gains will coincide with
the hottest part of the day.
Constraints of shading devices
• Sun path and wind direction are usually different.
• There will be a need for admitting controlled levels of
diffused daylight.
• In most cases there will be a requirement of views out of
the window.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 SMART FACADES WITH SHADING DEVICES

TYPES

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 SMART FACADES WITH SHADING DEVICES
CASE STUDY 1 – AL BAHAR TOWERS, ABU DHABI (AEDAS ARCHITECTS)
• The project concept is inspired by the traditional Islamic object the
“Mashrabiya” and motifs to stand out with two circular towers
covered by a honeycomb-inspired structure and its automated
dynamic solar screen.
• The “Mashrabiya” is a wooden lattice screen found in traditional
Islamic architecture and used as a device for achieving privacy and
environmental control including natural ventilation, solar control, and
glare reduction.
• The pioneering shading screen of the towers, controlled by computer,
operates as a curtain-wall, positioned two metres from the exterior
façade of the buildings in an independent frame.
• Each triangle is covered in micro-perforated glass fibre and
programmed to respond to the movement of the sun in order to
reduce the solar gain and glare.

Fully closed Semi open Open Structural members seen in section View of diffused light entering the
structure
FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES
 SMART FACADES WITH SHADING DEVICES
CASE STUDY 2 – 72 SCREENS, (SANJAY PURI)
• Completed in April 2013, this office building is located in the city of
Jaipur, India which has a desert climate with average temperatures
ranging from 30°C to 50°C grade through most of the year.
• The concept of a jail is a traditional architectural concept in Rajasthan
and has been used to reduce heat gain, increase ventilation and
reduce noise from the busy traffic outside.
• The building is fragmented into triangular facets with jali as a
secondary screen all around it and the interstitial spaces are used for
plants to further reduce the heat gain creating a building that is
extremely energy efficient in response to the city’s 450c summer
months that are from mid-March to mid-October.
• The material used for jail is glass reinforced concrete.

View of structural members View of diffused light entering the Lights are installed between curtain wall
Air flow in structure
from terrace structure and jail giving it at interesting look at night
FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES
 UNIQUE FACADE DESIGNS
The scope of a facade is not just limited to a vertical wall, sometimes they frame the entire structure and form a vital part of the
design concept .The works of Frank O’ Gehry are the best example for this kind of detailing.
LOUIS VUITTON BUILDING, PARIS
• LOCATION: Paris, France
• PROJECT TYPE: Art Museum and Cultural Centre
• AREA: 11700 sq.m
• ARCHITECT: Frank O’ Gehry
• FORM : The form resembles a cloud, chrysalis or a sailing ship.
(metaphors of nature and geology)
• MATERIAL : The building structure is made up of an assembly of
white concrete blocks called ‘icebergs’ that are enveloped by 12
huge glass facades called ‘sails’.
The form resembling the sails and the chrysalis

Icebergs portrayed by fiber reinforced Structure of glass roof allowing collection & reuse Large expanses of glass provide picturesque views The sails depict sense of movement, while building
concrete & sales depicted by clear glass of rain water & improved geothermal power of the gardens, integrating landscape with interiors reflects nature and continually changes with light.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 UNIQUE FACADE DESIGNS

LUMA ARMES TOWER, FRANCE

• LOCATION: Arles, France
• PROJECT TYPE: Experimental Contemporary Art Center
• ARCHITECT: Frank O’ Gehry, Seldoff Architects
• CONCEPT: The facade is supposed to echo the craggy
rock formations found near the city.
• MATERIAL & FORM: An undulating building of stainless Shows off the versatile nature of metal cladding.
However not suitable for hot Indian climate.
steel, glass and limestone, resembling an urban
crystallized sculpture within the industrial buildings.
- 5,000-square-metre of facade, composed of 300
metal panels that are welded together and 11,000
blocks of stainless steel.

Light reflects off of the façade and gives an

interesting aesthetic effect any time of the day.

Glass boxes and shining steel panels are stacked around this
in an irregular formation above a circular glass atrium. The glass boxes in the facade breaking
Opening Date – 14th June, 2021 monotony of the steel panels

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

 UNIQUE FACADE DESIGNS

UT SYDNEY BUSINESS SCHOOL, AUSTRALIA

• LOCATION: Sydney, Australia
• PROJECT TYPE: Business school
• ARCHITECT: Frank O’ Gehry
• CONCEPT: The sandstone-coloured curving brickwork, all laid by hand, is
intended to reference Sydney's architectural heritage.
• MATERIAL & FORM: Resembles a squashed brown paper bag.
-To achieve the distinctive fluid brickwork composition, construction process
included developing five custom forms- 320,000 pieces laid by hand.
- Expressive external form- a result of complicated internal layout -"a
growing learning organism with many branches of thought, some robust and
some delicate".

In contrast to other elevations, angular west-facing elevation made up of Surface includes protruding individual bricks resulting in Façade windows arranged with a gridded order &
shards of glass, to offer fractured reflections of neighbouring buildings. articulated patterns within undulating overall geometry project outward in contrast to building’s mass.

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES

THANK YOU