Soil

Stabilization of soil can be done by adding additives or without
additives, the following are major methods of soil stabilisation:

Mechanical Stabilization is suitable for low volume roads which
involves the correct proportioning of aggregates and soil which
are adequately compacted to get mechanically stable layer.
Soil Cement Stabilization is an intimate mix of soil, cement and

water, compacted to form a strong base course & to increase
compressive strength of the soil layer. Soil Cement can be used
as a sub-base or base course for all types of Pavements.
 Soil Lime Stabilization Soil-Lime has been widely used as a

modifier or a binder for a high plastic soils which imparts binding
action even for a granular soils.
 Soil-Bituminous Stabilization Bitumen Stabilized layer may be

used as Sub-base or base course for all the roads in which the
basic principles of this stabilization are Water Proofing and
Binding of soil components which enhances its strength & the
most commonly used materials are cut back & emulsion.
 Lime Fly ash Stabilization Can be used for construction of

Embankments, Rigid and semi-rigid pavements. Fly ash
properties vary widely & thus to be characterized before it is
used for stabilization of soil layer. The major constituents of fly
ash are oxides of silica, aluminum, iron, calcium & magnesium
which Possesses many favorable properties for embankment &
road construction, fly ash is also termed as environmentally safe
material which enhances the properties of soil.
Due to the presence of montmorillonite which is characterized by

large volume change from wet to dry seasons and vice versa,
black cotton soil also facilitates compaction for obtaining the
desired density with comparatively less effort. The
characteristics of Black Cotton Soil is which it forms a very poor
foundation material for road construction & also possess low
strength with excessive volume changes. The properties of the
black cotton soil may be altered in many ways viz, mechanical
thermal, chemical and other means stabilisation, it is very
important to investigate the physical and engineering properties
associated with the black cotton soil. In the present study black
cotton soil specimens are derived from depth of 1 to 1.5 m were
studied in the laboratory for investigation of physical and
engineering properties. Various tests like grain size analysis,
specific gravity, atterberg’s limits, standard proctor compaction,
consolidation and direct shear test were conducted on the soil
specimens as per the Indian Standard Codes [1]. The black
cotton soil found in semi – arid regions of tropical and temperate
climate zones will be having high evaporation percentage when
compared to precipitation. The sticky plastic nature of black
cotton soils particles will make the soil extremely difficult to
extract or dislodge & the cracks measuring 70 mm wide and over
1 m deep were observed in the study also it has shown that these
cracks can extend up to 3m or more in case of high deposits [2].
The effect of lime in addition with black cotton soil in an
incremental manner up to 6% to a high expansive BC soil used in
the laboratory for investigation in the prevailing conditions
(temperature and humidity) which will enhance the strength,
penetration resistance and reduce swelling & shrinkage
behaviour. Quick lime can be successfully used for treatment of
BC Soil, which is a cost effective when compared to other
admixtures such as cement and asphalt which will provide long
life to the structures with least maintenance. If the soil is non-
plastic and is having low plasticity index, lime alone is not
satisfactory for stabilization but an addition of fly ash is needed
to improvise the necessary changes in the soil [3].
With the presence of clayey content in soil & by conducting

physical property tests there is an increase in the plasticity
index by classifying the Soil specimens as A, B and C which
retains almost same percentage of clay particles and have
medium range of plastic indices. Whereas Liquid limit, Plastic
limit, Specific Gravity and Dry Density of soil specimen A was
found to be higher than the soil specimen B and C. The value of
value of angle of internal friction of soil specimen C was
observed to be higher than soil specimens B and A. Predicted
values of the parameters viz. Plasticity index (PI), Optimum
Moisture Content (OMC), Compression Index (Cc) and Angle of
Internal Friction (ɸ) for the soil specimens A, B and C from
empirical models derived through regression analysis were
observed to be very close to the experimental values. With the
increase in the plasticity index induces decrease in the angle of
internal friction and the compaction Characteristics were
observed to be fair for black cotton soils [8]

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Stabilization of soil can be done by adding additives or without

additives, the following are major methods of soil stabilisation:

Soil Cement Stabilization is an intimate mix of soil, cement and

 Soil Lime Stabilization Soil-Lime has been widely used as a

 Soil-Bituminous Stabilization Bitumen Stabilized layer may be

 Lime Fly ash Stabilization Can be used for construction of

Due to the presence of montmorillonite which is characterized by

With the presence of clayey content in soil & by conducting

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