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Media

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 Converging

Media
Fifth Edition

A New Introduction to
Mass Communication

John V. Pavlik
Rutgers University

Shawn McIntosh
Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts

New York Ox ford

OXFORD UNIVERSIT Y PRESS

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pavlik, John V. (John Vernon)

Converging media : a new introduction to mass communication /
John V. Pavlik, Rutgers University ; Shawn McIntosh, Massachusetts
College of Liberal Arts. -- Fifth edition.
   pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-027151-0
1. Mass media. 2. Digital media. 3. Internet. I. McIntosh, Shawn.
II. Title.
P90.P3553 2016
302.23--dc23
              2015028062

Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in the United States of America

on acid-free paper

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 To my wife, Jackie,
and my daughters,
Tristan and Orianna
—J.V.P.

To my parents,
Dennis and Kathie
—S.M.

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 Brief Contents
PREFACE xxii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxxiii

part one t h e c h a n g in g medi a l a ndsc a pe

1 Mass Communication and Its Digital Transformation 3

2 Media Literacy in the Digital Age 37

part two M a ss- CO mmunic ation form ats

3 Print Media: Books, Newspapers, and Magazines 63

4 Audio Media: Music Recordings, Radio 97
5 Visual Media: Photography, Movies, and Television 125
6 Interactive Media: The Internet, Video Games, and Augmented Reality 161

part three medi a perspectives

7 The Impact of Social Media 191

8 Journalism: From Information to Participation 227
9 Advertising and Public Relations: The Power of Persuasion 259

part four medi a a nd society

10 Media Ethics 295

11 Communication Law and Regulation in the Digital Age 323
12 Media Theory and Research 357
13 Mass Communication and Politics in the Digital Age 387
14 Global Media in the Digital Age 411

GLOSSARY G-1
NOTES N-1
CREDITS C-1
INDEX I-1

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 Contents
PREFACE xxii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxxiii

part one t h e c h a n g in g medi a l a ndsc a pe

1 Mass Communication and Its Digital Transformation 3

Telephony: Case Study in Convergence 4 Correlation 27

Cultural Transmission 27
Three Types of Convergence 7
Entertainment 27
Technological Convergence 8
Economic Convergence 9 Theories of Communication 28
Cultural Convergence 11 Transmission Models 28
Critical Theory and Cultural Studies 30
Implications of Convergence 12
Media Organization 13 Television: The Future of Convergence 31
Media Type 14 Looking Back and Moving Forward  33
Media Content 14 Media Matters  34
Media Use 16 Further Reading 34
Media Distribution 18
Media Audience 18 Features
Media Profession 20
MEDIA PIONEERS: Steve Jobs  10
Attitudes and Values 20
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Crying in a BMW 11
Mass Communication in the Digital Age 23
Interpersonal Communication 23 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: User-Generated Content:
Mass Communication 24 Creativity or Piracy? 19
Mass Communication and Convergence 25
ETHICS IN MEDIA: Interactively Mapping Gun
Functions of Mass Communication 26 Owners 22
Surveillance 26

2 Media Literacy in the Digital Age 37

Education and Media 38 What Makes Mediated

Communication Different? 40
What Is Media Literacy? 39
Semiotics 40
Framing 42

vii

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 viii Contents www.oup.com/us/pavlik

Early Concerns of Media Effects 43 media matters  60

FURTHER READING  60
Media Grammar 44
Print Media 44
Features
Radio and Recorded Music 45
Film and Television 46 MEDIA PIONEERS: Marshall McLuhan 48
Digital-Media Grammar 47
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Mobile Telephony in
Implications of Commercial Media 47 the Developing World 50
Commercial-Media Debate 49
ETHICS IN MEDIA: When Media Report Rape
Concentration of Media Ownership 51
Allegations 55
Media Bias 53
CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Dos and Don’ts When
Developing Critical Media-Literacy Skills 56 Evaluating Online Information 57
Media Careers  58
LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 58

part two m a ss- communic ation form ats

3 Print Media: Books, Newspapers, and Magazines 63

Functions of Print Media 64 Local Newspapers 75
Transmission of Culture 64 National Newspapers 75
Diffusion of Ideas and Knowledge 64
History of Newspapers to Today 76
Entertainment 65
The Commercial Press and the Partisan Press 77
Distinctive Functions of Books 65 Colonial Readership and Finances 77
The Golden Age of Newspapers 77
History of Books to Today 66
Monastic Scribes 66 Current Newspaper-Industry Issues 79
Johannes Gutenberg 67 Newspaper Chains 80
Beginnings of Mass Communication Benefits of Chains 80
and Mass Literacy 68 Problems with Chains 81
Cheaper and Smaller Books 68 Leading Newspaper Chains 81
Dime Novels 68 Declining Number of Daily Newspapers 81
Mass-Market Paperbacks 69
Sales and Readership of Newspapers 81
Print-on-Demand 69
Circulation and Readership 84
Ebooks 70
Advertising 84
Current Book-Industry Issues 71 Outlook for Newspapers 86
Sales and Readership of Books 72 Distinctive Functions of Magazines 87
Outlook for Books 74 History of Magazines to Today 89
Distinctive Functions of Newspapers 75 Current Magazine-Industry Issues 90

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 Contents ix

Sales and Readership of Magazines 90 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Freesheets: Riding the Rails
of Newspapers’ Future? 85
Outlook for Magazines 91
Media Careers  93 MEDIA PIONEERS: Ruben Salazar 87
LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 94
MEDIA MATTERS 94
FURTHER READING  95

Features
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Global Ebook
Marketplace 70

4 Audio Media: Music Recordings, Radio 97

The Recording Industry 98 FM Radio, Edwin Howard Armstrong, and David

Sarnoff 114
Distinctive Functions
Creating a Viable Business Model for Radio 115
of the Recording Industry 98
The Rise of Radio Networks 115
History of Recorded Music 99 Consolidation In Radio Station Ownership 116
From Tin Pan Alley to Hollywood 100
The Radio Industry Today 117
Roots of Rock and Roll 100
Redefining Rock 101 Radio Station Programming 118
The Recording Industry Today 102 Outlook for the Radio Industry 118
Podcasting 120
Recording-Industry Business Model 105
Satellite Radio 120
Creation 105
Media Careers  121
Promotion 106
Looking Back And Moving Forward  122
Distribution 106
Media Matters  123
Pricing Structure 107
Further Reading 123
Outlook for the Recording Industry 107
Digital Rights Management and Illegal File Features
Sharing 107
MEDIA PIONEERS: Amanda Palmer 104
New Business Models Emerging 108
ETHICS IN MEDIA: MashED-up and Mixed-up Musical
What Is Broadcasting? 109
Ethics 111
Radio 110
CONVERGENCE CULTURE: NPR and PRI: America’s
Distinctive Functions of Radio 110 Public Radio Networks  116

History of Radio 110 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Trusting in the Power

Wireless Telegraphy 112 of the Airwaves  121
Exploring Radio’s Early Potential 112
Voice Transmission 112
Radio Before, During, and After WWI 113
Widespread Public Adoption of Radio 114

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5 Visual Media: Photography, Movies, and Television 125

Photography 126 Programming and Genre Influences 147

History of Photography 126 Pushing the Programming Envelope 148
Photographic Industry Today 127 Cable Comes of Age 148
Filling the Days 149
Movies 127
Filling the Nights 149
History of the Movie Industry 128 Sports 150
Silent Era: New Medium, New Technologies, Reality Shows 151
New Storytelling 129 Digital Television: Preparing the Way for
Méliès and Griffith 130 Convergence 152
Murnau, Flaherty, and Eisenstein 131 The Rise of Flat-Panel Displays 152
Sound and Color 131
Television Distribution 153
Hollywood Movie Moguls 133
Broadcast TV 153
Warner Brothers 133
Cable TV 153
Walt Disney 133
Satellite TV 154
Samuel Goldwyn 134
Marcus Loew 134 Television Industry Today 154
Louis B. Mayer 134 Cable System Structure 154
Hollywood Star System 135 Satellite Versus Cable 155
The Director as Auteur 135
Television-Industry Business Model 156
Technological Influences on Movie Genres 136
Other Entertainment Sources for Movies 137 Outlook for the Television Industry 157
DVDs and Streaming 138 Media Careers  158
LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 158
Movie Industry Today 139
media matters  159
Marketing and Distribution for Movies 142 FURTHER READING  159

Movie-Industry Business Model 143

Features
Outlook for the Movie Industry 143
ETHICS IN MEDIA: The Photojournalist’s Dilemma:
Television 144 Immersion in Conflict 130

History of Television 146 MEDIA PIONEERS: Kathleen Kennedy 141

Seeing the Light: The First Television Systems 146
CONVERGENCE CULTURE: 3-D Movies: What Will Be
Modern Television Takes Shape 146
the Impact? 145

6 Interactive Media: The Internet, Video Games,

and Augmented Reality 161

Interactivity Defined 162 Historical Development of User

Interfaces 165
Interactive Media Versus Mass Media 163
Television Interfaces 165

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 CONTENTS xi

Intuitive Interfaces 166 Video-Game Industry 180

Keyboards 166
Computer Mouse 166
Trends in Video Games 182
Touch Screens 167 Gamification 183
Natural Input Methods 167
Graphical User Interfaces 167
Augmented Reality 184

Historical Development of the Internet Ethics of Interactive Media 185

MEDIA CAREERS 186
and the World Wide Web 168
LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 187
Internet Protocol 169
MEDIA MATTERS 188
World Wide Web 170
FURTHER READING 188
Graphical Web Browsers 170
Broadband 171
Distribution Dynamics 171
Features
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: THE INTERNET OF
Video Games 173
BABEL 164
Historical Development of Video
MEDIA PIONEERS: SUPER MARIO 176
Games 174
CONVERGENCE CULTURE: IS PLAYING VIDEO GAMES BAD
Types of Video Games 177
FOR YOU? 181

PART THREE M E D I A PE R SPE C T I V E S

7 The Impact of Social Media 191

Defining Social Media 192 Social Media: The Good, the Bad,
Dialogic Commmunication 193 and the Ugly 218
Social Production 195 Are Social Media Making Us Less Social? 218
Are Social Media Making Us Dumber? 220
What Is “Social” About Social Media? 197
MEDIA CAREERS 222
Choice 197
LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 222
Conversation 197
MEDIA MATTERS 224
Curation 198
FURTHER READING 224
Creation 199
Collaboration 199
Features
Types of Social Media 200
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: SOCIAL NETWORKS OF
Email 201
INFLUENTIAL LANGUAGES 201
Discussion Boards and Web Forums 202
Chat Rooms 203 MEDIA PIONEERS: JACK DORSEY 206
Blogs and Microblogs 204
CONVERGENCE CULTURE: ARE WE REALLY SEPARATED BY
Wikis 205
SIX DEGREES? 211
Social-Networking Sites 207
ETHICS IN MEDIA: CYBERBULLYING: NEW TWISTS ON AN
Producers and Produsers 212
OLD PROBLEM 219
Reputation, Ratings, and Trust 214
Privacy 215
Transparency 217

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8 Journalism: From Information to Participation 227

What Is News? 228 Citizen Journalism 245

An International Perspective 246
The Historical Development of
Journalism 230 Journalism in the Digital World 248
News Values and the Associated Press 230 Nontraditional Sources 248
Pulitzer and Hearst: The Circulation Wars, Online User Habits 250
Sensationalism, and Standards 231 Personalization 251
Joseph Pulitzer 233 Contextualization 251
William Randolph Hearst 234 Convergence 251
The Rise of Electronic Journalism 234
The Business of Journalism 252
Murrow and News in TV’s Golden Age 235
Salaries 253
Changes in Television News 235
Diversity in the Newsroom 254
Foundations of Journalism 236 Media Careers  254
The Hutchins Commission and A Free and Looking Back And Moving Forward  255
Responsible Press 236 Media Matters  256
Separation of Editorial and Business Operations 237 Further Reading 256
Fairness and Balance in News Coverage 237
Framing the News 238 Features
Expert Sources 238
MEDIA PIONEERS: Mary Ann Shadd Cary
From Event to Public Eye: How News and IDA B. WELLS 232
Is Created 239
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Covering Islam  238
Gathering the News 240
Producing the News 240 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Platypus Journalism:
Distributing the News 242 The Future, or Evolutionary Dead End? 241

Types of Journalism 243 ETHICS IN MEDIA: Maintaining Standards in the

Alternative Journalism 243 Digital Age 252
Public Journalism 244

9 Advertising and Public Relations: The Power of Persuasion 259

Strategic Communications 261 Selling Products, Selling Ideas 271

Persuasive Communications 262 Advertising Channels 271
The Role of Media in Persuasion 263 Print Media 272
Electronic Media 272
Advertising 264
Outdoor 273
The Historical Development of Advertising 264
Direct Mail 274
Advertising Agencies 266
Advertising in a Digital World 274
Commercial Television 266
Cookies 274
Internet 267
Email Marketing 275
The Rise of Branding 268
Banner Ads 275

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 CONTENTS xiii

Pop-Ups and Video 275 Changing Trends in Advertising and PR 288

Classifieds and Auction Sites 275 MEDIA CAREERS 290
Search-Engine Ads 276 LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 291
Mobile Advertising 276 MEDIA MATTERS 292
Behavioral Advertising 277 FURTHER READING 292
Viral Marketing 277
Native Advertising 277 Features
The Advertising Business 278
MEDIA PIONEERS: MADAM C. J. WALKER 265
Advertising Agencies 279
CONVERGENCE CULTURE: MMORPG, FPS—AND IGA 270
Public Relations 282
The Historical Development of Public Relations 282 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: HAIR-RAISING SUBWAY
Trends in the Development of Public Relations 284 BILLBOARD AD GETS NOTICED 280
PR and Media Relations 285
MEDIA PIONEERS: DORIS E. FLEISCHMAN 284
Pseudo-Events 286
Distributing News to the Media in the ETHICS IN MEDIA: FOOLING MOST OF THE PEOPLE
Digital Age 286 MOST OF THE TIME . . . DIGITALLY 288
Finding Sources Online 286
PR Firms and the PR Industry 286

PART FOUR MEDIA AND SOCIE T Y

10 Media Ethics 295

Ethics, Morals, and Laws 296 Ethics in Journalism 310

Privacy Rights Versus the Public’s Right to Know 310
Major Systems of Ethical Reasoning 297
Going Undercover 311
Character, or Virtue Ethics 297
Victimizing the Victims 311
The Golden Rule 297
Misrepresentation and Plagiarism 312
The Golden Mean 298
Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics 312
Virtue Ethics in Action 298
Duties 298 Ethical Issues in Advertising 313
The Categorical Imperative 299 Deceptive Advertising 313
Discourse Ethics 299 Puffery 314
Duties-Based Ethics in Action 300 Conflicts of Interest in Advertising 314
Consequences 300 Advertising Codes of Ethics 314
Utilitarianism 301
Ethics in Public Relations 315
Social Justice 301
Conflicts of Interest in PR 316
Consequence-Based Ethics in Action 302
Public Relations Codes of Ethics 317
Relationships, or Dialogical Ethics 302
Ethics of Care 303 Ethics in Entertainment 318
Dialogical Ethics in Action 304 Stereotypes in Entertainment 318
Moral Relativism 305 Sex and Violence 319
MEDIA CAREERS 319
Issues in Ethical Decision Making 306
LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 320
Role of Commercialism in Media Ethics 308 MEDIA MATTERS 320
Media Types Influencing Content 309 FURTHER READING 321

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Features CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Forbidden Fruit 315

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Mistaken Identity: One MEDIA PIONEERS: Kalle Lasn 316
Life Lost, Another Ruined 303

11 Communication Law and Regulation in the Digital Age 323

The Legal Framework 324 Political Speech 344

Equal-Time Rule 344
The Foundations of Freedom of
Fairness Doctrine 344
Expression 325
National Security 326 Children’s Programming Protections 345
Clear and Present Danger 327 The Children’s Television Act 345
Prior Restraint 327 Violent and Sexual Programming:
Libel 328 The V-Chip 346
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) 328
Intellectual Property Rights 346
Protecting Journalists Against Libel 329
Fair Use 348
Shield Laws 329
Censorship 331 Privacy 348
The Censorship of Comics 331
Legal Issues in the Digital World 349
The Hays Code 332
Digital Rights Management 350
Indecent Content 333
Privacy 351
Obscenity 334
Content Rights and Responsibilities 352
Criticism, Ridicule, or Humor 335
Media Careers  352
Regulating Electronic Media 335 LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 353
Early Days and the Radio Act of 1912 (1911–1926) 335 MEDIA MATTERS 354
Increasing Regulation and the Federal Radio FURTHER READING  354
Commission (1927–1933) 336
The Communications Act and Spectrum Scarcity Features
(1934–1995) 336
MEDIA PIONEERS: ANTHONY LEWIS 330
The Telecommunications Act and the Internet
(1996–Present) 337 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: The Great Network
International Electronic Media Regulation 338 Neutrality Debate 338

The Federal Communications INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: The Rise and Fall of

Commission (FCC) 339 Russian Media 339
Universal Service 340
ETHICS IN MEDIA: Does the Punishment Fit the
The FCC, License Renewal, and Regulatory Power 340
Crime? 350
Spectrum Auction 341

Regulating Commercial and Political

Speech 341
Commercial Speech 342
Tobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana Advertising 343
Unclear Regulatory Boundaries 343

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 Contents xv

12 Media Theory and Research 357

Role of Theory and Research 358 Media Ecology 374

Agenda Setting 375
Mass Society, Mass Communication 359
New Directions in Media Research 376
Media-Effects Research 359
Propaganda and the Magic Bullet 360 Media Research: What Type of Science
Payne Fund 360 Is It? 378
Radio’s Wider Impact 361 Quantitative Research 380
Television and Violence 362 Qualitative Research 380
Limited Effects 363 Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Cultivation Analysis 363 Working Together 382
Spiral of Silence 365 Media Careers  382
Third-Person Effect 365 LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 383
Criticisms of Media-Effects Research 366 MEDIA MATTERS 384
FURTHER READING  384
Understanding the Audience 367
Audiences Creating Meaning 367
Features
Uses and Gratifications 367
Encoding/Decoding 368 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: How Free Is Academic
Reception Analysis 368 Freedom? 364
Framing 369
MEDIA PIONEERS: danah boyd 371
Cultural Studies 370
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Theories Old, Theories
Ideology and the Culture Industry 370
New, Theories Borrowed . . .   374
Criticisms of Cultural Studies 372
ETHICS IN MEDIA: Advertising’s Negative Effects on
Sociohistorical Frameworks 372
the Sexes  377
Information Society 372
Political Economy 373

13 Mass Communication and Politics in the Digital Age 387

Journalism and Political Coverage 388 Politics and Entertainment 396

Politicians Using the News 390 Political Campaigns and Entertainment 396
Sound Bites and Horse Races 390 Political Debates 397
The Changing Tone of Television Political
Social Media and Political Campaigns 398
Coverage 391
Changes with Social Media 400
Opinion Polls 391
Changing Rules for Politicians 401
Political Advertising 393
Social Media and Civic Engagement 403
Impact of Negative Advertising 394
Databases and Government Transparency 403
Effectiveness of Negative Advertising 394
Smart Mobs 404

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Political Polarization and Media Habits 405 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Crowdsourcing

Media Careers  407 Election Monitoring 402
LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 407
MEDIA PIONEERS: Bill Adair 406
MEDIA MATTERS 408
FURTHER READING  408

Features
ETHICS IN MEDIA: Can Imagery Lead to Action? 395

CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Image Is Everything 399

14 Global Media in the Digital Age 411

Four Theories of International Mass Protecting Local Voices 429

Communication 413 Some Developing Nations 429
Authoritarian Theory 413 A Neighbo(u)ring Nation 429
Libertarian Theory 413 Promoting Global Voices 430
Social Responsibility Theory 414 Cybersecurity and Media 431
Soviet Theory 415 Media Careers  432
LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD 433
The Public, the Public Sphere,
MEDIA MATTERS 434
and Public Opinion 416
FURTHER READING  434
Political and Socioeconomic Issues
with Global Media 418 Features
Media in Developing Countries 418
ETHICS IN MEDIA: J-Ethinomics—Teaching Ethics
Searching for Truth: Self-Censorship in China 420
and Economics in Journalism  414
The Digital Divide 422
CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Through a PRISM of Global
Global Media, Local Values 423
Surveillance 419
New Worlds—or Cultural Imperialism? 424
Convergence and Its Discontents 425 MEDIA PIONEERS: Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and
Globalization of Media Production 427 Jawed Karim  426
Global Media Flow 428

GLOSSARY G-1
NOTES N-1
CREDITS C-1
INDEX I-1

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 ACEJMC Learning GoalS xvii

Converging Media provides extensive content on the twelve core values and compe-
tencies of the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Commu-
nications (ACEJMC). As a nationally elected member of the ACEJMC from 2004
to 2007, John V. Pavlik recognized that the ACEJMC-based learning goals provide
a useful benchmark for assessing student learning. By covering the twelve core
values and competencies, this text provides a strong foundation for students to
become well-rounded journalists and experts in mass communication.

ACEJMC Learning Goals How Converging Media Supports

1. FREEDOM OF SPEECH: Understand and apply the • Regulation of journalism and mass communication in the
principles and laws of freedom of speech and press for the digital age including libel and censorship (p. 328, 349)
country in which the institution that invites ACEJMC is located, • Fairness (p. 344)
as well as receive instruction in and understand the range of • The public’s right to know (p. 310)
systems of freedom of expression around the world, including
• Media systems around the world (p. 418)
the rights to dissent, to monitor and criticize power, and to
assemble and petition for redress of grievances.

2. HISTORY: Demonstrate an understanding of the history • Origins of photography, movies, television, and video
and role of professionals and institutions in shaping games (p. 126, 128, 146)
communications. • History of journalism (p. 230)
• History of advertising (p. 264)
• History of public relations (p. 282)
• History of media law and the regulation of electronic
media (p. 325)
• Early research on media effects (p. 359)
• History of recorded music and radio (p. 99, 112)
• History of print media (books, newspapers,
magazines) (p. 66, 76, 89)
• History of the Internet (p. 168)

3. GENDER, RACE, AND SEXUALITY: Demonstrate an • Effects of media and advertising on women
understanding of gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and men (p. 377)
and, as appropriate, other forms of diversity in domestic • Role of women in the history of newspapers (p. 232)
society in relation to mass communications. • Diversity in the newsroom (p. 254)
• Minority newspapers (p. 232, 254)

4. GLOBAL SOCIETY: Demonstrate an understanding of the • Relationships among various global and local media
diversity of peoples and cultures and of the significance and sources (p. 424)
impact of mass communications in a global society. • Cultural and socioeconomic impact of global
media (p. 426)
• “International Perspectives” boxes throughout
(example, p. 70)
• International theories of the press (p. 413)
• Media in a global society appears as a theme in several
chapters

5. THEORY: Understand concepts and apply theories in the • Photography, movies, and television (p. 135, 147)
use and presentation of images and information. • Grammar of media (p. 44)
• Information overload in the digital age (p. 218)
• Major media theories and research (p. 359, 370, 376)

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 xviii ACEJMC Learning GoalS www.oup.com/us/pavlik

ACEJMC Learning Goals How Converging Media Supports

6. ETHICS: Demonstrate an understanding of professional • “Ethics in Media” boxes throughout (example, p. 55)
ethical principles and work ethically in pursuit of truth, • Chapter on media ethics, including accuracy and the
accuracy, fairness, and diversity. pursuit of truth (p. 295)
• Chapter on communication law and regulation in the
digital age (p. 323)
• Fairness and diversity (p. 318)

7. CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING: Think critically, • “Convergence Culture” boxes throughout
creatively, and independently. (example, p. 211)
• “Media Matters” at end of chapters (example, p. 34)
• Discussion Questions throughout
• Critical-Thinking Questions in selected image captions
(example, p. 335)
• Foundations for critically examining media presented
early in the text (example, p. 39)

8. RESEARCH: Conduct research and evaluate information by • Chapter on media theory and research teaches
methods appropriate to the communications professions in students to evaluate research methods and
which they work. findings (p. 378)

9. WRITING ABILITY: Write correctly and clearly in forms and • Appropriate writing style for particular media and for
styles appropriate for the communications professions, the communities and purposes that media
audiences, and purposes they serve. professionals serve (p. 243)
• Importance of clear and accurate writing in news
creation (p. 240)

10. EVALUATION OF WORK: Critically evaluate their own work • Media Matters and Critical Thinking Questions
and that of others for accuracy and fairness, clarity, throughout the text encourage self-reflection in the
appropriate style, and grammatical correctness. form of spoken and written responses while promoting
group discussion and peer evaluation of work.

11. NUMERICAL AND STATISTICAL CONCEPTS: Apply basic • Data for students to analyze about newspaper circulation
numerical and statistical concepts. and readership and advertising impact (p. 84)
• Pricing structure of the recording industry (p. 106)
• Figures and tables throughout apply numerical and
statistical concepts (example, p. 73)
• “US Media Giants” (pullout at the back of the book)

12. TECHNOLOGY: Apply tools and technologies appropriate • Social media (p. 191)
for the communications professions in which they work. • Interactive media (p. 161)
• Role of mobile media, such as the iPad, in delivering
video (p. 183)
• Mobile media and digital books (p. 74)
• Impact of touch screens on human–computer
interface (p. 165)
• Use of digital technology in journalism (p. 248)
• Impact of digital technology and mobile media on
advertising (p. 274)

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 Features
CONVERGENCE CULTURE
User-Generated Content: Creativity or Piracy? (Chapter 1) p. 19
Dos and Don’ts When Evaluating Online Information (Chapter 2) p. 57
Freesheets: Riding the Rails of Newspapers’ Future? (Chapter 3) p. 85
NPR and PRI: America’s Public Radio Networks (Chapter 4) p. 116
3-D Movies: What Will Be the Impact? (Chapter 5) p. 145
Is Playing Video Games Bad for You? (Chapter 6) p. 181
Are We Really Separated by Six Degrees? (Chapter 7) p. 211
Platypus Journalism: The Future, or Evolutionary Dead End? (Chapter 8) p. 241
MMORPG, FPS—and IGA (Chapter 9) p. 270
Forbidden Fruit (Chapter 10) p. 315
The Great Network Neutrality Debate (Chapter 11) p. 338
How Free Is Academic Freedom? (Chapter 12) p. 364
Image Is Everything (Chapter 13) p. 399
Through a PRISM of Global Surveillance (Chapter 14) p. 419

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
Crying in a BMW (Chapter 1) p. 11
Mobile Telephony in the Developing World (Chapter 2) p. 50
Global Ebook Marketplace (Chapter 3) p. 70
Trusting in the Power of the Airwaves (Chapter 4) p. 121
The Internet of Babel (Chapter 6) p. 164
Social Networks of Influential Languages (Chapter 7) p. 201
Covering Islam (Chapter 8) p. 238
Hair-Raising Subway Billboard Ad Gets Noticed (Chapter 9) p. 280
Mistaken Identity: One Life Lost, Another Ruined (Chapter 10) p. 303
The Rise and Fall of Russian Media (Chapter 11) p. 339
Theories Old, Theories New, Theories Borrowed . . . (Chapter 12) p. 374
Crowdsourcing Election Monitoring (Chapter 13) p. 402

ETHICS IN MEDIA
Interactively Mapping Gun Owners (Chapter 1) p. 22
When Media Report Rape Allegations (Chapter 2) p. 55
Mashed-Up and Mixed-Up Musical Ethics (Chapter 4) p. 111
The Photojournalist’s Dilemma: Immersion in Conflict (Chapter 5) p. 130
Cyberbullying: New Twists on an Old Problem (Chapter 7) p. 219
Maintaining Standards in the Digital Age (Chapter 8) p. 252
Fooling Most of the People Most of the Time . . . Digitally (Chapter 9) p. 288
xix

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Does the Punishment Fit the Crime? (Chapter 11) p. 350

Advertising’s Negative Effects on the Sexes (Chapter 12) p. 377
Can Imagery Lead to Action? (Chapter 13) p. 395
J-Ethinomics—Teaching Ethics and Economics in Journalism (Chapter 14) p. 414

MEDIA PIONEERS
Steve Jobs (Chapter 1) p. 10
Marshall McLuhan (Chapter 2) p. 48
Ruben Salazar (Chapter 3) p. 87
Amanda Palmer (Chapter 4) p. 104
Kathleen Kennedy (Chapter 5) p. 141
Super Mario (Chapter 6) p. 176
Jack Dorsey (Chapter 7) p. 206
Mary Ann Shadd Cary and Ida B. Wells (Chapter 8) p. 232
Madam C. J. Walker (Chapter 9) p. 265
Doris E. Fleischman (Chapter 9) p. 284
Kalle Lasn (Chapter 10) p. 316
Anthony Lewis (Chapter 11) p. 330
danah boyd (Chapter 12) p. 371
Bill Adair (Chapter 13) p. 406
Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim (Chapter 14) p. 426

TIMELINES
History (and Pre-history) of Newspapers (Chapter 3) p. 78
Milestones in Early Radio-Technology Development (Chapter 4) p. 113
Development of Photography (Chapter 5) p. 128
Selected Milestones in Early Motion Pictures (Chapter 5) p. 132
Milestones in the Development of the Internet (Chapter 6) p. 168
Milestones in the Development of Video Games (Chapter 6) p. 174
Social-Networking Sites (Chapter 7) p. 208

TABLES
Table 1-1: Traditional Theories or Models of Analog Media p. 24
Table 2-1: Reframing Political Issues for Conservatives p. 42
Table 2-2: Reframing Political Issues for Liberals p. 43
Table 3-1: Top Ten U.S. Paid-Circulation Magazines p. 91
Table 3-2: Digital Issues a Significant Portion of Magazine Sales p. 92
Table 4-1: The Major Record Labels and Their Main Subsidiary Labels p. 103
Table 4-2: Most Popular Radio Programming Genres p. 119
Table 5-1: Ownership Among Major and Subsidiary Film Studios p. 140
Table 5-2: Top Multichannel Video-Programming Distributors in the United
States, 2014 p. 155

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 Features xxi

Table 6-1: Best-Selling Video Games (to 2014) p. 178

Table 7-1: Most Popular Social-Networking Sites p. 210
Table 8-1: Top Global News Sites p. 249
Table 9-1: Top Six U.S. Companies by Brand Valuations p. 269
Table 9-2: Share of Global Advertising Expenditure (%) p. 278
Table 9-3: World’s Five Largest Advertising and Media-Services Companies p. 281
Table 9-4: Top Five Independent Public Relations Firms p. 287
Table 13-1: 2012 Presidential Campaign Expenditures p. 393

FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Three Types of Convergence and Their Influence on Media p. 8
Figure 1-2: “Media Iceberg” p. 15
Figure 1-3: Average Consumer Download Speed by Country (2015) p. 17
Figure 1-4: Shannon and Weaver Mathematical Theory p. 28
Figure 1-5: Schramm–Osgood Model p. 29
Figure 2-1: Semiotic Signifier and Signified p. 41
Figure 3-1: Book Publishing Products and Services Segmentation p. 72
Figure 3-2: Book Publishing Industry Revenue Growth, 2009–2014 p. 73
Figure 3-3: Top 10 U.S. Newspapers by Circulation, in millions, 2014 p. 76
Figure 3-4: Major Newspaper Chains in the United States p. 82
Figure 3-5: Print Versus Online Ad Revenue (2003–2012) p. 85
Figure 3-6: Newspaper Print Ad Revenue Declines p. 86
Figure 6-1: Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networks p. 172
Figure 7-1: Social Media as a Pathway to News: Facebook Leads the Way p. 212
Figure 8-1: Salary Range for Journalists by Experience p. 253
Figure 9-1: Salaries for Advertising Account Managers by Experience p. 289
Figure 9-2: Salaries for Corporate PR Specialists by Experience p. 290
Figure 10-1: The Potter Box p. 307
Figure 13-1: Political Polarization and Media Habits p. 405
Figure 14-1: 2015 World Press Freedom Index p. 421
Figure 14-2: World Internet Users and Penetration Rates p. 423

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 www.oup.com/us/pavlik

Preface
With the potential to strengthen or to undermine personal freedom, media con-
vergence is a double-edged sword. Digital technologies, including mobile and
social media, have empowered citizens to access, interact with, and generate con-
tent and stories around the world and on demand. In recent years, Twitter and
similar services have helped citizens throughout the globe organize protests
against government policy, oppressive regimes, and corporate malfeasance. At the
same time, however, these powerful digital tools have enabled governments, cor-
porations, and others to conduct sweeping surveillance of citizens and even inter-
national leaders around the world, as demonstrated by the epic Edward Snowden
revelations and the more recent June 2015 WikiLeaks about the NSA spying on
the last three French presidents.
Privacy may be little more than a memory in an age when ubiquitous high-
definition cameras, big data analytics, and social media are generating massive
databases with information on nearly every man, woman, and child around the
globe. Even when we are not being spied on, we may be eagerly revealing too much
about ourselves. As Alessandro Acquisti, professor of information technology and
public policy at Carnegie Mellon University, observed in a 2013 60 Minutes inter-
view with Lesley Stahl, “Most of us have fully identified, high-definition frontal
photos of ourselves online.” On Facebook alone, users have posted billions of
photos of themselves, their friends, and their relatives. And Facebook’s increas-
ingly refined facial-recognition technology will continue to facilitate being tagged
by friends and being tracked by those whose intentions may be less friendly.
The existence of such vast repositories of data, valuable for security and com-
mercial purposes (such as individually targeted advertising), raises concerns for
civil liberties, particularly the right to privacy and freedom of speech. Another
related issue involves who has the right to own and control this information, espe-
cially with telecommunications companies and Internet giants contributing to the
NSA’s surveillance program.
Meanwhile, the digitization of media and the convergence of media formats
and industries proceed unabated. Research indicates that we now spend more
time using digital devices than we do with any other medium, including televi-
sion. Digital content is more likely to be viewed on a tablet or a smartphone than
on a laptop or desktop computer. Digital distribution is now the dominant format
for music, television, and radio, whether delivered terrestrially, by satellite, or via
the Internet.
Thanks to tablets and e-readers, the popularity of ebooks has surged. Follow-
ing significant declines in print circulation, newspapers and magazines are expe-
riencing growth in tablet, smartphone, and online distribution. Digital movies,
television, and video-game distribution is now mainstream, with companies such
as Netflix and Amazon producing and streaming their own original television
shows. Tablets and other mobile devices are blurring the lines between Internet,
movies, and television while allowing technology companies such as Google,
Apple, and Amazon to challenge traditional media distributors.
Our engagement with media has also changed, becoming more active as mass
and interpersonal communications converge. Anyone can broadcast a personal
opinion on Twitter or via other social media; and increasingly, people do so while
xxii

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 preface xxiii

consuming traditional media such as television, posting comments and convers-

ing about popular shows. Interactive media, especially video games, also consti-
tute an increasingly popular form of entertainment.
Convergence is a worldwide phenomenon today. The globalization of media
industries and distribution has produced a cultural convergence that, at worst,
smothers various local perspectives in a homogeneous Westernized culture and,
at best, enables different local voices to be heard. Diverse cultural viewpoints have
also begun to influence the content of new Hollywood blockbusters and other
forms of Western media.
Rarely has media usage so varied. Those who grew up in a pre-Internet era of
mass communication may enjoy reading a printed newspaper over breakfast; digi-
tal natives may get their news from their Facebook feeds—if they get any news at
all. The older group may have impressive collections of DVDs, CDs, and even vinyl;
the younger group may trust the digital, online “cloud” with their favorite movies
and music, accessible from any location or on their portable devices. One group
may worry how increased product placement affects the type of shows produced;
the other group may wonder what product placement is and why it matters. Some
may feel that their romantic associations are nobody’s business; others may pub-
licly announce their relationship status, posting that and much more personal in-
formation on social-networking sites.
Interestingly, this media divide is often represented in the college classroom
comprised of students who are digital natives and their professors who hail from
an older mass-media tradition. Yet, just like the media discussed in this book, the
two parties can converge, often across generations, to enrich their understanding
of where media have been, where they are today, and where they are going. Each
group can—and should—learn from the other.
Convergence is creating the kind of mass communication that audiences have
long desired, tools that increase control over what they watch, read, or listen to
and increase the ability to share their stories and their lives with others. But with
that greater power comes greater responsibility and a greater need for us to under-
stand how our media work and how they may affect our society and political sys-
tems. A double-edged sword does indeed cut both ways; which way it cuts depends
largely on who is wielding it and how.

Converging Media, Fifth Edition: An Updated

Introduction to Mass Communication
Change is a constant in the mass-communication industry, and in recent years
this transformation has rocketed forward with surprising speed. Students are
changing. The field is changing. The world is changing. Yet these changes go largely
unnoticed in most textbooks. An introductory textbook should provide a founda-
tion of knowledge for students learning a new field. But when the foundation sits
on a bed of shifting sand, the introduction needs to be revised continually.
Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication embraces the
metamorphosis of today’s mass-communication system and examines the changes
even as it prepares students for what comes tomorrow. This book represents the
beginning of a third wave in mass-communication textbooks, building on the ear-
lier waves of case studies and critical-cultural approaches. This new approach de-
mands a more balanced and nuanced understanding of the role that technology
and digital media have played in our mass-communication environment.

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 xxiv preface www.oup.com/us/pavlik

The fifth edition of Converging Media follows the class-tested formula of the
previous edition by offering

• A Fresh Perspective. Through the lens of convergence, our book shows

how different aspects of media are parts of a whole and how they influence
each other. Digital media are not relegated to special features or an isolated
chapter; they are integrated throughout every chapter. This better reflects
the world as students live in it and prepares them to understand the changes
that are taking place. This organization invites students and professors to
engage in timely discussions of media within a larger framework of under-
standing traditional mass-communication topics.
• Comprehensive Coverage of Traditional Media. To understand the pre-
sent, we have to study the past. We cover the development and historical influ-
ences of print and electronic media and the issues these media face today. The
communication professions of journalism, advertising, and public relations are
viewed from historical, societal, and career perspectives, giving students in-
sights into how they interact and influence each other.
• Unique Coverage of Social Media. As the first introductory mass-­
communication textbook to devote a chapter to this emerging area, we
place social media within a larger media and sociocultural context. Today’s
popular social media tools are given a historical context and are connected
thematically to older online communication tools. Social media are such an
integral part of the media mix for so many people that they must be covered
in an introductory course, not introduced in an upper-division media and
technology course.
• Cutting-Edge Examples. We have chosen examples that are diverse, inter-
esting, and up to date. We have written Converging Media with students
always in mind—understanding the changing world they live in today.
Taken from popular media that are familiar and relevant to undergradu-
ates, the examples illustrate how the landscape of media has evolved—and
is still evolving.
• Cultural Context. Mass communication, media technologies, and conver-
gence take place firmly within a sociocultural milieu that simultaneously
affects and is affected by these forces. Understanding this cultural context
is vital for a complete grasp of convergence and today’s media environment.
We emphasize the cultural influences and implications of media technolo-
gies while explaining how they work and how they were developed.
• Emphasis on Ethics. The book has a chapter devoted entirely to ethics
­(Chapter 10) and we continue to thread ethics-related discussions throughout
other chapters, as appropriate (see Ethics in Media boxes). Students should
learn that ethical considerations are tightly linked to a full understanding of
mass communication and media. Ethics can also help guide us in the complex
and often-confusing world of converging media, giving a basis for sound and
humane decisions on media use, production, and new technologies.
• International Perspectives. A chapter on today’s global media environ-
ment (Chapter 14) provides a broad perspective on media in various coun-
tries and the social, economic, and cultural effects of media globalization
overseas and domestically. In the remaining chapters, we also highlight in-
ternational perspectives in feature boxes and in the text itself. Through
comparisons and contrasts, students obtain an appreciation for different
media systems throughout the world and how they work.

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 preface xxv

Features for Students

We have kept features limited and focused on a few key areas that foreground in-
teresting and relevant aspects of the content discussed in the book.
• Convergence Culture boxes showcase how media impact our social, politi-
cal, and popular culture in sometimes-dramatic ways. Three are new to this
edition, six updated.
• Media Pioneers boxes examine the careers of visionaries and leaders in
the world of media both historically and in the contemporary scene. They
feature individuals past and present who have made or are making media
history. Subjects represent a diversity of past and present, media vocations,
and cultural and ethnic backgrounds. This feature now appears in every
chapter. Four are new to this edition, the rest updated.
• Ethics in Media boxes, appearing in select chapters, discuss timely issues
related to ethical practices and issues in mass media. Three are new to this
edition, five updated.
• International Perspectives boxes take a global perspective on chapter
topics, showcasing how the use of media and technology and media indus-
tries are similar to or different from the U.S. context and why that is so. Two
are new to this edition, six updated.
• Timelines, appearing in select chapters, provide a history, or even pre-­
history, of different media, such as newspapers, television, and social-­
networking site launches, giving the context for their development.
• Media Matters (formerly known as Media Quiz) encourage critical think-
ing about media-related topics.
• Chapter Opening Vignettes have been updated for currency where neces-
sary, and seven have been completely revised and are new to this edition.
• Discussion Questions are now located throughout each chapter.
• Further Reading assignments round out each chapter.

Changes to the Fifth Edition

This fifth edition has undergone several changes to keep pace with the rapidly
evolving world of media.
• Coverage of New Issues. Throughout the text, we have updated and ex-
panded coverage of critical topics, including the convergence of interper-
sonal communication and mass communication, gamification, augmented
reality, cybersecurity, and the third screen. Noteworthy chapter-specific
changes include
• Chapter 1: Discussion of digital natives and digital immigrants.
­Expanded treatment of the digital divide.
• Chapter 2: Addition of a Media Pioneers feature. Extended analysis of
concept of balance in journalism.
• Chapter 3: Updated research on book readership, publishing, and sales,
particularly ebooks, self-publishing, and Amazon. Extended treatment of
newspaper chain acquisitions and mergers. Expanded discussion of
online news sites, including recent competition presented by social media
and citizen journalism. New Media Pioneers box.

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 xxvi preface www.oup.com/us/pavlik

• Chapter 4: Updated data on the record industry and radio programming.

Expanded discussion of revenues and podcasts. Substantial revision and
updating of Media Pioneers box.
• Chapter 5: Discussion of cord-cutters and cord-nevers.
• Chapter 6: Updated data on the video-game industry.
• Chapter 7: Updated discussion of Facebook, teen usage, and privacy norms.
New timeline on social-networking sites, such as Instagram and Ello.
• Chapter 8: Updated information on the latest transformations in jour-
nalism production and business models.
• Chapter 9: Discussion of behavioral advertising and native advertising.
Extended treatment of branding. New Media Pioneers feature.
• Chapter 10: Expanded discussion of dialogic social media. Addition of a
Media Pioneers feature. New section on misrepresentation and plagiarism.
• Chapter 11: Expanded treatment of prior restraint and the First Amend-
ment’s application to social media. New content on the legality and future
of advertising recreational marijuana on electronic media.
• Chapter 12: Updated and revised discussion of new directions in media
research, along with the introduction of longitudinal and cross-sectional
studies and random samples and sampling error.
• Chapter 13: Updated discussion of political campaign expenditures. Ex-
tended treatment of “going viral” and memes.
• Chapter 14: Updated discussion of the impact of social media on the
public sphere, particularly concerns about cybersecurity. Expanded anal-
ysis of censorship in Asia and world press freedom in general.
• Emphasis on Careers in Media. In addition to the Media Pioneers feature,
which presents the contributions and career foundations of innovators and
leaders who have influenced and continue to shape the world of media, a
new Media Careers section has been added to the end of each chapter
(with the exception of Chapter 1). In it, we discuss relevant traditional and
emerging career paths in the industry, helping students appreciate the full
range of possibilities in communications professions.
• Discussion Questions. Formerly located at the end of each chapter, dis-
cussion questions that encourage critical thinking have been integrated
throughout the chapter.
• Further Reading. The fifth edition includes new sources in each chapter.

How the Book Is Organized

Converging Media has the comprehensive mission of explaining not only the world of
digital media and social media but also the basics of communication theory, ethics,
and traditional mass-communication forms, while also assisting in the development
of media-literacy skills. We do this using a class-tested, multipart structure.

Part 1: The Changing Media Landscape

Chapter 1 not only explains the multifaceted nature of convergence (and dis-
putes over its definition) but looks at theories of communication in general to see
how the nature of mass communication is changing. Chapter 2 discusses media
literacy, which helps meet students’ need for solid critical-thinking skills in the

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 preface xxvii

twenty-first century’s complex and fast-changing digital-media environment.

Providing an early foundation in media literacy ensures that students will bring a
critical perspective to the remainder of the book.

Part 2: Mass-Communication Formats

Chapter 3 begins the exploration of traditional media with a discussion of the print
industry and the digital dynamics to which it is now subject. Chapter 4 explores
sound—namely, the recording industry and radio. The recording industry has of
course been at the forefront of changes that digital media have brought to their indus-
try through sharing of music files. Radio is increasingly facing questions about its role
as people come to expect music on demand. There are also more options for bands to
promote their music, such as in video games and on television shows. Chapter 5 looks
at visual media—photography, movies, and television—and how each of these devel-
oped and influenced the ways that we see media. Photography is often ignored in
books such as this but is an important aspect of the development of our media usage.
Technological advances in photography not only led directly to motion pictures but
increased the importance we place on visual media today. Chapter 6 explores how
interactivity and user interface have played fundamental roles in the development of
the Internet and video games. The chapter also discusses gamification as well as the
promise and perils of augmented reality.

Part 3: Media Perspectives

Chapters 7, 8, and 9 examine the way that digital and social media are changing
traditional communication professions. Chapter 7 provides an overview of social
media, which is allowing the public to talk back to media producers and compa-
nies. Users of social media can also band together and create entirely new projects
outside the traditional media professions. Journalism, the subject of Chapter 8,
is probably the field most threatened by the digital democratization of news re-
porting. Yet it remains an exciting field to enter, precisely because of the impor-
tance of social media and journalism to democracy. Advertising and public
relations, the subjects of Chapter 9, also confront drastic changes as advertisers
face more fragmented audiences with greater media choices than in the past and
as consumers migrate to mobile media use.

Part 4: Media and Society

Part 4 shows the broader social effects of media developments. Chapter 10 treats
media ethics, with an in-depth discussion of the issues each profession faces. We
explore the unique dilemmas raised by digital technologies, including threats to
privacy. Chapter 11 explores legal and regulatory aspects of media, especially as
related to the First Amendment. For students who are interested in better under-
standing media or who are considering a career in academia, Chapter 12 intro-
duces some major media theories and presents different types of research and the
strengths and weaknesses of each. Chapter 13 thoroughly examines politics and
communication, an area that, in introductory books, is often confined to U.S. elec-
tion coverage. Chapter 14, on global media, introduces the notions of the public
sphere and public opinion and looks at the media’s role in democratic and
nondemocratic countries throughout the world. The globalization of media
­

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 xxviii preface www.oup.com/us/pavlik

technology, industry, and content highlights international issues, including the

digital divide, cultural imperialism, and cybersecurity.

Supplements
Adopters of the fifth edition of Converging Media will be pleased to know that
Oxford University Press offers a comprehensive support package for both students
and instructors, for all kinds of introductory mass-communication courses.

For Students
• The Companion Website at www.oup.com/us/pavlik offers a wealth of
study and review resources, including learning objectives, summaries, chap-
ter quizzes, flashcards, activities, discussion questions, suggested reading,
and links to a variety of media-related websites.

For Instructors
• Ancillary Resource Center (ARC) at www.oup-arc.com. This conveni-
ent, instructor-focused website provides access to all of the up-to-date
teaching resources for this text—at any time—while guaranteeing the se-
curity of grade-significant resources. In addition, it allows OUP to keep in-
structors informed when new content becomes available. The following
items are available on the ARC:
• The Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank provides sample syllabi, teach-
ing tips, exercises, and test questions that will prove useful to both new
and veteran instructors. The Instructor’s Manual includes chapter over-
views, learning objectives, detailed chapter/lecture outlines, discussion
topics, and suggested activities for each chapter.
• The comprehensive Computerized Test Bank offers over eight hundred
exam questions in multiple-choice, short-answer, and essay formats, with
each item classified according to Bloom’s taxonomy and tagged to page
and section references in the text,
• Newly revised PowerPoint-based lecture slides highlight key con-
cepts, terms and examples, and incorporate images from each chapter.
With streamlined text, more visual support, and additional lecture tips in
the notes section, these presentations are ready to use and fully editable
to make preparing for class faster and easier than ever.
• Course cartridges for a variety of Learning Management Systems, includ-
ing Blackboard Learn, Canvas, and Moodle, allow instructors to create their
own course websites integrating student and instructor resources available
on the Ancillary Resource Center and Companion Website. Contact your
Oxford University Press representative for access or for more information
about these supplements or customized options.

Acknowledgments
Creating a book such as this is very much a collaborative effort, and the authors
have benefited greatly from the advice and wisdom not only of the reviewers but
of those who adopted the first, second, third, and fourth editions of the book.

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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 But the 'poor dog' would look neither at the biscuit-box nor at the biscuit,
only quietly at the young man's face.
Antony laid the biscuit on the poor dog's nose. The poor dog did not
even shake it off, so that Antony, half-ashamed, took it off again and even
dusted the soiled part of the nose.
'I wonder if he thinks me a fool?' said Antony half-aloud. 'Of course, I
know I am; but how should a dog know it?'
But, much to his relief, Wallace gave vent to a satisfied sort of a sigh at
last, and sat up. Presently he put one enormous paw on Antony's knee, and
from that moment friendship was established.
'Will you take the biscuit now, Wallace boy?'
Wallace boy showed his condescension, and took it and two more, and
two more after that.
He licked Antony's knuckles with a soft, warm tongue, then asked to be
let out.
Down the steps he trotted, but was not gone three minutes before he
returned, accompanied by a huge red-and-white cat. There was no shyness
about puss. He took Antony for granted or at Wallace's recommendation,
and rubbed his back against Antony's gaitered legs.
Then, as the cat cared not for biscuits, but must have something, Antony
opened a tin of sardines which he found among his stores. Perhaps they had
belonged to the Duchess. Pussy liked them anyhow, and jumped on the sofa
now to lick and wash his great paws, as cats always do when they've had
anything greasy.
Wallace wanted to get out again.
'I wonder,' said young Blake, 'if he is going to bring some more of his
friends? Shouldn't be a bit surprised if he turned up with the merman.'
It wasn't the merman he came back with, however. Only about five
minutes after he had gone there was Wallace's sonorous voice, and Antony's
glasses rang in the cupboard, so loud and strong was it.
At the same moment there was the sound of the bagpipes, and once more
Antony looked out.
But he drew back quickly. For here, at his very door, was a huge bear on
his hind-legs, wearing no muzzle, though he had fangs like fixed bayonets.
He wore an artilleryman's pork-pie cap very much on one side, and had a
very droll, half-drunken leer on his huge face.
Skeleton stood by with the pipes.
'Gee hup!' he cried, and played.
Then that huge brown bear began to dance, and evidently did so for fun
and love. No torture had been applied to him, it appeared afterwards, to
make him caper.
But as soon as the music—well, the bagpipes—ceased, Bruin faced
round towards the back-door and opened a mouth wide enough to have
taken in a Dutch cheese.
Antony threw all the rest of the sardines in, and all the biscuits; but as
the red mouth was still open he went back to the cupboard and discovered a
loaf of bread, and rammed that well home. Bruin gave a hoarse cough of
satisfaction, and, lowering himself on all-fours, went shambling off.
. . . . . . .
The whole of the Queerest Show was surrounded by a rough kind of
palisade just enough to
 Then that huge brown bear began to dance.
LASS. Page 50.

insure privacy except from the ubiquitous boy of an inquiring turn of mind.
But Lee had fallen upon a good plan to get rid of this nuisance.
Had the urchins merely come to have a look across the fence and gone
away quietly it would not have mattered very much; but it had been their
custom not only to look but to settle down to games, and shout and scream.
Wallace had often been sent to reason with them; but they got used to him
at last, and even Bruin lost all petrifying power over them. But one day,
behold a placard stuck up some distance from the camp, which read thus:
BEWARE

OF THE

DREADED DOOROOCOOLIE.
The usual crowd of urchins seemed to gather that afternoon from all
directions simply to read this notice, and various were the theories
advanced concerning it.
'Mebbe there's nae dooroo—— What is't ca'ed, Jock?'
'The dooroocoolie, Wullie,' said Jock, spelling it out.
'Maybe it's just put up there to frighten us,' said another boy. 'I'm gaun to
stop and ha'e some fun. I'm nae flegged at [afraid of] dooroocoolies.'
'And so am I.'
'And so am I.'
Presently Skeleton was seen coming towards them, with a face about a
yard long.
'Hallo, Skelie!'
'Hallo, cheeks-o'-branks!'
'Hallo, auld death's-heid!'
'I've come to warn you boys to go away quietly. The dreaded
dooroocoolie hears you, and at any moment he may break his clanking
chains and devour you.'
'Bah! Skelie. Boo! Skelie. Gang aff an' bile yer heid, Skelie. We're nae
feart at your dooroocoolie.'
'See that heap o' stanes?' said a bigger ragamuffin. 'Weel, if you let your
doorie oot we'll brak his banes, and maybe ye'll get a stane behin' the lug
yersel', into the bargain.'
'Hoo mony o' us could the doorie eat at a time? He maun be gey [very]
big an' gey hungry to eat a hale [whole] laddie.'
Said Skeleton, 'I'm your friend, boys, and I wouldn't like to see your
life's blood "dye the heather." The dreaded dooroocoolie is a species of
antediluvian alligator. He is as long as the Kirk of Hillhead. He would
devour one boy easily, and kill all the rest for to-morrow's consumption.'
'Gang hame to your wife, Skelie; ye have consumption yersel.'
'Ha'e ye a pictur' o' the doorie?'
'I have that. Wait a minute.'
They did wait, while two men came forward and proceeded to put up a
poster of a terrible-looking dragon, bigger and uglier than that which St
George of Merrie England was supposed to have slain. When about the
same time the roaring of some strange wild-beast was heard coming from
near the bear's enclosure the boys were awed into silence, and one or two
proposed going off to play in a neighbouring field. But presently, with a
strong rope about its neck, the end of which appeared to be held back by all
the men in the camp, the fearsome monster himself stalked awkwardly forth
into the open—an alligator or dragon-like animal, with a mouth that could
have swallowed a calf. The noisy boys were now paralysed with fear. They
found their feet, however, when the beast opened his great red mouth, with
its rows of sabre teeth, and roared like a lion. The workmen dropped their
hammers and bolted, two fisher-wives with creels on their backs fled
screaming, and the boys were off like March dust.
The dooroocoolie was a dread reality then. And never after this was the
camp annoyed by the yells of naughty boys at play.
The dooroocoolie was often to be heard but very seldom seen. It was
firmly believed in, nevertheless, by the good country people far and near,
and had become in time a capital advertisement for the show.
Stronger palisades were placed round what was supposed to be the
animal's enclosure, but he was not allowed to come out. There was a peep-
hole, however, through which any one coming to the show about dusk and
staying for the evening's entertainment could have a look at the awful
monster lying apparently asleep.
How many of Biffins Lee's company, or his 'properties' as he called
them, were in the secret it is quite impossible to say; but in case this part of
the story should seem to be mere romance it is as well to explain how the
dreaded dooroocoolie was got up and placed on the boards, so to speak.
The antediluvian reptile, then, was merely an automaton, its skin
pumped full of air like an india-rubber tire, and its springs wound up to set
him agoing. Lee had a large gramophone with a very loud lion's roar record
on it, and this was the dreaded dooroocoolie's voice. It had cost Lee some
money and trouble to get that record from a German Zoo, but it must be
confessed it was very effective.
On this lovely August forenoon Antony had heard the wondrous beast
roaring, and marvelled not a little.
But Lotty was sent off to tell him, and explain all about it, after enjoining
secrecy.
The child patted his hand as if she had been some old aunt of his.
'You were not afraid, were you, Mr Blake?' she said.
 'Well, Lotty, a voice like that isn't calculated to raise the drooping spirits
of a lone man like me. Have you done rehearsal?'
'Oh yes, and now, if you please, we can ramble off to the hills with
Wallace. But we could ride, Mr Blake, if you prefer it. There is one big,
wild black horse that only I can manage; but I have taken Skeleton up
behind me sometimes, and I'm sure I could manage with you.'
Antony laughed. He didn't quite fancy this style of riding, being really a
good cross-country man, and having taken part in many a steeplechase.
'I'm a little afraid,' he said modestly. 'Had we not better walk?'
Lotty was dressed for the hill, and very charming she looked in her
bright but light half-gipsy cloak, her kirtle of red, and silken bandana
gracefully worn on the head, which did not hide her marvellous hair,
however.
She carried a long but pretty shepherd's crook; and, with the huge raven-
black Newfoundland with the pink tongue and alabaster teeth bounding and
flashing round her, Lotty was really a picture.
Everybody, fisher-folks and farmer-folks, had a kind word and a smile
for the child, and doubtless they meant what they said.
Here are the remarks Antony could not help hearing from two fisher-
wives:
'Oh my! does it no' do your heart good to look at the lammie?' [little
lamb].
'An' what a bonny callant yon is! He'll be fae [from] the sooth, I'se
warrant ye.'
There was one tall hill rising up behind the forest, and it was towards
this they bent their steps. They were going to climb it, to look around them
on the landscape and seascape.
But they had not journeyed more than two miles, and were high up on a
heather-clad brae, when Lotty stopped and called Wallace. At the same time
she took a satchel from her shoulder and strapped it round the dog.
'Go to granny's,' she said. 'Good boy—away!'
Wallace trotted off. But he stopped when at a little distance, and looked
back.
'Yes, Wallace, we'll wait,' cried Lotty, and the noble fellow disappeared.
 'Where has he gone, Lotty?'
'To the witch's cottage—my fairy godmother's.'
Lotty threw herself on the sward, and Antony too sat down.
She culled a bunch of bluebells growing near, and tying them deftly with
a bit of grass, she pinned them to her kerchief. They were just the colour of
the child's eyes. As she did so she sang:

An' it's oh to be young!

An' it's aye to be young,
An' it's oh to be young!
When wild-flowers are springing.

Lotty was not an affected child; perhaps in culling the bouquet she
hardly knew what she was doing; only beauty is ever attracted by beauty
and to it.
See yonder great velvet droning bee. Fox-glove-bells are swinging
crimson against the green of tall fern-leaves. He enters a bell to drink of the
honey. Beauty to beauty. And yonder again a splendid steel-blue, gauzy-
winged dragon-fly has alighted on a pink bramble-blossom, and is
trembling all over with the joy that is in him; and there are bees on the
white clover, bees on the reddening heather-bloom, and a blue-butterfly on
the flat yellow blossom of a frog-bit, while a hawk-fly has just alighted on
the blood-tipped orange of the bird's-foot trefoil.

An' it's oh to be young!

An' it's aye to be young.

But the charm of the early August day who dare to try to paint! Afar
away the blue sea dotted with brown-sailed boats here and there, a sea calm
as the sky above it, only breaking here and there into circling snow where a
rock lifts its dark head; a beach that is all green because the tide is high;
sailing sea-birds everywhere; dark rooks in crowds, for the love-time has
long gone by; nearer and beneath this brae-land the heads of swelling,
stately pine-trees; forest to the right and left, forests in the rear, and afar off
the brown mountain raising its stern and rocky head up into the heavenly
ether; and a gentle breeze fanning all the flowers. 'An' it's oh to be young!'
 CHAPTER VI.

'THERE IS THAT IN YOUR EYE WHICH CRONA LOVES.'

I N this day's climb Antony could not help admiring the strength and
agility of his child-companion; she was indeed an infant prodigy, thanks
perhaps to her very extraordinary training. With her, or compared to her,
Blake hardly felt fit. Perhaps neither did Wallace, who zigzagged back and
fore to make the ascent more easy, as dogs always do when climbing. But
they gained the summit at last, and only mountaineers know the joy of
resting a while on a hill-top.
Wallace lay down to pant, with half a yard more or less of pink tongue
hanging over his right jowl, and Antony threw himself on the ground. No
heather here, hardly even moss, and a strong wind blowing.
Antony was for a time too tired to talk much; but he asked a question
now and then, and Lotty answered him often quaintly enough—for
instance, when he said, 'I have not seen your mother yet, Lotty.'
'I never had a mother, Mr Blake,' she innocently made answer.
'But, child, everyone must have had a mother.'
'Ye-es. At least I suppose so. But I think my mother must have ceased to
be a property some time before I came.'
'Do you love your father, Lotty?'
'Except when he beats me.'
The child was lying back against recumbent Wallace, and on her bare
arm above the elbow Antony thought he saw a wale. He seized her by the
hand and uncovered the streak.
'Lotty,' he said, 'who struck you with a cane? And, Lotty, I saw a blue
mark on your leg while in the boat. Who kicked you, child?'
'Father. Oh, don't tell! He'd kill me. And I'm only a property, and
sometimes so awkward and naughty.' Her eyes were swimming in tears. 'I'm
sure I have a cold,' she said, wiping them. 'But you won't tell father, ever,
ever, ever?'
'Never, never, never,' promised Antony.
 She grew calmer and happier now, and told him all the story of her
young life as far as she knew it, and a deal about her many strange
wanderings from the silvery Tweed to the rapid Spey with the Queerest
Show.
It was a fascinating story, but there was much sorrow in it; and the tiny
lace handkerchief was quite wet before she finished.
'How old is Wallace?'
'Oh, only a year; but he is mine—my friend, although of course he is
only a property.'
'And Skeleton and Mary?'
'They've always been with us. I should die if they left. Will you stop
long, Mr Blake? Do; and Mrs Pendlebury and I will try to make you happy
—especially I.'
'You droll child! But won't your fairy godmother be expecting us?'
Crona came to her cottage-door to welcome them. She wore the 'mutch,'
but was daintily dressed to receive company. Close by was a little shed or
bower entirely thatched with green rushes; and underneath this, on a table
covered by a snow-white cloth a most dainty repast was laid out, and the
witch herself was asked by Antony to preside.
Tod Lowrie hid himself into a ball, and was asleep in the sunshine, with
his tail right over his face. Perhaps Wallace thought he was in the way, for
he got his nose under the fox and rolled him right away into a dark corner.
No doubt Tod Lowrie was awake; but, fox-like, he pretended not to be.
Joe the raven was perched on a rafter, looking sly and demoniac. Every
now and then he would say with a sigh, 'Well, well, such is life!' then hold
back his head and laugh weirdly.
At first Tim the tame mouse was not to be seen, but Lotty pointed him
out to Antony. Tim was seated on the edge of the cat's dish, and every now
and then he stretched a little white hand or paw down into pussy's milk,
then drew it up and licked it clean.
Crona's white scones and butter, and the meatpies which no doubt had
been in the parcel that Lotty sent by Wallace, were very delicious. But there
were fried mountain-trout also, and fruit to follow. But the wine was the
water from a neighbouring rill.
 There was something so very unreal about all Antony's present
surroundings, and one thing with another, that more than once he thought he
must be dreaming, especially when Tim suddenly appeared on the table,
and Lotty quietly fed him from a teaspoon.
The raven kept on saying things with that eldritch, screaming laugh.
Presently it was, 'Joe, Joe, don't you!' He had hopped down to the ground,
and was slyly approaching a hassock placed there for pussy, and the cat was
asleep on it, but her tail hung down.
'Joe, Joe, don't you. He! he! he! Joe, go back to perch. Joe, see what
you'll catch!'
He was near enough now, and gave the floating tail a most cruel pinch.
Pussy screamed. Joe only backed astern and was beginning to laugh
when he received a smack on the face that made him stagger.
'You—you—you wretch!' he screamed; but he flew back to his perch and
laughed now till the welkin rang.
Tim disappeared.
The cat was angrily wagging her tail, and no doubt making up her mind
to pay Joe out first chance.
Tod Lowrie got up and stretched himself, and Wallace placed his great
wise head on the tablecloth close to Crona's elbow. Then every pet had a tit-
bit, and peace was restored once more.
'Come over often to see poor Crona,' said the witch to Antony when
leaving. 'There is that in your eye which Crona loves.'
He held out his hand to shake 'good-bye.' Crona took it and looked at the
palm. Then her face clouded.
Antony Blake was not slow to mark the change, and laughingly asked if
she saw anything strange in his palm.
'It was but a cursory glance,' she said. 'I could not say. There may be
nothing in palmistry, but, again, there may be something. Come again, and
come alone.'
The last words were spoken in almost a whisper, and Antony went away
wondering.
. . . . . . .
 Biffins Lee was an up-to-date gipsy, and did not trust entirely to horses
to take the Queerest Show around the country when he made up his mind to
change ground. He had a very smart and pretty steam-engine, which hauled
three immense vans. Others came on behind with horses.
The engine at present was stored on his own camping-ground here—
which, by the way he rented from a neighbouring 'laird'—and was carefully
housed and taken care of. His horses were farmed cheaply enough.
Whatever the man's character may have been, one could not help admiring
his business capabilities—that is, if admiration can be bestowed on mere
cleverness in making money.
Frank Antony was not long in finding out that the man had one other
reason for pitching camp so far north as this: he did a roaring trade in
Shetland and Icelandic ponies, and had agents even in Shetland and Iceland
picking these up and shipping them south.
But the Queerest Show paid even here, because seldom a week in winter
passed that he did not have some strange addition to it; and when he got
tired of this he let it go and had a change. Once, indeed, during the summer
holiday season—so Mary the Skeleton's wife told Antony—he hired for
exhibition purposes the whole of a celebrated hunter's trophies in the shape
of skins of lions, elephants' skeletons, and marvels no end from the far
interior of Africa. He had dwarfs too, sometimes, and wild men from every
region on earth.
Biffins Lee knew the secret of making his dwarfs look still smaller and
his wild men wilder.
In brief, everybody visited the Queerest Show from every town within a
radius of a hundred miles, always certain they would see marvels well
worth looking at and remembering afterwards.
But he had palmists as well, and nearly every one in the camp did a little
bit of fortune-telling. Girls from cities and towns afar off came to have their
future told, and, strangely enough, many of the forecasts came true.
Over and above all its other attractions, there was a 'grand ball' every
fortnight in the large marquee, and lads and lassies came very long
distances in order to attend it, for even the youngest English schoolgirl must
know how very fond the Scots are of music and dancing.
The camp was well situated for this sort of winter entertainment, as it lay
half-way between two rather important towns, the 'longshore pathway being
shorter far than the journey by train, and ten times more pleasant.
These neighbouring towns were on very friendly terms with each other.
They challenged each other to games of cricket, 'gowf,' football, and to
curling on an adjoining lake when the ice was strong. Moreover, the weekly
half-holiday was not on the same day in these towns, so that visits could be
more easily exchanged.
Antony had not been more than a week here before he formed a resolve,
a strange one perhaps for a young Englishman; but then he was no ordinary
young man, hating London society as we have already seen, and with it
everything Cockney. He loved Nature in all her shows and forms—quite as
much so, perhaps, as the poet Burns or that divine naturalist Richard
Jefferies. To Antony Blake the most modest, wee, God-painted beetle that
crawled on the grass or cornstalks was not a 'creature' but 'a little person,'
with its own living to make in its own way—all so different to our own
ways—its own loves and fears, and troubles and trials quite as hard to bear,
perhaps, as those of human beings. He was not of their world, but that did
not prevent him from sympathising with them. There was one other trait in
Antony's character which surely was an honourable one: he was careful not
to inflict pain.
So the resolve he made was to stay in his caravan all winter; not quite
close to the gipsy camp though. He had his palace-on-wheels removed to a
pitch about five hundred yards off, and had his own little enclosure. This
would be quieter, and enable him to study more of the seaside flora and
fauna.
'If you like, captain,' said Biffins Lee, 'to have a little quiet
companionship at times of a winter's evening, you know, I'll tell you what I
propose.'
Antony would listen.
'Well,' said Biffins, 'I don't mind the "Silver Queen" lying at anchor in
your enclosure. There will be nobody in it but Mary the stout lady and little
Lotty. They'll do for you in the way of cooking and that sort of thing, and
the child can thrill you with her violin whenever you long to be thrilled.'
'This is really kind of you, Mr Lee,' said Antony, 'and I gladly accept.
And I suppose Wallace can come too?'
'Oh yes; Wallace is as much a property of Lotty's as Lotty herself and
Mary are properties of mine.'
 Antony smiled faintly. It was the first time in his life he had ever heard a
daughter designated as a property. And at this moment he could not help
thinking of those wales on Lotty's arm and leg.
So the 'Silver Queen' and the beautiful saloon caravan 'Gipsy Queen'
were both anchored together inside Antony's compound, and he settled
down to enjoy a life that promised to be almost idyllic.
The word 'anchored' used in the last sentence is quite the correct one,
because, on this wild coast, so terrible are the storms that at times sweep
inland from the sea that no caravan not firmly attached to the ground by
pegs and ropes could stand the wind's fierce force.
Chops himself could be spared to run messages, and could often visit the
little camp to see how things were going on.
Bruin, it soon appeared, was also going to be a pretty constant morning
visitor, for no animal ever seemed to enjoy a hearty breakfast more than that
great bear did.
Had Antony Blake desired to enter society there were many old and
wealthy families in the neighbourhood who would have given the youthful
Englishman a right hearty welcome; but he determined from the very first
to be the recluse and the student, so mildly and pleasantly, but firmly,
refused all invitations.
Not far from the camp, almost running past it indeed, was a stream
which flowed right into the sea; and in the sea, some distance beyond, our
hero was fond of having a morning swim. Wallace the Newfoundland used
always to go with him; and once, but for this strong and faithful fellow, he
would never have reached the shore. For he had swam out that day as far as
his strength would permit, and foolishly attempted to land against the
current of the river, not knowing that it was of great force a good way out to
sea.
The dog did not, on this occasion, seize him and drag him in, but
permitted Antony to lay hold of his collar and so be assisted or towed.
But only a week after, this athletic young Saxon had an adventure which,
as it has a bearing on the progress of this 'ower true tale,' must be related in
the next chapter.
 CHAPTER VII.

POOR ANTONY WAS DROWNING!

T HE small river or streamlet close to Antony's camp was called the Burn
o' Bogie, and here in a pretty little boathouse, thatched and cosy, which
Chops had built with his own hands, lay Lotty's yacht the Jenny Wren.
A seaworthy morsel of a boat it was, but certainly not broad enough in
the beam for safety, though she suited Lotty very well indeed.
Nay, more, Wallace often went with his little mistress. For so very young
a dog he was wondrous wise; he used to sit or lie amidships exactly in the
spot where his Lotty placed a shawl for him. And Wallace must have
weighed nearly nine stone, so he might easily have capsized the skiff,
especially when under sail.
On such occasions Lotty would only have to say very quietly before she
hauled off the sheet, 'Trim boat, Wallace,' and some instinct taught him he
must keep well up towards the weaker side.
But, athlete though he was, Antony was no sailor; nevertheless he
wished to be, and was glad enough to be taught even by so young a little
skipper as Lotty. On fine days she took him out with her on purpose, and
with a very few lessons he could manage, or thought he could, fairly well.
Well, one forenoon he rashly determined to have a little cruise all by
himself.
He forgot that with Lotty in the bows the yacht was not so much down
by the stern as his weight, when alone, placed it. Indeed, while sailing, if
she entrusted the tiller and sheet to him, she herself—the little skipper—
crept right for'ard into the bows and issued her orders from that position—
orders which he took very seriously indeed, for if he had not done so the
Jenny Wren might have broached-to or gone slick on her beam-ends.
It was some considerable time before Antony got up to obeying all
orders, or even understanding them: 'Ease sheet!' 'Down helm!' 'Luff a
little!' &c. And indeed it is not certain that Lotty, mischievous little mouse,
didn't sometimes invent an order for the sake of confusing her charge
somewhat.
 'What is it? How is it?' he would cry. 'Tell me in plain English, Lotty.
What am I to do with this bit of stick?' The bit of stick was the tiller.
Sometimes she would laugh right out at the serious aspect of his face;
but she would praise him when he did well.
That was an unfortunate forenoon for Antony, when, confident in his
own seamanship, he made
He found himself in the water next moment ... with the Jenny Wren on her
side.
LASS. Page 71.

up his mind to venture to sea alone in the Jenny Wren.

Lotty was at a rehearsal of some kind, else I'm sure she would not have
permitted him.
There was a slight but delightful breeze that day, and he did not mean to
go far. The wind seemed very steady too, so he gained heart as he went out.
'It is so easy,' he said to himself, 'and so jolly, that'—well, yes—he would
smoke.
Then he made the all but fatal mistake of fastening the sheet until he
should light up.
It wouldn't matter for a minute or two he thought, and surely a boat is no
more difficult to manage than a bicycle.
But a boat really seems to be like a horse, and knows when there is a
lubber at the helm.
It was not a squall—a real squall—only a bit of a puff, but Antony
couldn't let fly the sheet in time, and the tiller got in the way. It is to be
feared that he said, 'Hang the thing!' but he found himself in the water next
moment in a dreadfully awkward position, with the Jenny Wren on her side.
He sank, and perhaps it was well for him he did, for he managed to clear
his feet; and although the water was roaring in his ears, and he had
swallowed a lot of it, he got to the surface and at once struck out for the
boat, which was only a short distance off.
He thought he could right her. He was mistaken, for he only puffed
himself, and the Jenny filled and slowly sank, sail and broken mast and all.
 Antony could not have believed it was so difficult to swim a long way
with clothes on. At first it appeared to be so easy. But, instead of getting
nearer to the shore, it looked receding from him. He tried floating. Oh, it
was horrible, so he began to swim again; but soon got excited and put more
strokes into it than there was any necessity for.
He tried treading water, but the cruel waves lapped up over his face and
almost suffocated him. Poor Antony was drowning!
He knew not that, at this very moment, two men in a camp-boat were
dashing rapidly on towards him.
Drowning!
Did the events of his past life come up in review before him? No, that is
but landlubbers' nonsense. There were the horrid noises in his ears, flashes
of bright confused light in his eyes, a terrible sensation of choking, and a
feeling of pain in the top of the head, then—nothingness.
. . . . . . .
Mary and Skeleton and Chops, with others, were on the beach when,
through the surf, the rescuing boat sped in and grounded. The two men leapt
quickly out and dragged her high and dry, then, to poor Lotty's horror and
anguish, the apparently lifeless body of Frank Antony Blake was lifted out
and laid on the sand.
One of his arms fell right over a tuft of green benty grass whereon a bush
of sea-pinks was blooming. It looked as if in death he was hugging the
flowers.
'He is dead!'
That was Biffins's remark. And he stood there callous-looking, touching
the body with his toe.
The terrible truth is that this matter-of-fact gipsy was wondering how
much he would get for the 'Gipsy Queen' caravan when he resold her.
'No—no—fa—father, he is not dead!'
Lotty could hardly speak for the time being. She felt choking, and tore at
her neck, while her face grew hot and flushed.
But in a few seconds she gasped and recovered self-possession. She now
remembered that she had a book in the caravan which gave instructions
how to restore the apparently drowned. Part of the instructions she could
repeat, and did to the men.
 'Do that,' she cried, 'till I come back with the book.'
Then she tore off to the 'Silver Queen,' and, book in hand, when she
returned, she proceeded to issue instructions to the men, which they tried to
obey to the letter.
But she had time to call Chops. 'Mount,' she said, 'mount my horse
Renegade and fly for Dr Wilson.'
In a minute or two more, though white and breathless, Chops was off
like the wild wind along the sands.
On how very small a thread the life of a human being sometimes—nay,
but often—hangs! Lotty, it is true, was doing her best by the rules to revive
the English stranger, if indeed there were the slightest sparks of life
remaining in his heart; and wonderfully calm and determined she was,
determined to do her little utmost until the doctor might come. And this,
too, in spite of the words of discouragement cruelly meted out to her and
her assistants every now and then by Biffins Lee.
'I don't think, boys, you can do much more. It is easy to see the man is
dead. Better carry him up now. Poor fellow, he is in a better world than we
are!'
Long after this these very words seemed to come back to Lotty in all
their heartless force. But at present, hoping against hope, she bade the men
persevere.
'The chances are'—this was Lee's last shot—'that Chops won't find the
doctor at home at this time of the day.'
Now, the fact is, that at this very time good Dr Wilson was on his way
walking to see a case about a mile from the camp.
Chops met him. He slid rather than jumped off the good Renegade, and
the well-trained horse stood instantly still.
Chops had just strength enough to slip the bridle quickly into the doctor's
hand. 'Ride,' he cried. 'Ride, doctor, for the love of our heavenly Father.'
The doctor was mounted.
'Back, sir, back to our camp. The beach—drowned—Lotty is'——
Dr Wilson was off at the gallop. And such a gallop, for the good animal
appeared to know that it was a case of death or life.
But Lotty—that was the last word he had heard—was a favourite with
the doctor, as with every one who knew her. Oh, to think that she, in her
beauty and youth, should be lying stark and wet and stiff upon the sands!
Neither whip nor spur needed Renegade, and a real shout went up from
those on the beach as soon as the rider appeared.
He rushed into the crowd. It was only Mr Blake, and he felt relieved. But
he was to do his duty, and had it been Biffins Lee himself, whom the
surgeon neither respected nor loved, he would have done that duty faithfully
and well.
'Back, men, back!' he cried.—'Biffins, keep your people away,' he added
almost angrily, for he could see callousness in this gipsy's hang-dog face.
'We want air—air.—Mary, go at once and prepare the gentleman's bed. Heat
blankets and boil water.—Lotty, my darling'—this was spoken most
tenderly—'run and assist Mary.—Now, off with your warm coats, men; strip
off the poor gentleman's things; roll him up and keep rubbing. I'll do the
rest.'
In two minutes' time there was blood mantling in Antony's face and a
gasping sigh. In a short time natural breathing recommenced, the pulse was
beating, and slowly, though somewhat irregularly, the wheels of life were
once more moving, and he was able to swallow.
Next morning, though hoarse and in a little pain, Antony was well
enough to be up. He had been very bad during the night, however, and fat
Mary had taken it in turns with the child Lotty to watch by his bedside all
throughout the long, still hours.
Chops brought in his breakfast. Lotty, he told our hero, had gone to lie
down, so he was a little anxious. But about twelve o'clock, lo! the little
gipsy lass herself came tripping up the steps with a lapful of autumn wild-
flowers. Then Antony thrust out both his great strong arms and pulled her
right up and pressed her, flowers and all, to his heart.
'You dear, sweet child,' he said, 'I'll never know how to thank you for my
worthless life. You're the cherub, Lotty, who sits up aloft to—to'——
'But I mustn't sit up aloft,' she said naïvely, and wriggled down.
Yet in his gratitude he had kissed her brow and her bonny hair, and now
he set her to arrange the flowers, watching her every action as she did so.
There would be nothing doing in Biffins's camp to-day; and as the doctor
forbade Antony to go out, that same afternoon Lotty and Wallace came to
the 'Gipsy Queen' with the violin. Wallace did not play, though he looked
clever enough for anything; but during the performance of his little mistress
he lay on the sofa on a rug which Antony had put there for him and never
took his eyes off the child, often heaving big sighs, and one cannot really
help wondering what dogs are thinking about when they behave in this way.
Does the playing actually bring them pleasure, or do they but suffer the
music in silent sorrow? Who can answer? One thing at least is certain:
man's friend the dog knows far more than people who do not know him
would give him credit for. But Antony was really and truly thrilled by this
child's remarkable performance. He was much surprised, however, when
presently she suddenly laid down both fiddle and bow and burst into a flood
of tears. Antony was astonished—thunderstruck, one might say; and if there
was anything more than another that could appeal to this young fellow's
manly heart it was the tears of grief. But she was quickly better and smiling
again; only, although he tried to find out the cause of the sudden outbreak
he utterly failed. All she would say was, 'It is nothing. I will tell you some
time, or Mary or Crona will tell you.'
But the truth was not far to seek; for, just as she was playing, she
happened to look out of the window and her eyes fell on her father. His face
was hard-set and stern; and this, coupled with his language at the time when
Antony was brought to the beach apparently dead, caused Lotty to believe
now that he was really not over-well pleased that his guest had been
brought back to life again.