Intermediate Accounting Volume 1 Canadian Edition 12Th Editij. J. Weygandt & T. D. Warfield & I. M. Wiecek & B. J. Mcconomy
Intermediate Accounting Volume 1 Canadian Edition 12Th Editij. J. Weygandt & T. D. Warfield & I. M. Wiecek & B. J. Mcconomy
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Fig. 6.—
Central post
of
Ceremonial
House,
showing
carved face.
Fig. 7.—Side posts of Ceremonial House, showing carved faces.
OFFICERS
The messenger sent to assemble the people is one of three male
attendants chosen by the leader, and these three men appoint three
women to serve also. To these six attendants, known as aʹckas, falls
all the laborious work of the meeting. Although the duties are
menial, it is considered quite an honor to be selected as aʹckas. The
attendants camp on the north and south sides of the little open
square just east of the Big House (pl. vii), an area where no one is
allowed to pitch a tent.
Other officers selected for the meeting are a speaker (usually at
the time of the writer’s visit, Chief Charley Elkhair), two singers,
called Taleʹgunŭk, “Cranes,” whose duty it is to beat the dry deerskin
drum and sing the necessary songs, and a chief hunter who is
supposed to provide venison for the feast.
PREPARATIONS
Fig. 8.—Ceremonial fire-drill used at the Annual Ceremony. (Length of shaft, 29.5
in.)
PL. VI
CEREMONY COMMENCED
Two of the attendants, a man and a woman, then build the two
fires in the temple, so that there may be plenty of light, and sweep
the floor with turkey-wings for brushes. The men attendants take
turns so that one of them, at least, is always on guard outside the
building. When the temple is clean, the fires are burning bright, and
the aʹckas have called the people in and all are assembled, the chief
arises and delivers a speech.
CHIEF’S SPEECH
First he states the rules of the meeting, then he speaks along
some such line as the following, which was dictated by Chief Elkhair,
who frequently made these speeches:
“We are thankful that so many of us are alive to meet together
here once more, and that we are ready to hold our ceremonies in
good faith. Now we shall meet here twelve nights in succession to
pray to Gicelĕmû'ʹkaong, who has directed us to worship in this way.
And these twelve Mĭsiʹngʷ' faces [carved on the posts of the house]
are here to watch and to carry our prayers to Gicelĕmû'ʹkaong in the
highest heaven. The reason why we dance at this time is to raise our
prayers to him. Our attendants here, three women and three men,
have the task of keeping everything about our Temple in good order,
and of trying to keep peace, if there is trouble. They must haul wood
and build fires, cook and sweep out the Big House.
“When they sweep, they must sweep both sides of the fire twelve
times, which sweeps a road to Heaven, just as they say that it takes
twelve years to reach it. Women in their menses must not enter this
house.
“When we come into this house of ours we are glad, and thankful
that we are well, and for everything that makes us feel good which
the Creator has placed here for our use. We come here to pray Him
to have mercy on us for the year to come and to give us everything
to make us happy; may we have good crops, and no dangerous
storms, floods nor earthquakes. We all realize what He has put
before us all through life, and that He has given us a way to pray to
Him and thank Him. We are thankful to the East because everyone
feels good in the morning when they awake, and see the bright light
coming from the East, and when the Sun goes down in the West we
feel good and glad we are well; then we are thankful to the West.
And we are thankful to the North, because when the cold winds
come we are glad to have lived to see the leaves fall again; and to
the South, for when the south wind blows and everything is coming
up in the spring, we are glad to live to see the grass growing and
everything green again. We thank the Thunders, for they are the
manĭʹtowŭk that bring the rain, which the Creator has given them
power to rule over. And we thank our mother, the Earth, whom we
claim as mother because the Earth carries us and everything we
need. When we eat and drink and look around, we know it is
Gicelĕmû'ʹkaong that makes us feel good that way. He gives us the
purest thoughts that can be had. We should pray to Him every
morning.
“Man has a spirit, and the body seems to be a coat for that spirit.
That is why people should take care of their spirits, so as to reach
Heaven and be admitted to the Creator’s dwelling. We are given
some length of time to live on earth, and then our spirits must go.
When anyone’s time comes to leave this earth, he should go to
Gicelĕmû'ʹkaong, feeling good on the way. We all ought to pray to
Him, to prepare ourselves for days to come so that we can be with
Him after leaving the earth.
“We must all put our thoughts to this meeting, so that
Gicelĕmû'ʹkaong will look upon us and grant what we ask. You all
come here to pray; you have a way to reach Him all through life. Do
not think of evil; strive always to think of the good which He has
given us.
“When we reach that place, we shall not have to do anything or
worry about anything, only live a happy life. We know there are
many of our fathers who have left this earth and are now in this
happy place in the Land of Spirits. When we arrive we shall see our
fathers, mothers, children, and sisters there. And when we have
prepared ourselves so that we can go to where our parents and
children are, we feel happy.
“Everything looks more beautiful there than here, everything looks
new, and the waters and fruits and everything are lovely.
“No sun shines there, but a light much brighter than the sun, the
Creator makes it brighter by his power. All people who die here,
young or old, will be of the same age there; and those who are
injured, crippled, or made blind will look as good as the rest of
them. It is nothing but the flesh that is injured: the spirit is as good
as ever. That is the reason that people are told to help always the
cripples or the blind. Whatever you do for them will surely bring its
reward. Whatever you do for anybody will bring you credit hereafter.
Whenever we think the thoughts that Gicelĕmû'ʹkaong has given us,
it will do us good.
“This is all I can think of to say along this line. Now we will pass
the Turtle around, and all that feel like worshiping may take it and
perform their ceremonies.”
Some nights the speaker says more, sometimes less, just as he
feels, but he always tries to tell it as he heard it from the old people
who came before him.
RECITAL OF VISIONS
Now, as was stated, these meetings are “brought in” by
individuals; that is a certain person, usually a man, undertakes to
arrange for the meeting and to lead the ceremonies. This person
must be one of those gifted by a vision or dream of power in their
youth, and hence, according to Lenape belief, one in communication
with the supernatural world.
Fig. 9.—Rattle of land-tortoise shell, used by celebrants at the Annual Ceremony.
(Length, 4.2 in.)
When the people file into the Big House, the few that still have
them dressed in their best Indian costumes carefully preserved for
such occasions (pl. i), the members of this leader’s clan always take
their seats on the north side, the other two clans in the west end
and the south side. Men and women, however, do not mingle, but sit
separately in the space allotted to their common clan. The diagram
(pl. vii) shows the seating of the clans when the ceremony is
“brought in” by a member of the Wolf division.
Fig. 10.—Drum made of dried
deerskin used at the Annual
Ceremony. (Length 38.2 in.)
After the chief’s speech, the leader arises from his place just north
of the central post, and, rapidly shaking a rattle (taxoʹxi cowŭniʹgŭn)
made of a box-tortoise shell (fig. 9), recites his vision in a high
monotone, word by word. After he utters each word, he pauses an
instant to give the singers sitting at the rolled dry deerskin called
powŭniʹgŭn which serves as a drum (fig. 10), ample time to repeat
the same word in the same tone, which produces an extraordinary
effect. When he finishes, the drummers beat rapidly on the dry hide,
repeating “Ho-o-o!” a number of times.
PL. VII
Then the celebrant repeats a verse of his song in the same way,
and the drummers, having learned the words, sing them to a dance
tune, beating the drum in slower time. After dancing awhile, the
celebrator whoops, and they stop; then another similar verse, if not
the same, is recited and then sung.
When the leader dances, he circles about the two fires contra-
clockwise, and those who wish may join in the dance and follow him
(pl. vi).
His dance finished, the leader passes the turtleshell to the next
man who has been blessed with a vision. This one has the privilege
of singing his vision if he wishes; if not, it is handed to the next
“dreamer.” After a celebrant has taken his seat, it is customary for
those who desire it to smoke until the next man is ready to
commence. At this time also it is considered proper for the people to
enter or leave the Big House, which is not permitted while the actual
ceremony is in progress. When the turtle rattle has thus made the
round of the building and gets back to its starting point, the meeting
is brought to a close. This is usually along toward morning, the exact
time of course being dependent on the number who have sung their
visions, and on the length of the intermissions.
CONCLUSION OF RITES
Now, when the man who started the ceremonies begins to dance,
that is a signal for two of the women aʹckas, or attendants, to go
out and pound corn for hominy or meal, and two of their men
colleagues cook it in the kettle hanging on the pole, so that it is
ready when the turtle has made its rounds and the meeting is about
to close. Then the repast of hominy or corn mush called säʹpan is
distributed, and the speaker says, “We will now pray twelve times,”
so twelve times they cry “Ho-o-o!” as a prayer. Then they feast,
using musselshells from the river as spoons, and finally the speaker
dismisses them with the words, “This is all for tonight; tomorrow
night we will meet again.”
NEW FIRE
Every night the usual program is repeated until the ninth. On this
night a new fire is kindled with the sacred pump-drill called tuⁿdaʹi
wäheⁿʹji manĭʹtowŭk or “Fire maker of the Manĭʹtos” (fig. 8), and the
ashes of the old are carried out through the west door of the Big
House, which is used only for this purpose (among the Unami), and
is usually kept closed. The new fire seems to symbolize a fresh start
in all the affairs of life.
TURTLE RATTLES
At this time, too, all who own turtle rattles such as are used in
singing the visions (fig. 9), are requested to bring them in to the
meeting, when they are placed in a row on the north side, in front of
the man who, as the Indians phrase it, “brought on the meeting.”
The backs of the turtleshells are all measured with strings of
wampum, which are cut off in lengths corresponding with the
lengths of the backs.
Then the owners are called to get their turtles and wampum,
which is supposed to be their pay for bringing them to the meeting.
As each takes up his turtle, he shakes it, and if it does not sound
well, then the people laugh, and the owner, abashed, takes his
property out of sight as soon as possible.
PHRATRY PRAYERS
Then they call up six men, two from each of the three phratries—
Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf. Each goes outside and cries the prayer
word “Ho-o-o!” twelve times, holding up his left hand. When the first
one returns, he is given one yard of wampum, and divides it with the
other five. This is done each night until the end.
WOMEN’S NIGHT
Fig. 13.—Paint-dish of bark, used at the Annual Ceremony. (Length, 2.2 in.)
The twelfth night is reserved for the women to relate their visions;
but before they begin, the speaker orders the attendants to burn
cedar-leaves in the two fires, and the people are supposed to inhale
the smoke and purify themselves. Then two women are ordered to
take, one a little bark dish (aⁿsiptaʹgŭn) of red paint (fig. 13), the
other a similar vessel of grease, and the two start from the door on
the north side of the Temple and go to each person present. One
dips her fingers in the paint and touches the color to the person’s
left cheek, while her companion similarly annoints the person’s head
with a little of the grease. This done, two men attendants take the
bark vessels and paint and grease in the same way the twelve
Mĭsiʹngʷ' faces carved upon the posts of the building, also the
drumsticks, the prayersticks, the deerskin drum, and the turtles. A
variant has it that both bark vessels contain paint, the customs
differing according to phratry.
Each woman who takes part on this night receives a share of the
venison, if there is any,—the biggest and fattest buck the hunters
kill,—and the attendants cook it for them at the fire outside.
CONCLUSION OF CEREMONY
Next morning the men resume the ceremony and continue until
the sun is high. Two men are then appointed to close the meeting,
for which each receives one yard of wampum. Their duty is to sing
twelve times while the people dance about the central post, the
women in a circle next to the post, the men in another circle outside
that of the women. These two singers stop dancing in front of where
the chief is sitting, and announce, “We will now pray twelve times.”
They go back to their seats and cry “Ho-o-o!” twelve times. Then the
attendants serve the last feast. Two women then go around with
wampum in a wooden bowl, giving everyone two or three beads.
PAYMENT OF ATTENDANTS
Then the attendants, three men and three women, stand in a row
and receive six yards of wampum on one string, which they hold in
their hands, the first in the row holding the end of the string, which
stretches along from one to the other. Then the chief says: “We
thank you attendants of this meeting for your kindness in sweeping
our Temple for these twelve nights, and the attention and care you
have given. We have heard our old parents say that, if you sweep
this Meeting House twelve different times, you will sweep up to
where our great Father is, as he is up in the twelfth Heaven above
the earth.”
The attendants then circle about the fires and go out to the
cooking fireplace, where they divide the wampum, taking a yard
apiece. At last, when the shadow of a person is nearly under him,
that is, about noon, the speaker or chief arises, and says, “All of us
kinfolk must now go out and end our meeting, which has been going
on for twelve days and nights.” Thereupon they all file out—men,
women, and children—and form a row extending north and south,
facing east, just east of the Big House, the hunters taking with them
the skins of the deer they killed.
FINALE
Here they all pray, or rather cry the prayer word “Ho-o-o!” six
times standing, holding up one hand, and six times kneeling, holding
up the other hand. The meeting is then ended. This is shown in the
frontispiece. The deerskins are given to poor old people, who need
them to make moccasins.
One informant stated that instead of crying “Ho-o-o” twelve times
in closing the meeting, it was customary to use this word only ten
times, and then cry “Ha-a-a” twice, completing the sacred number
twelve; but such discrepancies are probably due to the variation of
ritual among the three phratries before mentioned, the Turkey, the
Turtle, and the Wolf. This kind of prayer was noticed by
Zeisberger[45] as early as 1779, for he writes:
PAYMENT OF OFFICERS
All the officers of the meeting receive pay in wampum for their
services, except, of course, the leader—the man who has caused the
meeting to be held. The speaker receives a yard for every night of
the meeting; the drummers get a yard between them each night;
there are also the payments to the attendants, hunters, and others,
already mentioned. The attendants have other sources of profit, too,
for they serve meals three times a day in the Big House to the leader
of the meeting and all his near relatives, also to the speaker and the
drummers.
When they have finished feasting, the leader calls the attendants
to come and get their dishes and pans. Each has a cup in which he
brings coffee, and the leader puts twenty-five wampum beads in
each cup for every meal. Moreover, when any one in the outside
camps is hungry, he may go to an aʹckas and obtain a meal for
twenty-five wampum beads. The attendants have a table near the
tent of one of the woman aʹckas, and here they eat.
VALUATION OF WAMPUM
For ceremonial purposes the wampum (white) is held at one cent
a bead, one hundred to the dollar. Before the meeting the people
give a yard or so apiece, if they are able, to show their appreciation
and to be prayed for, or subscribe money for its purchase and for the
other things needed at the meeting. The wampum is afterward
redeemed at the same rate and is kept to use again.
That this is really the same ceremony is shown not only by the
details as related but by the native name of the rite, the Machtuzin
of Zeisberger corresponding with the Muxhatolʹzing of the present
writer.
CHAPTER VI
Minsi Big House Ceremonies
The following account of the great ceremonies of the Minsi, which
correspond to the annual ceremony of the Unami, was obtained
from Chief James Wolf, now deceased, and his nephew, Chief Nellis
Timothy.
MYTH OF ORIGIN
At first, it appears, the Indians did not know how to worship, so
Kĕ'tanĭtoʹwĕt, the Great Manĭʹto or God, now called Pa'ʹtŭmawas,
came down and told them what to do. After following his
instructions, they watched him when he ascended. He carried twelve
sumach sticks in his hand, and they could see them shine far up in
the air. Every now and then he dropped one, and when he dropped
the twelfth he disappeared, while they heard the heavens crack like
thunder behind him as he went in. After this the Lenape began to
hold these meetings according to the instructions he had given
them.
NUMBER OF CEREMONIES
There were two of these ceremonies every year, both held in the
Minsi Big House (W'aʹtekan), which was quite similar to that of the
Unami. One of these, performed about June when the wild
strawberries were ripe, lasted only a single night; the other, early in
winter, covered twelve days and nights. This latter corresponds to
the Annual Ceremony of the Unami.