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1.Briefly explain lateral torsional buckling.
Lateral torsional buckling occurs in beams subjected to combined bending and torsional moments.
When a beam is loaded in a way that produces both bending and twisting, it can lead to a failure mode
where the beam twists and bends laterally, causing the beam to buckle.
2. Differentiate between ‘slab base’ and ‘gusset base’ as column bases.

1.Slab Base:A slab base, also known as a footing or pad base, is a flat concrete slab that spreads the
column load over a larger area.It provides uniform support to the column and is typically used for
smaller columns or where the column loads are relatively low.
2.Gusset Base:A gusset base consists of a vertical plate, or gusset, welded to the column and a
horizontal plate at the bottom, which is anchored to the foundation.It is used for larger columns and
provides more resistance against overturning moments.
3. What is the primary application of light gauge steel?

The primary application of light gauge steel is in the construction of non-structural framing components
for buildings, such as wall studs, floor joists, and roof trusses. Light gauge steel framing is commonly
used in residential and commercial construction as an alternative to traditional wood framing.
4. Differentiate between static and mechanism methods of analysis in plastic analysis.

1.Static Method:The static method of plastic analysis is based on the equilibrium conditions of the
structure.It involves calculating the plastic moment capacity of individual sections of the structure and
then determining the ultimate load by satisfying the equilibrium conditions.
2.Mechanism Method:The mechanism method focuses on determining the collapse mechanism of the
structure.It involves identifying the possible collapse mechanisms and then calculating the ultimate load
by considering the energy dissipation through the formation of plastic hinges.
5. Explain the concept of slenderness ratio in compression member design.

The slenderness ratio is a critical parameter in the design of compression members in structural
engineering. It is defined as the ratio of the effective length of the member to its radius of gyration and
is denoted by the symbol .
6. Briefly discuss the role of purlins in supporting roof loads.

1.Support for Roof Sheathing:Purlins provide a solid base for attaching the roof sheathing or roofing
material, such as metal sheets, tiles, or shingles.
2.Load Distribution:They help in distributing the roof loads, such as dead loads (roofing material,
insulation, etc.) and live loads (snow, wind, etc.), evenly to the primary structural framing.
3.Stiffening the Roof Structure:Purlins help in stiffening the roof structure and reducing the unsupported
span of the roof covering, which enhances the structural stability and performance of the roof system.
7.Explain the factors which determine whether a section is classified as plastic, compact or semi-
compact?
1.Shape and Dimensions:The shape and dimensions of the cross-section, such as the width, depth, and
thickness of the flanges and web, play a significant role.
2.Yield Strength of Material:The yield strength of the material from which the section is made is a critical
factor.
3.Radius of Gyration ():The radius of gyration () of the section is another important factor.
4.Limit States and Criteria:The classification criteria are based on limit states related to local buckling,
flexural and compression strength, and the interaction of these limit states.
8. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of tubular steel sections.
Advantages:
1.High Strength-to-Weight Ratio:Tubular steel sections offer a high strength-to-weight ratio, making
them efficient in carrying loads and reducing the overall weight of the structure.
2.Aesthetic Appeal:They provide a sleek and modern appearance, which is often desired in architectural
design.
3.Uniform Stress Distribution:The tubular shape provides a more uniform distribution of stress under
axial, bending, and torsional loads, resulting in improved structural performance and efficiency.
4.Ease of Fabrication: 5.Corrosion Resistance:
Disadvantages:
1.Higher Cost:Tubular steel sections are generally more expensive to produce compared to open
sections due to the additional manufacturing processes involved.
2.Complex Analysis and Design:The analysis and design of tubular sections can be more complex and
challenging due to the non-linear behavior of the section under loading and the need to consider local
buckling and interaction of stresses.
3.Difficulty in Connection:Connecting tubular sections can be more challenging and requires specialized
techniques and fittings, which can increase the complexity and cost of construction.
9. Compare and contrast bolted and welded connections in terms of their applications and
Advantages.
Comparison:
1.Strength and Rigidity:Welded connections provide higher strength and rigidity compared to bolted
connections, which are generally more flexible and susceptible to loosening under dynamic loads.
2.Installation and Labor:Bolted connections are easier and quicker to install compared to welded
connections, which require skilled labor and specialized welding equipment.
3.Inspection and Maintenance:Bolted connections allow for easier inspection and maintenance as they
can be easily disassembled and reassembled, whereas welded connections require more effort and
specialized techniques for inspection and repair.
4.Design Flexibility:Bolted connections offer greater flexibility in design and construction, allowing for
adjustments and modifications during the construction process, whereas welded connections are more
rigid and less flexible.
10. Describe the procedure for designing a compression member using angle sections as per IS 800 -
2007.
Designing a compression member using angle sections as per IS 800 - 2007 involves several steps to
ensure the safety and stability of the structure.
1. Determine the Effective Length () 2. Select the Angle Section: 3. Calculate the Design Axial Load ():
4. Determine the Slenderness Ratio () 5. Check for Buckling Resistance 6. Check for Yielding and Lateral
Torsional Buckling: 7. Check for Local Buckling and Net Section Failure: 8. Provide Stiffeners and
Connections: 9. Check for Stability and Deflection: 10. Documentation and Reporting:
11. Explain “buckling of web” and “crippling of web” with diagrams.
1. Buckling of Web:Buckling of the web occurs due to compressive stresses in the web of a beam or
column. This phenomenon causes the web to buckle laterally, which can lead to a significant reduction
in the load-carrying capacity of the member. Buckling is more common in thin-walled or slender
members subjected to axial compression.
2. Crippling of the web:The term “crippling of the web” generally refers to actions or events that
significantly impair or restrict the functionality, openness, or accessibility of the World Wide Web. This
could include censorship, restrictive regulations, or major technical issues that limit users’ ability to
access and use the internet freely.
12. List out various elements of the roof truss and give their design requirement.
1.Top Chord:Design Requirement: Resistant to compressive and bending forces.
2.Bottom Chord:Design Requirement: Resistant to tension and bending forces.
3.Web Members (Vertical and Diagonal):Design Requirement: Resistant to both tension and
compression forces, and shear forces.
4.End Verticals or King Post:Design Requirement: Resistant to vertical and shear forces.
5.Bottom Chord Bracing:Design Requirement: Provides lateral stability to the truss and resists buckling.
6.Top Chord Bracing:Design Requirement: Provides lateral stability to the truss and resists buckling.
7.Purlins: Design Requirement: Supports the roof covering and transfers the roof loads to the truss.
8.Connector Plates or Gusset Plates:Design Requirement: Provide connections between truss members
and transfer forces between them.
9.Bearing Point:Design Requirement: Transfers the weight of the truss to the supporting structure,
should be strong and stable.
10.Lateral Restraints:Design Requirement: Prevents the truss from buckling sideways under load.
13. explain different steel structure forms with their applicability.

1.Portal Frame: Applicability: Commonly used in industrial buildings, warehouses, and commercial
buildings. 2.Truss Structure: Applicability: Suitable for large-span structures like bridges, auditoriums,
and industrial buildings. 3.Frame Structure: Applicability: Widely used in multi-story buildings,
residential, and commercial complexes. 4.Braced Frame: Applicability: Suitable for high-rise buildings,
industrial buildings, and seismic regions. 5.Cantilever Structure: Applicability: Used in bridges, balconies,
and canopy structures. 6.Tension Structure: Applicability: Suitable for sports facilities, exhibition halls,
and large canopies. 7.Space Frame: Applicability: Commonly used in airports, stadiums, and large-span
industrial buildings. 8.Arch Structure: Applicability: Suitable for bridges, tunnels, and large-span roof
14. Explain the classification of cross sections as per the IS 800: 2007 based on yield and plastic
moments & rotational capacities.
1.Class A:Yield Moment: Members in this class are classified based on the yield moment and are
denoted as Class A. They have a plastic moment capacity less than the yield moment.
Rotational Capacity: They have low rotational capacity and are not generally used in plastic design.
2.Class B:Yield Moment: Members in this class are also classified based on the yield moment but have a
plastic moment capacity greater than the yield moment. Rotational Capacity: They have moderate
rotational capacity and can be used in plastic design with a suitable safety margin.
3.Class C:Yield Moment: Members in this class have a plastic moment capacity equal to or less than the
yield moment. Rotational Capacity: They have high rotational capacity and are used in plastic design
with a safety margin.
4.Class D:Yield Moment: Members in this class have a plastic moment capacity greater than the yield
moment. Rotational Capacity: They have very high rotational capacity and can be used in plastic design
with a safety margin.
15. Discuss the properties of different types of steels commonly used in structural engineering.
Provide examples of applications for each type.
1.Carbon Steels:
Properties: High tensile strength, Good weldability ,Moderate ductility
Applications: Structural beams and columns ,Reinforcement bars, Plates and sheets
2.High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Steels:
Properties: Higher tensile strength compared to carbon steels, Good weldability
Applications: Bridges, High-rise buildings, Transmission towers
3.Alloy Steels:
Properties:Good weldability, Enhanced hardness and wear resistance
Applications: High-stress structural components, Machine parts, Automotive frames
4.Stainless Steels:
Properties: High corrosion resistance, Good mechanical properties, Excellent aesthetic appeal
Applications: Architectural structures, Coastal infrastructure, Food processing equipment
5.Weathering Steels (Corten):
Properties: Forms a protective rust layer to prevent corrosion, High tensile strength, Good weldability
Applications: Outdoor sculptures, Bridges, Facades
6.Tool Steels:
Properties: High hardness and wear resistance, Good toughness, Excellent machinability
Applications:Machine tools, Dies and molds,Cutting tools
7.Quenched and Tempered Steels:
Properties: High strength and toughness, Good weldability, Resistant to wear and abrasion
Applications: Cranes and lifting equipment, Earthmoving and mining equipment ,Pressure vessels

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1.Briefly explain lateral torsional buckling.

2. Differentiate between ‘slab base’ and ‘gusset base’ as column bases.

3. What is the primary application of light gauge steel?

4. Differentiate between static and mechanism methods of analysis in plastic analysis.

5. Explain the concept of slenderness ratio in compression member design.

6. Briefly discuss the role of purlins in supporting roof loads.

13. explain different steel structure forms with their applicability.

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