UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

PROJECT REPORT
SEMESTER II
SESSION 2020/2021

TITLE: UPPER BEAM AND UPPER SLAB/ROOF BEAM (INCLUDING INSTALLATION OF THE
REINFORCEMENT BAR), TRUSS SYSTEM, ROOF INSTALLATION AND TYPES.

COURSE NAME : CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE : BFC 21002

SECTION NUMBER : S12

GROUP NUMBER : GP 5

LIST OF NAMES :
1. NUR
2. SITI
3. FARISHA
4. INTAN
5. HH
6. JJ
LECTURER NAME : PROF. MADYA Ir. Dr. NOOR YASMIN BINTI ZAINUN.

SUBMISSION DATE : 24 JUNE 2021 (WEEK 13)

INTRODUCTION.

Construction engineering is a field of study that deals with the planning, design construction
and administration of infrastructures. Any building project utilized for residential, commercial,
or industrial purposes is called construction. Construction engineers are civil engineers who
have received training in the subject of construction management. Construction engineers
collaborate with architects and engineering professionals to design buildings and solve
problems on the job. Roads, tunnels, bridges, airports, railways, facilities, building, dams,
utilities, and other projects are all part of construction engineering. Construction engineering
are taking an important part when it comes to beam, truss system and roof. Beam is defined
as a horizontal structural member that can sustain weight largely via bending resistance.
Truss systems has known as a triangular arrangement of wooden or steel support beam
while roof can be defined as a building’s top covering. In this project, we will talk about these
three managements which is beam, truss and roof.

`First of all, let us covering what is beams. Beams are a sort of structural element that
play a significant part in transferring the weight and pressures on a structure to the
foundations and into the earth in a safe manner. Beams are utilized to sustain the weight of
a building’s floors, ceilings, and roofs while also transferring the load to a vertical load
bearing element. Here we will talk about upper beam and roof beam that also known as
upper slab. The roof beam is used to avoid separation during rebound because it is
connected to roof slab. It is because composite action improves bending capacity while not
increasing beam shear capacity, the connection will be constructed to avoid composite
action between the roof slab and the roof beam.

Next, truss system that the horizontal ends of the trusses are linked to the rest of the
system’s trusses. Buildings, bridges and utility tower all benefit from the usage of truss
systems. They are also utilized a lot in stage design and presentations. The truss system’s
simplicity is one of its benefits. Only triangle’s nodes, or joints carrying weights. A triangular
building, unlike a rectangle, is stable and does not require additional support to avoid
collapse. A truss system is stronger than a beam because it can distribute stresses across
its structural components. Truss system are popular construction building even thought
there are new type of construction truss. This is because the are often light and cheap. The
usage of a cantilevered truss in bridge building to allow for vast spans of truss system is one
of the examples in truss system variant.

Lastly, we will talk about roof installation. There are many types of roofs such as
asphalt shingle, clay tile, concrete tile, copper and others. Roofing is something that every
homeowner wants to get properly, because leaks may cause significant damage to the
interior of the property. Installation procedures vary greatly depending on the kind of roofing.
But commonly their general rule of roof installing is all roofing should be placed atop a solid,
durable rock deck and flashed correctly at all valleys, wall intersection, and roof
penetrations. The slope and intricacy of the roof, as well as the design of the home, the local
climate, and the cost of various roofing alternatives, all influence which form of roofing is
ideal.
STEP OF ACTIVIIES RELATED.

Upper Beam.

A beam is a structural element that resists loads that are applied laterally to the axis of the
beam. Its primary mode of deflection is bending. Reaction forces are generated at the
beam's support points as a result of the loads applied to it. All of the forces operating on
the beam result in shear forces and bending moments within the beams, which cause
internal stresses, strains, and deflections in the beam. Beams are distinguished by their
support method, profile (cross-section form), equilibrium conditions, length, and material.

For upper beam there are 4 stages to do, which is Formwork, Bending and Binding Steel
Bars, Laying of Cement Concrete and Curing.

1. The formwork should be in the upper beam because it is to retain concrete,

formwork or centring and shuttering is required.
2. In bending and binding steel bars, at the time of designing the slab, it is considered
that concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak in tensile strength, so
make the structure safe against the tensile stress, steel bars are provided.
3. Next, laying of cement concrete. For small quantity of concrete volume, they are
normally depending on machine-mix concrete and filling the beam.
4. Then, curing process for 28 days for getting full strength.

Upper Slab

In building construction, the roof or slab for roof is very important constituents and
materials that used in slab are, cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, steel bar,
binding wire, water, shuttering materials (wooden Planks, and Iron Plates).

For slab laying process, it is according to work arrangement laying of RCC slab can be
done in 4 stages. So, the stages are formwork, bending and binding steel bars, spacing of
steel bars and laying of cement concrete.

1. The formwork of upper slab important because it is to retain concrete until it has
gained sufficient strength to be self-supporting.
2. For bending and binding steel bars, at the time of designing the slab, it is
considered that consider is strong in compressive strength but weak in tensile
 strength, so make the structure safe against the tensile stress, steel bars are
provided.
3. For spacing of steel bars. Steel bars diameter and its spacing in the Rcc slab is
calculated by designing the slab according to load and span of the slab.
4. Next, laying of cement concrete and curing.

Truss System

A triangular arrangement of wooden or steel support beams is known as a truss system.

The horizontal ends of the trusses are usually joined to other trusses in the system.
Buildings, bridges, and utility towers all benefit from the utilisation of truss systems. Truss
systems are easy to construct because they consist of few pieces. They tend to be
lightweight and very inexpensive because only beams and joints are needed.

Truss systems can span long distances and disperse forces throughout the structure, with
only the ends bearing stress. Because non-load-bearing walls can be installed at intervals
between two ends of the truss system, this can be highly convenient in residential and
commercial building construction.

The method of truss system, Verify the stability and determinacy of the structure. If the
truss is stable and determinate, then proceed to the next step. So, the method is shown
below:

Method of truss system.

•Determine the support reactions in the truss.

•Identify the zero-force members in the system. This will immeasurably reduce the
computational efforts involved in the analysis.

•Select a joint to analyse. At no instance should there be more than two unknown member
forces in the analysed joint.

•Draw the isolated free-body diagram of the selected joint, and indicate the axial forces in
all members meeting at the joint as tensile (i.e., as pulling away from the joint). If this initial
assumption is wrong, the determined member axial force will be negative in the analysis,
meaning that the member is in compression and not in tension.

•Apply the two equations ΣFX=0 and ΣFY=0 to determine the member axial forces.

•Continue the analysis by proceeding to the next joint with two or fewer unknown member
forces.

Roof installation

With good reason, roofing manufacturers and industry associations are wary of
recommending a do-it-yourself approach to roof installation. Working at heights is
extremely perilous, and the extent of the operation usually necessitates a crew of
employees. Additionally, issues with the installation will void the roofing product's warranty.
So, for the roof installation there are 4 methods.

Delivery and removal.

All the material will be delivered at the site. The old roof will be removing and replace with
the new roof and clean foundation to lay on.

Roofing installation

Once the old roof has been removed and replaced any damaged plywood, the next step is
for us to lay down new roofing felt (also called roofing paper or tar paper). They will install
ice and water shields in the valleys of your roof for extra protection against these harsh
elements.

Installing roofing shingles,

Once repairs have been made to the underlying plywood and the roofing felt is replaced,
secured and dry, they will process of installing the chosen roofing shingles and paint all of
the roofing vents and pipes to match the colour of the new shingles.

Final clean-up

Once the work is complete and the roof installed, the final inspection will be doing to check
the roof in a good condition or not.
CONSTRUCTION METHOD WITH CURRENT, NEW AND IMPROVES TECHNOLOGIES.

1. Upper beam
(a) Conventional method

In the conventional method of upper beam usually involving four stages of process which
are preparation and excavation for grade beam, grade beam formwork installation, placing
reinforcement of grade beam and pouring concrete for grade beam.
The first step to be considered in the process is excavation of trenches for the grade beam
based on its level. The ground surface will be levelled and prepared if the grade beam is
constructed directly on the ground.
Secondly, after done with excavation and site preparation, forms will be placed according to
the dimensions of the beam based on the design drawing. The bottom of the form must be
placed prior to its sides if the grade beam is constructed on the ground. Reinforcement cage
then placed on the flat soling brick after the flat soling brick is formed along grade beam.
After finishing placement of flat soling bricks for the bottom of the grade beam, we can start
with reinforcement placement directly. Finally, number and size of top, bottom, extra
reinforcements, lap length, hooks, spacers and clear reinforcement cover should be checked
after the placement were done.
Grade beam can be casted with ready mix concrete. By using vibration equipment or any
other suitable machines, poured concrete should be compacted adequately and after 24
hours long, the side-shutter of grade beam can be removed but not the bottom shutter
because we need to wait until concrete achieve its strength.
(b) Improved technology (various casting techniques with different concrete strength)

Six general construction companies in Japan has together developed a design and
construction method of reinforced concrete beam using various casting techniques with
different concrete strengths. This new method is related to the design and construction of a
beam using concrete with different strength in the upper and lower sections. By adopting
this method, it has become possible to cast the concrete the concrete of the upper section
of the beam and slab with same concrete strength for cast-in-situ or semi-precast members.
The process of this method involving installing a formwork to separate the upper section of
the beam and slab, casting concrete on the upper beam, removing the formwork after
concrete sufficiently hardened and casting concrete on the upper slab.
The different steps from the conventional way which the upper section of the beam and slab
is not casting together due to different strength of concrete. Since in the cross section of the
beam has occur the different strength of concrete, the concept of equivalent average
strength is introduced. Equivalent average strength is the strength that simultaneously takes
into account both the effect of slab existence and the effects of mixed concrete strength.
The ultimate shear strength of the beam calculated based on this equivalent average
strength, can be evaluated from in-house aggregate data and the competitors collected data
on the safety side, and they were summarized in the design guidelines.
2. Upper slab
(a) Conventional method

Conventional slab is the slab that supported on beams and columns. There has a small
thickness whereas the depth of the beam is large and load is transferred to beam and
columns. Compared with the flat slab, upper slab requires more formwork. Reinforcement is
provided in conventional slab and the bars which are set in horizontal are called Main
Reinforcement Bars and bars which are set in vertical are called Distribution bars.
When constructing a concrete roof slab firstly a concrete cap beam is poured across the top
of the piles once excavation and piles are complete. The cap beam evenly distributes the
load of the roof slab to the piles below. Next, the earth around the excavation is graded and
then an initial thin concrete mud slab is poured and finished. After that, reinforced steel is
placed, and then formwork is installed for the concrete pour. The electrical conduits that will
run through the structure and water stops are placed. Finally, a top mat of reinforcing steel
is installed and lastly when concrete is poured, left them to cure for approximately seven
days.
(b) Improved technology (Cobiax)

A new product called Cobiax CLS – Concrete Lightweight Structures was introduce by
Heinze Cobiax Deutschland GmbH, provider of voided-slab systems for sustainable slab
construction. This eco-friendly and economical technology that replaces concrete in slabs
with voids which require for load-bearing are part of the individual structural formers. The

concept idea is to omit the non-working concrete from the slab (extra un-required load), the
issue that reduces the self-weight (dead load) of the slab up to 35% provide high equivalent
stiffness and can enhance the bearing behaviour on the whole structural elements by
forming spherical or flattened rotational symmetrical shape inside the slab. These can be
laid in a row quickly and easily without gaps, so that no time-consuming lining-up is needed.
They can be used for covering 60 to 80% of the total slab area.

3. Truss system
(a) Conventional method (Timber Truss)

Considering the advantages of timber truss which are they are very versatile and compatible
with other structural products, timber material consumes lesser energy to process and can
minimizes air and water pollution, timber is lightweight which can easily handle and timber
trusses are energy efficient because they have excellent thermal properties.
The very first step for building roof trusses is to prepare a design layout and then proceed
to prepare the materials needed. The wood to be cut based on the size of the roof and
specifications in the design and not to forget to use connector plates made from galvanized
steel that can prevent any erosion. When building roof trusses, we need to calculate the
right strength for the base part because inappropriate strength can cause the structure to
collapse.
(b) Improved technology. (Lightweight steel truss)

Lightweight stell truss is designed for optimum strength at minimum cost to meet building
industrial demand which they are so light yet strong due to its high tensile strength as
compared to conventional timber trusses, termite-proof and rust-resistant, non-combustible
material that offers continuous fire resistance, environmentally friendly as it eliminates the
use of timber in buildings.
The advantages from this truss method are they has flexibility in spatial layout and location
of infrastructure elements, increased durability, saving in cost and has a better project
control.

4. Roof installation
(a) Conventional method (Asphalt shingles roof)

Every member of a traditional cut roof is individually cut and assembled on site. The overall
construction of a traditional cut roof is to ensure that the load of the roof is evenly transmitted
to the walls below. The rafters are the main load bearing elements of the roof. They span
from the wall plate to the ridge board, providing a platform for the underlay, battens and tiles.
The rafters are supported by purlins, which act as beams providing support to the rafters.
The purlins are supported by struts, which in turn are supported on an internal load bearing
wall. The collar ties are used to connect the rafters, preventing them from spreading
outwards. The collar ties and hangers are used to improve the overall strength and stability
of the roof.
Before we can install the roof, we must understand the physics of how a shingle roof works
where the force of gravity to shed water from rain is a part of asphalt shingles roofing. After
that, the roof deck must be made sure to smooth, properly fastened to the roof trusses, dry
and free of any holes to ensure the installation appear smooth when finished.
Next step is we must start from the bottom layer in terms of roofing components because
asphalt roof shingles are the visible part and act as first line defence against extreme
weather so the underneath part plays a vital role. Next step we can do the roof underlayment
by either an asphalt-saturated felt or a synthetic roof underlayment. After that, a special area
which is the added layer of water-shedding material to keep the running water always go
down.

(b) Improved technology (Green roof)

Green roof is one of cool roof innovations that has been designed to reflect more sunlight
and absorb less heat than a standard roof. The benefits of green roof such as can reduce
energy bills by decreasing air conditioning needs, improving indoor comfort for spaces that
are not air conditioned such as garages or covered patios and decreasing roof temperature
which may extend roof service life.
The fist step to install green roof is we need to waterproofed the roof deck by using polished
roof primer with two components which are polished liquid roof membrane base coat and
top coat. But before that, the polished must be used together with reinforcing scrim.
Secondly, the plastic root barrier needs to roll out according to length of the roof, overlap
and seal it with tape if necessary. After the root barrier is placed, the green roof drainage
membrane needs to roll out across the length of the roof that act as to collect water. Now
the substrate can be added like combination of organic material combination and some
aggregate then we can proceed to planting required green roof seed at this stage.
CONCLUSION.
From all above we can sum up,
Jennifer Voight. (What Is a Truss System? (with pictures) (infobloom.com)
https://www.infobloom.com/what-is-a-truss-system.htm

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/roof-beam

SONIA (MARCH 10, 2014) CONSTRUCTION HOW TO ROOFING, ROOF

INSTALLATION METHODS. https://extremehowto.com/roof-installation-methods/