Textbook Ebook Spinal Interneurons Lyandysha Viktorovna Zholudeva All Chapter PDF
Textbook Ebook Spinal Interneurons Lyandysha Viktorovna Zholudeva All Chapter PDF
Textbook Ebook Spinal Interneurons Lyandysha Viktorovna Zholudeva All Chapter PDF
Viktorovna Zholudeva
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Spinal Interneurons
Plasticity after Spinal Cord Injury
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Spinal Interneurons
Plasticity after Spinal Cord Injury
Edited by
Lyandysha Viktorovna Zholudeva
Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA,
United States
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to
seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by
the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional
practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety
and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter
of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-819260-3
Section I
Spinal interneurons e motor and sensory neuronal
networks
1. The neuronal cell types of the spinal cord
Stephanie C. Koch and Ariel J. Levine
Introduction 3
History of research on spinal cord neurons 4
Classification systems for spinal cord interneuron cell types 5
The dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord 10
The ventral horn neurons of the spinal cord 16
Future directions for understanding spinal cord neuron types 19
vii
viii Contents
Section II
Spinal interneurons e a role in injury and disease
7. Propriospinal neurons as relay pathways from brain to
spinal cord
Alfredo Sandoval, Jr., Zhigang He and Bo Chen
Introduction 207
Direct and indirect pathways from the brain to spinal cord
motor neurons 208
Spinal interneurons propagate locomotor commands from
supraspinal locomotor regions 210
Dormant relay pathways after SCI: formation of
maladaptive plasticity in injured spinal cord 214
Therapeutic strategies for SCI: utilizing spinal interneurons 218
Concluding remarks 220
Index 445
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List of contributors
xiii
xiv List of contributors
Trevor S. Smith, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research
Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States;
Joint Neuroengineering Initiative, College of Medicine and School of Biomedical
Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA,
United States
Alexa Marie Tierno, UCLA, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los
Angeles, CA, United States
Ashley Tucker, Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
United States; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX, United States
Vicki Tysseling, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL,
United States
Nicholas White, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX, United States
Lyandysha V. Zholudeva, Gladstone Institutes, University of California San Francisco,
San Francisco, CA, United States
Preface
xvii
xviii Preface
spared spinal networks below the level of injury (that lose inputs from the brain)
retain the capacity to be activated and functional. The injured spinal cord is now
widely recognized as comprising a “new anatomy,” rich in interneuronal net-
works. Although ongoing preclinical and clinical research still aims to better
define this new anatomy, there is already widespread recognition that spinal
interneurons are crucial components for postinjury function, and as such,
represent important therapeutic targets. Their altered neurophysiological func-
tion and synaptic connectivity after injury has led to widespread effort to
manipulate them with therapeutic intervention, and as described in this book,
there has been some considerable success. In fact, spinal interneurons are now
often seen as “the gateway to neuroplasticity”dboth beneficial and
maladaptivedfollowing injury and disease.
The contributions in this book, from some of the world’s leaders in spinal
interneurons, highlight our current understanding of this highly molecularly,
anatomically, and functionally diverse population of cells. Yet it’s clear that this
is just the tip of the iceberg. We hope that the information here helps to guide
increased research effort, harnessing an ever-expanding toolkit for character-
izing spinal interneurons and their neuroplastic potential. With a greater un-
derstanding of human health and spinal neurobiology, there is hope that novel
therapeutic targets will be identified, and that new and improved strategies will
be developed for treating spinal cord injury or disease.
8 Quoted by Laycock.
Stigmatization.
16 Op. cit.
Autographic Women.
Sarah Jacob, the Welsh fasting girl, has shared with Louise Lateau
popular and medical notoriety. When about ten years old she
suffered from various hysterical and hystero-epileptic symptoms. The
quantity of food she took gradually dwindled; on October 10, 1867, it
was said that she ceased to take any food whatever, and so
continued till the day of her death, more than two years later. She
had many visitors, pilgrims from far and near, who often left money
or gifts. The vicar of her neighborhood came to believe in her, and an
investigation was suggested. At one investigation, not very rigidly
conducted, nothing was discovered. After a time she was visited by
Fowler of London, who decided that the case was one of hysteria
with simulation, probably associated with the power or habit of long
fasting. Trained nurses were sent from Guy's Hospital to conduct the
second watching. Under the watching the girl died, starved to death.
The father was afterward condemned to imprisonment and hard
labor for twelve months, the mother for six months. In Brooklyn a few
years since one Molly Fancher, a similar case, attracted much
attention, and was written about and commented upon by the press.
NEURASTHENIA.
BY H. C. WOOD, M.D.