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Sustainable Cities and Communities
Design Handbook
This page intentionally left blank
Sustainable Cities
and Communities
Design Handbook
Green Engineering, Architecture,
and Technology

Second Edition

Edited by
Woodrow W. Clark
Qualitative Economist, Managing Director
Clark Strategic Partners, Beverly Hills
CA, United States
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States

Copyright Ó 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

First edition 2010

Second edition 2018

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright
by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge
in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
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Contents

List of Contributors xix

About the Editor xxi

1. Introduction
Woodrow W. Clark, II
References 8
Further Reading 9

2. The Green Industrial Revolution

Woodrow W. Clark, II
How Communities and Nations Move Ahead 13
What Is a Renewable Energy Power Source? 15
Deregulation Benefits: Myths About Economic Efficiency
as Conservation Is Needed Too 19
Better Investment Decisions 19
Politicized Priorities Excluded 20
The Issue of Deregulating Agile Energy Systems 22
Conclusion: Economic Development in an Agile Energy System 26
Appendix A: The Danish Case for the Green Industrial Revolution 28
Appendix B: E-mail Surveillance Data on ENRON 29
Appendix C: From Central Power Grid to Local Distributed
Power Systems 29
Appendix D: Smart Grid That Includes Local Distributed Power
and Renewable Energy Generation 30
References 30
Further Reading 31

3. Cross-Disciplinary Scientific Foundation for

Sustainability: Qualitative Economics
Michael Fast, Woodrow W. Clark, II
The Paradigm Shift: Economics as a Science 36
Subjectivism Paradigm: Lifeworld Perspective and Symbolic
Interactionism 40
Philosophy of Science 40
Phenomenology: The Tradition of the Lifeworld Perspective 41

v
vi Contents

Symbolic Interactionism: In the Subjectivist Theoretical Paradigm 43

Transformational Linguistics: Economic Rules of Formalism in
Business Practices 46
Qualitative Economics: Toward a Science of Economics 47
Organizing: Fitting Together of Lines of Activities and Actions 48
Organizing: Dynamism of the Firm 48
The Actors’ Experiential Space: Organizational Lifeworld 51
Constituting of the Organizational Activities and of the “Firm” 52
The Actors’ Development Capability 54
Organizing and the Organizational Paradigm 55
Actor’s Extension of the Experiential Space 56
Summary 56
References 59
Further Reading 61

4. PoliticaleEconomic Governance of Renewable

Energy Systems: The Key to Create Sustainable
Communities
Woodrow W. Clark, II, Xing Li
Corporate and Business Influences and Power 66
International Cases 66
China Leapfrogs Ahead 67
China Has “Leapfrogged” Into the Green Industrial Revolution 67
The Western Economic Paradigm Must Change 68
Introduction and Background 69
EU Policies 74
Japan and South Korea are Leaders in the Green Industrial Revolution 76
Distributed Renewable Energy Generation for Sustainable
Communities 79
Developing World Leaders in Energy Development and
Sustainable Technologies 80
Costs, Finances, and Return on Investment 81
Conclusions and Future Research Recommendations 84
Chart A: The Germany Feed-in-Tariff Policy and Results
(1990e2010) 85
Chart B: The Germany Feed-in-Tariff Policy Economic Results
(1990e2007) 86
References 86
Further Reading 88

5. Renewable Energy: Scaling Deployment in the United

States and in Developing Economies
Joseph Kantenbacher, Rebekah Shirley
Introduction to Sources and Uses of Energy in the
United States 89
Wind 90
 Contents vii

Solar 92
Solar Photovoltaics 93
Solar Thermal 93
Geothermal 94
Biopower 95
Marine and Hydrokinetic 96
Advanced Renewables Deployment 97
Renewables and Buildings 97
Vehicle-to-Grid Systems 97
Hybrid Systems 98
Summary of Scaling Renewables in the United States 98
The Energy Access Gap: Remote and Under-grid Populations
Not Being Reached 99
Distributed Renewable Energy Solutions: Pivotal to Universal
Energy Access 100
The Habits of Highly Effective Markets: Trends Across
High-Performing Countries 102
From the Bottom Up: The Sierra Leone Success Story 105
Conclusions 107
References 108
Further Reading 109

6. Development Partnership of Renewable Energies

Technology and Smart Grid in China
Anjun J. Jin, Wenbo Peng
Introduction 111
The Solar Electricity Systems and Their Relationship With
the Grid 113
Wind Power 116
Data Response and Power Transmission Lines: Examples
of the United States 119
The Smart Grid and Market Solution 121
China Rebuilds a Power System and Smart Grid 123
Merits of the Chinese-Style Smart Grid 125
Discussion on Chinese Cases, Investment, and Forecast 125
Historical Review and Attributes of the Third-Generation Grid 126
Light-Emitting Diode and Energy Efficiency Case Discussion 127
References 128

7. Sustainable Towns: The Case of Frederikshavn

Aiming at 100% Renewable Energy
Henrik Lund, Poul A. Østergaard
Introduction 129
Definition of Renewable Energy 130
Definition of Project Area 130
Development Phases 131
viii Contents

The Present Situation: Year 2007, Approximately 20% Renewable

Energy 132
The First Step: Frederikshavn in the Year 2009 135
Frederikshavn in the Year of 2015 136
New Waste Incineration Combined Heat And Power Plant 137
Expansion of District Heating Grid 138
Transport 139
Biogas Plant and Methanol Production 139
Geothermal and Heat Pumps 140
Combined Heat and Power Plants and Boilers 140
Wind Power 141
Energy System Analysis 141
Phase 3: Frederikshavn in the Year 2030d100% Renewable
Energy and Less Biomass 144

8. Life Cycle Analysis Versus Cost Benefit of Renewable

Energy: Solar Systems Photovoltaics in Public
Private Partnerships
Tom Pastore
Introduction 147
Energy Challenges are Enormous 148
SolarCitydSolar PV Array Installations on City Facilities 148
Due Diligence Procedures 148
Life Cycle Analysis of a PV System From a Financial
Perspective 149
Available Incentives 149
Power Purchase Agreement Business Model 151
Calculating Utility Rates 151
Financial Analyses 152
Consideration of Externalities 156
Conclusion 157
Reference 157

9. Public Buildings and Institutions: Solar Power

and Energy Conservation as Solutions
Douglas N. Yeoman
Alternative Energy Public Policy 159
Legal Mechanisms Facilitating Development of Alternative
Energy Sources 160
California Clean Energy Jobs Act 160
Energy Management Agreement by Community College
Districts 160
Energy Service Contract and Facility Ground Lease by Public
Agencies 161
Power Purchase Agreement by Governmental Agency 164
Lease of Photovoltaic System 171
Treatment of Environmental Incentives 172
 Contents ix

10. Life Cycle Analysis: The Economic Analysis of Demand-

Side Programs and Projects in California
Woodrow W. Clark, II, Arnie Sowell, Don Schultz
The Basic Methodology 176
Demand-Side Management Categories and Program Definitions 177
Basic Methods 179
Balancing the Tests 182
Limitations: Externality Values and Policy Rules 182
Externality Values 182
Policy Rules 182
Participant Test 183
Definition 183
Benefits and Costs 183
How the Results Can Be Expressed 183
Strengths of the Participant Test 184
Weaknesses of the Participant Test 184
Formulas 185
The Ratepayer Impact Measure Test (Refer to Point 5 of Notes) 186
Definition 186
Benefits and Costs 187
How the Results Can Be Expressed 187
Strengths of the Ratepayer Impact Measure Test 188
Weaknesses of the Ratepayer Impact Measure Test 189
Total Resource Cost Test (Refer to Point 6 of Notes) 191
Definition 191
How the Results Can Be Expressed 192
Strengths of the Total Resource Cost Test 194
Weakness of the Total Resource Cost Test 195
Formulas 195
Program Administrator Cost Test 196
Definition 196
Benefits and Costs 196
How the Results Can Be Expressed 197
Strengths of the Program Administrator Cost Test 197
Weaknesses of the Program Administrator Cost Test 198
Formulas 198
Notes 199
Appendix A 199
Appendix B 202
Glossary of Symbols 204
Appendix C 206
Reference 207

11. The Next Economics: CiviceSocial Capitalism

Woodrow W. Clark, II
Introduction 209
A New Framework for Understanding Energy and Economics
Within the Context of Civic Society 211
x Contents

Economic Collaborations and Partnerships in Action 228

Conclusion: Maximizing the Public Good in Energy Economics 230
References 231
Further Reading 232

12. Urban Circular Economy: The New Frontier

for European Cities’ Sustainable Development
Danilo Bonato, Raimondo Orsini
The Urban Circular Economy in Europe 235
The Big Cities Examples: Amsterdam, London, Paris, and Milan
on the Leading Edge of the Urban Circular Economy 237
Where to Find the Resources to Invest in Urban Circular
Economy? 240
How to Overcome This Contradiction? 240
The Role of Small Cities: the Italian Experience 242
References and Sources 243
Chart 1: Circular Economy and Its Impacts on Citizens’
Day-to-Day Life 244
Chart 2: The European Union Circular Economy Action Plan
and the Role of the Cities 245

13. Big Heart Intelligence in Healthy Workplaces

and Sustainable Communities
Julian Gresser
How Far Have We Come? 249
Big Heart Intelligence Basics 250
Example 1: Big Heart Intelligence in the Design of Hospitals
and Health Care Facilities 251
Explorers Wheel: Inspiration, Conception, Design 251
Oxygen for Caregivers 253
Big Heart Intelligence Process 253
Example 2: Retirement Communities Linked to Universities and
College Towns 254
Smart Technologies With a Heart 255
Evolving Buildings Within an Emerging New Paradigm in Global
Health 256
References 257

14. The European Union: Nordic Countries and Germany

Tor Zipkin
Germany 259
Bottrop 259
 Contents xi

Denmark 264
Ærø 265
Samsø 265
Bornholm 268
Sweden 269
Växjö 270
Hammarby Sjöstad (Hammarby Lake City) 271
Malmö 274
Rotterdam 275
Discussion 276
References 277

15. Mauritius Island Nation: 100% Renewable Energy

System by 2050
A. Khoodaruth, V. Oree, M.K. Elahee, Woodrow W. Clark, II
Introduction 279
Current Energy Status of Mauritius 282
Primary Energy Requirements 282
Electricity Generation 284
The Government’s Vision of Renewable Energies up to 2025 289
Options for a 100% Renewable Energy System by 2050 293
Hydrogen Power and Electric Vehicles 293
Bagasse Gasification 294
Solar Photovoltaic 296
Solar Thermal 296
Onshore and Offshore Wind 297
Ocean Technologies 298
Biofuels 299
Flexible Generation and Storage 300
Smart Grids 301
Conclusions 302
References 303

16. Urban Sustainability and Industrial Migration:

The Green Transition of Hefei, China
Benjamin Leffel
Introduction 307
Green Urban Planning 308
Dueling Investments 310
Hefei’s Green Transition 316
Discussion and Conclusion 320
References 322
Further Reading 324
xii Contents

17. Energy Economics in China’s Policy-Making Plan:

From Self-Reliance and Market Dependence to
Green Energy Independence
Xing Li, Woodrow W. Clark, II
Introduction: From Self-Reliance to Dependency 325
The Real Predicament: Energy-Consumption-Based Economic
Growth 330
The Rise of China in the Context of Energy Dependency 334
Africa and Latin America 336
Middle East and Central Asia 336
New Policy Thinking: Change of Economic Growth Strategy
and Promoting Sustainable Energy 340
Conclusion Remarks: Challenges and Optimism Ahead 345
Chart 1 346
Acknowledgements 247
References 347
Further Reading 349

18. Energy Strategy for Inner Mongolia Autonomous

Region
Woodrow W. Clark, II, William Isherwood
Theme 1: Energy Base, Sustainable Development, and Finance 351
Theme 2: Differences That Exist Between Regions, Cities, and
Nations 352
Theme 3: Long-Term Commitments 352
Recommendations and Conclusions 353
Applying Key Case Study Features 353
Implementing Measures 365
Conclusions 365
Supplemental Recommendations: Rural Inner Mongolia 367
Introduction 367
The Problem: Electricity 367
Nonelectric Energy for Heating and Cooking 368
Transportation 368
Toward an Integrated Energy, Water, Waste, and Transportation
Infrastructure Strategy 368
Energy Internet 369
Energy Generation is in Transition 369
References 370
References 370
Further Reading 371
Additional Sources 372
 Contents xiii

19. Business Ventures and Financial Sector in the United

Arab Emirates
 ski
Robert Rumin
Introduction 373
Small and Medium Enterprises and the Government Financial
Support 376
Ease of Doing Business in the UAE 379
Investment BodiesdThe Key Players and Contributors 381
Legal Aspects of Conducting Business Activity 382
Banking SectordThe Structure and Recent Developments 389
Other Key Players of the Financial Market 398
Business Cooperation Between the UAE and Poland 403
Prospects for Polish Enterprises in the Persian Gulf States 404
The Persian Gulf Markets 404
Entry Barriers for Polish Entrepreneurs on the Example of Polish
Companies of Inglot and Can-Pack/Arab Can 406
Factors Determining the Expansion of Polish Enterprises in the
UAE 408
Market Chances and Threats 409
Arabic Investments in Poland 409
The SWOT Analysis of the UAE MarketdBusiness Perspective 410
Conclusions and Summary 411

20. ECO-GEN Energy Solutions: Tahiti Story

Cheryl Stephens
Background 413
The Solution 414
The Technology 415
Inside the JouleBox: How the JouleBox Power Station Works 416
The JouleBox Power Station Plants Solution 417
The Tahiti Solution 419
References 419

21. Japanese Smart Communities as Industrial Policy

Andrew DeWit
Japanese Smart Communities: Plenty, but Poorly Promoted 421
Opening the Window on Japan’s Smart Communities 423
Higashi Matsushima City Smart Disaster Prevention Eco Town 427
The Power Business 430
Japan’s Incentives 431
Japan’s New Institutions 433
xiv Contents

Smart Community Policy Entrepreneurs 436

Japan’s National Spatial Strategy 438
Policy Integration in the Compact City 439
Fiscal Support for Smart Communities 441
Post 3-11 Stakeholder Support for Smart Communities 445
Hirosaki Smart City 446
Conclusion 449
References 449
Further Reading 452

22. Sustainable Communities in Costa Rica

Gerardo Zamora
Introduction 453
Searching for Hope 453
A Jewel in Latin America 455
The Importance of Sustainability 456
A Model for Other Areas 456
Sustainable Communities and Areas of Interest 457
Northern Areas 457
Northwestern Areas 457
Northeastern Areas 460
Central Areas 461
Southwestern Areas 464
Southern Areas 464
The Future of Sustainable Communities in Costa Rica 465
Cultural Movements and Governmental Programs 465
Conclusion 466
A Strong Light in the Horizon 466
Healing in All Directions 466
Ticos y Ticas Mobilizing 467
Further Reading 467

23. Sustainable Development Cases in Africa

Samantha Bobo
Africa 469
Egypt 469
Nigeria 482
Kenya 490
References 500

24. Sustainable Agriculture: The Food Chain

Attilio Coletta
Introduction 503
Social Implications 504
Economic Implications 505
 Contents xv

Environmental Implications 508

Developing New Solutions 511
References 512
Further Reading 513

25. Insights on Establishing a Cohesive and Enduring

Campus Sustainability Initiative
Sierra Flanigan, Talia Arnow
Insight 1: Many Campuses Still Need a Collective and Shared
Definition of Sustainability, a Vision for Sustainability,
and a Roadmap With Clear Goals and Metrics 516
Insight 2: Sustainability Is Being Established as an Institutional
Priority Because It Is an Economic and Strategic Imperative
for Organizational Growth, Competitiveness, and
Long-Term Stakeholder Value Creation 516
Insight 3: The Opportunity Set for Financing Sustainability
Projects Is Expanding and the Economic Returns
Are Attractive 517
Insight 4: Collaboration Between Campuses and Communities
Is Fundamental to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change
at the Local and Regional Scale 518
Insight 5: Deep Engagement and Participation of Stakeholders
is Vital for Embedding Sustainability Into the Culture of a
School 518
Four Core Competencies to Consider for Ensuring a Successful
Campus Sustainability Initiative 519

26. The Power of Sustainability: The Story of Kent, Ohio

Myra Moss
Background 521
Creation and Implementation of the Kent Sustainable Planning
Approach 523
Ohio State University Extension: Sustainable Planning Model 523
Steps in the Creation of the Bicentennial Plan 525
Step 1: Building a Partnership 525
Step 2: Establishing Planning Governance 525
Step 3: Discovering the Community’s Shared Vision 526
Step 4: Finalize and Adopt Plan 528
Implementing Multidimensional, Sustainable Goals 528
Central Gateway: Transforming Kent’s Downtown 529
Shared Vision Themes 529
Plan Implementation and Outcomes 531
Tying Together the Campus and the Downtown: Haymaker Parkway
and University Esplanade 533
Conclusion 535
References 536
Further Reading 536
xvi Contents

27. The Los Angeles Community College District:

Establishing a Net Zero Energy Campus
Calvin Lee Kwan, Andrew Hoffmann
Introduction 537
Background 538
Goal and Objectives 540
Importance of This Study 540
Current Situation 541
Energy Demand Versus Energy Consumption 542
Electric Utility Rates 543
City College Campus Energy Consumption and Demand 543
City College Campus Growth and Demand Side Management 544
Solar PV Array and Setup 548
Solar Energy 548
Conclusion 551
Appendix 1: Map of LA City College Campus Indicating
Previous, Current, and Planned Renovations/
Construction 551
Appendix 2: LADWP Energy Rates as of October 1,
2009dSpecific for LACC Operations 553
References 556
Further Reading 556

28. Case Study: University of California, Irvine

Wil Nagel

29. “Scrappy” Sustainability at Ohio Wesleyan University

Emily Howald, John Krygier
A Grassroots Model for Sustainability in Higher Education 561
The Context of Sustainability at Ohio Wesleyan University 561
Coordinating Sustainability Without a Sustainability Coordinator 564
“Scrappy Sustainability” Outcomes 565
A New Model for Sustainability? 570

30. Afterword: A Sustainable Economic and Finance

Proposal
Woodrow W. Clark, II
The Problem 573
Corporate Governance in an Age of Economic Globalization 575
Political Economy of the State and Public Goods Provision 575
Private and Public Sector Intergenerational Responsibility 576
Political Economy of Income and Wealth Distribution 576
Human Capability and Economic Development 576
 Contents xvii

Economic Approaches: Overview in Brief 577

Feed-in Tariffs 577
Carbon Incentive (Tax) 577
Master Contracts 577
Solar Company Finance 578
Cap and Trade 578
Investments (Equity) 579
Property Assessed Clean Energy 579
Tax Shifting 579
Bank Mortgages: (Long-Term Transferable Debt) 580
Conclusion Now and for Tomorrow 581
References 582
Further Reading 582

Index 585
This page intentionally left blank
List of Contributors

Talia Arnow, Coalesce Accelerator, Boston, MA, United States

Samantha Bobo, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
Danilo Bonato, Remedia Consortium, Milano, Italy
Woodrow W. Clark, II, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Clark Strategic
Partners, Beverly Hills, CA, United States
Attilio Coletta, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
Andrew DeWit, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
M.K. Elahee, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
Michael Fast, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Sierra Flanigan, Coalesce Accelerator, Boston, MA, United States
Julian Gresser, Alliances for Discovery, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Andrew Hoffmann, Independent Consultant, Chicago, IL, United States
Emily Howald, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, United States
William Isherwood, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines
Anjun J. Jin, Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute, Beijing, China
Joseph Kantenbacher, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
A. Khoodaruth, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
John Krygier, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, United States
Calvin Lee Kwan, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Benjamin Leffel, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
Xing Li, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Henrik Lund, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Myra Moss, Ohio State University Extension, Columbus, OH, United States
Wil Nagel, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
V. Oree, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
Raimondo Orsini, Sustainable Development Foundation, United Kingdom
Poul A. Østergaard, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Tom Pastore, Sanli Pastore & Hill, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Wenbo Peng, Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute, Beijing, China

xix
Another random document with
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smoothbore, his mother a pair of the famous La Roche dueling
pistols and a prayer book. The family priest gave him a rosary and
cross and enjoined him to pray frequently. Traveling all summer, they
arrived at Lake Winnipeg in the autumn and wintered there. As soon
as the ice went out in the spring the journey was continued and one
afternoon in July, Monroe beheld Mountain Fort, a new post of the
company’s not far from the Rocky Mountains.
“Around about it were encamped thousands of Blackfeet waiting
to trade for the goods the flotilla had brought up and to obtain on
credit ammunition, fukes (trade guns), traps and tobacco. As yet the
company had no Blackfoot interpreter. The factor perceiving that
Monroe was a youth of more than ordinary intelligence at once
detailed him to live and travel with the Piegans (a Blackfoot tribe)
and learn their language, also to see that they returned to Mountain
Fort with their furs the succeeding summer. Word had been received
that, following the course of Lewis and Clarke, American traders
were yearly pushing farther and farther westward and had even
reached the mouth of the Yellowstone. The company feared their
competition. Monroe was to do his best to prevent it.
“‘At last,’ Monroe told me, ‘the day came for our departure, and I
set out with the chiefs and medicine men at the head of the long
procession. There were eight hundred lodges of the Piegans there,
about eight thousand souls. They owned thousands of horses. Oh,
but it was a grand sight to see that long column of riders and pack
animals, and loose horses trooping over the plains. We traveled on
southward all the long day, and about an hour or two before
sundown we came to the rim of a valley through which flowed a
cotton wood-bordered stream. We dismounted at the top of the hill,
and spread our robes intending to sit there until the procession
passed by into the bottom and put up the lodges. A medicine man
produced a large stone pipe, filled it and attempted to light it with flint
and steel and a bit of punk (rotten wood), but somehow he could get
no spark. I motioned him to hand it to me, and drawing my sunglass
from my pocket, I got the proper focus and set the tobacco afire,
drawing several mouthfuls of smoke through the long stem.
 “‘As one man all those round about sprang to their feet and
rushed toward me, shouting and gesticulating as if they had gone
crazy. I also jumped up, terribly frightened, for I thought they were
going to do me harm, perhaps kill me. The pipe was wrenched out of
my grasp by the chief himself, who eagerly began to smoke and
pray. He had drawn but a whiff or two when another seized it, and
from him it was taken by still another. Others turned and harangued
the passing column; men and women sprang from their horses and
joined the group, mothers pressing close and rubbing their babes
against me, praying earnestly meanwhile. I recognized a word that I
had already learned—Natos—Sun—and suddenly the meaning of
the commotion became clear; they thought that I was Great
Medicine; that I had called upon the Sun himself to light the pipe,
and that he had done so. The mere act of holding up my hand above
the pipe was a supplication to their God. They had perhaps not
noticed the glass, or if they had, had thought it some secret charm or
amulet. At all events I had suddenly become a great personage, and
from then on the utmost consideration and kindness was accorded to
me.
“‘When I entered Lone Walker’s lodge that evening—he was the
chief, and my host—I was greeted by deep growls from either side of
the doorway, and was horrified to see two nearly grown grizzly bears
acting as if about to spring upon me. I stopped and stood quite still,
but I believe that my hair was rising; I know that my flesh felt to be
shrinking. I was not kept in suspense. Lone Walker spoke to his pets,
and they immediately lay down, noses between their paws, and I
passed on to the place pointed out to me, the first couch at the
chief’s left hand. It was some time before I became accustomed to
the bears, but we finally came to a sort of understanding with one
another. They ceased growling at me as I passed in and out of the
lodge, but would never allow me to touch them, bristling up and
preparing to fight if I attempted to do so. In the following spring they
disappeared one night and were never seen again.’
“Think how the youth, Rising Wolf, must have felt as he
journeyed southward over the vast plains, and under the shadow of
the giant mountains which lie between the Saskatchewan and the
Missouri, for he knew that he was the first of his race to behold
them.” We were born a little too late!
“Monroe often referred to that first trip with the Piegans as the
happiest time of his life.”
In the moon of falling leaves they came to Pile of Rocks River,
and after three months went on to winter on Yellow River. Next
summer they wandered down the Musselshell, crossed the Big River
and thence westward by way of the Little Rockies and the Bear Paw
Mountains to the Marias. Even paradise has its geography.
“Rifle and pistol were now useless as the last rounds of powder
and ball had been fired. But what mattered that? Had they not their
bows and great sheaves of arrows? In the spring they had planted
on the banks of the Judith a large patch of their own tobacco which
they would harvest in due time.
“One by one young Rising Wolf’s garments were worn out and
cast aside. The women of the lodge tanned deerskins and bighorn
(sheep) and from them Lone Walker himself cut and sewed shirts
and leggings, which he wore in their place. It was not permitted for
women to make men’s clothing. So ere long he was dressed in full
Indian costume, even to the belt and breech-clout, and his hair grew
so that it fell in rippling waves down over his shoulders.” A warrior
never cut his hair, so white men living with Indians followed their
fashion, else they were not admitted to rank as warriors. “He began
to think of braiding it. Ap-ah’-ki, the shy young daughter of the chief,
made his footwear—thin parfleche (arrow-proof)—soled moccasins
(skin-shoes) for summer, beautifully embroidered with colored
porcupine quills; thick, soft warm ones of buffalo robe for winter.
“‘I could not help but notice her,’ he said, ‘on the first night I
stayed in her father’s lodge.... I learned the language easily, quickly,
yet I never spoke to her nor she to me, for, as you know, the
Blackfeet think it unseemly for youths and maidens to do so.
“‘One evening a man came into the lodge and began to praise a
certain youth with whom I had often hunted; spoke of his bravery, his
kindness, his wealth, and ended by saying that the young fellow
presented to Lone Walker thirty horses, and wished, with Ap-ah’-ki,
to set up a lodge of his own. I glanced at the girl and caught her
looking at me; such a look! expressing at once fear, despair and
something else which I dared not believe I interpreted aright. The
chief spoke: “Tell your friend,” he said, “that all you have spoken of
him is true; I know that he is a real man, a good, kind, brave,
generous young man, yet for all that I can not give him my daughter.”
“‘Again I looked at Ap-ah’-ki and she at me. Now she was smiling
and there was happiness in her eyes. But if she smiled I could not. I
had heard him refuse thirty head of horses. What hope had I then,
who did not even own the horse I rode? I, who received for my
services only twenty pounds a year, from which must be deducted
the various articles I bought. Surely the girl was not for me. I
suffered.
“‘It was a little later, perhaps a couple of weeks, that I met her in
the trail, bringing home a bundle of fire-wood. We stopped and
looked at each other in silence for a moment, and then I spoke her
name. Crash went the fuel on the ground, and we embraced and
kissed regardless of those who might be looking.
“‘So, forgetting the bundle of wood, we went hand in hand and
stood before Lone Walker, where he sat smoking his long pipe, out
on the shady side of the lodge.
“‘The chief smiled. “Why, think you, did I refuse the thirty
horses?” he asked, and before I could answer: “Because I wanted
you for my son-in-law, wanted a white man because he is more
cunning, much wiser than the Indian, and I need a counselor. We
have not been blind, neither I nor my women. There is nothing more
to say except this: be good to her.”
“‘That very day they set up a small lodge for us, and stored it
with robes and parfleches of dried meat and berries, gave us one of
their two brass kettles, tanned skins, pack saddles, ropes, all that a
lodge should contain. And, not least, Lone Walker told me to choose
thirty horses from his large herd. In the evening we took possession
of our house and were happy.’
 “Monroe remained in the service of the Hudson’s Bay Company
a number of years, raising a large family of boys and girls, most of
whom are alive to-day. The oldest, John, is about seventy-five years
of age, but still young enough to go to the Rockies near his home
every autumn, and kill a few bighorn and elk, and trap a few beavers.
The old man never revisited his home; never saw his parents after
they parted with him at the Montreal docks. He intended to return to
them for a brief visit some time, but kept deferring it, and then came
letters two years old to say that they were both dead. Came also a
letter from an attorney, saying that they had bequeathed him a
considerable property, that he must go to Montreal and sign certain
papers in order to take possession of it. At the time the factor of
Mountain Fort was going to England on leave; to him, in his simple
trustfulness Monroe gave a power of attorney in the matter. The
factor never returned, and by virtue of the papers he had signed the
frontiersman lost his inheritance. But that was a matter of little
moment to him then. Had he not a lodge and family, good horses
and a vast domain actually teeming with game wherein to wander?
What more could one possibly want?
“Leaving the Hudson’s Bay Company, Monroe sometimes
worked for the American Fur Company, but mostly as a free trapper,
wandered from the Saskatchewan to the Yellowstone and from the
Rockies to Lake Winnipeg. The headwaters of the South
Saskatchewan were one of his favorite hunting grounds. Thither in
the early fifties he guided the noted Jesuit Father, De Smet, and at
the foot of the beautiful lakes just south of Chief Mountain they
erected a huge wooden cross and named the two bodies of water
Saint Mary’s Lakes.” Here the Canada and United States boundary
climbs the Rocky Mountains.
“One winter after his sons John and François had married they
were camping there for the season, the three lodges of the family,
when one night a large war party of Assiniboins attacked them. The
daughters Lizzie, Amelia and Mary had been taught to shoot, and
together they made a brave resistance, driving the Indians away just
before daylight, with the loss of five of their number, Lizzie killing one
of them as he was about to let down the bars of the horse corral.
 “Besides other furs, beaver, fisher, marten and wolverine, they
killed more than three hundred wolves that winter by a device so
unique, yet simple, that it is well worth recording. By the banks of the
outlet of the lakes they built a long pen twelve by sixteen feet at the
base, and sloping sharply inward and upward to a height of seven
feet. The top of the pyramid was an opening about two feet six
inches wide by eight feet in length. Whole deer, quarters of buffalo,
any kind of meat handy was thrown into the pen, and the wolves,
scenting the flesh and blood, seeing it plainly through the four to six
inch spaces between the logs would eventually climb to the top and
jump down through the opening. But they could not jump out, and
there morning would find them uneasily pacing around and around in
utter bewilderment.
“You will remember that the old man was a Catholic, yet I know
that he had much faith in the Blackfoot religion, and believed in the
efficiency of the medicine-man’s prayers and mysteries. He used
often to speak of the terrible power possessed by a man named Old
Sun. ‘There was one,’ he would say, ‘who surely talked with the
gods, and was given some of their mysterious power. Sometimes of
a dark night he would invite a few of us to his lodge, when all was
calm and still. After all were seated his wives would bank the fire with
ashes so that it was as dark within as without, and he would begin to
pray. First to the Sun-chief, then to the wind maker, the thunder and
the lightning. As he prayed, entreating them to come and do his will,
first the lodge ears would begin to quiver with the first breath of a
coming breeze, which gradually grew stronger and stronger till the
lodge bent to the blasts, and the lodge poles strained and creaked.
Then thunder began to boom, faint and far away, and lightning dimly
to blaze, and they came nearer and nearer until they seemed to be
just overhead; the crashes deafened us, the flashes blinded us, and
all were terror-stricken. Then this wonderful man would pray them to
go, and the wind would die down, and the thunder and lightning go
on rumbling and flashing into the far distance until we heard and saw
them no more.’”
 LIII
A. D. 1819
SIMON BOLIVAR

ONCE at the stilted court of Spain young Ferdinand, Prince of the

Asturias, had the condescension to play at tennis with a mere
colonial; and the bounder won.
Long afterward, when Don Ferdinand was king, the colonial
challenged him to another ball game, one played with cannon-balls.
This time the stake was the Spanish American empire, but
Ferdinand played Bolivar, and again the bounder won.
“Now tell me,” a lady said once, “what animal reminds one most
of the Señor Bolivar?”
And Bolivar thought he heard some one say “monkey,” whereat
he flew into an awful passion, until the offender claimed that the
word was “sparrow.” He stood five feet six inches, with a bird-like
quickness, and a puckered face with an odd tang of monkey. Rich,
lavish, gaudy, talking mock heroics, vain as a peacock, always on
the strut unless he was on the run, there is no more pathetically
funny figure in history than tragical Bolivar; who heard liberty, as he
thought, knocking at the door of South America, and opened—to let
in chaos.
“I don’t know,” drawled a Spaniard of that time, “to what class of
beasts these South Americans belong.”
They were dogs, these Spanish colonials, treated as dogs,
behaving as dogs. When they wanted a university Spain said they
were only provided by Providence to labor in the mines. If they had
opinions the Inquisition cured them of their errors. They were not
allowed to hold any office or learn the arts of war and government.
Spain sent officials to ease them of their surplus cash, and keep
them out of mischief. Thanks to Spain they were no more fit for
public affairs than a lot of Bengali baboos.
They were loyal as beaten dogs until Napoleon stole the Spanish
crown for brother Joseph, and French armies promenaded all over
Spain closely pursued by the British. There was no Spain left to love,
but the colonials were not Napoleon’s dogs. Napoleon’s envoys to
Venezuela were nearly torn to pieces before they escaped to sea,
where a little British frigate came and gobbled them up. The sea
belonged to the British, and so the colonials sent ambassadors,
Bolivar and another gentleman, to King George. Please would he
help them to gain their liberty? George had just chased Napoleon out
of Spain, and said he would do his best with his allies, the
Spaniards.
In London Bolivar unearthed a countryman who loved liberty and
had fought for Napoleon, a real professional soldier. General
Miranda was able and willing to lead the armies of freedom, until he
actually saw the Venezuelan troops. Then he shied hard. He really
must draw the line somewhere. Yes, he would take command of the
rabble on one condition, that he got rid of Bolivar. To get away from
Bolivar he would go anywhere and do anything. So he led his rabble
and found them stout fighters, and drove the Spaniards out of the
central provinces.
The politicians were sitting down to draft the first of many comic-
opera constitutions when an awful sound, louder than any thunder,
swept out of the eastern Andes, the earth rolled like a sea in a storm,
and the five cities of the new republic crashed down in heaps of ruin.
The barracks buried the garrisons, the marching troops were totally
destroyed, the politicians were killed, and in all one hundred twenty
thousand people perished. The only thing left standing in one church
was a pillar bearing the arms of Spain; the only districts not wrecked
were those still loyal to the Spanish government. The clergy pointed
the moral, the ruined people repented their rebellion, and the
Spanish forces took heart and closed in from every side upon the
lost republic. Simon Bolivar generously surrendered General
Miranda in chains to the victorious Spaniards.
So far one sees only, as poor Miranda did, that this man was a
sickening cad. But he was something more. He stuck to the cause
for which he had given his life, joined the rebels in what is now
Colombia, was given a small garrison command and ordered to stay
in his fort. In defiance of orders, he swept the Spaniards out of the
Magdalena Valley, raised a large force, liberated the country, then
marched into Venezuela, defeated the Spanish forces in a score of
brilliant actions, and was proclaimed liberator with absolute power in
both Colombia and Venezuela. One begins to marvel at this heroic
leader until the cad looms out. “Spaniards and Canary islanders!” he
wrote, “reckon on death even if you are neutral, unless you will work
actively for the liberty of America. Americans! count on life even if
you are culpable.”
Bolivar’s pet hobbies were three in number: Resigning his job as
liberator; writing proclamations; committing massacres. “I order you,”
he wrote to the governor of La Guayra, “to shoot all the prisoners in
those dungeons, and in the hospital, without any exception
whatever.”
So the prisoners of war were set to work building a funeral pyre.
When this was ready eight hundred of them were brought up in
batches, butchered with axes, bayonets and knives, and their bodies
thrown on the flames. Meanwhile Bolivar, in his office, refreshed
himself by writing a proclamation to denounce the atrocities of the
Spaniards.
Southward of the Orinoco River there are vast level prairies
called Llanos, a cattle country, handled by wild horsemen known as
the Llaneros. In Bolivar’s time their leader called himself Boves, and
he had as second in command Morales. Boves said that Morales
was “atrocious.” Morales said that “Boves was a man of merit, but
too blood-thirsty.” The Spaniards called their command “The Infernal
Division.” At first they fought for the Revolution, afterward for Spain,
but they were really quite impartial and spared neither age nor sex.
This was the “Spanish” army which swept away the second
Venezuelan republic, slaughtering the whole population save some
few poor starving camps of fugitives. Then Boves reported to the
Spanish general, “I have recovered the arms, ammunition, and the
honor of the Spanish flag, which your excellency lost at Carabobo.”
From this time onward the situation was rather like a dog fight,
with the republican dog somewhere underneath in the middle. At
times Bolivar ran like a rabbit, at times he was granted a triumph, but
whenever he had time to come up and breathe he fired off volleys of
proclamations. In sixteen years a painstaking Colombian counted six
hundred ninety-six battles, which makes an average of one every
ninth day, not to mention massacres; but for all his puny body and
feeble health Bolivar was always to be found in the very thick of the
scrimmage.
Europe had entered on the peace of Waterloo, but the ghouls
who stripped the dead after Napoleon’s battles had uniforms to sell
which went to clothe the fantastic mobs, republican and royalist, who
drenched all Spanish America with blood. There were soldiers, too,
whose trade of war was at an end in Europe, who gladly listened to
Bolivar’s agents, who offered gorgeous uniforms and promised
splendid wages—never paid—and who came to join in the war for
“liberty.” Three hundred Germans and nearly six thousand British
veterans joined Bolivar’s colors to fight for the freedom of America,
and nearly all of them perished in battle or by disease. Bolivar was
never without British officers, preferred British troops to all others,
and in his later years really earned the loyal love they gave him,
while they taught the liberator how to behave like a white man.
It was in 1819 that Bolivar led a force of two thousand five
hundred men across a flooded prairie. For a week they were up to
their knees, at times to their necks in water under a tropic deluge of
rain, swimming a dozen rivers beset by alligators. The climate and
starvation bore very heavily upon the British troops. Beyond the flood
they climbed the eastern Andes and crossed the Paramo at a height
of thirteen thousand feet, swept by an icy wind in blinding fog—hard
going for Venezuelans.
 An Irishman, Colonel Rook, commanded the British contingent.
“All,” he reported, “was quite well with his corps, which had had quite
a pleasant march” through the awful gorges and over the freezing
Paramo. A Venezuelan officer remarked here that one-fourth of the
men had perished.
“It was true,” said Rook, “but it really was a very good thing, for
the men who had dropped out were all the wastrels and weaklings of
the force.”
Great was the astonishment of the royalists when Bolivar
dropped on them out of the clouds, and in the battle of Boyacá they
were put to rout. Next day Colonel Rook had his arm cut off by the
surgeons, chaffing them about the beautiful limb he was losing. He
died of the operation, but the British legion went on from victory to
victory, melting away like snow until at the end negroes and Indians
filled its illustrious companies. Colombia, Venezuela and Equador,
Peru and Bolivia were freed from the Spanish yoke and, in the main,
released by Bolivar’s tireless, unfailing and undaunted courage. But
they could not stand his braggart proclamations, would not have him
or any man for master, began a series of squabbles and revolutions
that have lasted ever since, and proved themselves unfit for the
freedom Bolivar gave. He knew at the end that he had given his life
for a myth. On the eighth December, 1830, he dictated his final
proclamation and on the tenth received the last rites of the church,
being still his old braggart self. “Colombians! my last wishes are for
the welfare of the fatherland. If my death contributes to the cessation
of party strife, and to the consolidation of the Union, I shall descend
in peace to the grave.” On the seventeenth his troubled spirit
passed.
 LIV
A. D. 1812
THE ALMIRANTE COCHRANE

WHEN Lieutenant Lord Thomas Cochrane commanded the brig of

war Speedy, he used to carry about a whole broadside of her
cannon-balls in his pocket. He had fifty-four men when he laid his toy
boat alongside a Spanish frigate with thirty-two heavy guns and
three hundred nineteen men, but the Spaniard could not fire down
into his decks, whereas he blasted her with his treble-shotted pop-
guns. Leaving only the doctor on board he boarded that Spaniard,
got more than he bargained for, and would have been wiped out, but
that a detachment of his sailors dressed to resemble black demons,
charged down from the forecastle head. The Spaniards were so
shocked that they surrendered.
For thirteen months the Speedy romped about, capturing in all
fifty ships, one hundred and twenty-two guns, five hundred prisoners.
Then she gave chase to three French battle-ships by mistake, and
met with a dreadful end.
In 1809, Cochrane, being a bit of a chemist, and a first-rate
mechanic, was allowed to make fireworks hulks loaded with
explosives—with which he attacked a French fleet in the anchorage
at Aix. The fleet got into a panic and destroyed itself.
And all his battles read like fairy tales, for this long-legged, red-
haired Scot, rivaled Lord Nelson himself in genius and daring. At war
he was the hero and idol of the fleet, but in peace a demon, restless,
fractious, fiendish in humor, deadly in rage, playing schoolboy jokes
on the admiralty and the parliament. He could not be happy without
making swarms of powerful enemies, and those enemies waited
their chance.
In February, 1814, a French officer landed at Dover with tidings
that the Emperor Napoleon had been slain by Cossacks. The
messenger’s progress became a triumphal procession, and amid
public rejoicings he entered London to deliver his papers at the
admiralty. Bells pealed, cannon thundered, the stock exchange went
mad with the rise of prices, while the messenger—a Mr. Berenger—
sneaked to the lodgings of an acquaintance, Lord Cochrane, and
borrowed civilian clothes.
His news was false, his despatch a forgery, he had been hired by
Cochrane’s uncle, a stock-exchange speculator, to contrive the
whole blackguardly hoax. Cochrane knew nothing of the plot, but for
the mere lending of that suit of clothes, he was sentenced to the
pillory, a year’s imprisonment, and a fine of a thousand pounds. He
was struck from the rolls of the navy, expelled from the house of
commons, his banner as a Knight of the Bath torn down and thrown
from the doors of Henry VII’s Chapel at Westminster. In the end he
was driven to disgraceful exile and hopeless ruin.
Four years later Cochrane, commanding the Chilian navy, sailed
from Valparaiso to fight the Spanish fleet. Running away from his
mother, a son of his—Tom Cochrane, junior—aged five, contrived to
sail with the admiral, and in his first engagement, was spattered with
the blood and brains of a marine.
“I’m not hurt, papa,” said the imp, “the shot didn’t touch me. Jack
says that the ball is not made that will hurt mama’s boy.” Jack proved
to be right, but it was in that engagement that Cochrane earned his
Spanish title, “The Devil.” Three times he attempted to take Callao
from the Spaniards, then in disgusted failure dispersed his useless
squadron, and went off with his flag ship to Valdivia. For lack of
officers, he kept the deck himself until he dropped. When he went
below for a nap, the lieutenant left a middy in command, but the
middy went to sleep and the ship was cast away.
Cochrane got her afloat; then, with all his gunpowder wet, went
off with his sinking wreck to attack Valdivia. The place was a Spanish
stronghold with fifteen forts and one hundred and fifteen guns.
Cochrane, preferring to depend on cold steel, left the muskets
behind, wrecked his boats in the surf, let his men swim, led them
straight at the Spaniards, stormed the batteries, and seized the city.
So he found some nice new ships, and an arsenal to equip them, for
his next attack on Callao.
He had a fancy for the frigate, Esmeralda, which lay in Callao—
thought she would suit him for a cruiser. She happened to be
protected by a Spanish fleet, and batteries mounting three hundred
guns, but Cochrane did not mind. El Diablo first eased the minds of
the Spaniards by sending away two out of his three small vessels,
but kept the bulk of their men, and all their boats, a detail not
observed by the weary enemy. His boarding party, two hundred and
forty strong, stole into the anchorage at midnight, and sorely
surprised the Esmeralda. Cochrane, first on board, was felled with
the butt end of a musket, and thrown back into his boat grievously
hurt, in addition to which he had a bullet through his thigh before he
took possession of the frigate. The fleet and batteries had opened
fire, but El Diablo noticed that two neutral ships protected
themselves with a display of lanterns arranged as a signal, “Please
don’t hit me.” “That’s good enough for me,” said Cochrane and
copied those lights which protected the neutrals. When the
bewildered Spaniards saw his lanterns also, they promptly attacked
the neutrals. So Cochrane stole away with his prize.
Although the great sailor delivered Chili and Peru from the
Spaniards, the patriots ungratefully despoiled him of all his pay and
rewards. Cochrane has been described as “a destroying angel with a
limited income and a turn for politics.” Anyway he was
misunderstood, and left Chili disgusted, to attend to the liberation of
Brazil from the Portuguese. But if the Chilians were thieves, the
Brazilians proved to be both thieves and cowards. Reporting to the
Brazilian government that all their cartridges, fuses, guns, powder,
spars and sails, were alike rotten, and all their men an encumbrance,
he dismantled a squadron to find equipment for a single ship, the
Pedro Primeiro. This he manned with British and Yankee
adventurers. He had two other small but fairly effective ships when
he commenced to threaten Bahia. There lay thirteen Portuguese
war-ships, mounting four hundred and eighteen guns, seventy
merchant ships, and a garrison of several thousand men. El Diablo’s
blockade reduced the whole to starvation, the threat of his fireworks
sent them into convulsions, and their leaders resolved on flight to
Portugal. So the troops were embarked, the rich people took ship
with their treasure, and the squadron escorted them to sea, where
Cochrane grinned in the offing. For fifteen days he hung in the rear
of that fleet, cutting off ships as they straggled. He had not a man to
spare for charge of his prizes, but when he caught a ship he staved
her water casks, disabled her rigging so that she could only run
before the wind back to Bahia, and threw every weapon overboard.
He captured seventy odd ships, half the troops, all the treasure,
fought and out-maneuvered the war fleet so that he could not be
caught, and only let thirteen wretched vessels escape to Lisbon.
Such a deed of war has never been matched in the world’s annals,
and Cochrane followed it by forcing the whole of Northern Brazil to
an abject surrender.
Like the patriots of Chili and Peru, the Brazilians gratefully
rewarded their liberator by cheating him out of his pay; so next he
turned to deliver Greece from the Turks. Very soon he found that
even the Brazilians were perfect gentlemen compared with the
Greek patriots, and the heart-sick man went home.
England was sorry for the way she had treated her hero, gave
back his naval rank and made him admiral with command-in-chief of
a British fleet at sea, restored his banner as a Knight of the Bath in
Henry VII’s chapel, granted a pension, and at the end, found him a
resting-place in the Abbey. On his father’s death, he succeeded to
the earldom of Dundonald, and down to 1860, when the old man
went to his rest, his life was devoted to untiring service. He was
among the first inventors to apply coal gas to light English streets
and homes; he designed the boilers long in use by the English navy;
made a bitumen concrete for paving; and offered plans for the
reduction of Sebastopol which would have averted all the horrors of
the siege. Yet even to his eightieth year he was apt to shock and
terrify all official persons, and when he was buried in the nave of the
Abbey, Lord Brougham pronounced his strange obituary. “What,” he
exclaimed at the grave side, “no cabinet minister, no officer of state
to grace this great man’s funeral!” Perhaps they were still scared of
the poor old hero.
 LV
A.D. 1823
THE SOUTH SEA CANNIBALS

FAR back in the long ago time New Zealand was a crowded happy
land. Big Maori fortress villages crowned the hilltops, broad farms
covered the hillsides; the chiefs kept a good table, cooking was
excellent, and especially when prisoners were in season, the people
feasted between sleeps, or, should provisions fail, sacked the next
parish for a supply of meat. So many parishes were sacked and
eaten, that in the course of time the chiefs led their tribes to quite a
distance before they could find a nice fat edible village, but still the
individual citizen felt crowded after meals, and all was well.
Then came the Pakehas, the white men, trading, with muskets
for sale, and the tribe that failed to get a trader to deal with was very
soon wiped out. A musket cost a ton of flax, and to pile up enough to
buy one a whole tribe must leave its hill fortress to camp in
unwholesome flax swamps. The people worked themselves thin to
buy guns, powder and iron tools for farming, but they cherished their
Pakeha as a priceless treasure in special charge of the chief, and if a
white man was eaten, it was clear proof that he was entirely useless
alive, or a quite detestable character. The good Pakehas became
Maori warriors, a little particular as to their meat being really pig, but
otherwise well mannered and popular.
Now of these Pakeha Maoris, one has left a book. He omitted his
name from the book of Old New Zealand, and never mentioned
dates, but tradition says he was Mr. F. C. Maning, and that he lived
as a Maori and trader for forty years, from 1823 to 1863 when the
work was published.
 In the days when Mr. Maning reached the North Island a trader
was valued at twenty times his weight in muskets, equivalent say, to
the sum total of the British National Debt. Runaway sailors however,
were quite cheap. “Two men of this description were hospitably
entertained one night by a chief, a very particular friend of mine,
who, to pay himself for his trouble and outlay, ate one of them next
morning.”
Maning came ashore on the back of a warrior by the name of
Melons, who capsized in an ebb tide running like a sluice, at which
the white man, displeased, held the native’s head under water by
way of punishment. When they got ashore Melons wanted to get
even, so challenged the Pakeha to a wrestling match. Both were in
the pink of condition, the Maori, twenty-five years of age, and a
heavy-weight, the other a boy full of animal spirits and tough as
leather. After the battle Melons sat up rather dazed, offered his hand,
and venting his entire stock of English, said “How do you do?”
But then came a powerful chief, by name Relation-eater. “Pretty
work this,” he began, “good work. I won’t stand this not at all! not at
all! not at all!” (The last sentence took three jumps, a step and a turn
round, to keep correct time.) “Who killed the Pakeha? It was Melons.
You are a nice man, killing my Pakeha ... we shall be called the
‘Pakeha killkillers’; I shall be sick with shame; the Pakeha will run
away; what if you had killed him dead, or broken his bones”.... (Here
poor Melones burst out crying like an infant). “Where is the hat?
Where the shoes? The Pakeha is robbed! he is murdered!” Here a
wild howl from Melons.
The local trader took Mr. Maning to live with him, but it was
known to the tribes that the newcomer really and truly belonged to
Relation-eater. Not long had he been settled when there occurred a
meeting between his tribe and another, a game of bluff, when the
warriors of both sides danced the splendid Haka, most blood-
curdling, hair-lifting of all ceremonials. Afterward old Relation-eater
singled out the horrible savage who had begun the war-dance, and
these two tender-hearted individuals for a full half-hour, seated on
the ground hanging on each other’s necks, gave vent to a chorus of
skilfully modulated howling. “So there was peace,” and during the
ceremonies Maning came upon a circle of what seemed to be Maori
chiefs, until drawing near he found that their nodding heads had
nobody underneath. Raw heads had been stuck on slender rods,
with cross sticks to carry the robes, “Looking at the ’eds, sir?” asked
an English sailor. “’Eds was werry scarce—they had to tattoo a slave
a bit ago, and the villain ran away, tattooin’ and all!”
“What!”
“Bolted before he was fit to kill,” said the sailor, mournful to think
how dishonest people could be.
Once the head chief, having need to punish a rebellious vassal,
sent Relation-eater, who plundered and burned the offending village.
The vassal decamped with his tribe.
“Well, about three months after this, about daylight I was
aroused by a great uproar.... Out I ran at once and perceived that M
—’s premises were being sacked by the rebellious vassal who ...
was taking this means of revenging himself for the rough handling he
had received from our chief. Men were rushing in mad haste through
the smashed windows and doors, loaded with everything they could
lay hands upon.... A large canoe was floating near to the house, and
was being rapidly filled with plunder. I saw a fat old Maori woman
who was washerwoman, being dragged along the ground by a huge
fellow who was trying to tear from her grasp one of my shirts, to
which she clung with perfect desperation. I perceived at a glance
that the faithful old creature would probably save a sleeve.
“An old man-of-war’s man defending his washing, called out, ‘Hit
out, sir! ... our mob will be here in five minutes!’
“The odds were terrible, but ... I at once floored a native who was
rushing by me.... I then perceived that he was one of our own people
... so to balance things I knocked down another! and then felt myself
seized round the waist from behind.
“The old sailor was down now but fighting three men at once,
while his striped shirt and canvas trousers still hung proudly on the
fence.
“Then came our mob to the rescue and the assailants fled.
 “Some time after this a little incident worth noting happened at
my friend M—’s place. Our chief had for some time back a sort of
dispute with another magnate.... The question was at last brought to
a fair hearing at my friend’s house. The arguments on both sides
were very forcible; so much so that in the course of the arbitration
our chief and thirty of his principal witnesses were shot dead in a
heap before my friend’s door, and sixty others badly wounded, and
my friend’s house and store blown up and burnt to ashes.
“My friend was, however, consoled by hundreds of friends who
came in large parties to condole with him, and who, as was quite
correct in such cases, shot and ate all his stock, sheep, pigs, ducks,
geese, fowls, etc., all in high compliment to himself; he felt proud....
He did not, however, survive these honors long.”
Mr. Maning took this poor gentleman’s place as trader, and
earnestly studied native etiquette, on which his comments are
always deliciously funny. Two young Australians were his guests
when there arrived one day a Maori desperado who wanted
blankets; and “to explain his views more clearly knocked both my
friends down, threatened to kill them both with his tomahawk, then
rushed into the bedroom, dragged out all the bedclothes, and burnt
them on the kitchen fire.”
A few weeks later, Mr. Maning being alone, and reading a year-
old Sydney paper, the desperado called. “‘Friend,’ said I; ‘my advice
to you is to be off.’
“He made no answer but a scowl of defiance. ‘I am thinking,
friend, that this is my house,’ said I, and springing upon him I placed
my foot to his shoulder, and gave him a shove which would have
sent most people heels over head.... But quick as lightning ... he
bounded from the ground, flung his mat away over his head, and
struck a furious blow at my head with his tomahawk. I caught the
tomahawk in full descent; the edge grazed my hand; but my arm,
stiffened like a bar of iron, arrested the blow. He made one furious,
but ineffectual attempt to wrest the tomahawk from my grasp; and
then we seized one another round the middle, and struggled like
maniacs in the endeavor to dash each other against the boarded