HTML, CSS, JS

HTML: HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
Introduction to Web terminology

• Web Page
• Web site
• Web Publishing
• Browser
• Uniform resource locator (URL)
• Static Site
• Dynamic site
Foot steps for designing web page
• Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
• HTML code
• HTML tags
• Head
• Title
• Body
Structure of HTML Document
Head (Title)
Complete HTML
Document
Body
Save with .html or .htm Extension
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Example:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
The First Example
</TITLE>
< /HEAD>
<BODY>
Hello world
</BODY>
</HTML>
Example Explained :
• The first tag in your HTML document is <html>. This tag tells your browser that this
is the start of an HTML document.
• The last tag in your document is </html>. This tag tells your browser that this is the
end of the HTML document.
• The text between the <head> tag and the </head> tag is header information.
• Header information is not displayed in the browser window.
• The text between the <title> tags is the title of your document. The title is displayed in
your browser's caption.
• The text between the <body> tags is the text that will be displayed in your browser.
Stepwise procedure:
• Open any text editor (notepad).
• Open a new file.
• Write HTML code as given in example.
• Save file with .html extension.
• Open Browser (internet explorer / Netscape Navigator)
• Open recently saved file.
• Observe the effects on the browser.
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HTML Tags:
• HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements
• HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >
• The surrounding characters are called angle brackets
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
• The text between the start and end tags is the element content
• HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>
This is an HTML element:

• <b>This text is bold</b>
• The HTML element starts with a start tag: <b>
The content of the HTML element is: This text is bold
The HTML element ends with an end tag: </b>
• The purpose of the <b> tag is to define an HTML element that should be displayed as
bold.
Tag Attributes:
• Tags can have attributes. Attributes provide additional information to an HTML
element. The following tag defines an HTML table: <table>. With an added border
attribute, you can tell the browser that the table should have no borders: <table
border="0">
• Attributes always come in name/value pairs like this: name="value".
• Attributes are always specified in the start tag of an HTML element.
• Always Quote Attribute Values
• Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the
most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.
• In some rare situations, like when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is
necessary to use single quotes:
• name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'
Creation of web page using HTML basic Tags:
• Structure Tags:-
<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> <BODY>
</HTML> </HEAD> </TITLE> </BODY>
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• Block level tags:-
• Headings:-
<h1> to <h6> tags
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
• Paragraphs:
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
• Line Breaks:
The <br> tag is used when you want to end a line, but don't
want to start a new paragraph. The <br> tag forces a line
break wherever you place it.
<p>This <br> is a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>The <br> tag is an empty tag. It has
no closing tag.
• Comments in HTML:-
The comment tag is used to insert a comment in the HTML source code. A comment
will be ignored by the browser. You can use comments to explain your code, which can help
you when you edit the source code at a later date.

Text Formatting Tags

• Tag Description:-
<b>Defines bold text
<big>Defines big text
<em>Defines emphasized text
<i>Defines italic text
<small>Defines small text
<strong>Defines strong text
<sub>Defines subscripted text
<sup>Defines superscripted text
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Example shown with Notepad :
Following is the output shown in Internet Explorer:
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HTML Character Entities:-
• Character Entities
Some characters have a special meaning in HTML, like the less than sign (<) that
defines the start of an HTML tag. If we want the browser to actually display these
characters we must insert character entities in the HTML source.
• A character entity has three parts: an ampersand (&), an entity name or a # and an
entity number, and finally a semicolon (;).
• To display a less than sign in an HTML document we must write: < or <
• The advantage of using a name instead of a number is that a name is easier to
remember. The disadvantage is that not all browsers support the newest entity names,
while the support for entity numbers is very good in almost all browsers.
• Note that the entities are case sensitive.
• The Most Common Character Entities:
Result Description Entity Name Entity Number

Non breaking space
< Less than < <
> Greater than > >
& Ampersand & &
“ Quotation mark " "
‘ Apostrophe ' '
Creation of web page using List and Links :-

• Type of lists :-
• The ordered list Tag:-
It define sequentially numbered list of items. It is used in conjunction with the
<LI> tag, which is used to tag the individual list items in the list. Sometimes <LI> tags do not
have end tags because it can be implied as <P> tag.
Example:-
<OL>
<LI>computer concepts
<LI>Ms Excel
</OL>
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• The Unordered list Tag:-
The unordered list tag define a bulleted list of items. The LI is nested inside UL
tag and define each item within the list. For nesting list you can list inside another list of
same or different kind of list. The browser automatically indents nested list level.
Example:-
<UL type=”square”>
<LI> software
<OL type=”1”>
<LI> system software
<LI>application software
</OL>
</UL>
• The Definition list:-
The DT tag allows you to create glossaries or list of items and definitions. A
glossary consist of three tag elements tag to define list (Dl), tag to define the term (DT), and
to define the definition (DD).
Example:-
<Dl><DT> hardware
<DD> it is defined as physical or tangible equipments
associated with computer system.
<DT> software
<DD>It is a set of program
</DL>
Creation of links:-
• The Anchor Tag and the href Attribute:-
• HTML uses the <a> (anchor) tag to create a link to another document.
• An anchor can point to any resource on the Web: an HTML page, an image, a sound
file etc.
• The syntax of creating an anchor:

• <a href="url">Text to be displayed</a>The <a> tag is used to create an anchor to link
from, the href attribute is used to address the document to link to, and the words
between the open and close of the anchor tag will be displayed as a hyperlink.
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Example:-
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>example for link tags.
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<A href=”c:\mydocuments\example1.html”>
This is the link
</A>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Sample run using list and link tags:-
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Output
Output after clicking on Hyperlink:-
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Link to the location on same page:-
<html>
<body>
<p>
<a href="#C4">See also Chapter 4.</a>
</p>
<h2>Chapter 1</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 2</h2>
<h2>Chapter 3</h2>
<h2><a name="C4">Chapter 4</a></h2>
</body>
</html>
Creation of web page using Tables:-

• Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag. A table is divided into rows (with the <tr>
tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). The letters td stands for
"table data," which is the content of a data cell. A data cell can contain text, images, lists,
paragraphs, forms, horizontal rules, tables, etc.
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Simple Example:-
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
Headings in a Table :-
◼ Headings in a table are defined with the <th> tag.
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Heading</th>
<th>Another Heading</th>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
Table with caption & colspan:-
<caption>Cell that spans two columns:</caption>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
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<td>555 77 854</td>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr></table>
Table with rowspan,cellspacing,cellpadding:-
<caption>Cell that spans two rows: </caption>
<table border="1“ cellspacing="10“ cellpadding=“5”>
<tr>
<th>First Name</th>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Telephone</th>
<td>555 77 854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr></table>
Add a background color or a background image to a table:-
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Frames:-
• With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser
window. Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of
the others.
• The disadvantages of using frames are:
The web developer must keep track of more
HTML documents.
It is difficult to print the entire page.
The Frameset Tag:-
• The <frameset> tag defines how to divide the window into frames.
• Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns.
• The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each row/column
will occupy.
• Example:-
<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm">
<frame src="frame_b.htm">
</frameset>
Note: The frameset column size value can also be set in pixels (cols="200,500"), and one
of the columns can be set to use the remaining space (cols="25%,*").
.Example with Mixed frame
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Output:-
• If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent
a user from doing this, you can add noresize="noresize" to the <frame> tag.
• Add the <noframes> tag for browsers that do not support frames.
• Important:
o You cannot use the <body></body> tags together with the
<frameset></frameset> tags! However, if you add a <noframes> tag
containing some text for browsers that do not support frames, you will have to
enclose the text in <body></body> tags!
Frames with no resize :-
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◼ This example demonstrates the no resize attribute. The frames are not resizable. Move
the mouse over the borders between the frames and notice that you can not move the
borders.
Navigation frames:-
• The navigation frame contains a list of links with the second frame as the target.
• The file called "tryhtml_contents.htm" contains three links.
• The source code of the links:

<a href ="frame_a.htm" target ="showframe">Frame a</a><br>
<a href ="frame_b.htm" target ="showframe">Frame b</a><br>
<a href ="frame_c.htm" target ="showframe">Frame c</a>
The second frame will show the linked document.
<html>
<frameset cols="120,*">
<frame src="tryhtml_contents.htm">
<frame src="frame_a.htm" name="showframe">
</frameset>
</html>
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Inline frames:- (Example)
Forms:-
• A form is an area that can contain form elements.
• Form elements are elements that allow the user to enter information (like text fields,
textarea fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.) in a form.
• A form is defined with the <form> tag.
<form>
<input>
<input>
</form>
◼ Input
The most used form tag is the <input> tag. The type of input is specified with the type
attribute. The most commonly used input types are explained below.
◼ Text Fields
Text fields are used when you want the user to type letters, numbers, etc. in a form.
◼ <form> First name:
<input type="text" name="firstname">
<br> Last name:
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
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• How it looks in a browser:
• First name:
• Last name:
• Note that the form itself is not visible. Also note that in most browsers, the width of
the text field is 20 characters by default.
Radio Buttons:
• Radio Buttons are used when you want the user to select one of a limited number of
choices.
<form>
<input type="radio" name=“abc" value="male"> Male
<br>
<input type="radio" name=“abc" value="female"> Female </form>
• Male
• Female
• Note that only one option can be chosen.
Checkboxes:-
• Checkboxes are used when you want the user to select one or more options of a
limited number of choices.
• <form> I have a bike:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">
<br> I have a car:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">
<br> I have an airplane:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Airplane"> </form>
• I have a bike:
• I have a car:
• I have an airplane:
The Form's Action Attribute and the Submit Button:-

• When the user clicks on the "Submit" button, the content of the form is sent to another
file. The form's action attribute defines the name of the file to send the content to. The
file defined in the action attribute usually does something with the received input.
• <form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">
o Username:
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o <input type="text" name="user">
o <input type="submit" value="Submit">
o </form>
o Username: SUBMIT
Textarea:-
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Select Tag:-
Html with Images :-
• In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

• The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only and it has no
closing tag.
• To display an image on a page, you need to use the src
• attribute. Src stands for "source". The value of the src attribut is the URL of the image
you want to display on your page.
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• The syntax of defining an image:
• <img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat">
To add image as Background:-
Output:-
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Image alignment:-
Image as a hyperlink:-
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CSS-CASCADIND STYLE SHEET
What is CSS?
Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple design language intended to
simplify the process of making web pages presentable.
CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control the color of
the text, the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized and
laidout, what background images or colors are used, as well as a variety of other effects. CSS
is easy to learn and understand but it provides a powerful control over the presentation of an
HTML document. Most commonly, CSS is combined with the markup languages HTML or
XHTML.
Advantages of CSS
• CSS saves time - You can write CSS once and then reuse the same sheet in multiple
HTML pages. You can define a style for each HTML element and apply it to as many
web pages as you want.
• Pages load faster - If you are using CSS, you do not need to write HTML tag
attributes every time. Just write one CSS rule of a tag and apply it to all the
occurrences of that tag. So, less code means faster download times.
• Easy maintenance - To make a global change, simply change the style, and all the
elements in all the web pages will be updated automatically.
• Superior styles to HTML - CSS has a much wider array of attributes than HTML, so
you can give a far better look to your HTML page in comparison to HTML attributes.
• Multiple Device Compatibility - Style sheets allow content to be optimized for more
than one type of device. By using the same HTML document, different versions of a
website can be presented for handheld devices such as PDAs and cellphones or for
printing.
• Global web standards – Now HTML attributes are being deprecated and it is being
recommended to use CSS. So it’s a good idea to start using CSS in all the HTML
pages
to make them compatible with future browsers.
CSS ─ SYNTAXA CSS comprises of style rules that are interpreted by the browser and then
applied to the corresponding elements in your document. A style rule is made of three parts:
Selector: A selector is an HTML tag at which a style will be applied. This could be any tag
like <h1> or <table> etc.
Property: A property is a type of attribute of HTML tag. Put simply, all the HTML attributes
are converted into CSS properties. They could be color, border, etc.
Value: Values are assigned to properties. For example, color property can have the value
either red or #F1F1F1 etc.
You can put CSS Style Rule Syntax as follows:
selector { property: value }
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Example: You can define a table border as follows:
table{ border :1px solid #C00; }
Here table is a selector and border is a property and the given value 1px solid #C00 is the
value of that property. You can define selectors in various simple ways based on your
comfort. Let me put these selectors one by one.
The Type Selectors
This is the same selector we have seen above. Again, one more example to give a color to all
level 1 headings:
h1 {
color: #36CFFF;
}
The Universal Selectors
Rather than selecting elements of a specific type, the universal selector quite simply matches
the name of any element type:
{
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content of every element in our document in black.
The Descendant Selectors
Suppose you want to apply a style rule to a particular element only when it lies inside a
particular element. As given in the following example, the style rule will apply to <em>
element only when it lies inside the <ul> tag.
ul em {
color: #000000;
}
The Class Selectors
You can define style rules based on the class attribute of the elements. All the elements
having
that class will be formatted according to the defined rule.
.black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for every element with class attribute set to black in our
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document. You can make it a bit more particular. For example:
h1.black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with class attribute set to black.
You can apply more than one class selectors to a given element. Consider the following
example:
<p class="center bold">
This para will be styled by the classes center and bold.
</p>
The ID Selectors
You can define style rules based on the id attribute of the elements. All the elements having
that id will be formatted according to the defined rule.
#black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for every element with id attribute set to black in our
document. You can make it a bit more particular. For example:
h1#black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with id attribute set to black.
The true power of id selectors is when they are used as the foundation for descendant
selectors. For example:
#black h2 {
color: #000000;
}
In this example, all level 2 headings will be displayed in black color when those headings
will lie within tags having id attribute set to black.
The Child Selectors
You have seen the descendant selectors. There is one more type of selector, which is very
similar to descendants but have different functionality. Consider the following example:
body > p {
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color: #000000;
}
This rule will render all the paragraphs in black if they are a direct child of the <body>
element. Other paragraphs put inside other elements like <div> or <td> would not have any
effect of this rule.
The Attribute Selectors
You can also apply styles to HTML elements with particular attributes. The style rule below
will match all the input elements having a type attribute with a value of text:
input[type="text"]{
color: #000000;
}
The advantage to this method is that the <input type="submit" /> element is unaffected, and
the color applied only to the desired text fields.
There are following rules applied to attribute selector.
p[lang] - Selects all paragraph elements with a lang attribute.
p[lang="fr"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute has a value of exactly
“fr”
p[lang~="fr"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute contains the
word "fr".
p[lang|="en"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute contains values
that are exactly "en", or begin with "en-".
Multiple Style Rules
You may need to define multiple style rules for a single element. You can define these rules
to combine multiple properties and corresponding values into a single block as defined in the
following example:
h1 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
Here all the property and value pairs are separated by a semicolon (;). You can keep them in
a single line or multiple lines. For better readability, we keep them in separate lines.For a
while, don't bother about the properties mentioned in the above block. These properties will
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be explained in the coming chapters and you can find the complete detail about properties in
CSS References.
Grouping Selectors:
You can apply a style to many selectors if you like. Just separate the selectors with a comma,
as given in the following example:
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
This define style rule will be applicable to h1, h2 and h3 element as well. The order of the list
is irrelevant. All the elements in the selector will have the corresponding declarations applied
to them.
You can combine the various class selectors together as shown below:
#content, #footer, #supplement {
position: absolute;
left: 510px;
width: 200px;
}
CSS ─ INCLUSION
There are four ways to associate styles with your HTML document. Most commonly used
methods are inline CSS and External CSS.
Embedded CSS - The <style> Element
You can put your CSS rules into an HTML document using the <style> element. This tag is
placed inside the <head>...</head> tags. Rules defined using this syntax will be applied to all
the elements available in the document. Here is the generic syntax:
<head>
<style type="text/css" media="...">
Style Rules
............
</style>
</head>
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Attributes
Attributes associated with <style> elements are:
Attribute Value Description
type text/css Specifies the style sheet
language as a content-type
(MIME type). This is a
required attribute.
media screen Specifies the device, the

tty document will be displayed
tv on. Default value is all. This
projection is an optional attribute.
handheld
print
aural
all
Example
Following is an example of embed CSS based on the above syntax:
<head>
<style type="text/css" media="all">
h1{
color: #36C;
}
</style>
</head>
Inline CSS - The style Attribute
You can use style attribute of any HTML element to define style rules. These rules will be
applied to that element only. Here is the generic syntax:
<element style="...style rules....">
Attributes
Style Style The value of style attribute
Rules is a combination of style
declarations
separated by semicolon (;).
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Example
Following is the example of inline CSS based on the above syntax:
<h1 style ="color:#36C;"> This is inline CSS </h1>
It will produce the following result:
This is inline CSS
External CSS - The <link> Element
The <link> element can be used to include an external stylesheet file in your HTML
document. An external style sheet is a separate text file with .css extension. You define all the
Style rules within this text file and then you can include this file in any HTML document
using <link>
element.
Here is the generic syntax of including external CSS file:
<head>
<link type="text/css" href="..." media="..." />
</head>
Attributes
Attributes associated with <style> elements are:
Type Text/css Specifies the style sheet
language as a content-type
(MIME
type). This attribute is
required.
href URL Specifies the style sheet file

having Style rules. This
attribute
is a required.
Media screen Specifies the device the

tty document will be displayed
projection on. Default
handheld value is all. This is an
print optional attribute.
braille
aural
all
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Example
Consider a simple style sheet file with a name mystyle.css having the following rules:
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
Now you can include this file mystyle.css in any HTML document as follows:
<head>
<link type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" media="all" />
</head>
Imported CSS - @import Rule
@import is used to import an external stylesheet in a manner similar to the <link> element.
Here is the generic syntax of @import rule.
<head>
<@import "URL";
</head>
Here URL is the URL of the style sheet file having style rules. You can use another syntax as
well:
<head>
<@import url("URL");
</head>
Example
Following is the example showing you how to import a style sheet file into an HTML
document:
<head>
@import "mystyle.css";
</head>
CSS Rules Overriding
We have discussed four ways to include style sheet rules in an HTML document. Here is the
rule to override any Style Sheet Rule.
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• Any inline style sheet takes the highest priority. So, it will override any rule defined
in <style>...</style> tags or the rules defined in any external style sheet file.
• Any rule defined in <style>...</style> tags will override the rules defined in any
external style sheet file.
• Any rule defined in the external style sheet file takes the lowest priority, and the rules
defined in this file will be applied only when the above two rules are not applicable.
Handling Old Browsers
There are still many old browsers who do not support CSS. So, we should take care while
writing our Embedded CSS in an HTML document. The following snippet shows how to use
comment tags to hide CSS from older browsers:
<style type="text/css">

</style>
CSS Comments
Many times, you may need to put additional comments in your style sheet blocks. So, it is
very easy to comment any part in the style sheet. You can simply put your comments inside
/*.....this is a comment in style sheet.....*/. You can use /* ....*/ to comment multi-line blocks
in similar way you do in C and C++ programming languages.
Example
/* This is an external style sheet file */
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
/* end of style rules. */
CSS ─ MEASUREMENT UNITS
Before we start the actual exercise, we would like to give a brief idea about the CSS
Measurement Units. CSS supports a number of measurements including absolute units such
as inches, centimeters, points, and so on, as well as relative measures such as percentages and
em units. You need these values while specifying various measurements in your Style rules
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e.g. border="1px solid red". We have listed out all the CSS Measurement Units along with
proper Examples:
UNIT DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
% Defines a measurement as a p{font-size: 16pt; line-
percentage height: 125%;}
relative to another value,
typically an
enclosing element.
cm Defines a measurement in div {margin-bottom: 2cm;}

centimeters.
em A relative measurement for p {letter-spacing: 7em;}

the height of a font in em
spaces. Because an em unit
is equivalent to the size of a
given font, if you assign a
font to 12pt, each "em" unit
would be 12pt; thus, 2em
would be 24pt.
ex This value defines a p {font-size: 24pt; line-

measurement relative to a height:3ex;}
font's x-height. The x-height
is determined by the height
of the font's 3ex;}
lowercase letter x.
in Defines a measurement in p {word-spacing: .15in;}

inches.
mm Defines a measurement in p {word-spacing: 15mm;}

millimeters.
pc Defines a measurement in p {font-size: 20pc;}

picas. A pica is equivalent to
12 points; thus, there are 6
picas per inch.
pt Defines a measurement in body {font-size: 18pt;}

points. A point
is defined as 1/72nd of an
inch.
px Defines a measurement in p {padding: 25px;}

screen pixels.
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CSS ─ COLORS
CSS uses color values to specify a color. Typically, these are used to set a color either for the
foreground of an element (i.e., its text) or for the background of the element. They can also
be used to affect the color of borders and other decorative effects. You can specify your color
values in various formats. Following table lists all the possible formats:
Format Syntax Example
Hex Code #RRGGBB p{color:#FF0000;}
Short Hex Code #RGB p{color:#6A7;}
RGB % rgb(rrr%,ggg%,bbb%) p{color:rgb(50%,50%,50%);}
RGB Absolute rgb(rrr,ggg,bbb) p{color:rgb(0,0,255);}
Keyword aqua, black, etc. p{color:teal;}
These formats are explained in more detail in the following sections:

CSS Colors - Hex Codes
A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits (RR) represent a red
value, the next two are a green value (GG), and the last are the blue value (BB). A
hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Jasc
Paintshop Pro, or even using Advanced Paint Brush. Each hexadecimal code will be preceded
by a pound or hash sign ‘#’. Following are the examples to use Hexadecimal notation.
Color Color Hex
#000000
#FF0000
#00FF00
#0000FF
#FFFF00
#00FFFF
#FF00FF
#C0C0C0
#FFFFFF
CSS Colors - Short Hex Codes

This is a shorter form of the six-digit notation. In this format, each digit is replicated to arrive
at an equivalent six-digit value. For example: #6A7 becomes #66AA77. A hexadecimal value
can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Jasc Paintshop Pro or even
using Advanced Paint Brush. Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash
sign #. Following are the examples to use the Hexadecimal notation.
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JAVASCRIPT
Client-side programming with JavaScript

▪ What is JavaScript
▪ scripts vs. programs
➢ JavaScript vs. JScript vs. VBScript
➢ common tasks for client-side scripts
▪ JavaScript
➢ data types & expressions
➢ control statements
➢ functions & libraries
➢ strings & arrays
➢ Date, document, navigator, user-defined classes
• Browsers have limited functionality
▪ Text, images, tables, frames
• JavaScript allows for interactivity
• Browser/page manipulation
▪ Reacting to user actions
• A type of programming language
▪ Easy to learn
▪ Developed by Netscape
▪ Now a standard exists –
www.ecma-international.org/publications/
standards/ECMA-262.HTM
JavaScript Allows Interactivity
• Improve appearance
▪ Especially graphics
▪ Visual feedback
• Site navigation
• Perform calculations
• Validation of input
• Other technologies
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How Does It Work?
• Embedded within HTML page
▪ View source
• Executes on client
▪ Fast, no connection needed once loaded
• Simple programming statements combined with HTML tags
• Interpreted (not compiled)
▪ No special tools required
Learning JavaScript
• Special syntax to learn
• Learn the basics and then use other people's
(lots of free sites)
• Write it in a text editor, view results in browser
• You need to revise your HTML
• You need patience and good eyesight!
Client-Side Programming
• HTML is good for developing static pages
▪ can specify text/image layout, presentation, links, …
▪ Web page looks the same each time it is accessed
▪ in order to develop interactive/reactive pages, must integrate programming in
some form or another
• client-side programming
▪ programs are written in a separate programming (or scripting) language
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e.g., JavaScript, JScript, VBScript
▪ programs are embedded in the HTML of a Web page, with (HTML) tags to
identify the program component
e.g., <script type="text/javascript"> … </script>
▪ the browser executes the program as it loads the page, integrating the dynamic
output of the program with the static content of HTML
▪ could also allow the user (client) to input information and process it, might be
used to validate input before it’s submitted to a remote server
Scripts vs Programs
• A scripting language is a simple, interpreted programming language
▪ scripts are embedded as plain text, interpreted by application
▪ simpler execution model: don't need compiler or development environment
▪ saves bandwidth: source code is downloaded, not compiled executable
▪ platform-independence: code interpreted by any script-enabled browser
▪ but: slower than compiled code, not as powerful/full-featured.
• JavaScript: the first Web scripting language, developed by Netscape in 1995
• syntactic similarities to Java/C++, but simpler, more flexible in some respects,
• limited in others
• (loose typing, dynamic variables, simple objects)
• JScript: Microsoft version of JavaScript, introduced in 1996
• same core language, but some browser-specific differences
• fortunately, IE, Netscape, Firefox, etc. can (mostly) handle both
• JavaScript & JScript
• JavaScript 1.5 & JScript 5.0 cores both conform to ECMAScript standard
• VBScript: client-side scripting version of Microsoft Visual Basic
Common Scripting Tasks
• adding dynamic features to Web pages
▪ validation of form data (probably the most commonly used application)
▪ image rollovers
▪ time-sensitive or random page elements
▪ handling cookies
▪ Ajax adds ability to update page elements without (re)loading a webpage
▪ defining programs with Web interfaces
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▪ utilize buttons, text boxes, clickable images, prompts, etc
• limitations of client-side scripting
▪ since script code is embedded in the page, it is viewable to the world
▪ for security reasons, scripts are limited in what they can do
e.g., can't access the client's hard drive
▪ since they are designed to run on any machine platform, scripts do not contain
platform specific commands
▪ script languages are not full-featured
e.g., JavaScript objects are very crude, not good for large project development
JavaScript Statements
<html>
<head><title>My Page</title></head>
<body>
<script language="JavaScript">
document.write('This is my first →
JavaScript Page');
</script>
</body> Note the symbol for line continuation
</html>
How to Put a JavaScript Into an HTML Page?
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello World!")
</script>
</body>
</html>
Ending Statements With a Semicolon?
• With traditional programming languages, like C++ and Java, each code statement has
to end with a semicolon (;).
• Many programmers continue this habit when writing JavaScript, but in general,
semicolons are optional! However, semicolons are required if you want to put more
than one statement on a single line.
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JavaScript Statements
<html>
<body>
<script language=“JavaScript">
document.write('<h1>This is my first →
JavaScript Page</h1>');
</script>
</body> HTML written inside JavaScript
</html>
JAVASCRIPT STATEMENTS
<html>
<body>
<p>
<a href="myfile.html">My Page</a>
<br />
<a href="myfile.html"
>My Page</A>
</p> An Event JS Written inside HTML
</body>
</html>
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JavaScript Popup Boxes
• Alert Box
▪ An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through
to the user.
▪ When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click "OK" to proceed.
<script>
alert("Hello World!")
</script>
JavaScript Popup Boxes – 2

• Confirm Box
▪ A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something.
▪ When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or
"Cancel" to proceed.
▪ If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel", the
box returns false.
JavaScript Popup Boxes – 3
• Prompt Box
▪ A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before
entering a page.
▪ When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or
"Cancel" to proceed after entering an input value.
▪ If the user clicks "OK“, the box returns the input value. If the user clicks
"Cancel“, the box returns null.
Prompt Box Example
<script>
x=prompt (“Error 404”, “ ”)
document.write(“sorry<br>”,+x)
</script>
JS Examples -1
Y=20x+12 if x=3, What is the value of Y?
<script>
x=3
y=20*x+12
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alert(y)
</script>
JS Examples -2
<script>
s1=12
s2=28
sum= s1+s2
document.write(“SUM= "+ sum)
</script>
Webpage Embeeding:
• JavaScript code can be embedded in a Web page using <script> tags
▪ the output of JavaScript code is displayed as if directly entered in HTML
• document.write displays text in the page
• text to be displayed can include HTML tags
• the tags are interpreted by the browser as normal when the text is displayed
• as in C++/Java, statements end with ;
• but a line break might also be interpreted as the end of a statement (depends upon
browser)
• JavaScript comments similar to C++/Java
• // starts a single line comment
• /*…*/ enclose multi-line comments
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Page</title>
</head>
<body>
// silly code to demonstrate output
document.write("<p>Hello world!</p>");
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document.write(" <p>How are <br/> " +
" <i>you</i>?</p> ");
</script>
<p>Here is some static text as well.</p>
</body>
</html>
Conditional Statements
• Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different
decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this.
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:
• if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified
condition is true
• if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code if the
condition is true and another code if the condition is false
• if...else if....else statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many
blocks of code to be executed
• switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of
code to be executed
JavaScript Data Types & Variables
• JavaScript has only three primitive data types
String : "foo" 'how do you do?' "I said 'hi'." ""
Number: 12 3.14159 1.5E6
Boolean : true false (Null, Undefined have special meaning in JavaScipt)
assignments are as in C++/Java
message = "howdy";
pi = 3.14159;
variable names are sequences of letters, digits, and underscores that start with a letter or an
underscore
variables names are case-sensitive
you don't have to declare variables, will be created the first time used, but it’s better if you
use var statements (because of scoping issues)
var message, pi=3.14159;
variables are loosely typed, can be assigned different types of values (Danger!)
<html>
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<head>
<title>Data Types and Variables</title>
</head>
<body>
var x, y;
x= 1024;
y=x; x = "foobar";
document.write("<p>x = " + y + "</p>");
document.write("<p>x = " + x + "</p>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Operators & Control Statements
standard C++/Java operators & control statements are provided in JavaScript
• +, -, *, /, %, ++, --, …
• ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
• &&, ||, !,===,!==
• if , if-else, switch
• while, for, do-while, …
PUZZLE: Suppose you took a piece of paper and folded it in half, then in half again, and so
on.
How many folds before the thickness of the paper reaches from the earth to the sun?
<html>
<head>
<title>Folding Puzzle</title>
</head>
<body>
var distanceToSun = 93.3e6*5280*12;
var thickness = .002;
var foldCount = 0;
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while (thickness < distanceToSun) {
thickness *= 2;
foldCount++;
}
document.write("<p>Number of folds = " +
foldCount+"</p>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Math Routines
The built-in Math object contains many functions and constants
1. Math.sqrt
2. Math.pow
3. Math.abs
4. Math.max
5. Math.min
6. Math.floor
7. Math.ceil
8. Math.round
9. Math.PI
10. Math.E
11. Math.random function returns a real number in [0..1)
<html>
<head>
<title>Random Dice Rolls</title>
</head>
<body>
<div style="text-align:center">
var roll1 = Math.floor(Math.random()*6) + 1;
var roll2 = Math.floor(Math.random()*6) + 1;
document.write("<img src='http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/"+
"~martin/teaching/comp519/Images/die" +
roll1 + ".gif' alt='die showing " + roll1 + "'/>");
document.write(" ");
document.write("<img src='http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/"+
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"~martin/teaching/comp519/Images/die" +
roll2 + ".gif' alt='die showing " + roll2 + "'/>");
</script>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Interactive Pages Using Prompt
somewhat crude user interaction can take place using prompt
1st argument: the prompt message that appears in the dialog box
2nd argument: a default value that will appear in the box (in case the user enters nothing)
the function returns the value (as a string) entered by the user in the dialog box
if value is a number, must use parseFloat (or parseInt) to convert
we will see other ways to interact with a user later
<html>
<head>
<title>Interactive page</title>
</head>
<body> <p>
var userName = prompt("What is your name?", "");
var userAge = prompt("Your age?", "");
var userAge = parseFloat(userAge);
document.write("Hello " + userName + ".")
if (userAge < 18) {
document.write(" Do your parents know " +
"you are online?");
}
else {
document.write(" Welcome friend!");
}
</script> </p>
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<p>The rest of the page...</p>
</body>
</html>
User-Defined Functions
• function definitions are similar to C++/Java, except:
▪ no return type is specified for the function (since variables are loosely typed)
▪ no variable typing for parameters (since variables are loosely typed)
▪ by-value parameter passing only (parameter gets copy of argument)
• Can limit variable scope to the function.
• if the first use of a variable is preceded with var, then that variable is local to the
function
for modularity, should make all variables in a function local
function isPrime(n)
// Assumes: n > 0 and is an integer
// Returns: true if n is prime, else false
{
if (n < 2) {
return false;
}
else if (n == 2) {
return true;
}
else {
for (var i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++) {
if (n % i == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
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Function Example
Function definitions (usually) go in the <head> section
<head> section is loaded first, so then the function is defined before code in the
<body> is executed (and, therefore, the function can be used later in the body of the HTML
document)
<html>
<head>
<title>Prime Tester</title>
function isPrime(n)
// Assumes: n > 0
// Returns: true if n is prime
{
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE
}
</script>
</head>
<body> <p>
testNum = parseFloat(prompt("Enter a positive integer", "7"));
if (isPrime(testNum)) {
document.write(testNum + " <b>is</b> a prime number.");
}
else {
document.write(testNum + " <b>is not</b> a prime number.");
}
</script> </p>
</body>
</html>
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JavaScript Objects
• an object defines a new type (formally, Abstract Data Type)
▪ encapsulates data (properties) and operations on that data (methods)
• for example, a String object encapsulates a sequence of characters, enclosed in quotes
properties of a String include
• length :stores the number of characters in the string
methods include
• charAt(index): returns the character stored at the given index (as in C++/Java, indices
start at 0)
• substring(start, end): returns the part of the string between the start (inclusive) and
end (exclusive) indices
• toUpperCase(): returns copy of string with letters uppercase
• toLowerCase(): returns copy of string with letters lowercase
to create a String in JavaScript, assign using new keyword or (in the case of a String) just
make a direct assignment (new is implicit for a String assignment)
word = new String("foo"); word = "foo";
properties/methods are called exactly as in C++/Java
word.length word.charAt(0)
String example: Palindromes
suppose we want to test whether a word or phrase is a palindrome
noon Radar
Madam, I'm Adam.
A man, a plan, a canal:
Panama!
must strip non-letters out of the word or phrase
make all chars uppercase in order to be case-insensitive
finally, traverse and compare chars from each end
function strip(str)
// Assumes: str is a string
// Returns: str with all but letters removed
{
var copy = "";
for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
if ((str.charAt(i) >= "A" && str.charAt(i) <= "Z") ||
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(str.charAt(i) >= "a" && str.charAt(i) <= "z")) {
copy += str.charAt(i);
}
}
return copy;
}
function isPalindrome(str)
// Assumes: str is a string
// Returns: true if str is a palindrome, else false
{
str = strip(str.toUpperCase());
for(var i = 0; i < Math.floor(str.length/2); i++) {

if (str.charAt(i) != str.charAt(str.length-i-1)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
JavaScript Arrays
• arrays store a sequence of items, accessible via an index
since JavaScript is loosely typed, elements do not have to be the same type
▪ to create an array, allocate space using new (or can assign an array directly
using the proper syntax shown below)
items = new Array(10); // allocates space for 10 items (but can grow)
items = new Array(); // if no size given, will adjust dynamically
items = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]; // can assign size & values []
▪ to access an array element, use [] (as in C++/Java)
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
items[i] = i; // initializes array with values 0, .., 9
}
▪ the length property stores the number of items in the array
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for (i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
document.write(items[i] + "<br/>"); // displays elements one line at a
// time
}
Array Example
suppose we want to simulate die rolls and verify even distribution
keep an array of counters:
initialize each count to 0
each time you roll X, increment rolls[X]
display each counter
<html>
<!–- COMP519 js10.html 11.10.2014 -->
<head>
<title>Die Statistics</title>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~martin/teaching/comp519/JS/random.js">
</script>
</head>
<body> <p>
numRolls = 60000;
dieSides = 6;
rolls = new Array(dieSides+1);
for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) {
rolls[i] = 0;
}
for(i = 1; i <= numRolls; i++) {
rolls[randomInt(1, dieSides)]++;
}
for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) {
document.write("Number of " + i + "'s = " +
rolls[i] + "<br />");
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}
</script> </p>
</body>
</html>
• Arrays have predefined methods that allow them to be used as stacks, queues, or other
common programming data structures.
var stack = new Array();
stack.push("blue"); // append the string "blue" to array
stack.push(12); // stack is now the array ["blue", 12]
stack.push("green"); // stack = ["blue", 12, "green"]
var item = stack.pop(); // item is now equal to "green"
// and stack = ["blue", 12] again
var q = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10];
item = q.shift(); // item is now equal to 1, remaining
// elements of q move down one position
// in the array, e.g. q[0] equals 2
q.unshift(125); // q is now the array [125,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
q.push(244); // q = [125,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,244]
Date Object
• String & Array are the most commonly used objects in JavaScript
▪ other, special purpose objects also exist
• for example, the Date object can be used to access the date and time, and to perform
"date arithmetic"
▪ to create a Date object, use new & supply year/month/day/… as desired
today = new Date(); // sets to current date & time
newYear = new Date(2002,0,1); //sets to Jan 1, 2002 12:00AM
▪ methods include:
newYear.getYear() can access individual components of a date
newYear.getMonth()
newYear.getDay()
newYear.getHours()
newYear.getMinutes()
newYear.getSeconds()
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newYear.getMilliseconds()
document Object
Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, etc. allow you to access information about an HTML
document using the document object
document.write(…)
method that displays text in the page
document.URL
property that gives the location of the HTML document
document.lastModified
property that gives the date & time the HTML document was last changed
<html>
<head>
<title>Documentation page</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<td><i>
document.write(document.URL);
</script>
</i></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><i>
document.write(document.lastModified);
</script>
</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
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HTML Forms and JavaScript
• JavaScript is very good at processing user input in the web browser

• HTML <form> elements receive input
• Forms and form elements have unique names
▪ Each unique element can be identified
▪ Uses JavaScript Document Object Model (DOM)
Naming Form Elements in HTML
<form name="addressform">
Name: <input name="yourname"><br />
Phone: <input name="phone"><br />
Email: <input name="email"><br />
</form>
Forms and JavaScript
document.formname.elementname.value
Thus:
document.addressform.yourname.value
document.addressform.phone.value
document.addressform.email.value
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Using Form Data
Personalising an alert box
<form name="alertform">
Enter your name:
<input type="text" name="yourname">
<input type="button" value= "Go" ' + →
document.alertform.yourname.value);">
</form>
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HTML: HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE

Introduction to Web terminology

Save with .html or .htm Extension

This is an HTML element:

Text Formatting Tags

Following is the output shown in Internet Explorer:

Result Description Entity Name Entity Number

Creation of web page using List and Links :-

• The syntax of creating an anchor:

Output after clicking on Hyperlink:-

Creation of web page using Tables:-

• The source code of the links:

The Form's Action Attribute and the Submit Button:-

Html with Images :-

• In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

media screen Specifies the device, the

href URL Specifies the style sheet file

Media screen Specifies the device the

cm Defines a measurement in div {margin-bottom: 2cm;}

em A relative measurement for p {letter-spacing: 7em;}

ex This value defines a p {font-size: 24pt; line-

in Defines a measurement in p {word-spacing: .15in;}

mm Defines a measurement in p {word-spacing: 15mm;}

pc Defines a measurement in p {font-size: 20pc;}

pt Defines a measurement in body {font-size: 18pt;}

px Defines a measurement in p {padding: 25px;}

Short Hex Code #RGB p{color:#6A7;}

RGB % rgb(rrr%,ggg%,bbb%) p{color:rgb(50%,50%,50%);}

RGB Absolute rgb(rrr,ggg,bbb) p{color:rgb(0,0,255);}

Keyword aqua, black, etc. p{color:teal;}

These formats are explained in more detail in the following sections:

CSS Colors - Short Hex Codes

Client-side programming with JavaScript

JavaScript Popup Boxes – 2

for(var i = 0; i < Math.floor(str.length/2); i++) {

• JavaScript is very good at processing user input in the web browser

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