Aditya Kumar LAB1

Lab-1
To study of LAN using different Network topologies and different

network connecting devices like Hub, Switch, Router etc.
Aditya Kumar
2100290130011
Batch_A1
Introduction
Every LAN has a topology, which is the way devices are arranged
and communicate with each other.
The way workstations and other LAN devices are arranged and
connect to each other is called physical topology. Whereas the way
they communicate (send signals to each other) is called logical
topology.
1.Bus Topology:
A network topology known as a bus topology connects all devices
to a single wire or bus.
• The network’s hardware devices use the bus as a common

communication channel. Bus topology is frequently used in
small networks like LANs and WANs and isn’t appropriate for
sophisticated networks.
• The number of devices in the network increases, this topology
struggles with limited bandwidth and cable length.
• If the bus cable is broken or severed, the entire network will
collapse.
2.Ring Topology:
A ring topology is a type of network architecture in which every
computer is linked to two others on each side of it in a complete
circle.
• Ring topology is more frequently employed in networks like

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) and SONET
(Synchronous Optical Network), which are primarily employed
in large enterprises.
• It provides high levels of security due to its usage of the token-
passing protocol, which assures that only one unit may send
data at once.
• Moreover, it supports high-speed data transfer, requiring less
cabling and channels to be installed.
• The entire network will drop down if the cable breaks or if one
device is deactivated.
3. Star Topology:
A network topology known as a star topology connects all devices
to a single hub or switch.
• All devices on the network communicate with the hub.

• It may be found in both large enterprise networks and small
networks like LANs. It is adaptable and is simple to modify and
grow.
• It is relatively fault-tolerant since the failure of a single device
or cable does not impact the entire network, and it is quite
simple to expand it.
4.Tree Topology:
Tree topology is a network architecture that incorporates features of
both bus and star topologies.
• It is arranged hierarchically, in the form of a tree, with a central

hub or root node and several branches.
• It is used in big business networks, and it is especially
beneficial for networks that must be separated into distinct
parts or for better control. Because of the tree structure, this
topology is highly scalable and provides good fault tolerance,
as the failure of a branch doesn’t impact the complete
network.
5.Mesh Topology:
A network topology known as a mesh topology connects every
device to every other device on the network.
• This provides redundancy and fault tolerance by establishing

several pathways connecting the devices.
• Because of its high cost and complexity, it is not frequently
utilized in small networks, but it is frequently seen in big and
complicated networks, such as military networks.
• This topology is costly, complex, and energy-consuming
because it demands many connections.
Network connecting devices:

1.HUB:
A hub is a common connection point, also known as a network hub,
which is used for connection of devices in a network. It works as a
central connection for all the devices that are connected through a
hub.
The hub has numerous ports. If a packet reaches at one port, it is
able to see by all the segments of the network due to a packet is
copied to the other ports.
Features of Hub:
• It acts with shared bandwidth and broadcasting.
• It includes only one collision domain and broadcast domain.
• It works at the physical layer of the OSI model and also offers
support for half-duplex transmission mode
Applications of Hub:
• Hubs are used to create small home networks.
• It is used for network monitoring.
• They are also used in organizations to provide connectivity.
2.Swtich:
When a user accesses the internet or another computer network
outside their immediate location, messages are sent through the
network of transmission media. This technique of transferring the
information from one computer network to another network is
known as switching
Switching in a computer network is achieved by using switches. A
switch is a small hardware device which is used to join multiple
computers together with one local area network (LAN).Network
switches operate at layer 2 (Data link layer) in the OSI model.
Features of Switch
• A switch operates in the layer 2, i.e. data link layer of the OSI
model.
• It is an intelligent network device that can be conceived as a
multiport network bridge.
• It uses MAC addresses (addresses of medium access
control sublayer) to send data packets to selected
destination ports.
Advantage of Switch
• Switch increases the bandwidth of the network.
• It reduces the workload on individual PCs as it sends the
information to only that device which has been addressed.
• It increases the overall performance of the network by reducing
the traffic on the network.
• There will be less frame collision as switch creates the collision
domain for each connection.
3.Router:
A router is a device that connects two or more IP networks or
subnetworks. It serves two primary functions: managing traffic
between these networks by forwarding data packets to their
intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the
same Internet connection.
There are several types of routers, but most routers pass data
between LANs (local area networks) and WANs (wide area
networks). A LAN is a group of connected devices restricted to a
specific geographic area. A LAN usually requires a single router.
Features of Router
• In order to prepare or refresh the routing table, routers share
information among each other.
• Routers provide protection against broadcast storms.
• Routers are more expensive than other networking devices
like hubs, bridges, and switches
Advantages of Router
• Routers can connect different types of networks, such as
Ethernet and Token Ring. This allows devices using different
network protocols to communicate with each other.
• Routers can automatically choose the best path for data to
travel across the network using dynamic routing algorithms.
This helps to optimize network performance and prevent
congestion.
• Routers can divide the network into smaller segments,
called collision domains and broadcast domains, which
helps to reduce network traffic.

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Lab-1

To study of LAN using different Network topologies and different

• The network’s hardware devices use the bus as a common

• Ring topology is more frequently employed in networks like

• All devices on the network communicate with the hub.

• It is arranged hierarchically, in the form of a tree, with a central

• This provides redundancy and fault tolerance by establishing

Network connecting devices:

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