Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heteropbyllus) is one of the most significant trees, The Tree can provide
many environmental services. It is highly wind tolerant and therefore makes a good component
in a windbreak or border planting. Growing in pastures, it can provide fallen fruit livestock,
shade, and long-term timber.jackfruit has a compound or multiple fruit (syncarp) with a green to
yellow – brown exterior rind that is composed of hexagonal, bluntly conical carpel apices that
cover a thick, rubbery, whitish to yellowish wall. The Acid to sweetish (when ripe) banana-
flavored flesh (aril) surrounds each seed. The heavy fruit is held together by a central fibrous
It has been postulated that latexes from certain trees and plants contain various components like
latex. Latex is a milky liquid found in many plants but is not the same as sap (Myers, 2017).
After such deliberation, the researcher decided to make use of jackfruit latex and rubber tree
latex to make an alternative sealant. This mixture of materials was selected due to the unique
properties possessed by the said materials. It has been scientifically proven that jackfruit latex is
a potential source of adhesive. Jackfruit trees are 30 to 70 ft. (9 21 m) tall, with evergreen,
alternative, glossy, somewhat leathery leaves to 9 in (22.5 cm) long, oval on mature wood,
sometimes oblong or deeply lobed on young shoots. All parts contain sticky white latex (Morton,
1987). The heated latex is employed as household cement for mending chinaware and
earthenware, and to caulk boats and holes in bucket (Tacio, 2017). The chemical constituents of
the latex have been reported by Tanchico and Magpanlay. It is not a substitute for rubber but
contains 82.6 to 86.4% resins which may have value in varnishes (Morton, 1987). The latex
extracted from the plant is extremely sticky and therefore also used as an adhesive (Dass, 2017)
Another scientific inquiry has tested and proven the elastic property od rubber making it the
perfect binder and filler for a sealant. The rubber trees grow to heights of 100 to 130 feet and can
live up to 100 years. Its most famous feature is the milky white sap, known as latex, which flows
freely from the tree when a silver of bark is removed. A rubber tree, also referred to as rubber
wood, can be tapped for latex once it reaches approximately six years of age (Rainforest
Alliance, 2012). From surgical to caulks, Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) is used in numerous
products in the adhesives and sealants industry. In the 1845,the first rubber-based adhesive
patent (U.S. Patent number 3,965) was issued to Henry Day. Natural rubber latex was the first
material that sticks to itself, making it ideal for cold-seal adhesives. (Doyle, 2010)
The Jackfruit Latex and rubber tree mixtures are possible eco-friendly and inexpensive solution
for sealing common household leakages. The researcher combines the constituents which are
jackfruit latex and rubber tree latex by heating the ingredients to form a tacky substance that was
used as alternative sealant. Carpenters, plumbers, and ordinary household members can be the
beneficiaries of the said alternative sealant. In the study, the researcher manipulated the
concentrations of the jackfruit latex to determine the optimal measurement of the said ingredient.
Furthermore, the sealant was applied on steel sheet with a punctured hole and the researcher
tested its effect by applying high pressures until the seal was broken.
Theoritical Framework
The researcher of the study has decided that mixtures composed of jackfruit latex on a rubber
base are an appropriate alternative to commercial sealants. This is due to several factors inherent
According to Team WFM (2016), it has been established that sealants are ‘’polymers having a
tight molecular structure that does not allow water to penetrate a seal’’ The researcher of the
study has empirical evidence that a mixture of jackfruit latex upon a rubber base possesses
hydrophobic properties and other desirable properties usually required for a sealant to do its job.
The hydrophobic property of the components is the main factor for producing the sealant as the
According to an article by Fredirick (2017), it was mentioned that ‘’hydrophobes are nonpolar
molecules and usually have long chain of carbons that do not interact with water molecules.”
American chemist Walter Kauzmann described that nonpolar substances tend to clump up
together rather than evenly distribute itself in an aqueous medium, because this allows the
compounds to expose the least surface area to the aqueous solution. When hydrophobes are
placed in an aqueous medium, the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules will have to be
broken for the hydrophobe to be dissolved into the medium and as commonly noted, hydrogen
bonds are the strongest bonds that form between any given molecules. It is due to the hydrogen
bonds that hydrophobes would much rather stick together than dissolve into the solution.
Sealants, sometimes called caulks, are viscous substances which are used to fill the voids, cracks,
and gaps between substrates. Sealants are usually used as barriers because of its structure and
properties. Sealants generally contain inert filler material and are usually formulated with an
elastomer to give the required low flexibility and elongation as overall strength is not important.
They usually have a paste consistency to allow filling of gaps between substrates.
There are different types of sealants which includes latex sealants and elastomeric sealants. Latex
sealants are water-based, easy to tool, easy to clean up, elastomeric sealants.
Latex sealants are water-based, easy to tool, easy to clean up, paintable, and relatively less
expensive than other types of sealants. Latex sealants are usually made from latex emulsions. As
stated by Reddy and Palmer (2004), latex emulsions which contain a stable water-insoluble,
compositions to improve the properties of those compositions by suspending the small particles
inside the flexible structure of the colloid. Latex emulsions are also employed to reduce the
brittleness of the sealant compositions. In addition, latex emulsions are used to improve the
flexibility of sealant compositions. Different types of sealants have different pressure tolerances
texture that dries hard but retains flexibility, it can be easy to work with and is typically long
lasting. When applied or inserted into a crack or space, the sealant expands and seals to the
makes up elastomeric sealant. It is strong and spongy-hard and rubbery, making it an elastic
polymer.
The Japanese Patent No. 3210863 (1989) describes “a puncture sealant for sealing a punctured
tire, containing rubber latex comprising only natural rubber latex and also containing a resin-
based adhesive that is compatible with the natural rubber latex.” (Takahara and Okamatsu,
2009). Rubber is known elastomer and jackfruit latex can be considered as a resin-based
The Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-035867 (2004) describes “a
tire puncture sealant containing at least a natural rubber latex, a tackifying resin emulsion, and an
anti-freezing agent, wherein a solid content of the natural rubber latex is from 30 to 60 parts by
weight, a solid content of the tackifying resin emulsion is from 10 to 30 parts by weight and a
Weight of a total solid contents that is a sum of the solid content of the natural rubber latex, the
solid content of the tackifying resin emulsion and the content of the anti-freezing agent; an
aromatic modified terpene resin is used as a tackifying resin in the tackifying resin emulsion, and
the tire puncture sealant can maintain high, stable sealing performance over a long period of time
even when stored under harsh temperature conditions for a long period of time” (Takahara and
Okamatsu, 2009).
Most current formulations of the liquid sealant contain natural latex. For example, the invention
patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,499 B1 (1994) discloses a kind of sealant comprising 55-60 wt %
deproteinized natural latex. Another invention patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,992,119 B2 (2006)
discloses a kind of sealant comprising30-60 wt % natural latex. For the sealing purpose, various
kinds of tackifier such as aromatic terpene resin or phenol resin can be added to the sealant, as
pointed out by the invention patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,864,305 B2. Additionally, the invention
patent U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,448 B2 (2002) discloses that 20-40wt %VEVA copolymer resin can
be used as the tackifier. The invention patent US20120277364 A1 (2010) discloses that other
materials, such as synthetic latex, can also be used as the tackifier (Lam and Chan, 2013).
Reddy and Palmer (2004) also suggested that sealant compositions may include: an aliphatic
Acrylic latex-based sealants exhibit many desirable properties, such as, good flexibility, and
good adhesion to many substrates and resistance to degradation by ultraviolet radiation. They
suffer from one or more fatal weaknesses, unfortunately, viz., poor wet adhesion and lack of
water resistance. Intermittent wetting of acrylic latex-based sealants after they have cured is not a
problem. However, if the acrylic latex-based sealants are immersed in water for continuous
periods of time, that is, 24 hours or longer, total loss of adhesion can occur. Furthermore, these
sealants under such conditions begin to soften and lose integrity due to the lack of water
resistance. Latex sealants which have only cured for several hours exhibit greater sensitivity to
(26–82 ft) in height that is easily recognized by its fruit, the largest among cultivated plants. All
The heated latex is employed as household cement for mending chinaware and earthenware, and
to caulk boats and holes in buckets. The chemical constituents of the latex have been reported by
Tanchico and Magpanlay. It is not a substitute for rubber but contains 82.6 to 86.4% resins
In a previous study by Abbas and Cabili (2012), the researcher of that study planned to use the
Jackfruit peeling as the raw material of the target alternative binder. Almost all the parts of the
Jackfruit tree including its fruit secrete latex when injured which is a good factor when it comes
to binding.
The Jackfruit peeling itself also contains cellulose which is the chief component of plants’ cell
According to The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2013), rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is
a South American tropical tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). . The milky liquid (latex)
that oozes from any wound to the tree bark contains about 30 percent rubber, which can be
coagulated and processed into solid products, such as tires. Latex can also be concentrated for
to its original shape after being stretched or deformed. The majority of rubber polymer molecules
contain at least some unit’s derived from conjugated diene monomers (Ophardt and Padleckas,
2017). Natural rubber is obtained as a milky white fluid known as latex from a tropical rubber
tree. Natural rubber consists in particular of long polymer chains. If it is mixed with resin (to
make it sticky), you get an adhesive that is extremely flexible due to the length and mobility of
these polymer chains (Wikitapia, 2014). Also, in the 19 century, the introduction of rubber and
th
rubber-based products throughout the world brought about a new series of adhesive materials
that made great impact on industry. Natural latex had been used as an adhesive by natives, but
industrial processing improved its material properties for adhesive uses. Peal and Johnson
received British patients in 1791 and 1797, respectively, for the use natural rubber as an
adhesive. Rubber cements - natural rubber (or more recently synthetic rubber) in a solvent –
This study aimed to devise an eco-friendly alternative sealant out of the jackfruit latex in a
1. The Maximum Pressure Tolerance of Each Setup of Jackfruit and Rubber Tree Latex Mixture
2. The effect of using different ratios of jackfruit and rubber tree latex mixture as an alternative
sealant.
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant effect of using different ratios of jackfruit and rubber tree latex as an
alternative sealant.
Conceptual Framework
This study aimed to find out the effects of the different ratios of rubber tree and jackfruit latex
mixture as an alternative sealant. The independent variable of the study is the different ratios of
rubber tree and jackfruit latex mixture. The dependent variable of the study is the maximum
The different ratios of rubber tree and The maximum pressure tolerance of the
Jackfruit latex)
Jackfruit-latex mixture
B. 1:1 (6ml rubber latex; 6ml Jackfruit
latex)
latex)
latex)
Significance of the Study
This study will help in finding more uses of natural ingredients and its results could contribute to
society, particularly to the carpenters and repairmen by giving them a new aid for preventing
leaks from worsening. The main benefit of this study is to give a person a new variety of sealant
for blocking leaks. This study is found to be beneficial to future researchers as they might come
up with a study from simple things that may have great effects.
The environment should benefit from this study since the ingredients of the mixture are eco-
friendly and nontoxic compared to commercial sealants. This study can also help plumbers,
carpenters, or repairmen since the main purpose of the mixture is to seal metal roof breakages,
Household members may also benefit in this study because they can use the mixture to seal some
small leakages in the house. The mixture can also help them in terms of their financial aspect
since the constituents of the mixture are recycled and are harvested from natural resources. The
local farmers also have a stake in the research due to the study’s utilization of local materials
In economic terms, this study is very much cheaper when compared to commercial sealants
where prices range from 100 pesos and higher. This product meanwhile could cost 50 pesos for
the same volume as commercial sealants. The packaging of the product could be in bars pre
mixed then simply melted and applied on the actual construction sites.
Scope and Delimitations
This study was experimental in nature wherein the different ratios of rubber tree and jackfruit
latex was tested and compared to the commercial sealant to know the optimal ratio among the
set-ups. The study utilized a control setup, which is the commercial sealant bought in the
hardware store. . The previous study was conducted at the Biology Laboratory of Sindangan
National High School, Dapaon, Sindangan, Zamboanga Del Norte during the school year 2018 –
2019. The researcher asked for permission to use the apparatuses needed in conducting the study
such as alcohol lamp, tripod, and wire gauze. The researcher harvested and brought the
components of the alternative sealant, jackfruit latex and rubber tree latex.
The researcher then placed the alternative sealant on pieces of galvanized iron sheets with holes
of similar diameters then test its durability by exposing the sealant to a pressure tolerance test
which was done by applying pressure onto the samples until the seal of the sealant broke apart
and released the air and the water contained inside the pressure testing vessel.
Definition of Terms
Jackfruit- A large tropical Asian tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus) related to the breadfruit that
yields a fine-grained yellow wood and immense fruit which contain an edible pulp and nutritious
seeds (Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2018). The latex extracted from the jackfruit tree is the main
produced as latex, but tuber latexes are of great commercial importance (Gale Research Inc.,
1996). Latex is extracted from rubber tree and jackfruit and is used as ingredients of the
alternative sealant.
Maximum pressure tolerance- The maximum force a subject can tolerate without excessive effort
Pressure- Continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with
it. The force per unit area exerted by a fluid against a surface with which it is in contact (Oxford
University Press, 2019). The quantity that is being measured in testing the samples of the study.
Rubber tree- A South American tree (Hevea brasiliensis) of the spurge family that is cultivated
in plantations and is a chief source of rubber latex (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). The rubber
latex extracted from the rubber tree is the filler for the alternative sealant.
Sealant- A substance that is put on a surface in order to protect it from air, water, etc. (Oxford
This Chapter presents literature and studies, of foreign which are related to the Effect of
Different Ratios of jackfruit and Rubber Tree Latex as an Alternative Sealant. The analyst
gathered information through reading books, journals and other published and unpublished
materials, internet and other references related to the study. In addition synthesis of this chapter
is presented
Foreign Literature
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is one of the largest edible fruits grown worldwide. A
distinguishing feature of jackfruit tree is its ability to produce a higher yield of fruits than any
other tree in the Moraceae family producing 70- 200 kg of fruit per tree depending on variety,
cultural practices, and environmental factors. Average weight of a fruit is about 3.5 to 10 kg and
sometimes a fruit may reach up to 25 kg (Kumar et al., 1988). Various types of jackfruits such as
Khaja, Gala, and Durasha are found in the south-east Asian region (Haque, 1993).
Khaja is characterized by the hard and crispy bulb, gala poses soft, juicy, and melted bulb, and
Durasha is an intermediate between Khaja and Gala. The tender jack fruit is a popular vegetable
and used in making soup and pickles. Chips and papads are also prepared from ripe and unripe
pulp. The juicy pulp of the ripe fruit is eaten fresh or preserved in syrup. This fruit is potential
for preparing jam, jelly and value added products due to the presence of pectin (Singh et al.,
1991). When in season, the poor people generally used to eat this fruit instead of rice at least
once a day in a jackfruit growing area. That’s why it is commonly referred to as “the poor man’s
Local Literature
many tropical countries, including PHILIPPINES both cultivated and wild. This fruit contains a
sap which has a component that is identical to a white wood glue called “latex”. With this, we
are encourage to use this as an additive in making a paste for we know that the sap is extremely
sticky and therefore also utilized as an effective adhesive. On the importance of paste, the
function and value of this sticky stuff plays a very important role in the school. As we take a look
on the components of a normal paste that we used to buy in market or school supplies store, we
can notice that there are some chemicals involve in making the paste. These chemicals may
affect the health of their users. We decided to make use of a fruit that has asap that contains the
same characteristics as the chemical found in the white paste which is what they call “latex.”
(Authors:Ian Vincent A., Rio Carlo B., Jhan Christopher C., Elvin Christopher G., Sean Micheal
This study investigated the effect of different ratios of jackfruit and rubber latex as an alternative
sealant due to the commercial sealants’ high price, use of toxic ingredients, and unsustainability.
The researcher tested the maximum pressure tolerances of different mixtures of jackfruit and
rubber latex Different set-up mixtures were prepared by the researcher. Each set-up differed in
the amount of jackfruit latex infused in the mixture. The first of the set-ups was composed of 5ml
rubber and 5ml jackfruit latex (1:1), the second was composed of 4ml rubber and 8ml jackfruit
(1:2), the third of 3ml of rubber and 9ml of jackfruit (1:3). The different set-ups were mixed and
heated until both ingredients incorporated. A control setup was also created which consisted of
commercial sealants. Then each set-up was then subdivided into 10 rough portions, with each
portion applied to a galvanized iron sheet. A total of 50 galvanized iron sheets were used. To test
the maximum pressure tolerance of each sample, the sample was placed in the pressure test
device and tested to destruction. Analysis of Variance was performed which showed a significant
difference between the tolerances of the set-ups. Further statistical analysis showed that out of all
the setups tested, the 1:2 setup had the highest pressure tolerance. The commercial sealant on the
other hand had a tolerance lower than the 1:2 setup. Furthermore, it was proven that there was a
significant effect of using different amount of ratio of jackfruit and rubber tree latex as an
alternative sealant. The researcher recommend the use of the 1:2 mixture for commercial sealing
purposes as it can withstand the highest pressure out of all the sealants tested and is well enough
to handle the rigors of regular use. Commercialization is feasible with jackfruit latex extracted
from the trees Keywords: Maximum Pressure Tolerance, Jackfruit Latex, Rubber Latex, Latex
Sealant, and Sealant. (Author: Mark Joshua C. Carpo, Sindangan National Highschool on April
2019.
This study which entitled Jackfruit sap as an additive component in making glue has a
Primary objective which is to manipulate an upgraded type of glue using the jackfruit sap as the
Additive ingredient to enhance the quality of adherence of the glue considering its factor the
Stickiness and lengthen of rim to stick. This study covered the Sealant property of the Jackfruit
sap. The study consisted of the saps that are used as the source of the Latex to be used in making
the Roof Sealant. Testing of the jackfruit sap sealant involved the durability and the lasting of the
sealant. The researcher limited this research of testing the jackfruit sap roof sealant to roofs that
cause the breakage of roofs. ( Authors: Charmaine Loi Rosario,Erica adamos, Nina Catchete,
Foreign Studies
The Philippines is an archipelagic country located along the Pacific Ring of Fire which makes it
prone to natural calamities like typhoons and earthquakes. Geologically placed in an unstable
region between the Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates which leads the country to welcome
yearly rainstorms that cause various natural disasters such as flooding, storm surge, flash floods,
and landslides. The Philippines being a third world country means that society is slow in bearing
technological advances and economic growth with this, a lot of factors are affected. One factor is
that during the rainy season, houses cannot avoid the possibility of getting the indoor quarters
wet and the roof rusting, some garnering holes in it due to the acid rain and the many issues it
has to withstand with every natural calamity it faces. Another factor is that poverty and
capitalism in the Philippines becomes more alarming due tothe growth in the population and the
continuous increase in demand for job opportunities and daily necessities, the poor are getting
poorer while the rich are getting richer. The state of the country and its people provide a
foundation to the development ofan organic and chemical-free roof sealant that can be more
Ryan,Refuguia,Pamela,Silos,Rica,Iglesia,Carlos,Samaniego,Leila,Talan,
Which fruit is the best for organic roof sealant alternative ? Roof sealent would not prevent the
waters from damaging our things yet we believed that through our chosen IP topic, we slowly
helped our brothers and sisters little by little through our investigatory topic.
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is one of the largest edible fruits grown worldwide. A
distinguishing feature of jackfruit tree is its ability to produce a higher yield of fruits than any
other tree in the Moraceae family producing 70- 200 kg of fruit per tree depending on variety,
cultural practices, and environmental factors. Average weight of a fruit is about 3.5 to 10 kg and
sometimes a fruit may reach up to 25 kg (Kumar et al., 1988). Various types of jackfruits such as
Khaja, Gala, and Durasha are found in the south-east Asian region (Haque, 1993).
Khaja is characterized by the hard and crispy bulb, gala poses soft, juicy, and melted bulb, and
Durasha is an intermediate between Khaja and Gala. The tender jack fruit is a popular vegetable
and used in making soup and pickles. Chips and papads are also prepared from ripe and unripe
pulp. The juicy pulp of the ripe fruit is eaten fresh or preserved in syrup. This fruit is potential
for preparing jam, jelly and value added products due to the presence of pectin (Singh et al.,
1991). During season, the poor people generally used to eat this fruit instead of rice at least once
a day in jackfruit growing area. That’s why it is commonly referred to as “The Poor man’s food”
Local Studies
Soetardji et al. (2014) extracted bio-oil from the jackfruit peel waste by pyrolysis process in a
fixed bed reactor and investigated the extracted oil. After pyrolysis in a range of high
temperatures (400-700oC) they found that the peel contains high amount of volatile compounds
which indicates this biomass as a suitable precursor for bio-oil production. Low sulphur (0.03%)
and nitrogen (0.61%) contents were the strong indication to be environmental friendly bio-oil.
The study found the best quality bio-fuel at the temperature of 550oC with the highest organic
content (85.2%) and the lowest water content (14.8%). On the other hand, Yuvarani and dhas
(2017) extracted bio-ethanol (oxygenated fuel) from jackfruit peel by fermentation using
Saccharomyces
The seeds make up around 10 to 15% of a jackfruit (Ocloo et al., 2010). These seeds are indeed
very rich in digestible starch, protein, and minerals (Singh et al., 1991). Kumar et al. (1988)
reported that jackfruit seeds contain 76.1% carbohydrate, 17.8% protein, and 2.1% lipid, on dry
basis. Sumathy et al. (2007) quantified the significant amount of lignin, isoflavones, saponins,
and many phytonutrients in jackfruit seeds. The health benefits of these nutrient components are
Fernandes et al. (2011) found the seeds are good sources of vitamin B1 and B2. Bhat and
Pattabiraman (1986
F. Akter and M. A. Haque 95reported that the seeds extract inhibits the proteolytic activities of
pancreatic hormones in different animal. Additionally, Odemelam (2005) found the satisfactory
functional properties such as bulk density, oil absorption capacity, and gelation concentration of
the seeds flour. The ivasanthi and Alagar (2011) proved the antibacterial effect of Nano-sized
Jackfruit Waste: A promising Source of Food and Feed However, the cake with 10% jackfruit
seeds flour supplementation received the highest acceptability by the panelists. There were
varied crust and crumb characteristics because of incorporating jackfruit seeds flour. Unlike fat
and protein, other proximate compositions like carbohydrate, ash, and fiber increased in the
cakes. Some other researchers are found in the literature to develop nutritionally enriched cake
by supplementing jackfruit seeds flour with wheat flour (Faridah and Aziah, 2012; Arpit and
John, 2015). Instant powder Hema (2015) studied the development of nutritious instant dried
powder by mixing bulb and seeds of the jackfruit. The study suggested that the increment of the
jackfruit seeds powder in the formulation resulted into higher protein content and lower moisture
content in the instant powder. Use of jackfruit perianth Dam and Nguyen (2013) prepared
fermented beverage from the fruit rags and investigated the effects of using pectinase at different
rates and temperatures. The study found the optimum conditions for juice extraction were use of
0.3% pectinase at 90oC. The beverage achieved the best fermentation condition after 84 hours
while kept at 25oC. Subburamu et al. (1992) reported that the perianth meal contains valuable
nutrients like 28.9% carbohydrate, 10.3% protein, and 12.7% crude fibre.
Chapter 3
Research Method
The study used the experimental design in the assessment and evaluation of making alternative
Jackfruit sap
Mixing plate
Pot
Fire wood/stove
2. Set-up fire
4. Pre-heat pot
6. Put the rubber tree latex to the pot next and let it melt
Trials
application of the ingredients which was burnt and was not suitable for the combining and
mixing process