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Textbook of Radiology & Imaging
Edition 8

Volume 2

David Sutton Rodney Reznek, Janet

Murfitt

Adaptation Editor

Bharat Aggarwal
Director, Radiology Services, Max Healthcare, New Delhi, India
Adjunct Professor, Koita Centre for Digital Health (KCDH) of Indian
Institute of Technology, Bombay

Associate Editors

Amit Kumar Sahu

Consultant
Department of Radiology
Max Superspeciality Hospital, Saket
New Delhi, India

Akshay D. Baheti
Professor
Department of Radiodiagnosis
Tata Memorial Center and Homi Bhabha National University
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Varsha Joshi
Senior Consultant Radiologist
Vijaya Diagnostic Centers
Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Section Editors

Girish Gandikota
Professor and Vice Chair of Radiology
University of Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Adjunct Professor, Radiology and Rheumatology
University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, United States

Mukesh Harisinghani
Professor of Radiology Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General
Hospital
Boston, MA, United States
Puneet Bhargava
Professor, Director
Gastrointestinal Imaging
Abdominal Imaging Radiologist, University of Washington School of
Medicine Hospitals, Seattle, WA, United States

Sandeep S. Hedgire
Assistant Clinical Director
Cardiovascular Division, Director, Vascular Imaging
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

Subba R. Digumarthy
Associate Professor of Radiology
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, United States Head of Thoracic Oncology Imaging Division of
Thoracic Imaging and Intervention
Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, United States

Sujit Vaidya
Consultant Radiologist
The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust
Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Suresh K. Mukerji
Professor of Radiology & Radiation Oncology
University of Louisville & University of Illinois, Robert Wood Johnson
Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
Faculty, Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, Michigan State University
National Director of Head & Neck Radiology; Pro
Scan Imaging
Bruce Bradley Fellow; The Leapfrog Group

Suyash Mohan
Associate Professor of Radiology & Neurosurgery, Perelman School of
Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA, United States
Formerly, Clinical Lecturer-II University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
United States
Copyright

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Textbook of Radiology & Imaging, 2 Volume Set, 7e, David Sutton,

Rodney Reznek,
Janet Murfitt.
Copyright © 2024 by Churchill Livingstone, an imprint of Elsevier Ltd.
Previous editions copyrighted 2005, 1998, 1993. All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-443-07109-6

This adapted reprint of Textbook of Radiology & Imaging, 2 Volume Set,

7e, by David Sutton, Rodney Reznek, Janet Murfitt was undertaken by
RELX India Private Limited and is published by arrangement with Elsevier
Ltd.

Textbook of Radiology & Imaging, 2 Volume Set, 8e by David Sutton,

Rodney Reznek, Janet Murfitt.
Adaptation Editor: Bharat Aggarwal
Copyright © 2024 by RELX India Pvt. Ltd.
Adapted ISBN: 978-81-312-5961-0
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Set e-ISBN: 978-81-312-5962-7

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Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Foreword

Preface

Contributors

Chapter 52: Arthritis

Degenerative and Erosive OA

Inflammatory Arthropathies

Connective Tissue Diseases of Joints

Crystal-Induced Arthropathies

Metabolic, Hematologic, and Other Miscellaneous Causes of

Arthritis
 Summary

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 53: Endocrine and Metabolic Bone Diseases

Homeostasis of Bone

Role of Imaging

Dual X-ray Absorptiometry

Generalized Osteoporosis

Regional Osteoporosis

Biochemistry of Bone Metabolism

Rickets and Osteomalacia

Parathyroid Disorders

Renal Osteodystrophy

Tumoral Calcinosis

Metal and Drug Toxicity

Approach to Qualitative Imaging

Approach to Quantitative Imaging

Suggested Readings

References
Chapter 54: Lymphoreticular and Hematopoietic Bone Diseases

Introduction

Diseases Primarily Involving Red Blood Cells

Diseases Primarily Involving White Blood Cells

Diseases of the Lymphoreticular System

Diseases of the Coagulation System

Bone Marrow Changes

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 55: Musculoskeletal Infections

Introduction

Soft-Tissue Infection

Osteomyelitis

Postoperative Joint Infection

Brucellosis

Actinomycosis

Hydatid Disease (Echinococcus)

Cysticercosis

Cat-scratch Disease

Syphilis
 Yaws (Treponematosis)

Leprosy

Coccidioidomycosis

Mycetoma

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 56: Shoulder

Introduction

Functional Anatomy

Imaging Modalities

Shoulder pathology

Bursal Pathology

Joint Pathology

Acromioclavicular Joint Pathology

Nerve Pathology

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 57: The Elbow

Anatomy
 Elbow Imaging

Elbow Pathology

Elbow Arthritis

Bursitis

Neuropathies

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 58: Imaging of the Wrist and Hand

Introduction

Functional Anatomy

Nerves of the Hand and Wrist

Imaging Modalities and Protocols

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 59: Hip

Introduction

Functional Anatomy

Imaging Techniques and Protocol

 Joint Pathology

Conclusion/Overall Approach

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 60: Knee

Overview of the Function of the Knee Joint

Anatomy

Imaging Protocols

Effusion

Synovial Pathologies

Impingement of the Fat Pads Around the Knee Joint

Chondral and Osteochondral Abnormalities

Meniscus

Cruciate Ligaments

Anterior Knee

Medial Knee and Posteromedial Corner of Knee

Lateral Knee and Posterolateral Corner of Knee

Tennis Leg

Osteoarthritis of Knee

Knee Arthroplasty
 Summary

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 61: Ankle and foot

Introduction

Imaging Techniques and Protocol

Normal Anatomy

Abnormal Alignment

Tarsal Coalition

Ligament Abnormalities

Stress Fractures

Abnormal Tendons

Ankle Impingement Syndromes

Other Hindfoot Abnormalities

Abnormalities of the Forefoot

Nerve Abnormalities

Arthroplasty, Arthrodesis, and Alignment Correction Surgeries

Foreign Bodies

Practical Approach to Imaging the Foot and Ankle

Suggested Readings
 References

Chapter 62: Bone Tumors

Introduction

General Diagnostic Approach to Bone Tumors

Primary Bone Tumors

Other Primary Bone Tumors

Metastatic Tumor Involvement of Bone

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 63: Bone Tumor Mimics

Introduction

Normal Variants

Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities

Trauma-Related Lesions

Infection

Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases

Miscellaneous

Overall Approach

Suggested Readings
 References

Chapter 64: Soft Tissue Tumors

Introduction

Imaging Techniques

Compartmental Anatomy

WHO Classification

Adipocytic Tumors

Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic Tumors

Fibrohistiocytic Tumors

Vascular Tumor and Malformation

Chondro-osseous Tumor

Nerve Sheath Tumor

Muscle Tumors

Tumor of Uncertain Differentiation

Tumor Mimics

Biopsy

Staging

Postoperative Imaging

Summary

Suggested Readings
 References

Chapter 65: Oral Cavity and Pharynx

Section 1: Oral Cavit

Diseases of The Oral Cavity

Section 2: Pharynx

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx and Hypopharynx

Other Malignancies

Non-Neoplastic Lesions

Pharyngeal Trauma

Take Home Points: Oral Cavity

Take Home Points—Pharynx

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 66: Larynx

Introduction

Imaging Anatomy

Imaging Techniques and Protocols

Tumors of the Larynx

 Non-Tumorous Lesions

Post-Treatment Evaluation

Summary

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 67: Neck Nodes

Introduction

Imaging Techniques and Appropriateness

Anatomical Location of Nodes

Lymphatic Drainage of the Head and Neck Region

Differentials of a Neck Mass and How to Ascertain That the

Lesion is a Node

Imaging Features of a Normal and an Abnormal Node

Etiologies

Malignant Neck Nodes With Unknown Primary—Guidelines

From AJCC 8th Edition

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 68: Neck Spaces

Introduction
 Approach to Diagnosis of a Suprahyoid Neck Space Mass [1,2]

Masticator Space

Buccal Space

Parapharyngeal Space

Parotid Space

Carotid Space

Retropharyngeal Space

Perivertebral Space

Posterior Cervical Space

Sublingual and Submandibular Spaces

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 69: Thyroid and Parathyroids

Introduction

Embryology

Anatomy

Imaging Methods

Pathology

Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology

 Pathology

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 70: Paranasal Sinuses

Introduction

Imaging Techniques

Sinonasal Anatomy, Anatomical Variants, and Physiology

Diseases Affecting Sinonasal Space

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 71: Orbit

Anatomy

Trauma

Neoplasms

Vascular Abnormalities

Infection and Inflammatory Processes

Nasolacrimal Apparatus

Lacrimal Gland
 Introduction

Echoes

Membranes

Tumors

Trauma

Ultrasonography of the Extraocular Region

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 72: Temporal Bone

Introduction

Imaging Techniques

Radiological Anatomy

Normal Variants

External Ear Pathologies

Middle Ear and Mastoid Pathologies

Inner Ear Pathologies

Suggested Readings

References
Chapter 73: Skull Base

Introduction

Skull Base Anatomy

Embryologic Development

Imaging Technique

Pathology

Malignant Neoplasms

Benign Neoplasms

Infectious and Inflammatory Processes

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 74: Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology

Introduction

Anatomy

Pathologies

Radiographic Analysis of the TMJs

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 75: Benign Brain Lesions and Epilepsy

Introduction

Cerebral Hemispheres

Basal Ganglia

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Limbic Structures

Neuroendocrine Structures

Brainstem

Cerebellum

Sensory Pathways

Motor Pathways

Cerebellar Networks

Language Networks

Olfactory System

Visual System

Auditory System

Additional Sensory and Motor Cranial Nerves

CT and MRI Image Display

Contrast Enhancement

Field Strength

MRI Protocols
 MR Techniques Using Tissue Properties Other Than Magnetic
Relaxivity

Positron Emission Tomography

Extra-Axial Versus Intra-Axial

Mass Effect

Volume Loss

Gray Matter Versus White Matter and Cortical Versus Subcortical

Focal Versus Multiple Versus Diffuse

Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous and Cystic Versus Solid

Benign Cysts

Neuroendocrine Diseases

Vascular Lesions

CNS Infections

Demyelinating Diseases

Neuroinflammatory Lesions

Epilepsy

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 76: Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases

Introduction
 Metabolic Disorders

Toxic Disorders

Pathophysiology

Approach to the Diagnosis of Toxic and Metabolic Disorders of

the Brain

Neurodegenerative Disorders

Summary

References

Chapter 77: Stroke and Vascular Abnormalities

Introduction

Pathophysiology, Mechanisms, Classification, Management

Acute Stroke Imaging Protocols

Clinical Scenarios

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 78: Brain Tumors

Introduction

2016 WHO Classification of Central Nervous System (CNS)

Tumors
 Brain Tumor Imaging Protocol

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 79: Spine

Imaging Techniques of the Spine

Anatomy

Diseases

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 80: Pediatric Brain and Spine

Introduction

Embryology and Normal Prenatal Brain Development

Brain Myelination

Inherited Neurometabolic Disorders/Leukodystrophies

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Congenital and Developmental Supratentorial Brain Anomalies

Congenital and Developmental Infratentorial Brain Anomalies

Pediatric Brain Tumors

Extra-axial Neoplasms
 Ultrasound of the Infant Brain

Ultrasound of the Infant Spine

Phakomatoses

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 81: Pediatric Head and Neck

Introduction

Imaging Techniques and Protocols

Pediatric Skull Base

Paranasal Sinuses and Nasal Cavity (Table 81.3)

Pediatric Temporal Bone

Orbit and Lacrimal Glands (Table 81.5 and Box 81.3)

Lacrimal Gland

Pediatric Neck Masses (Box 81.4)

Imaging of Thyroid/Parathyroid and Salivary Glands

Pediatric Upper Airway Disorders; Pediatric Sleep and Voice

Disorders; Velopharyngeal Insufficiency (Box 81.7)

Pediatric Head & Neck Emergencies

Syndromes in Children With Head & Neck Manifestations

Pediatric Jaw Lesions

 Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 82: Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction

Normal Fetal Circulation

Role of Advanced Imaging

Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Disease

Classification of Congenital Heart Disease

Overall Approach to CHD

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 83: Pediatric Chest

Introduction

Congenital Thoracic Abnormalities

Intrathoracic Neoplasms and Masses

Neonatal Chest

Lung Pathologies in the Older Child

Suggested Readings

References
Chapter 84: Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tract and Hepatobiliary System

Normal Embryology

Imaging Techniques

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Anomalies

Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Anomalies

Approach to Neonatal Bowel Obstruction

Acute and Inflammatory Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Abdominal Wall Defects

Disorders of Biliary System, Liver, and Pancreas

Burkitt Lymphoma

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 85: Pediatric Genitourinary Tract

Embryology

Normal Anatomy and Anatomic Variants

Diagnostic Procedures

Developmental Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

Abnormalities of Fusion

Congenital Anomalies of the Pelvicalyceal System and Ureter

Cystic Renal Diseases in Children

 Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases

Congenital Lesions of The Urethra

Congenital Scrotal Disorders

The Acute Scrotum

Renal Neoplasms in Children

Disorders of Sex Development

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 86: Pediatric Musculoskeletal System

Introduction

Normal Pediatric Skeletal Anatomy and Development

Upper Limb Disorders

Pelvis and Lower Limb

Disorders of the Axial Skeleton

Multifocal Disorders: Infectious, Inflammatory, and

Pseudoneoplastic

Generalized Skeletal Disorders: Genomic and Chromosomal

Generalized Skeletal Disorders: Metabolic

Skeletal Findings in Haemoglobinopathies

Nonaccidental Injury
 Bone Age Assessment in Children (Also See the Appendix of
Bone Age Estimation)

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 87: Skeletal Trauma

Introduction

Terminology

Associated Soft-Tissue Abnormalities

Fracture Healing

Evaluation of Skeletal Trauma

Complications of Fracture

Arterial Injury

Joint Injuries

Other Forms of Trauma

Chronic Trauma to the Joints (Neuropathic Arthropathy)

Osteochondritis Dissecans (Osteochondral Fractures)

Salter-Harris Fractures

Fractures at the Elbow

Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis

Major Trauma
 Pathological Fractures

Suspected Physical Abuse

Classic Metaphyseal Lesions

Long Bone Fractures in Non-Ambulant Infants

Spiral Fractures

Rib Fractures

Fracture Age

Mimics of Physical Abuse

Birth Injuries

Upper Limb Fractures: the Shoulder and Upper Arm

The Elbow

The Wrist

Carpal Fractures

The Lower Limb

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 88: Neuro, Head, and Neck Trauma

Introduction

Intracranial Trauma

Skull Including the Skull Base

 Temporal Bone Trauma

Facial Trauma—Midface, Orbits, Nasoseptal, and Mandible

Craniocervical Junction, Subaxial Cervical Spine, and

Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma

Fractures and Key Injury Patterns

Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury (BCVI)

Penetrating Neck Trauma

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 89: Trauma of the Torso

Introduction

Imaging of the Severely Injured Patient

Thoracic Trauma

Abdominal Trauma

Summary

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 90: Acute Neurological Emergencies

Introduction

Acute Onset Headache

 Comatose Patient

Septic Patient

Neurological Emergencies in the Pregnant/Postpartum Patient

Acute Onset Cranial Nerve Deficit(s)

Acute Spinal Cord Syndrome

Summary

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 91: Acute Chest

Radiological Techniques

Nontraumatic Chest Emergencies

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Summary

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 92: Acute Abdomen

Chest and Abdominal X-Rays (CXR and AXR)

Hepatobiliary

Gallbladder and Billiary System

 Liver

Pancreas

Spleen

Gastrointestinal Tract

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 93: Introduction to Interventional Radiology

History

Preprocedure Checklists

Postprocedure Checklist

Overall Contraindications

Basics of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology or Biopsy

Basics of Aspiration

Basics of Drainage Procedures

Basics of Vascular Access

Summary

Suggested Readings

References
Chapter 94: Abdominal Interventions

Acute Cholecystitis

Liver Abscess

Hydatid Disease of Liver

Liver Trauma

Biliary Interventions in Obstructive Jaundice

Percutaneous Stone Extraction Through T-Tube Track

Introduction

Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

Shunt Surveillance

Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (BRTO)

Introduction

Locoregional Therapies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Conclusion [51]

Introduction

Indication and Timing of Intervention

Percutaneous Radiological Drainage Procedure

Infected Walled-Off Necrosis Drainage (Fig. 94.11)

Minimally Invasive Necrosectomy

Pancreatic Fistula

Conclusion

Percutaneous Gastrojejunostomy

Percutaneous Jejunostomy

Percutaneous Cecostomy

Balloon Dilation of Gastrointestinal Stricture

Metallic Stent Placement

Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Relevant Anatomy

Kidney Location

Pelvicalyceal Anatomy

Renal Vascular Anatomy

Relation With Surrounding Structures

Patient Preparation

Percutaneous Nephrostomy

Image Guidance

General Technique

Complications of Percutaneous Nephrostomy

Specific Scenarios

Transplant Kidney
Horseshoe Kidney

Nondilated Calyceal System

Percutaneous Nephrostomy in Pediatric Patients

Percutaneous Nephrostomy in Pregnant Patients

Antegrade Ureteral Stenting

Technique

Complications of Antegrade Ureteral Stenting

Balloon Dilation of Ureteric Stricture

Percutaneous Drainage of Perinephric Abscess

Percutaneous Renal Biopsy

Technique

Transjugular Renal Biopsy

Technique

Renal Aneurysm and Pseudoaneurysm

Technique

Renal Arterio-Venous Shunts

Renal Tumor Embolization

Technique

Renal Tumor Ablation

Technique
Radiofrequency Ablation

Microwave Ablation

Cryoablation

Laser Ablation

High-Intensity Focused Ultrasonography

Chemical Ablation

Nonchemical Nonthermal Ablation: Irreversible Electroporation

Postprocedural Follow-Up After Ablation

Interventions in Transplant Kidneys

Indications

Contraindications

Preprocedural Workup and Assessment

Vascular Procedures

Nonvascular Procedures

Uterine Artery Embolization

Role of Uterine Artery Embolization in Adenomyosis

Role of Uterine Artery Embolization in PPH

Pelvic Congestion Syndrome

Fallopian Tube Recanalization

Suggested Readings
 References

Chapter 95: Aortic and Peripheral Vascular Interventions and Interventions

in the Chest

Normal Anatomy and Variants

Spectrum of Acquired Aortic Pathologies Requiring Intervention

Spectrum of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Natural History

Diagnostic and Imaging Modalities

Management Strategies

Normal Anatomy

Spectrum of Pathology and Their Management

Pulmonary Embolism

Pulmonary Artery Stenosis

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation

Pulmonary Artery Aneurysms and Pseudoaneurysms

Percutaneous Retrieval of Foreign Body

Normal Anatomy [89,90]

Spectrum of Pathology and Indications of Interventions [91]

Central Airway Obstruction

Emphysematous Disease

Asthma
 Bronchopleural Fistula

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Sampling of Peritracheal Tissue

Newer Advances and Works in Progress

Embryology and Anatomy of theBronchial Arteries

Bronchial Artery Embolization Technique [147–156]

Outcomes

Complications

Conclusion

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 96: Neurointervention

Introduction

Cerebral Angiography

Cerebral Aneurysms

Acute Ischemic Stroke

Carotid Stenosis

Arteriovenous Malformation

Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

Vein of Galen Malformation

 Venous and Lymphatic Malformation

Tumors

Head and Neck Hemorrhage

Spinal Vascular Interventions

Vertebroplasty and Vertebral Augmentation

Future Directions

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 97: Musculoskeletal Interventional Radiology

Introduction

Basic Principles of Musculoskeletal Intervention

Preparation for Musculoskeletal Interventional Procedures

Range of Technique and Evidence

Choice of Technique

Practical Tips

Individual Procedures

Choice of Injectate

Post-Procedural Care

Suggested Readings

References
Chapter 98: Conventional Nuclear Medicine Imaging

Introduction

Musculoskeletal System

Endocrine System

Genitourinary System

Pulmonary System

Hepatobiliary System

Neuroimaging

Nuclear Cardiology

Lymphoscintigraphy

Miscellaneous Investigations

Suggested Readings

References

Chapter 99: Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography

Introduction

Fluorine-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose

Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in

Oncology

Nononcologic Uses of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed

Tomography

Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Another random document with
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confirmed by King Philip himself. The Stationers’ Company of
England had received its charter from Queen Mary in 1556, or thirty-
three years earlier. The Guild of the Venetian Printers dated from
1548, and was the earliest association of the kind in Europe. The
affairs of the Guild of Milan were managed by a board of directors,
comprising a Prior, a Bursar, and two Councillors. The Board had
charge of the property of the corporation, and was responsible also
for the protection of its privileges under the charter, and for the
defence of any of its members whose rights might be assailed. It
rested also with the Board to see that the regulations of the
Corporation were properly carried out, and in the event of any
assessment being laid upon the organised Printers and Publishers, it
was the duty of the Bursar to apportion the payments equitably
among the members of the Guild.
To the Board was also given authority to adjudicate disputes not
only between members of the Guild, but between the members and
outsiders, and its jurisdiction extended over the entire duchy. From
the decisions of the Board there was, as a rule, no appeal. In case,
however, the issue involved any complicated questions of law, so
that it became necessary for the Board to call in the counsel of a
jurist, an appeal could be made from the decision arrived at to a
special court of arbitration, which was also, however, to be made up
of members of the Guild. The roster of the Guild was in the special
control of the Prior, and this record was of special importance,
because no one whose name was not on this roster as a member in
good standing was permitted to print or to sell books in Milan, under
a penalty for each offence of fifty gold scudi.
No one was eligible for membership who had not served an
apprenticeship of eight years to a printer or book-dealer in Milan.
The fee for admission was, for one born in Milan, thirty lire, for others
one hundred lire.
One purpose of the organisation of the Guild was to prevent the
competition of foreign printers and booksellers from breaking down
the trade of the Milanese. A more legitimate object was to keep the
business of printing, publishing, and selling books in the hands of
trained men of high character, good education, and technical
training, who should conduct their work in a manner worthy of the
repute of Milan. It had been the complaint that many unworthy and
unskilled men had crowded into the business of making and selling
books, lowering the standard of the trade and diminishing the profits.
It was complained also that the paper-manufacturers or paper-
dealers had undertaken to sell books, notwithstanding a specific
statute prohibiting them from so doing. The royal commissioner,
whose sanction was required to validate on behalf of the King the
regulations of the new Guild, stipulated, however, in confirming the
renewal of this prohibition, that the paper-makers should still be
permitted to sell certain special books which had for some years
been in their hands, but that no other publications must be sold by
any paper-dealer who had not secured membership in the Guild as a
properly qualified bookseller.
It is not easy, after an interval of three centuries, to decide whether
this undertaking for the closer organisation of the book-trade was
really prompted, as was contended, by the desire to keep on the
highest possible plane the business of making and selling books, or
whether it was the result of a selfish desire on the part of the older
Milanese dealers to increase their profits and to keep out
competitors. It is probable there was a mixture of motives, but it is
certain that in Milan, as in other book centres, the formation of the
Guild gave an important incentive to printing and publishing,
improved the quality of the work done, and tended to keep the
business in the hands of a good class of men, and it is evident also
that such results must have brought advantages also to the general
public.
The more important of the regulations of the Guild can be
summarised as follows:

1. No member of the Guild shall reprint or shall sell any book

issued by another member, provided such book has not before
been printed in Milan, and provided also that the edition claiming
protection shall itself have been printed in Milan. A book printed
outside of the duchy cannot secure the protection of a Milanese
 privilege. The penalty for infringement is the forfeiture of the
copies printed and the payment of ten gold scudi.
2. Each publication shall bear the imprint of its printer or
publisher (usually, of course, the same person).
3. Apprentices and assistants must be registered on the records
of the Guild.
4. The sale of books in any places other than the registered
shops or places of business is forbidden; and the purchase of
books from apprentices or from any not known to be duly
authorised dealers is also made a misdemeanour.
5. The sale of books on Sundays or holidays, either in the shops
or in the dwellings, is forbidden.
6. No printer or dealer must use for his sign a token identical
with or closely similar to that already in use with an authorised
printer or dealer.

These regulations appear to have had the desired effect of

repressing if not of entirely exterminating the business of the
unauthorised printers and traders. In 1614, however probably for the
purpose of impressing a fresh generation of unauthorised traders,
the Guild secured a fresh royal edict, which again confirmed the
authority of the Guild and enjoined, under heavy penalties, the
strictest obedience to its regulations.
Frommann points out that in the application for this new decree,
the Guild no longer lays stress upon the necessity of upholding the
dignity and honourable standard of the book-trade, but emphasises
the risk to the Church and to the community of believers if
uneducated and irresponsible persons, not familiar with the lists of
forbidden works, should be permitted to print or to sell books.
Experience had evidently made clear to the publishers that with a
government like that of Spain (which might be described as
despotism tempered by the Inquisition) this class of considerations
would be much more influential than any thought of upholding the
dignity of the business of making and selling books.
The petitioners make reference to the decree accompanying the
latest Index Expurgatorius, which forbids any one from carrying on
business as a printer, publisher, or bookseller, who has not taken
oath before the ecclesiastical superiors or the Inquisitor of his district
to conduct his business in full loyalty to the holy Catholic Church,
and to give explicit obedience to all the decrees and enactments of
the Church and of the Inquisitor for the regulation and supervision of
the press.
The petitioners go on to state that this edict of the Church has
largely fallen into disregard because ordinary traders, merzeranii,
uneducated and irresponsible men, not trained to the book-business
and having no knowledge of or no respect for the Index
Expurgatorius, have been allowed to print and to sell books, to the
detriment not only of the legitimate book-trade, but of the Church and
of the community. The King (Philip III.) appears to have agreed with
the Guild that this interference with an organised book-trade (which
from the very fact of its organisation could be and was effectively
supervised by the Church) constituted a very dangerous abuse.
The new edict, with its severe penalties, and with the effective co-
operation of the local inquisitors and other ecclesiastics, appears to
have had the effect desired. We hear no more from the publishers of
Milan about irresponsible competition, and the business prospered
as far as was practicable within the rather narrow limits fixed by the
censorship of the Church. The most noteworthy productions of the
Milanese presses between the years 1500 and 1700, were, as
stated, in the departments of jurisprudence and medicine. The
greater activity of publishing in these two departments may very
possibly have been in part due to the fact that they were less
affected by the ecclesiastical censorship.
Lucca and Foligno.—The little city of Lucca is entitled to
mention in connection with the introduction of printing into Italy, if
only because it was the only city in Italy (and possibly the only one in
Europe), in which the new art secured the direct support and co-
operation of the government in the form, first of a municipal decree in
favour of the printing-press, and secondly of a direct subvention from
the municipal treasury in encouragement of the first printer. The
printer was Clemente, a native of Padua, who was engaged in
business in Lucca as a scribe and illuminator. It was made a
condition of the appropriation (the amount of which is not stated) that
the printer, who was to be classed as a public functionary, was to
hold himself in readiness to teach the art to all who might desire to
learn. Clemente established his press in Lucca in 1477, and printed
there in that year, an edition of the Triumphs of Petrarch. He had
previously printed in Venice a work by John Mesne, of Damascus, on
universal medicine, a large folio of 400 pages.
A still smaller city than Lucca, Foligno in Umbria, enjoys the
distinction of having received as its first printer, Johann Numeister,
who had been a pupil and assistant of Gutenberg himself. After the
death of his master, Numeister came to Italy with the intention of
setting up a press in Rome. He was induced to settle at Foligno at
the instance of Orfinis, a wealthy citizen, who supplied the funds
necessary for the undertaking. The first publication of the Foligno
Press was Leonardi Aretini Bruni de Bello Italico adversus Gothos,
which bears date 1470.
The imprint states that the book was “printed by Numeister in the
house of Emilianus de Orfinis.” The second work selected was an
edition of the Divina Commedia of Dante, the manuscript copy of
which had been collated and corrected for the press by Orfinis.
Orfinis died in 1472, just before the printing of the Commedia was
completed. Numeister paid a tribute to his patron in the last line of
the rhyming imprint:

Nel milla quatro cente septe e due

Nel quarto mese; a di cinque et sei,
Questa opera gentile impresso fue,
Io maestro Johanni Numeister opera dei
Alla dicta impressione, et meco fue,
El Elfuginato, Evangelista mei.

—Humphreys interprets the words “Evangelist mine” as standing for

“the one who made me known to the world.”[450] M. Bernard writes,
“better Evangelist than I am.” The last volume bearing the name of
Numeister was an edition of Torquemada’s Contemplations. With his
death in 1479, the brief record of the press of Foligno comes to a
close.
Florence.—Florence, which for a century or more had been
the centre of the intellectual life of Italy, and which presented in its
great collection of manuscripts, its central position, and its important
trade connections, distinctive advantages for the work of book-
publishing, was comparatively late in giving attention to the new art,
and the issues from the Florentine presses before the close of the
fifteenth century, were much less important than those of Venice and
of Milan.
The first book printed in Florence, a commentary on Virgil, by
Servius, bears date 1471. It was issued by Bernardo Cennino, and
appears to have been his sole publication.
Cennino was by trade a goldsmith, and had been associated with
Ghiberti in the work on the famous gates of the Baptistery.[451] An
enthusiast about the artistic pre-eminence of Florence and of Italy,
he was said to have been jealous of the glory that had come to
Germany through the invention of printing, and he determined to
master the art without German aid.[452] In the colophon to his work,
he describes the labour of the creation of his press, a labour which
included the engraving of the steel punches and the casting of the
type. His publishing venture was costly and probably unprofitable,
and he appears to have printed no second book. He continued,
however, in connection with his trade as a goldsmith, the work of
engraving punches for type.
The German printers speedily found their way to Florence as they
had already done to Rome, Venice, and Milan. In 1472, a certain
Peter, describing himself as “de Moguntia,” (of Mayence) printed an
edition of the Philocolo of Boccaccio, and in the same year, he
issued the Triumphs of Petrarch.
The subscription reads: “Master Peter, son of John of Mayence,
wrote (scripsit) this work in Florence, the 12th day of November,
1472.”
 Humphreys points out that this imprint is an example of the habit
of the early printers of considering their art as a kind of magical
writing rather than as a mechanical contrivance.
The most important of the early printer-publishers of Florence was
Nicholas of Breslau. In 1477, he published Bettini’s Monte Sancto di
Dio, which, according to Humphreys, presents the first example of
illustrations by means of engraved plates. In 1478, Nicholas
published an edition of Dante, the most elaborate that had yet
appeared. Dante had evidently already taken possession of the
intellectual interest of Italy, and as early as 1472, no less than three
editions had appeared. The fact that the poetry of Dante was given
to the public in Italian, secured for it a much wider range of popular
appreciation than was within reach of works written in Latin. The
same was true of the works of Boccaccio and of Petrarch, which,
with the aid of the printing-press, promptly came into the hands of
large circles of readers. Petrarch was first printed in 1470, and
Boccaccio in 1471, and thereafter editions of both authors followed
rapidly.
In 1474, a press was set up in the monastery of San Jacopo di
Ripili, near Florence, by two monks of the Brotherhood of S.
Dominic. The greater part of the books printed by them were
distributed among the monasteries as gifts or in exchange, but as
the reputation of their publications increased, they found it necessary
to accept orders from booksellers and from the outside public. Later,
they added a type-foundry to their plant.
Genoa.—The first printing-office in Genoa was established in
1471 by a German from Olmutz, named Moravus, who associated
with himself, in 1474, an Italian named Michael da Monaco. The
scribes, or manuscriptists, as they called themselves, made a
vigorous protest against the new art. They addressed, in 1471, a
petition to the magistracy in which they prayed to be protected from
the competition of these newly arrived printers, at least as far as the
production of Breviaries, Donati, and Psalters was concerned, as
upon the multiplication of these they depended for their livelihood.
Humphreys states that the original of this petition is still in
existence.[453] The record of the reply given by the magistrates has
not been preserved.
The printers were evidently not forbidden to print these books of
service, as editions were speedily produced. The influence of the
scribes appears, however, in the end, to have been sufficient to
establish a kind of cabal against the printers, and in the course of a
year or two the German gave up the attempt and removed his press
to Naples. There was doubtless in all the Italian cities a large
measure of jealousy and opposition on the part of the old librarii,
stationarii, and scriptores, but Genoa appears to have been the only
city where they were strong enough actually to drive out the printers,
at least for a time.
The first Hebrew Bible printed in Europe was issued in Soncino in
1488, from the press of Abraham Colonto. It is described as a very
fine piece of typography and as note-worthy for the artistic chapter-
headings and for the elaborate decorations of the marginal borders
of the pages.

end of volume i.
 The Question of Copyright
Comprising the text of the Copyright Law of the United States, and a
summary of the Copyright laws at present in force in the chief
countries of the world; together with a report of the legislation now
pending in Great Britain, a sketch of the contest in the United
States, 1837-1891, in behalf of International Copyright, and certain
papers on the development of the conception of literary property
and on the results of the American law of 1891.
COMPILED BY
GEO. HAVEN PUTNAM, A.M.,
Secretary of the American Publishers’ Copyright League.
Second Edition, revised, with additions, and with the record of
legislation brought down to March, 1896, octavo, gilt top, $1.75
Contents.—The law of Copyright in the U. S. in force
July 1, 1895.—Directions for securing Copyright.—
Countries with which the U. S. is now in Copyright
relations.—Amendments to the Copyright Act since July 1,
1891.—Summary of Copyright legislation in the U. S., by
R. R. Bowker.—History of the contest for International
Copyright.—The Hawley Bill of January, 1885.—The
Pearsall-Smith scheme of Copyright.—Report of the
House Committee on Patents, on the Bill of 1890-91, by
W. E. Simonds.—The Platt-Simonds Act of March, 1891.
—Analysis of the provisions of the Act of 1891.—Extracts
from the speeches in the debates of 1891.—Results of the
law of 1891 (considered in January 1894).—Summary of
the international Copyright cases and decisions since the
Act of 1891.—Abstract of the Copyright laws of Great
Britain, with a digest of the same by Sir James Stephen.—
Report of the British Copyright Commission of 1878.—The
Monkswell Copyright bill of 1890, with an analysis by Sir
Frederick Pollock.—The Berne Convention of 1887.—The
Montevideo Convention of 1889.—The Nature and Origin
of Copyright, by R. R. Bowker.—The Evolution of
Copyright, by Brander Matthews.—Literary Property: an
historical sketch.—Statutory Copyright in England, by R.
R. Bowker.—Cheap Books and Good Books by Brander
Matthews.—Copyright and the Prices of Books.—
Copyright “Monopolies” and Protection.—States which
have become parties to the Convention of Berne.—
Summary of the existing Copyright laws of the world
(March, 1896).—The status of Canada in regard to
Copyright, January, 1896.—General Index.
NOTICES.
A perfect arsenal of facts and arguments, carefully
elaborated and very effectively presented.... Altogether it
constitutes an extremely valuable history of the
development of a very intricate right of property, and it is
as interesting as it is valuable.—N. Y. Nation.
A work of exceptional value for authors and booksellers,
and for all interested in the history and status of literary
property.—Christian Register.
Until the new Copyright law has been in operation for
some time, constant resource must be had to this
workmanlike volume.—The Critic.
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
New York: 27 West 23d St. London: 24 Bedford St., Strand
 Authors and Their Public In Ancient Times
A Sketch of Literary Conditions and of the Relations with the Public
of Literary Producers, from the Earliest Times to the Fall of the
Roman Empire.
By GEO. HAVEN PUTNAM, A.M.
Author of “The Question of Copyright,” “Books and their Makers
During the Middle Ages,” etc.
Second Edition, Revised, 12º, gilt top $1.50

NOTICES.
The Knickerbocker Press appears almost at its best in the
delicately simple and yet attractive form which it has given to this
work, wherein the chief of a celebrated publishing house sketches
the gradual evolution of the idea of literary property.... The book
abounds in information, is written in a delightfully succinct and
agreeable manner, with apt comparisons that are often humorous,
and with scrupulous exactness to statement, and without a sign of
partiality either from an author’s or a publisher’s point of view.—New
York Times.
A most instructive book for the thoughtful and curious reader....
The author’s account of the literary development of Greece is
evidence of careful investigation and of scholarly judgment. Mr.
Putnam writes in a way to instruct a scholar and to interest the
general reader. He has been exceptionally successful in describing
the progress of letters, the peculiar environment of those who are
interested in the career of the dramatist and the philosopher, and
that habit of mind characteristic of Hellenic life.—Philadelphia Press.
A most valuable review of the important subject of the beginnings
of literary prosperity. The book presents also a powerful plea for the
rights of authors. The beginnings of literary matters in Chaldea,
Egypt, India, Persia, China, and Japan are exhibited with
discrimination and fairness and in a very entertaining way. The work
is a valuable contribution upon a subject of pressing interest to
authors and their public.—New York Observer.
The work shows broad cultivation, careful scholarly research, and
original thought. The style is simple and straightforward, and the
volume is both attractive and valuable.—Richmond Times.
The volume is beautifully printed on good paper.... Every author
ought to be compelled to buy and read this bright volume, and no
publisher worthy of the name should be without it.—Publishers’
Circular, London.
The book is one that will commend itself to every author, while at
the same time it is full of entertainment for the general reader.—
London Sun.
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
New York: 29 West 23d St. London: 24 Bedford St., Strand
 Books and Their Makers During the Middle Ages
A Study of the Conditions of the Production and Distribution of
Literature from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Close of the
Seventeenth Century.
By GEO. HAVEN PUTNAM, A.M.
Author of “Authors and Their Public in Ancient Times,” “The
Question of Copyright,” etc., etc.
In two volumes, 8º, cloth extra (sold separately), each $2.50
Volume I. 476-1500. (Ready April, 1896.)
PART I.—BOOKS IN MANUSCRIPT.
I.—The Making of Books in the Monasteries.
Introductory.—Cassiodorus and S. Benedict.—The Earlier
Monkish Scribes.—The Ecclesiastical Schools and the Clerics as
Scribes.—Terms Used for Scribe Work.—S. Columba, the Apostle to
Caledonia.—Nuns as Scribes.—Monkish Chroniclers.—The Work of
the Scriptorium.—The Influence of the Scriptorium.—The Literary
Monks of England.—The Earlier Monastery Schools.—The
Benedictines of the Continent.—The Libraries of the Monasteries
and their Arrangements for the Exchange of Books.
II.—Some Libraries of the Manuscript Period.
III.—The Making of Books in the Early Universities.
IV.—The Book-Trade in the Manuscript Period.
Italy.—Books in Spain.—The Manuscript Trade in France.—
Manuscript Dealers in Germany.
PART II.—THE EARLIER PRINTED BOOKS.
I.—The Renaissance as the Forerunner of the Printing-Press.
II.—The Invention of Printing and the Work of the First
Printers of Holland and Germany.
III.—The Printer-Publishers of Italy.
 Volume II. 1500-1709. (Ready September, 1896.)
IV.—The Printer-Publishers of France.
V.—The Later Estiennes and Casaubon.
VI.—Caxton and the Introduction of Printing into England.
VII.—The Kobergers of Nuremberg.
VIII.—Froben of Basel.
IX.—Erasmus and his Books.
X.—Luther as an Author.
XI.—Plantin of Antwerp.
XII.—The Elzevirs of Leyden and Amsterdam.
XIII.—Italy: Privileges and Censorship.
XIV.—Germany: Privileges and Book-Trade Regulations.
XV.—France: Privileges, Censorship, and Legislation.
XVI.—England: Privileges, Censorship, and Legislation.
XVII.—Conclusion: The Development of the Conception of
Literary Property.
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
New York: 29 West 23d St. London: 24 Bedford St., Strand
 A Literary History of the English People
From the Earliest Times to the Present Day.
By J. J. JUSSERAND
Author of “The English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare,” etc.,
etc.
To be complete in three parts, each part forming one volume.
(Sold separately.)
Part I.—From the Origins to the Renaissance. 8º, pp. xxii + 545.
With frontispiece in photogravure. $3.50.
Part II.—From the Renaissance to Pope. (In press.)
Part III.—From Pope to the Present Day. (In preparation.)
We may say, without contradiction, that the marvellous story of our
literature in its vital connection with the origin and growth of the
English people has never been treated with a greater union of
conscientious research, minute scholarship, pleasantness of humor,
picturesqueness of style, and sympathetic intimacy.—London
Chronicle.
The most important and delightful contribution to the popular study
of English literature since Taine’s volumes were published, is to be
made by M. J. J. Jusserand in his “Literary History of the English
People.” ... Only the most meagre sketch of the pleasure in store for
the readers of M. Jusserand’s volume can be given here. No one
interested in the beginnings of English literature can fail to be
pleased with this delightful study. A thoroughly stimulating book ...
which will arouse fresh interest in the early periods of our literature.
—Literary World.
M. Jusserand is an investigator of keen insight and indefatigable
energy. He has also the quality which gives to him, from his Latin
parentage, synthesis and literary tact.... He paints a picture.... It is
unquestionably true that for this generation, M. Jusserand has said
the last word on this subject.... For the period of Chaucer, he has
summarized what is known with admirable skill.... His work must be
accepted as the authority on the Middle Ages as they were lived in
England.—N. Y. Commercial Advertiser.
The book bears witness on every page to having been written by
one whose mind was overflowing with information, and whose heart
was in abounding sympathy with his work. Mr. Jusserand possesses
pre-eminently the modern spirit of inquiry, which has for its object the
attainment of truth and a comprehension of the beginnings of things
and of the causes that have brought about effects.—N. Y. Times.
After so many excellent works, of which English literature is the
subject, have been issued in England and on the Continent, after
even the epic work of Taine, yet M. Jusserand still contrives to be
original, fresh, and creative. The history of English literature has
been written before, but what he gives us is something new; it is the
literary history of the English people, that is to say, he makes us
follow the historical evolution of the nation in literature, and what that
evolution has created and revealed. He has employed a method
which could not be used with success, except by a man with a
thorough and correct knowledge of literature and the history of the
English people, and of the people themselves, and one who is
worthy of serious consideration by all literary historians.—La Revue
de Paris, July 1, 1894, on the French Edition.
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
New York: 27 West 23d St. London: 24 Bedford St., Strand
 INDEX
A
Abbon, Saint, i, 56
Abelard, the philosophy of, i, 198; the lectures of, i, 198; the
influence of, upon the theological school of Paris, i, 198;
considered as the actual founder of the University of Paris, i,
197, 198
Academies, literary, of Italy, i, 322 ff., 344
Academy, of Venice, the, literary undertakings of, i, 423 ff.
—— of France, founding of the, ii, 458
Adagia, the, of Erasmus, the first edition of, ii, 194; the Aldine
edition of, ii, 199
Adamnanus, life of S. Columba, cited, i, 50
Adolph of Nassau, captures Mayence, i, 371
Adrian VI, ii, 29
Aedh, King, presides over the parliament of Drumceitt, i, 49
Aelfric, Homilies of, i, 101; the canons of, i, 101
Agapetus, Pope, i, 22
Agnien, libraire in Paris in the 13th century, i, 271
Agricola, librarian of Heidelberg in 1485, orders books for the
library, i, 297
Aimoin of Fleury, i, 56
Albert, Abbot of Gembloux, makes collection of manuscripts, i,
231
—— of Brandenburg, ii, 229
Alcuin, training of, by Egbert, i, 107; the library of, at York, i, 62;
correspondence of, with Charlemagne, i, 62, 109; the
methods in his scriptorium, i, 66; institutes the imperial
schools in Aachen, Tours, and Milan, i, 109; poem of, on the
library of York Cathedral, i, 108; his imperial pupils, i, 109;
treatise of, on orthography, i, 111; his injunction to pious
scribes, i, 113; list of the writings of, i, 114; death of, at Tours,
 i, 115; describes the journeys of Aelbert, i, 228; the
educational work of, ii, 479 ff.
Aldersbach, monastery of, i, 40.
Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborn, visits Berthwold in Canterbury, i,
97; imports books from France, i, 97.
Aldi Filii, the name adopted by the son and grandson of the
founder of the firm, i, 438
Aldine classics, the, models for the Elzevirs, ii, 301
—— Press, close of the work of, i, 438; operations of the, in
Rome, i, 441 ff.
Aldus Manutius, work of, in the printing of Greek texts, i, 243;
relations of, to the book trade of Italy and of Europe, i, 415;
earlier life of, i, 417 ff.; letter of, stating his aims, i, 418; first
publications of, i, 420; literary undertakings of, i, 419;
marriage of, i, 420; Greek classics issued by, i, 420; institutes
the Academy of Venice, i, 423; correspondence of, with
France and with Germany, i, 424 ff.; reputation of, in
Germany, i, 430; letter of, to Taberio, i, 430; summary of
publications of, i, 432; financial difficulties of, competition of,
with piratical reprinters, i, 432; secures papal privileges, i,
432; initiates new forms of type, i, 434; attempts to defend his
office against literary loafers, i, 437; death of, i, 438; summary
of the career of, i, 439; ii, 12, 22, 23, 102, 151, 194; privilege
given to, for Greek text, ii, 346; privilege given to, for italic
text, ii, 347; publishes the Letters of Phalaris, ii, 351; ii, 487
Aldus Manutius the second, i, 438; business experience of, i,
441; gives up business as a printer, i, 445
Aleander, Hieronymus, Greek scholar and theologian, i, 422, ii,
12 ff.
Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, the library of, i, 147
Alfano, the poem of, on monastery life, i, 127
Alfonso, King of Aragon and Sicily, offers rewards for literary
productions, i, 330
Alfred, King, attends school in Oxford, i, 119; service of, to the
literary interests of England, i, 98; makes English version of
Gregory’s Pastoral Care, i, 99; complains of the ignorance of
Englishmen, i, 99; prepares English translations of certain
 famous books, orders transcripts of the national chronicles, i,
100
Al-hakem, Kahlif, library of, in Cordova, i, 254; pays large sums
for the writing of books, i, 254
Alphonso, King of Naples, the literary circle of, i, 252
Amalasuentha, Queen of the Goths, i, 20
Amandus, Abbot of Salem, i, 85
Ambrose, Saint, Legenda Aurea of, cited, i, 37
Amerbach, Basilius, ii, 238
—— Boniface, ii, 173
—— Johann, editor, printer and publisher of Basel, i, 393, ii,
151; purchases paper stock with an edition of S. Augustine, i,
348; relations of, with Koberger, i, 393; relations of, with
Froben, i, 393
Andreä, Hieronymus, ii, 410
Andreas, Abbot of Bergen, i, 86
Andrews, Bishop, ii, 97, 99
Angus the Culdee, the Festilogium of, i, 46
Anjou, the Countess of, pays, in 1460, a great price for a copy of
Homilies, i, 299
Anna Gray, the monastery of, founded, i, 47
Annales Ecclesiastici, ii, 97
Anne, Queen, the Act of, ii, 472
Anselm, Saint, the Peripatetic, cited, i, 39, 197; recommends to
his pupils the study of an expurgated Virgil, i, 62
Anshelm, Thomas, publisher of Tübingen, ii, 165, 172, 231
Antidotarium, the, i, 196
Antwerp as a publishing centre, ii, 255 ff.; losses of, through the
revolt of the Netherlands, ii, 274
Apologia pro Herodoto, ii, 72 ff.
Aquinas, Thomas, the de Censuris of, ii, 386
Arabian writers, bring to Europe the literature of Greece, i, 181;
medical works of, used as text-books, i, 195
Areopagitica of Milton, the, ii, 474 ff.
Arethas, the scribes of, i, 42
Aretinus, Johannes, librarius, i, 234, 246
Ariosto, the Orlando of, ii, 370
Arminius, the doctrines of, ii, 291
Arnest, Archbishop of Prague, i, 44
Arnold, Abbot of Villers, i, 75
Arts and Industries, bureau of, in Venice, ii, 361
Arundel, Archbishop, ii, 130
—— Earl of, ii, 118, 123
Ascensius, see Badius.
Ascham, Roger, ii, 145
Asser, Bishop, organizes education in the kingdom of Alfred, i,
99
Athalaric, King of the Goths, i, 20
Atkyns, Richard, on the introduction of printing into England, ii,
134
Atticus, relations of, to the book-trade of Italy, i, 416
Auctores Frobeniani, ii, 185
Augsburg, the early printers of, i, 396
Augustine, Saint, writings of, i, 3; literary work of, i, 32, 33; on
the value of ignorance, i, 121; the library of, i, 147
Augustinians, the regulations of, for the care of books, i, 148
Aungerville, Richard (de Bury), i, 308 ff.
Aura, Saint, and scholar, i, 51
Aurelian, Saint, the Rule of, i, 123
Aurispa, Johannes, dealer in manuscripts, i, 242; brings to
Florence his collection of manuscripts, i, 251; correspondence
of, with Filelfo, i, 251; publishing undertakings of, i, 251; fate
of the manuscripts of, i, 253
Austria, censorship in, ii, 249
Author, rights of, in literary production, under the laws of Venice,
ii. 399 ff.
Authors, payments to, by Plantin, ii, 276 ff.; acting as their own
publishers in Germany, ii, 435; in France, ii, 435
Averrhoes, i, 181; the philosophy of, i, 196
Avicenna, i, 181; the medical treatises of, i, 196
Avitus, the Emperor, i, 8
Azo, i, 183