ENG 161

STYLISTICS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM REVIEWER

NOTE: NO PAYMENT, NO REVIEWER POLICY. Any reproduction, sharing, reselling and

publishing of the contents (including online) is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Avoid LEAKAGE.

Stylistics- text
Texts which are present but not limited to literary works

Stylistics- the study of style.

Style- personal use of language /conform to norm

Stylistics Analysis- linguistic factor, differences in text

Three Aspects of Linguistics

1. Use of linguistics to approach a literary text
2. Discussion of text according to OBJECTIVE CRITERIA rather than subjective or
impressionistic values
3. Emphasis on aesthetic properties of language- how words are arranged to create a sentence

Discourse- conversation
Spoken or written conversation
Serious, no jokes
Exchange of conversation

Discourse analysis- analysis of devices to from cohesive and coherent whole

Tone, stress, juncture, intonation
Considerations: text and context, sender and receiver, message, their relationship, context and
setting

Example of juncture: I scream and ice cream

Purpose of Stylistics
Linguistic choices, choice of words, diction, language alone

Purpose of Discourse Analysis

Pragmatically speaking
Cultural contexts
Relationships between participants
Social identities

Goals of Stylistics
1. Establish Discourse Peculiarities
Different, extra-ordinary, language

2. Induce Appreciation of Discourse

Aesthetic appeals
Extracting ti appreciate a thing
Persuasion to approach your peculiar style

3. Ascertain Linguistic Habits

Background check of the author to know what topic and locationbhe is from

Goals of Discourse Analysis

1. Participants
2. Goals of communication
3. Contexts
4. Relationships
5. Situation

--
Style and Types of Stylistics

Style as a:

1. Choice
Options and variations of words or linguisctic choices

It can be:
A. Paradigmatic Relations [vertical]
Choices on how you start a sentence

B. Syntagmatic Relations [horizontal]

Word order
Sentence pattern
S-TV-DO
2. AS A MAN
Your uniqueness
Style as a man or a writer
Peculiar traits in writing
The author's background including religious, cultural, political and social

3. As Deviation
Not following the norms
Deviating from Majority

4. As Conformity
Style where you follow the standard and the rules
If you are a beginner, you kost likely use this style

5. As Period or Time
Changes as time changes

6. As Situation
Pragmatically inclined
Author in different contexts

Two major types of Stylistics

1. Linguistic Stylistics
Word choice

2. Literary Stylistics
Simplifying to get the message or idea

---
Levels of Linguistics Analysis

1. Phonological and Graphological Level

Phonological- heard, spoken, uttered.

sound, phonemes, can be heard

---
Segmentals- vowels, dipthongs and consonants

Suprasegmentals- manner of pronunciation

Pitch or juncture
Intonations
-
Graphological- appearance, form, face
Physical attribution or organization
Punctuations, capitalization, commas, spacing, font color, font size

2. Lexico-Semantic Level

Lexis- list of all available words in a language

Semantics- meaning of words

Lexical Relations
1. Synonym- similarity of meaning
2. Antonym- suggest oppositeness.
3. Hyponymy- relation and inclusion
Vehicle- bus, van
Color- red, blue

General- hypernym
Examples- hyponym

Types of words
1. Denotative- dictionary, literal, conceptual meaning
2. Connotative- suggestive, cultural meaning
3. Idiomatic- undefined meaning if interpreted literally, means something else

-
Syntactic Level

Order of adjectives
DOSASCOMP
DOSSACOMP

Syntax- arrangement of words in a sentence

Sentence- composed of a subject and predicate

The group or phrase- stretch of grammatically coherent words

Modifier- describes or modifies

Qualifier- before an adjectives or adverb, increas or decrease a significance

The Clause- higher than a phrase

Complement

Adjunct- extra information

Prepositional phrase , last part of a sentence

---

Coherence
Ideas are connected
Understandable
Despite no particular grammar

Cohesion
Structure of sentences
Organization of words
Grammar
Sentence Level
Latin: Sticking of words

Cohesion proceeds coherence.

It builds.

Types of Text Cohesion

1. Referencial Cohesion
Noun and pronoun

Types of Referencial Cohesion

A. Anaphoric/Backward
Noun comes first

B. Cataphoric/ Forward
Pronoun comes first

2. Conjunctive Cohesion
Use of core conjunctions especially
AND, BUT, OR

3. Elliptical Cohesion
Substitution by zero
Omit or delete
Avoid repetition and redundancy

4. Substitution
Change in behalf of whole

5. Lexical Cohesion
Paired Words
Word/Lexeme

A. Repetition
Play, play, play. I, I, I. For us, for us, for us.

B. Synonymy
Similar meanings

C. Antonymy
Opossite meanings

D. Collocation
Words that go with each other
Bread and butter, water and wine

6. Parallelism
Same structure/ grammatical formation

---

Foregrounding
Things that gave emphasis
Prominent
Noticeable
Attraction
Make familiar
Beautify
Deviating

Paul Garvin- introduced foregrounding

1989
Jan Mukarusky
Aktualisace - actualization

How?
Change of spelling
Unusual capital
You sent
How?
Change of spelling
Unusual capitalization
Bold
Fonts
Italic
Underline
Contraction

Purpose
Add an unusual and unique idea to the language

Two types of foregrounding

1. Deviations
Style as deviation
Not following the norm
Violation

2. Parallelism
Unexpected regularity
Consistency

---
Basic Genre of Literature

Main Genre
1. Prose-Fiction
2. Poetry
3. Drama

-
1. Prose-Fiction
Through NARRATION
It is a story.
Not existing/not true at all

Types
1. Novel
No basis
Made Up
Much detailed

First Novel:
Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1919)

2. Novella
Also called novellet
True to life experiences
Real story
Less detailed

3. Short Story
One single plot
Can be read in one sitting
Not that complicated plot

-
2. Poetry
Through language

Good poetry touches the soul of the reader.

Tranquility- peacefulness

Forms
1. Epic
Heroic deed of a character
Oldest poetic forms

2. Elegy
To console/comfort somebody
Lament of death

Subtype:
Dirge
To express your grief
Someone you know died

3. Lyrical
Song and sung
Musical instrument

Subtype:
Panegyric
Praise a person or thing
Catriona, Ivana, Zebianna

4. Occasion Poetry
Special occassion

5. Sonnet
Volta
14 lines
Octave and Sestet

-
3. Drama
Words and actions
Most presentational

Drama vs Play
Drama- script
Play- performance, acted out

Subgenre:
1. Tragedy
Tragic, death, demise
Sadly
Misfortunes

2. Comedy
Funny
Satire
No misfortunes

3. Tragicomic
Popularized by William Shakespeare
Happy and Sad
-

Elements of Prose
Prose can be real or imagined.
Real- factual- non-fiction
Inagined- fictional

-
1. Characters/characterization

Characters- thing, person, animal that acts in the story

Types of characters:

Flat
Doesn't change

Round
Changes from time to time
They undergo character development.

Kinds
1. Protagonist
Whom the story revolves

2. Antagonist
Opposing character

Characterization
Projection of characters
The way they dress, physical feature, portrayal or behavior

Types of Characterization

Explicit
Directly said

Implicit
Not directly, within the lines

-
2. Plot
Order of events in a story
Sequence

Types of plot
1. Linear
Predictable
Can be guessed
Exposition-rising action-climax- falling action- denouement/resolution

2. Episodic
Series of chapter linked
Same place or characters
Portrayer is the same
Can have different climaxes
Repeated

3. Flashback/flashforward
Can happen anywhere in the story

Flashforward/foreshadowing
Example: Alice in Breaking Dawn
Alice with visions

4. Parallel
The writer weaves 2 or more same grammatical plot
Merges in the end

3. Setting
Place, time and duration
Soci circumstances
Atmosphere

Place- location

-
4. Theme
Generam idea
Gist

Either explicitly or implicitly stated

Theme vs message
Theme- one word
Message- lesson

-
5. Conflict
Struggle or disagreement of characters

Types
1. Man vs man
2. Man vs nature
3. Man vs society
4. Man vs self
5. Man vs supernatural
6. Man vs fate

-
6. Point of View / POV
Perspective which the story was being told

Types
1. First Person POV
I as pronoun

2. Third person POV

Omniscient- knows everything
Limited- one person

-
7. Language
Most important element of prose
Narrate via language

Dimensions of language:
1. Authorial language
Use of his or her own voice
Style as an author

2. Language of the characters

How the character speaks in the story
Based on their own Characterization

-----
Elements of Poetry
Emotion, experience that can trigger our emotion, desire, and feelings
From the HEART

1. Persona
The author can have different persona.
POV
Adopting someone's/something's personality

2. Imagery
Use of 5 senses to convey meaning
Both visual and aural image
Descriptives
A lotnof adjectives

3. Sound patterns
Rhythm and stress

Rhythm is the beat or flow of the words we utter.

Stress refers to the loudness or the force that we exert in the syllable when we are speaking.

Types of sound patterns:

1. Iambic - each foot contains one unstressed and one stressed syllable
2. Trochaic rhythm- stressed, unstressed
3. Anapestic- 2 unstressed, one stressed
4. Dactylic- one stressed, two unstressed

4. Sound effects
Instead of word, they use sound

5. Onomatopoeia-
the sound means something
The sound is the meaning itself

6. Alliteration
Repetition of sounds
Either Assonance [Vietor's Triangle] or Consonance [IPA]

7. Rhyme
End of lines
---
Elements of Drama

1. Plot
2. Theme
3. Conflict
4. Characters/Characterization
5. Language
It gives expression to other elements.

Three Types of Language

1. Spoken/Verbal
2. Gestural/Paralinguistics
3. Symbolic/Semiotic

Aspects of Drama
1. Written Form
2. Staged Plays

---
Language Register
Applied by MAK Holiday
Adjust to style
Fits to the purpose of writing
Choice of language or words depending on the factors

Types of Language Registers

1. Formal
A. Frozen
Doesn't change

B. Formal
Standard English
Speeches of President

C. Consultative
Much knowledgeable person

2. Informal
A. Casual Register
Conversat
You sent
Language Register
Applied by MAK Holiday
Adjust to style
Fits to the purpose of writing
Choice of language or words depending on the factors

Types of Language Registers

1. Formal
A. Frozen
Doesn't change

B. Formal
Standard English
Speeches of President

C. Consultative
Much knowledgeable person

2. Informal
A. Casual Register
Conversational, everyday language

B. Initimate Register
Truth, true to life

Registers are affected by the following:

1. Audience

2. Topic

3. Purpose/style

4. Location

---
Features to analyze in a poem
1. Graphogical Features
Visual
Face

2. Phonological Feature
Sound
Meter
Rhyme
3. Syntactic Feature
Sentence Patterns
Type of sentence
Interrogative, Imperative, Declarative

4. Lexico-Semantic Feature
Words and meanings

---
Language and Context

They are inseparable.

Zellis Harris introduced the concept of discourse analysis.

Two main interest:

1. Examination of Language
Meaning of sentence beyond structure

2. Relationship of Linguistics and Non-Linguistics

Verbal and Non-Verbal

Types of Non-Verbal Linguistics

1. Gestural
2. Symbolic

Discourse
Series exchange of information
Either spoken or written
Information that are serious

Language and Context

Linguistics and Non-Linguistics

Modes/Types of Discourse
1. Description
Use of adjectives
Explain or describe
2. Narration
Storytelling
Beginning, middle and end

3. Exposition
Expose something

4. Argument
Change someone's POV

---
Discourse Analyst- person

Discourse Analysis- Verb

Different usage of language

Proper ordering/sequence of words.

Cultural Ways of Speaking and Writing

---
Discourse Performance and Intertextuality

Socially Constructed
Meaning is not innate.

People are who they are because of the way they talk, not because of who they really are.

Social identity is created based on how you use the language.

Performativity
Performance
Whatever you say, you do it.

Speech Acts
1. Locutionary
The act, speaker, the moment you speak.

2. Illocutionary
Intention
What you mean

3. Perlocutionary
How the receiver interpreted the message
ENG 161
MIDTERMS
Feb 12-13, 2024

Note: NO PAYMENT, NO REVIEWER POLICY. Any reproduction, sharing, reselling and

publishing of the contents (including online) is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Avoid LEAKAGE.

Coherence
Ideas are connected
Understandable
Despite no particular grammar

Cohesion
Structure of sentences
Organization of words
Grammar
Sentence Level
Latin: Sticking of words

Cohesion proceeds coherence.

It builds.

Types of Text Cohesion

1. Referencial Cohesion
Noun and pronoun

Types of Referencial Cohesion

A. Anaphoric/Backward
Noun comes first

B. Cataphoric/ Forward
Pronoun comes first

2. Conjunctive Cohesion
Use of core conjunctions especially
AND, BUT, OR

3. Elliptical Cohesion
Substitution by zero
Omit or delete
Avoid repetition and redundancy

4. Substitution
Change in behalf of whole

5. Lexical Cohesion
Paired Words
Word/Lexeme

A. Repetition
Play, play, play. I, I, I. For us, for us, for us.

B. Synonymy
Similar meanings

C. Antonymy
Opossite meanings

D. Collocation
Words that go with each other
Bread and butter, water and wine

6. Parallelism
Same structure/ grammatical formation

---

Foregrounding
Things that gave emphasis
Prominent
Noticeable
Attraction
Make familiar
Beautify
Deviating

Paul Garvin- introduced foregrounding

1989

Jan Mukarusky
Aktualisace - actualization
How?
Change of spelling
Unusual capitalization
Bold
Fonts
Italic
Underline
Contraction

Purpose
Add an unusual and unique idea to the language

Two types of foregrounding

1. Deviations
Style as deviation
Not following the norm
Violation

2. Parallelism
Unexpected regularity
Consistency

---
Basic Genre of Literature

Main Genre
1. Prose-Fiction
2. Poetry
3. Drama

-
1. Prose-Fiction
Through NARRATION
It is a story.
Not existing/not true at all

Types
1. Novel
No basis
Made Up
Much detailed
First Novel:
Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1919)

2. Novella
Also called novellet
True to life experiences
Real story
Less detailed

3. Short Story
One single plot
Can be read in one sitting
Not that complicated plot

-
2. Poetry
Through language

Good poetry touches the soul of the reader.

Tranquility- peacefulness

Forms
1. Epic
Heroic deed of a character
Oldest poetic forms

2. Elegy
To console/comfort somebody
Lament of death

Subtype:
Dirge
To express your grief
Someone you know died

3. Lyrical
Song and sung
Musical instrument
Subtype:
Panegyric
Praise a person or thing
Catriona, Ivana, Zebianna

4. Occasion Poetry
Special occassion

5. Sonnet
Volta
14 lines
Octave and Sestet

-
3. Drama
Words and actions
Most presentational

Drama vs Play
Drama- script
Play- performance, acted out

Subgenre:
1. Tragedy
Tragic, death, demise
Sadly
Misfortunes

2. Comedy
Funny
Satire
No misfortunes

3. Tragicomic
Popularized by William Shakespeare
Happy and Sad

Elements of Prose
Prose can be real or imagined.
Real- factual- non-fiction
Inagined- fictional
-
1. Characters/characterization

Characters- thing, person, animal that acts in the story

Types of characters:

Flat
Doesn't change

Round
Changes from time to time
They undergo character development.

Kinds
1. Protagonist
Whom the story revolves

2. Antagonist
Opposing character

Characterization
Projection of characters
The way they dress, physical feature, portrayal or behavior

Types of Characterization

Explicit
Directly said

Implicit
Not directly, within the lines

-
2. Plot
Order of events in a story
Sequence

Types of plot
1. Linear
Predictable
Can be guessed
Exposition-rising action-climax- falling action- denouement/resolution
2. Episodic
Series of chapter linked
Same place or characters
Portrayer is the same
Can have different climaxes
Repeated

3. Flashback/flashforward
Can happen anywhere in the story

Flashforward/foreshadowing
Example: Alice in Breaking Dawn
Alice with visions

4. Parallel
The writer weaves 2 or more same grammatical plot
Merges in the end

3. Setting
Place, time and duration
Soci circumstances
Atmosphere

Place- location

-
4. Theme
Generam idea
Gist

Either explicitly or implicitly stated

Theme vs message
Theme- one word
Message- lesson

-
5. Conflict
Struggle or disagreement of characters
Types
1. Man vs man
2. Man vs nature
3. Man vs society
4. Man vs self
5. Man vs supernatural
6. Man vs fate

-
6. Point of View / POV
Perspective which the story was being told

Types
1. First Person POV
I as pronoun

2. Third person POV

Omniscient- knows everything
Limited- one person

-
7. Language
Most important element of prose
Narrate via language

Dimensions of language:
1. Authorial language
Use of his or her own voice
Style as an author

2. Language of the characters

How the character speaks in the story
Based on their own Characterization

-----

Elements of Poetry
Emotion, experience that can trigger our emotion, desire, and feelings
From the HEART

1. Persona
The author can have different persona.
POV
Adopting someone's/something's personality

2. Imagery
Use of 5 senses to convey meaning
Both visual and aural image
Descriptives
A lotnof adjectives

3. Sound patterns
Rhythm and stress

Rhythm is the beat or flow of the words we utter.

Stress refers to the loudness or the force that we exert in the syllable when we are speaking.

Types of sound patterns:

1. Iambic - each foot contains one unstressed and one stressed syllable
2. Trochaic rhythm- stressed, unstressed
3. Anapestic- 2 unstressed, one stressed
4. Dactylic- one stressed, two unstressed

4. Sound effects
Instead of word, they use sound

5. Onomatopoeia-
the sound means something
The sound is the meaning itself

6. Alliteration
Repetition of sounds
Either Assonance [Vietor's Triangle] or Consonance [IPA]

7. Rhyme
End of lines

---
Elements of Drama

1. Plot
2. Theme
3. Conflict
4. Characters/Characterization
5. Language
It gives expression to other elements.

Three Types of Language

1. Spoken/Verbal
2. Gestural/Paralinguistics
3. Symbolic/Semiotic

Aspects of Drama
1. Written Form
2. Staged Plays

---
Language Register
Applied by MAK Holiday
Adjust to style
Fits to the purpose of writing
Choice of language or words depending on the factors

Types of Language Registers

1. Formal
A. Frozen
Doesn't change

B. Formal
Standard English
Speeches of President

C. Consultative
Much knowledgeable person

2. Informal
A. Casual Register
Conversational, everyday language

B. Initimate Register
Truth, true to life

Registers are affected by the following:

1. Audience

2. Topic

3. Purpose/style
4. Location

---
Features to analyze in a poem
1. Graphogical Features
Visual
Face

2. Phonological Feature
Sound
Meter
Rhyme
3. Syntactic Feature
Sentence Patterns
Type of sentence
Interrogative, Imperative, Declarative

4. Lexico-Semantic Feature
Words and meanings

---
Language and Context

They are inseparable.

Zellis Harris introduced the concept of discourse analysis.

Two main interest:

1. Examination of Language
Meaning of sentence beyond structure

2. Relationship of Linguistics and Non-Linguistics

Verbal and Non-Verbal

Types of Non-Verbal Linguistics

1. Gestural
2. Symbolic

Discourse
Series exchange of information
Either spoken or written
Information that are serious

Language and Context

Linguistics and Non-Linguistics

Modes/Types of Discourse
1. Description
Use of adjectives
Explain or describe
2. Narration
Storytelling
Beginning, middle and end

3. Exposition
Expose something

4. Argument
Change someone's POV

---
Discourse Analyst- person

Discourse Analysis- Verb

Different usage of language

Proper ordering/sequence of words.

Cultural Ways of Speaking and Writing

---
Discourse Performance and Intertextuality

Socially Constructed
Meaning is not innate.

People are who they are because of the way they talk, not because of who they really are.

Social identity is created based on how you use the language.

Performativity
Performance
Whatever you say, you do it.

Speech Acts
1. Locutionary
The act, speaker, the moment you speak.

2. Illocutionary
Intention
What you mean

3. Perlocutionary
How the receiever interpreted the message

Finals

Turn
Floor- the turn to speak

Adjacency pairs- two turns with a connection to each others

Discourse Makers- hints/ signs of having the next turn

Types of Repairs
1. Self- initiated self-repair : imo sala, imo kay-o
2. Other-initiated self-repair : ila sala, imo kay-o
3. Self- initiated other-repair : imo sala, ila kay-o
4. Other-initiated other-repair: ila sala, ila kay-o

Preference organization:

Insertion sequences : mga adlib between two adajacency pairs

😂
For example, ang pamangkot diin ka nag kadto. Diba ang sabat dapat sa SM, ROB or whereve
pero we tend sometimes nga damo pa etche, buretse ang sa tunga na is called insertion
sequences.

Feedback: response
Can be verbal, action or paraphrase

Discourse grammar- product using grammar, conversation using grammar

Unity of structure- follows and outline, like sa essay nga may into body end.

Unity of Texture- scenario or situation

Social context based

What makes a text a text?

It doesnt have a connection.

Texture
If connected
Or part of the whole sense

References- a look to what is existing

Anaphoric/backward- already said, then referenced back

Alice is smart and she is also pretty.

SHE anaphorically references Alice.

Cataphoric/forward- pronoun first, then ang noun

Exophoric- tsismis, outside the text pero ang speakers bal an nila sin o na istoryahn nila

Homophoric- via culture or specific setting

GOODLUCK TO YOUR EXAMS AND ACE THE FINAL EXAMINATION AND/OR CFEs!!!

-bernikk

-END-