PRACTICAL FILE

ON
"RESEARCH METHODOLOGY"

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

Award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
To
GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY
SUPERVISED BY: -MS. GEETU SUBMITTED BY: BOBBY PAL

ROLL NO: -10650601722

NEW DELHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

61, TUGHLAKABAD, NEW DELHI-
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical titled “Research methodology -Lab”

submitted by BOBBY PAL to New Delhi Institute of Management, Guru
Gobind Singh Indraprastha University in partial fulfilment of requirement
for the award of the Bachelor of Business Administration degree is an
original piece of work carried out under my guidance and may be
submitted for evaluation.

The assistance rendered during the study has been duly acknowledged.

No part of this work has been submitted for any other degree.

Place: New Delhi Institute of

Management
Faculty Guide
Date: MS. GEETU
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people, and this work is not
different. Regardless of the source, I wish to express my gratitude to those who
may have contributed to this work, even though they were anonymous.

I would like to pay my sincere thanks to my Research Methodology faculty

MS.GEETU under whose guidance I was able to complete my Practical
successfully. I have been fortunate enough to get all the support, encouragement
and guidance from him needed to explore, think new and initiate.

My final thanks go out to my parents, family members, teachers and friends who
encouraged me countless times to persevere through this entire process.

Bobby Pal
S. NO. CONTENTS PAGE
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION OF SPSS
2 OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESIS
3 GOOGLE FORM
4 EXCEL SPREADSHEET
5 DATA FEEDING IN SPSS
1. DATA VIEW
2. VARIABLE

6 DATA ANALYSIS
I. UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
1. FREQUENCY
2. HISTOGRAM

I. BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
1. CROSS TAB
2. CHI SQUARE
 INTRODUCTION

SPSS, which stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, is a widely used software
program for statistical analysis in social science research, as well as in various other fields.
Originally developed by Stanford University students in 1968, SPSS has since evolved and
become a product of IBM. The software is designed to assist researchers, analysts, and data
scientists in managing and analyzing data to extract meaningful insights.

SPSS is popular because of its simplicity, easy-to-follow command language, and well-
documented user manual. Government entities, educational institutions, survey companies,
market researchers, marketing organizations, health researchers, data miners, and many others
use it for analyzing survey data.

Features of SPSS?
The core functionalities offered in SPSS are:

 Statistical program for quantitative data analysis – It includes

frequencies, cross-tabulation, and bivariate statistics.
 Modeler program that allows for predictive modeling. It enables researchers to
build and validate predictive models using advanced statistical procedures.
 Text analysis helps you derive insights from qualitative inputs through open-ended
questionnaires.
 Visualization Designer allows researchers to use their data for a variety of visual
representations.

Apart from the above four functionalities, SPSS also provides data management solutions. Its
data management solutions like FHIR enable researchers to perform case selection, create
derived data, and perform file reshaping.

SPSS by Industry: Use Cases

SPSS statistics is one of the most commonly used statistical analysis tools in the business
world. Thanks to its powerful features and robustness, its users can manage and analyze data
and represent them in visually attractive graphical forms. It supports a graphical user interface
and command-line, thereby making the software more intuitive.

SPSS makes the processing of complex data pretty simple. It is not easy to work with such data,
and it is also a time-consuming process.
Let us see four of the major industries where SPsSS is primarily used.

1. Market Research
Businesses want actionable insights using which they can make tough and effective business
decisions. There are tonnes of data generated by businesses, and scanning them manually is not
the right way to analyze them.

 For market researchers who are looking for a reliable solution that will help them
understand their data, analyze trends, forecast, plan, and arrive at conclusions, SPSS
is the best tool out there.
 By using sophisticated statistical analyses, SPSS helps market researchers get
actionable insights from your customer data. Thanks to its powerful survey data
analysis technology, it is possible to get accurate information about market trends.
 Perceptual mapping, preference scaling, predictive analysis, statistical learning, and
a bunch of other advanced tools such as stratified, clustered, and multistage
sampling help with the decision-making process.

2. Education
Educational institutions have to bear the pressure of enrolling students and retaining them each
year. Not to mention the fact that they need to attract new students every year. This is where
SPSS comes in.

 More than 80% of all US colleges are currently using SPSS software.
 SPSS software’s ability to focus on patterns lets them identify the chances of a
student’s future success. It uses a combination of factors that tells them about
students who are at risk.
 The institution’s faculty can use SPSS software to analyze a plethora of complex
data sets to uncover hidden patterns.

3. Healthcare
We need to solve a lot of issues to provide great healthcare. In healthcare institutions, outdated
practices in patient delivery and misaligned incentives for caregivers are some of the biggest
issues. This is where analytics can be a life-saver, literally at that. Applying SPSS’ statistical
analysis for healthcare delivery has a number of use cases.

 When it comes to the healthcare sector, the data of patients is sacrosanct. Not only
can wrong data result in terrible outcomes, but they are also timely, sensitive, and
instant.
  With the help of SPSS, healthcare organizations can implement a patient delivery
program using data. It will not only drive better patient outcomes but also reduce
the costs involved.
 For data sets that have complex relationships, univariate and multivariate modeling
techniques can be used.

4. Retail
The retail industry relies heavily on analytics for everything from initial stock planning to
forecasting future trends. Customers have a lot of leverage when it comes to retail products,
thanks to the advent of social media, forums, and review sites.

Customers are taking their decisions based on the brand’s reviews online. So it is imperative
that retail businesses give the best that can be offered. Thankfully, statistical analysis is a savior
for the retail industry.

 Retail businesses generate a lot of data and it needs to be collected, analyzed, and
converted into actionable insights. By using the data effectively with SPSS
software, businesses will end up providing excellent experiences for their
customers.
 SPSS analysis lets retailers understand their customers, provide them with the right
solutions and deliver them using the perfect channels.
 From understanding how different segments of customers behave to why they make
certain buying decisions, everything can be found with the help of SPSS analysis.
 Using the previous spending and behavior patterns, SPSS statistics will profile
customers. By leveraging this data, it will come up with customer preferences and
give them an analysis of what makes customers turn from casual browsers into
shoppers.

Advantages of Using SPSS

The statistical analysis tool makes it possible to import and export data files from other
programs. Some of its data handling procedures are excellent, as its ability to merge files, no
matter whether it is the same subjects and different variables or different subjects and the same
variables, is excellent.

In SPSS, users are not forced to work with syntax, even though syntax files can be saved and
modified as needed. When there are saved syntax files, it helps immensely with documentation
and also gives an idea of how the new variables were calculated and how values that were
missing were handled.
  It offers reliable and fast answers
 It’s dynamic and has useful tables and graphs
 Since it offers a wide variety of languages, a lot of people can access
 Effective data management
 Doesn’t require a lot of effort to start using the software
 Useful for both quantitative and qualitative data
 The chances of errors are little with SPSS
 One of the easiest statistical tools to analyze data
 SPSS users can select the graph type which matches their data distribution
requirement

Limitations of Using SPSS

One of the biggest disadvantages of using SPSS is that you cannot use it to analyze a big data
set. There are certain fields where there is a huge trove of data present. In such industries, using
SPSS might not be the best option out there.

If researchers collect data using faulty or biased methods, then the resulting statistical analysis
will not give the right answers. If the gap between the sample and the actual population is
negligent, then there is no issue. But if the difference is big, then it will produce misleading
data.

When researchers do not measure the exact thing that they want to measure, then the SPSS
analysis will not fail.

One more issue with using a statistical analysis tool such as SPSS is that it ends up giving you
simple answers for complex issues.

Key aspects of SPSS:

1) Data Management: SPSS allows users to input, organize, and manage data efficiently. It
supports various data types, including numerical, categorical, and text data.
2) Data Analysis: One of the primary functions of SPSS is statistical analysis. It offers a
wide range of statistical procedures, including descriptive statistics, inferential statistics
(e.g., t-tests, ANOVA, regression analysis), and non-parametric tests.
3) Data Visualization: SPSS provides tools for creating graphical representations of data,
such as charts and graphs. This can help researchers and analysts to better understand the
patterns and trends within their datasets.
4) Syntax Language: SPSS uses a command-driven syntax language, allowing users to
perform tasks through written commands. This feature is particularly useful for
automating repetitive tasks and for reproducibility of analyses.
5) Output and Reporting: The software generates output tables and reports summarizing
the results of statistical analyses. This output can be exported for use in academic papers,
presentations, or other reports.
6) Integration with other Software: SPSS is often used in conjunction with other software
tools for comprehensive data analysis. It supports integration with data visualization
tools, databases, and other statistical software.
7) Survey Research: SPSS is frequently employed in survey research and questionnaire
analysis. It assists in managing survey data, conducting factor analysis, and exploring
relationships between variables.
8) User-friendly Interface: SPSS features a user-friendly graphical interface, making it
accessible to individuals with varying levels of statistical expertise. Users can perform
analyses using the interface or through command syntax.
9) Continuous Updates: As a product of IBM, SPSS undergoes regular updates to improve
functionality, address bugs, and stay current with advances in statistical methods.
 OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESIS

Step I: Firstly, you are required to give a relevant & suitable topic to your
research that determines its purpose.

Purchasing Pattern of
Laptop of
Different Age Group
Research Methodology
 Research Design
Research design constitutes
Google form questionnaires for
the collection and gathering
information for this survey. The
study seeks to examine and
evaluating the Animated cartoon
characters and behavior of kids in
purchase. The research design is of
Descriptive in nature. The
research has been conducted on
parents and most of the respondents
are of thirty-eight of age.
For the selection of the sample,
convenient sampling method was
adopted and an attempt has
been made to include all the age
groups of the parents and gender.
Research Methodology
 Research Design
Research design constitutes
Google form questionnaires for
the collection and gathering
information for this survey. The
study seeks to examine and
evaluating the Animated cartoon
characters and behavior of kids in
purchase. The research design is of
Descriptive in nature. The
research has been conducted on
parents and most of the respondents
are of thirty-eight of age.
For the selection of the sample,
convenient sampling method was
adopted and an attempt has
been made to include all the age
groups of the parents and gender.
der
Frequen
cy
Perce
nt
Vali
d
Male 46 46.0
Femal
e
 Step II: Point out some specific objectives of your research.

Objective
1. To understand different type of laptop that people
use
2. To understand usage of laptop by different age
group
3. To understand budget structure of different age
group

Step III: Create a hypothesis either H0 (Null) OR H1 (Alternate) based upon the
Objectives & selective choice of your assumption.

Hypothesis
 As per responses we got , type of laptops
depend upon life style of people
 Usage of laptops would higher age group
 People like to spend money according to the
attributes of laptops
 Google form

Step I: First, log into Gmail and click on Google form

Step II: Customize the form accordingly, as per your research purpose

Step III: Create link and share the form to respective Participant.
Final output – URL link of research form

https://forms.gle/vgCgPbTC1b5edU2AA
 EXCEL SPREADSHEET

Step I: Open Google form and click on the green Excel Icon

Step II: After transferring the Respective responses/Data, use the IF condition to
manipulate it in terms of Numbers.
(Only relevant variables should be considered while Data manipulation) *

Step III: Save the file into the system in Excel format. This file will be used in
SPSS for analysis later.
 DATA FEEDING IN SPSS
Step I: Open SPSS and go to the file explorer, select the saved EXCEL file which consists
manipulated research responses of Google form.

A) DATA VIEW
Step II: Once after transferring the data, the data will be classified into two types-Data view & Variable
view by the SPSS.
B) VARIABLE VIEW
 DATA ANALYSIS

1) UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
A)FREQUENCY

Step I: Go to Analyze option at the top of Interface and select Descriptive statistics, then click on
Frequencies option.
Step II: Afterwards a new pop-up will get open, Drop down all the variables of left side to Variable column
at right side.

B) HISTOGRAM
Step III: For special formatting, select STATISTICS option (1), and apply required outputs i.e., Mean,
Median, Mode, std. deviation and soon.
Then got to the CHARTS section (2) underneath STATISTICS option, and select the suitable chart type as
per research.

(1)
(2)

Frequencies & Histograms (Output)–

1. GENDER

Female
male
total

INTERPRETATION

[Above table & Histogram, representing the Gender frequency of this research.
Hence, the highest participants are Male having 40.90% participation rate, afterwards
Female with 59.09% participation rate.
2. AGE

Frequency percent
15-20 15 68.18
20-25 5 22.72
25-30 2 9.09
total 22 100

[Above table & Histogram, representing the Age frequency of this research.]
The highest participants with 68.18% participation belong to (15-20) age group,
afterwards 27.72% of the participants belong to (20-25) age group, while 9.09% of
the participants belong to (25-30) age group.

3. WHICH COMPANY LAPTOP DO YOU USE?

Frequency Percent
Hp 8 36.36
Dell 3 13.63
Apple 3 13.63
Other 8 36.36
total 22 100
 Which company laptop do you use?
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
hp dell apple other

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Which company
laptop do you use?”.]
36.36% of participants have chosen Hp, 13.63% of participants have chosen Dell, 13.63%
of participants have chosen Apple and the remaining 36.36% of participants have chosen
other option.

4. MODE OF PURCHASE OF YOUR LAPTOP

Frequency Percent
Paytm/ phone pay 8 36.36
Cash 7 31.81
Net banking 7 31.81
total 22 100

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Mode of
purchase of your laptop?”.]
36.36% of participants have chosen Paytm/ Phone pay, 31.81% of participants have
chosen Cash, and the remaining 31.81% of participants have chosen Net banking.

5. ARE YOU WILLING TO CHANGE YOUR LAPTOP?

Frequency Percent
Yes 10 45.45
No 8 36.36
maybe 4 18.18
Total 22 100

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Are you willing
to change your laptop?”.]
45.45% of participants have chosen YES, 36.36% of participants have chosen NO, and
the remaining 18.18% of participants have chosen MAYBE

6. WHAT IS THE EXPECTED BUDGET FOR LAPTOP?

Frequency Percent
40000-50000 7 31.81
50000-60000 9 40.90
60000-70000 2 9.09
Above 70000 4 18.18
Total 22 100
 [Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Expected
budget for laptop?”.]
31.81% of participants have chosen 40000-50000, 40.90% of participants have chosen
50000-60000, and 9.09% of participants have chosen 60000-70000 and the remaining
18.18% have chosen Above 70000 budget.

7. WHAT QUALITIES DO YOU PERFER IN A LAPTOP?

Frequency Percent
Battery backup 12 54.54
Storage 6 27.27
Desktop 1 4.54
other 3 13.63
total 22 100

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “What qualities
do you prefer in a laptop?”.]
54.54% of participants have chosen Battery Backup, 27.27% of participants have chosen
Storage, 4.54% of the participants chosen Dekstop and the remaining 13.63% of
participants have chosen Other option.

8. ARE YOU SATISFIED WITH YOUR LAPTOP?

frequency Percent
Yes 10 45.45
No 8 36.36
maybe 4 18.18
total 22 100

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Are you
satisfied with your laptop?”.]
45.45% of participants have chosen YES, 36.36% of participants have chosen NO, and
the remaining 18.18% of participants have chosen MAYBE

9. HOW OFTEN DO YOU UPGRADE YOUR LAPTOP?

frequency percent
Very often 3 13.63
Rarely 17 77.27
often 2 9.09
total 22 100
 [Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How often do
you upgrade your laptop?”.]
13.63% of participants have chosen Very often, 77.27% of participants have chosen
rarely, and the remaining 9.09% of participants have chosen Often.

10. DOES YOUR LAPTOP OVERHEAT EASILY?

frequency Percent
Yes 9 40.90
No 10 45.45
Maybe 3 13.63
total 22 100

[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Are you willing
to change your laptop?”.]
40.90% of participants have chosen YES, 45.45% of participants have chosen NO, and
the remaining 13.63% of participants have chosen MAYBE.
1) BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
A) CROSS -TAB

Step I: Goto Analyze Option in SPSS (1), select Descriptive statistics (2) and click
on crosstabs (3).
A new pop will open, Put factor of Research in Row section & other variables
in Column section.

1
4

2 5

B) CHI-SQUARE

Step II: Onceafter doing Step, I, Click on Statistics & select chi-square (4). Then
click on the Cells button beneath Statistics, and select row & columns (5).

Step III: Press OK to proceed.

 Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Age * Gender 21 100.0% 0 0.0% 21 100.0%

Age * which company laptop
21 100.0% 0 0.0% 21 100.0%
do you use
Age * mode of purchase of
21 100.0% 0 0.0% 21 100.0%
your laptop
Age * are you willing to
21 100.0% 0 0.0% 21 100.0%
change your laptop
Age * expected budget for
21 100.0% 0 0.0% 21 100.0%
laptop
Age * what qualities do you
21 100.0% 0 0.0% 21 100.0%
prefer in a laptop
Age * are you satisfied with
21 100.0% 0 0.0% 21 100.0%
your laptop
Age * how often do you
21 100.0% 0 0.0% 21 100.0%
upgrade your laptop
Age * does you laptop
21 100.0% 0 0.0% 21 100.0%
overheat easily

1. Age * Gender Crosstabulation

Count

Gender Total

Female Male

15-20 9 6 15

Age 20-25 2 2 4

25-30 1 1 2

Total 12 9 21
In male category- 80% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 10% participants belongs to
(21-30) age group and rest 10 % participants belongs to (31-40) age group accordingly,
In Female category- 50% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 41.7%participants belongs
to (21-30) age group and rest 8.3 % participants belongs to (31-40) age group.]

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square .175a 2 .916

Likelihood Ratio .174 2 .917

N of Valid Cases 21

a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .86.

INTERPRETATION

Since, Pearson chi square is .247 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .247 > 0.05) which shows
there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis will be accepted
2.Age * which company laptop do you use Crosstabulation

Count

which company laptop do you use Total

apple dell HP Other

15-20 3 2 6 4 15

Age 20-25 0 1 0 3 4

25-30 0 0 2 0 2
Total 3 3 8 7 21

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 8.317a 6 .216

Likelihood Ratio 10.388 6 .109
N of Valid Cases 21

a. 10 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is .29.

3.Age * mode of purchase of your laptop Crosstabulation

Count

mode of purchase of your laptop Total

cash net banking paytm/phonepay

15-20 5 5 5 15

Age 20-25 2 1 1 4

25-30 0 0 2 2
Total 7 6 8 21

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 3.990a 4 .407

Likelihood Ratio 4.579 4 .333
N of Valid Cases 21

a. 7 cells (77.8%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is .57.
4.Age * are you willing to change your laptop Crosstabulation
Count

are you willing to change your laptop Total

maybe no yes

15-20 3 6 6 15

Age 20-25 1 1 2 4

25-30 0 1 1 2
Total 4 8 9 21

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square .831a 4 .934

Likelihood Ratio 1.221 4 .875
N of Valid Cases 21

a. 7 cells (77.8%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is .38.

7. Age * expected budget for laptop Crosstabulation

Count

expected budget for laptop Total

40000-50000 50000-60000 60000-70000 above 70000

15-20 6 6 1 2 15

Age 20-25 1 1 1 1 4

25-30 0 2 0 0 2
Total 7 9 2 3 21

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 4.742 6 .577
Likelihood Ratio 5.156 6 .524
N of Valid Cases 21

a. 10 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is .19.
6.Age * what qualities do you prefer in a laptop Crosstabulation
Count

what qualities do you prefer in a laptop Total

battary backup destop other storage

15-20 9 0 1 5 15

Age 20-25 2 1 1 0 4

25-30 0 0 1 1 2
Total 11 1 3 6 21

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 9.768a 6 .135

Likelihood Ratio 10.336 6 .111
N of Valid Cases 21

a. 11 cells (91.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .10.

7.Age * are you satisfied with your laptop Crosstabulation

Count

are you satisfied with your laptop Total

maybe no yes

15-20 3 4 8 15

Age 20-25 1 2 1 4

25-30 0 1 1 2
Total 4 7 10 21

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 1.698a 4 .791

Likelihood Ratio 2.106 4 .716
N of Valid Cases 21

a. 7 cells (77.8%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is .38.
 8.Age * how often do you upgrade your laptop Crosstabulation

how often do you upgrade your laptop Total

often rarely very often

15-20 2 11 2 15

Age 20-25 0 4 0 4

25-30 0 1 1 2
Total 2 16 3 21

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 3.660a 4 .454

Likelihood Ratio 4.068 4 .397
N of Valid Cases 21

a. 8 cells (88.9%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is .19.
ss
9.Age * does your laptop overheat easily Crosstabulation
Count

does you laptop overheat easily Total

maybe no yes

15-20 2 8 5 15

Age 20-25 1 1 2 4

25-30 0 1 1 2
Total 3 10 8 21

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 1.464a 4 .833

Likelihood Ratio 1.762 4 .779
N of Valid Cases 21
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Wikipedia
2) www.ibm.com
3) research.library.gsu.edu
4) www.analyticsvidhya.com
5) libguides.library.kent.edu
6) www.spss-tutorials.com