Cse 111 18-12-2023

Unit -1
Computer Systems
Basic Structure and Working
A computer system typically consists of a CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory (RAM and ROM),
storage devices (HDD, SSD), input/output devices (peripherals like keyboard, mouse, monitor), and a
motherboard connecting these components. The CPU executes instructions fetched from memory,
processes data, and sends output to peripherals.
Memories
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used for storing data and instructions
currently in use by the CPU.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory containing firmware or boot instructions.
• Secondary Storage Devices: Includes HDD (Hard Disk Drive), SSD (Solid State Drive), flash
drives, etc., for long-term data storage.
System Configuration
• SSD vs. Hybrid: SSD (Solid State Drive) offers faster read/write speeds than traditional HDD.
Hybrid drives combine SSD and HDD technologies for improved performance and storage
capacity.
• Types of RAM: Includes DDR (Double Data Rate), DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, etc., differing in speed
and efficiency.
• Processors: CPUs have multiple cores/threads for multitasking; more cores improve parallel
processing power.
BIOS Configuration
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware controlling hardware initialization during the boot
process. It manages hardware settings and provides the interface for configuring system settings.
PC Connection Interfaces
• USB (Universal Serial Bus): Common for connecting peripherals and transferring data.
• SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): Used for connecting storage devices like
HDDs and SSDs to the motherboard.
• HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): Transmits high-quality video and audio
signals between devices like monitors and TVs.
• NFC (Near Field Communication): Enables short-range wireless communication between
devices.
• Bluetooth: Wireless technology for connecting devices over short distances.
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
RAID is a method of combining multiple drives for data redundancy, performance improvement, or
both.
GPU Basics and CPU-GPU Synchronization
• GPU (Graphics Processing Unit): Specialized for rendering graphics and parallel processing.
• Synchronization Across CPU and GPU: Coordination between CPU and GPU ensures
efficient data exchange for tasks like gaming, video rendering, etc.
Computer Languages
Types of Computer Languages
• Machine Language: Low-level language understood by computers directly in binary (0s and
1s).
• Assembly Language: A low-level language using mnemonics to represent machine
instructions.
• High-Level Language: Easier for humans to read and write, requiring a compiler or
interpreter for execution.
Steps in Program Development
1. Algorithm Design: Planning the logic and steps for the program.
2. Coding: Writing the program in a specific language.
3. Compilation/Interpretation: Converting code into machine-understandable form.
4. Execution: Running the program to perform desired tasks.
Compilation and Execution
• Compiler: Converts entire source code into machine code before execution.
• Interpreter: Executes code line-by-line without generating a separate machine code file.
Assembler
An assembler converts assembly language code into machine code.
Understanding these concepts provides a solid foundation in computer systems and programming
languages. Do you have any specific areas you'd like to explore further?
Unit-2
Operating Systems and Their Components
Windows Operating System
• Versions and Features: Windows OS versions range from Windows XP, Vista, 7,
8, 10, and beyond, each with different features and improvements.
• Installation Process: Involves booting from installation media (DVD/USB),
following prompts for language, partition selection, and user settings.
• Directory Hierarchy: Follows a hierarchical structure like C:\Windows\System32
for system files, C:\Users\Username for user-specific data, etc.
• Bootloader: Windows uses the Windows Boot Manager to load the OS.
Linux Operating System
• Features: Known for its open-source nature, security, stability, and flexibility.
• Distribution Versions: Various distributions (distros) like Ubuntu, Fedora,
Debian, CentOS, each with its unique features and package management
systems.
• Installation Process: Varied across distributions but generally involves selecting
language, partitioning, user creation, and software selection.
• Directory Hierarchy: Follows a unified file hierarchy starting from the root
directory (/) and branching into directories like /bin, /home, /etc, etc.
• Partitions: Disk partitions in Linux are identified by device names like /dev/sda1,
/dev/sdb2, etc., and tools like fdisk, parted, or gparted help manage partitions.
Windows vs. Linux Comparison
• User Interface: Windows typically has a graphical user interface (GUI), while
Linux offers various GUIs and powerful command-line interfaces (CLIs).
• Software Installation: Windows uses executable files (EXE) while Linux primarily
installs software via package managers (apt, yum, etc.).
• Security: Linux is known for robust security measures and permissions.
• Open Source vs. Closed Source: Linux is open-source, allowing users to modify
and distribute the code freely, while Windows is proprietary.
Virtual Machines
Both Windows and Linux support running virtual machines (VMs), enabling users to run
multiple operating systems simultaneously on a single physical machine.
Would you like to explore any specific aspects further or delve deeper into a particular
area within these operating systems?
Unit-3
File System Management

Basics of File Systems
• File System: Organizes and stores data on a storage medium, managing

files, directories, and metadata.
• Types of File Systems:
• FAT (File Allocation Table): Used in older Windows systems.
• NTFS (New Technology File System): Windows' newer file
system with advanced features.
• HFS (Hierarchical File System): Used in Apple systems.
• EXT (Extended File Systems): Common in Linux, includes ext2,
ext3, ext4.
• UDF (Universal Disk Format): Used for DVDs and optical discs.
• NDFS (Network Data File System): Designed for network-
attached storage (NAS) systems.
Pipes and Redirection
• Pipes (|): Allows output from one command to be used as input to

another.
• Redirection (>, >>, <): Redirects command input or output to files (>
for output, >> appends, < for input).
Searching the File System
• find: Searches for files and directories based on specified criteria.

• grep: Searches for patterns in text using regular expressions.
Process Control
• Basic Process Control using Signals: Signals like SIGKILL (kill -9)
terminate processes forcefully, while SIGSTOP (kill -STOP) pauses
processes.
Pausing, Resuming, and Terminating Processes
• Pausing and Resuming Processes: Pause with Ctrl + Z and resume with
fg or bg .
• Terminating a Process: Use kill command followed by the process ID
or name.
Modifying Search Path using PATH Variable
• Adding/Removing from Search Path using PATH Variable: export

PATH=$PATH:/new/path adds a new directory to the search path.
Shell Commands
These commands are fundamental for navigating and managing files in a
terminal:
• ls: Lists directory contents.

• cat: Concatenates and displays file content.
• man: Displays the manual pages for commands.
• cd: Changes directory.
• touch: Creates empty files or updates timestamps.
• cp: Copies files or directories.
• mv: Moves or renames files or directories.
• rmdir: Removes empty directories.
• mkdir: Creates directories.
• rm: Removes files or directories.
• chmod: Changes file permissions.
• pwd: Prints the current working directory.
• ps: Displays information about processes.
• kill: Terminates processes.
Kernel and Types of Kernels
• Kernel: Core component of an operating system, managing system
resources and providing an interface between hardware and software.
• Types of Kernels:
• Monolithic Kernel: Executes all services in the kernel space.
• Microkernel: Delegates some services to user space for better
modularity and security.
• Hybrid Kernel: Combines features of monolithic and microkernel
designs.
Understanding these concepts and commands is fundamental for effective

system management and interaction within a command-line interface. If you
have any specific command or aspect you'd like to delve deeper into, feel free
to ask!

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Unit -1

Basic Structure and Working

GPU Basics and CPU-GPU Synchronization

Types of Computer Languages

Steps in Program Development

Compilation and Execution

An assembler converts assembly language code into machine code.

Windows Operating System

Linux Operating System

Windows vs. Linux Comparison

File System Management

• File System: Organizes and stores data on a storage medium, managing

Pipes and Redirection

• Pipes (|): Allows output from one command to be used as input to

Searching the File System

• find: Searches for files and directories based on specified criteria.

Pausing, Resuming, and Terminating Processes

Modifying Search Path using PATH Variable

• Adding/Removing from Search Path using PATH Variable: export

• ls: Lists directory contents.

Understanding these concepts and commands is fundamental for effective

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