INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Docxnotes 1
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Docxnotes 1
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Docxnotes 1
2. Ability to CATENATE
Catenate is the ability of atoms to form stable bonds with itself
Self-linking property
theory lost following when German chemist Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea from inorganic
starting materials.
He reacted silver cyanate (AgOCN) and ammonium chloride (NH Cl), expecting to get ammonium
cyanate, instead, he made urea, an organic compound 4
Organic Compounds
Alicyclic Aromatic
Alicyclic Aromatic
Benzenoid Non- Benzenoid
b. HETEROCYCLIC
cyclic compounds in which at least one heteroatom (i.e atom other than carbon e.g N, O, S) is present
as one of the ring forming atom
HYDROCARBONS
simplest organic compounds
contain only Carbon and Hydrogen
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
ALCOHOLS
if a HYDROXYL GROUP (OH) is substituted for the hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon molecule
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and to an OH group (CARBOXYLIC GROUP) .
ALCOHOL AND CARBOXYLIC ACID = C H and O
hydroxyl group
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
A homologous series is a family of compounds with the same general formula, same functional
group and similar chemical properties.
Members of homologous families differ from each other by CH2
Organic compounds in the same homologous series have the following characteristics:
Same general formula
Same functional group
Similar chemical properties but varying in reactivity
Physical properties vary gradually along the series
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that gives a compound its characteristic chemical
properties.
• Organic compounds in the same homologous series have similar chemical properties due to the
same functional group. Example: OH (hydroxyl group) , C00H (carboxyl group)
• Attached to the carbon backbone of an organic molecule
Formula of organic compounds
ISOMERISM
• the phenomenon in which more than one compounds have the same MOLECULAR formula but
different STRUCTURAL formula.
• ISOMERS
compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms or structures
IUPAC CLASSIFICATION
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
A system of naming compounds in chemistry to establish an international standard of naming
compounds to facilitate communication
2 - MethylButane