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• Disadvantage:
• Disadvantage :
• 1. If switch device fails then entire network will fail.
• 2. It is more expensive
• 3. Difficult to setup.
Router
• Disadvantages:
Transparent bridge
Translational bridge
Bridge
• Bridges are used to increase the network capacity as they can integrate multiple LANs together.
• In the OSI model, it can be used to transmit the data to multiple nodes of the network.
• Used to broadcast the data even if the MAC address or destination address is unavailable.
• The bridge is used to divide LANs into multiple segments.
• To control the traffic in the network.
• It can interconnect two LANs with a similar protocols.
• It can filter the data based on destination/MAC address
Gateways
• Advantages:
1. It connects network which has different protocols
2. It operates in all 7 layers of OSI model
3. We cant access the internet without gateway
4. It provides security.
• Disadvantages:
1. It is more expensive
2. Data transmission rate is slow
3. Difficult to maintain as well as complex
4. Less intelligent
NIC
• Physical network address All network connectors have a universally interesting physical address burned onto
the card by the card producer. The physical address extraordinarily recognizes each individual card that
interfaces to the network cable or media. For this reason, the physical address is additionally called the Media
Access Control (MAC) address. MAC addresses are six bytes long. An ordinary MAC address might appear as
00-00-86-47-F6-65, where the primary three bytes are the merchant ID and the other three are special
information.
• Network connection port Network connector cards will have one or more ports that are arranged to put
through particularly to a given sort of arranging cable. A few more seasoned cards might have double ports so
that they can interface to more than one network cable sort. Be beyond any doubt to choose a card with a port
that matches the network media to utilize in your environment.
• Status indicator lights Network connectors ordinarily have one or more Light Emanating Diode (Led) status
lights that can give data on the state of the network association. Most connectors have an interface lights that
demonstrates in the event that there’s a flag from the organize. If the interface isn’t list, there’s, by and large,
an issue with the cable or the physical connection. Most connectors have a movement light that flashes when
parcels are calmed or sent. On the off chance that the light flickers constantly, the organization can be abused
or there could be a framework creating arrange clamor.
Modem
• Modem stands for Modulator/Demodulator. The modem is defined as a networking device that is used
to connect devices connected in the network to the internet.
• The main function of a modem is to convert the analog signals that come from telephone wire into a
digital form. In digital form, these converted signals are stored in the form of 0s and 1s. T
• he modem can perform both the task of modulation and demodulation simultaneously.
• Modems are majorly used to transfer digital data in personal systems.
• The modem is also known as a signal translator as it translates one signal into another signal by
modulating the digital signal into an analog signal for transmission and then demodulates receiving
analog signals into digital signals.
advantages of NIC
• The communication speed utilizing the
Web is high ordinarily in Gigabytes.
• Highly dependable connection.
• Many peripheral gadgets can be associated
with utilizing numerous ports of NIC cards.
• Bulk information can be shared among
numerous clients.
Disadvantages of NIC
• Badly arranged in case of wired cable NIC,
because it isn’t versatile like a remote
router
• The arrangement ought to be appropriate
for superior communication.
• Data is unsecured.
Features of Modem
• Modems can modulate as well as demodulate the signals simultaneously.
• Modem allows to connect only a specific number of devices to the internet.
• According to the features of modem, it’s price ranges.
• Modems can be upgraded with the help of a specific software patch.
• To use the devices over the internet with a modem devices need to be configured with
an Internet Service Provider(ISP).
• When the modem is connected to Hub it slows down its process.
Working of Modem
• Mesh Topology
• Star Topology
• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Tree Topology
• Hybrid Topology
Bus Topology
• The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are
connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable.
• Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable
or directly connected to the backbone cable.
• When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a
message over the network. All the stations available in the network
will receive the message whether it has been addressed or not.
• The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4
standard networks.
• The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared
to other topologies.
• The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which
the message is broadcast to all the stations.
Advantages of Bus topology:
• Low-cost cable: In bus topology, nodes are directly connected to the cable without passing through a hub.
Therefore, the initial cost of installation is low.
• Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in bus-based networks that support upto 10
Mbps.
• Familiar technology: Bus topology is a familiar technology as the installation and troubleshooting techniques are
well known, and hardware components are easily available.
• Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have any effect on other nodes.
Disadvantages of Bus topology:
• Extensive cabling: A bus topology is quite simpler, but still it requires a lot of cabling.
• Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in
the cable, then it would disrupt the communication for all the nodes.
• Signal interference: If two nodes send the messages simultaneously, then the signals of both the nodes collide
with each other.
• Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow down the network.
Ring Topology
• A Central point of failure: If the central hub or switch goes down, then all the connected nodes will not be able to communicate with each other.
• Cable: Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult when a significant amount of routing is required.
Tree topology
• Tree topology combines the characteristics
of bus topology and star topology.
• A tree topology is a type of structure in
which all the computers are connected with
each other in hierarchical fashion.
• The top-most node in tree topology is known
as a root node, and all other nodes are the
descendants of the root node.
• There is only one path exists between two
nodes for the data transmission. Thus, it
forms a parent-child hierarchy.
Advantages of Tree topology
• Support for broadband transmission: Tree topology is mainly used to provide broadband transmission, i.e., signals are sent over
long distances without being attenuated.
• Easily expandable: We can add the new device to the existing network. Therefore, we can say that tree topology is easily
expandable.
• Easily manageable: In tree topology, the whole network is divided into segments known as star networks which can be easily
managed and maintained.
• Error detection: Error detection and error correction are very easy in a tree topology.
• Limited failure: The breakdown in one station does not affect the entire network.
• Point-to-point wiring: It has point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
disadvantages of Tree topology
• Difficult troubleshooting: If any fault occurs in the node, then it becomes difficult to troubleshoot the problem.
• High cost: Devices required for broadband transmission are very costly.
• Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on main bus cable and failure in main bus cable will damage the overall network.
• Reconfiguration difficult: If new devices are added, then it becomes difficult to reconfigure.
Mesh topology