Iseendd Urokkk
Iseendd Urokkk
Iseendd Urokkk
DENSIFICATION TECHNIQUE
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Research Capstone
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand
by
Cabaluna, Lincoln Rhyme Capatayan
July 2023
Leon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
F. Cabarles St., Leon, Iloilo
Approval Sheet
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Research Capstone
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand
by
Cabaluna, Lincoln Rhyme Capatayan
Approved:
School Principal II
Leon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
F. Cabarles St., Leon, Iloilo
Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to extent their profound and genuine gratitude
to the following persons who have shared their knowledge, assistance, time, and
resources for the completion of the study:
The researcher's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Conrado C. Cabaluna Jr., Mr. and
Mrs. Romeo C. Cabarles, Mr. and Mrs. Adolfo Cajayon, Mr. and Mrs. Quirico
Capayan Jr., and Mrs. Rosalie Morales;
Mr. Joshua C. Montefrio, for acting as our adviser and sharing his time,
intelligent advises, suggestions, recommendations, and keeping us on the right
track until the study is completed;
To our classmates, for acting as our defense panels and for sharing their
time to edit our study;
Faculty of Leon National High School, Leon Public Market Vendors, and
the Department of Agriculture, for providing the necessary materials and
equipment for the study;
And above all, to the all-powerful God almighty, who gave us wisdom,
strength and perseverance to complete the study.
The Researchers
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Cabaluna, Lincoln Rhyme C., Cabarles, Roj Christian H., Cajayon, Joshua O.,
Capayan, Quinjie Benedict E., Morales, Riona Lee C. “Production and
Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Waste Paper and Banana Peels
under a Low-pressure Densification Technique”. An unpublished Grade 12
Capstone Research, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Strand, Leon National High School, Leon, Iloilo. July 2023.
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the physical, mechanical and thermal
built into a wooden frame and PVC tube pipes as a cylindrical molder. The
physical property was determined in terms of its moisture content, density and
water resistance, mechanical property was determined using the drop test
method, while the thermal property was obtained by its burning efficiency.
Results showed that for physical properties, there was no significant difference
treatment having the highest density (4.9). For mechanical property, the results
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Table of Contents
Chapter Page
Hypothesis 9
Definition of Terms 11
Briquettes 15
Hybrid Briquettes 18
Charcoal Briquettes 21
Waste Paper 22
Banana Peels 23
Sawdust 25
3 METHODOLOGY
Research Design 35
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Procedures 38
Treatments 39
Data Collection 40
Data Analysis 43
Summary 54
Conclusions 54
Recommendations 55
References 57
Appendices
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List of Tables
Tables Page
List of Appendices
Appendix
Chapter 1
Chapter One is divided into six parts: Background of the Study and
the study, presents the prologue of the study and provides an overview and the
need of the tests and experiments. It also explains the key concepts and the
1
Part Four, Significance of the Study, discusses the benefits that
might be derived from the results and who will profit from them.
Part Five, Definition of Terms, gives both the actual meaning and
Part Six, Scope and Limitation of the Study, specifies the bounds
attention on a global scale. Wood fuels, according to the Food and Agriculture
Organization (2004), are "any type of biofuel derived directly or indirectly from
trees and shrubs grown on forest and non-forest land." Charcoal and fuelwood
from trees serve as more than just 14% of the total primary energy used
worldwide (FAO 1996). The Department of Energy (DOE) emphasized that the
country's energy mix was and would remain dependent on indigenous energy,
especially wood fuels. In its 2005 Update of the Philippine Energy Plan, according
2
Philippines in 1989, 1995, and 2004, an average of 35% of all households
utilized charcoal. Charcoal contributes only 2.2% or roughly 5.5 Million Barrels of
In one of the towns in the city of Iloilo, many domestic sectors mainly
use lump charcoals as a primary fuel source. For instance, a famous eatery in the
municipality of Leon, Iloilo, Lola Ritas’, uses charcoal to cook most of their dishes
hardwood, tree branches, and twigs in a low oxygen environment. Because the
hardwood retains its inherent structure and properties of a tree after being
natives. They cut down trees to produce charcoals and use them mainly for
sources like briquettes. Biomass briquettes are typically made of green waste
and other organic materials. They are frequently used as a fuel for electricity
generation, heating, and cooking. Briquettes have a low sulfur content, good
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boiler efficiency, and practical thermal value, in addition to having a higher bulky
and specific density. Various organic components, such as rice husk, bagasse,
pulverized nut shells, municipal solid waste, and agricultural waste, are present
availability of raw materials in each region. In order to make the raw materials
burn longer and facilitate transportation, they are gathered and crushed into
food industry, pharmaceutical business, etc. The demand for briquettes may rise
as a result of the growing need for resources to produce power while reducing
effective. When compared to commercial fuel sources like coal, firewood, and
content, inconsistent shapes and sizes, and low bulk density, biomass is
particularly challenging to handle, transport, store, and use in its natural form
ways on how to make briquettes more efficient for use and transport. Hybridized
briquettes which are a mix of different variables that according to some studies,
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are more efficient. These hybrid briquettes are made of different organic biomass
examples. Waste Paper contributes to 19% of the total municipal solid waste in
the proteinaceous components they contain, papers are cellulosic in nature and
have strong adhesive properties making it a good binding material for briquettes.
Another waste produced in the locality are banana peels. Large amounts
of wastes are produced during the banana cultivation process. The most
important wastes are the leaves, stalks, and pseudostems because they are
produced in higher quantities and take up more space. The number of waste
vendors often face several challenges in disposing of the waste. Banana peel has
5
(Nathoa et al., 2014). This quality signifies its potential use for domestic and
The qualities found in banana peels and waste paper show that they are
This study assumes that mixing waste paper and banana peels will
produce high-quality hybrid briquettes that will both increase sustainability and
make waste management more efficient. As a result, banana peel will be used to
Conceptual Framework
causes several environmental issues like soil erosion, air pollution, deforestation,
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and etc. Hence, the researchers thought of finding organic wastes that can be a
time passes, more and more research are being done to continuously enhance
biomass briquettes, which are now combined with various materials like wastes
and organic mases, also known as hybrid briquettes. They are found to be more
studies. Materials like waste paper, banana peels, and coconut husks are found
substitute of starch as binders. Papers are cellulosic by nature and have high
them an excellent binding medium for briquettes. Also, the process of growing
vendors often face several challenges in disposing of the waste. Banana peel has
This study produced hybrid briquettes from waste paper and banana peels
7
problems. The technology of densification and briquetting is crucial in reducing
the issue of large storage capacity and simple transportation. The best method
residues) with the aid of varying pressure levels to create solid biomass fuel.
these variables each have the quality to produce a more solid, more efficient,
The research framework showed how the mixture of briquette will directly
affect the production and characterization of hybrid briquette made from banana
peels and waste paper in terms of its physical, mechanical, and thermal
properties.
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Research Paradigm
Independent Dependent
Vriab;es Vria
25:75 ● Physical
50:50 Moisture Content
75:25
Density
Water Resistance
● Mechanical
Shatter Index
● Thermal
Burning Efficiency
made from waste paper and banana peels under low pressure densification
technique.
a.) Physical
b.) Mechanical
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c.) Thermal
Hypothesis
of hybrid briquettes from waste paper and banana peels in terms of its physical,
10
Significance of the Study
banana peels combined with paper. Rural areas in underdeveloped nations like
the Philippines may gain significantly from this in terms of the environment and
socioeconomic development.
inform and give them ideas about alternative fuel sources that can support to the
implementation of new laws and policies that can help mitigate environmental
Schools and teachers. This can help them to educate their students about
alternative fuel sources and inform them that papers in schools can be used to
Banana cue vendors. This can help in the disposal of banana peels and
11
Society, this will help them have a more sustainable and cost-effective
Definition of Terms
For purposes of clarity and precision, important terms in this study were
composed of banana peels and used papers using low pressure densification
technique.
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Densification--an increase in the density of something (Vocabulary, 2022).
(Merriam-Webster, 2022).
In this study, it refers to the used papers that are meant to be disposed,
recycled and used as one of the main ingredients in making a hybrid briquette.
In this study, it refers to the parameter for evaluating changes that may
13
In this study, it refers to the rate at which briquettes can withstand
This study aims to produce and characterize hybrid briquettes from waste
paper and banana peel using a low-pressure densification technique. This study
applications.
The waste papers utilized were bond papers (modules) gathered in Leon
National High School. While the banana peels were gathered from Leon Public
14
Low pressure densification technique was used as a method of
characterizing the hybrid briquettes. There were five properties to be tested and
mixtures of banana peels and waste paper were distributed in the following
data gathered for moisture content, density, water resistance, shatter index, and
burning efficiency were tabulated and statistically analysed using Kruskal Wallis
Test.
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Chapter 2
Chapter Two presents literature such as: Briquettes, Waste Paper, Banana
Part Two, Waste Paper, refers to the characteristics of waste paper that
Part Four, Related Studies, present studies and researches related to our
study.
Briquettes
effective alternative to coal and charcoal in a developed world, where fuel is not
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as readily accessible (Gupta, 2020). The high energy potential of biomass used in
briquetting coupled with their easy attainability and lower cost promote briquette
It is generally known worldwide that fossil fuels are both vulnerable and
insufficient in the short and long terms respectively, thus initiating the search for
considerable part of the energy demand in the future. Biomass resources have
gained attention due to their capability to be converted into multiple fuels, and
are also CO2- neutral and are, therefore, environmentally friendly (Chen et al.,
2015).
problem in the country through briquetting (Agbo and Ugwu, 2013). Their study
produced briquettes out of empty fruit branches of oil palm using starch and
asphalt as binders separately. The briquettes made with starch had a higher
calorific, higher burning rate, and higher heat output while also producing less
asphalt as binders.
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The binder types, amount of binder agent and water addition, have
produce a cylindrical briquette with a hole at the center using biomass and urban
waste. The results of her study suggest that the technology used in briquetting
how briquettes were produced from dried Syzygium samarangense leaves using
paper as binder. She compared the briquettes based on their physival and
chemical properties. The briquettes with 37.5% biomass yielded the longest
burning time and longest ignition time. While those with 0% biomass yielded the
shortest burning time and the shortest ignition time. The briquette with 0%
biomass proved to be the strongest among the three. The briquettes with 50%
and 37.5% biomass did not break under about 2100 grams but only bent. The
outcome of the study shows the potential of using dried Syzygium samarangense
peanut shells, an abundant agricultural waste from the country of Gambia, into
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fuel briquette. By consulting the local connections, the students developed a
series of pressing devices and processes for the purpose. Then they compared
the strength, burning rate and duration of burning of the briquettes, as well the
challenges to obtain binder and process the material. They ended up settling to
an easy to follow recipe and a very simple device to press the loose shells to
briquettes.
high-densified solid block that can be used as a fuel. Briquette from agricultural
waste (biomass) contributes to the energy mix. The briquette fuels are
advantageous to handle, have ease of transport, and improve heating value than
and binding materials showed varied results in terms of proximate and ultimate
biomass wastes and binders was significantly varied (p<0.05). The longest
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ignition time (71.07 ± 8.24 seconds) was observed in sawdust briquettes
followed by coffee pulp briquettes (68.58 ± 7.26 seconds) whereas the shortest
ignition time was scored in khat waste briquettes (65.03 ± 7.12 seconds) .
Generally, the ignition time of sawdust briquette is higher by 8.5% than the
ignition time in khat waste briquette. The lowest ignition time of khat waste
briquette might be accredited due to relatively low particle size, low porosity, and
From the observed results, they concluded that sawdust residue with
durable solid fuel briquettes. The addition of pulp paper as a binder increases
fixed carbon content and calorific value of briquettes produced from selected
residues. In general, the production of briquette from these residues and binding
material helps to reduce the burden on forests and provide renewable, clean,
Hybrid Briquettes
19
Experimental tests carried out show that sawdust and sorghum dust, which are
good quality materials. High-grade solid fuel briquettes with excellent quality,
preservability and durability. Both domestic and industrial energy production for
characteristics.
shown the best quality, but can burn and leave a significant amount of ash. The
relatively low ash content of the corn cob added to OPTB addresses this
qualities of hybrid briquettes have supported and justified the use of oil palm
trunk bark, which had not previously been used in briquette production. Further
as it not only addresses waste disposal and energy scarcity issues, but also
reduces indoor air pollution. Extracting useful energy from maize cob and OPTB
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mixtures has the potential to bring significant environmental and socioeconomic
et al., 2020).
industrial banana production. Banana is one of the most popular tropical fruits
consumed worldwide. In Thailand, 200 tons of banana peel is produced daily and
the amount is constantly increasing. A small fraction of the peel is used for
animal feed and the remainder becomes rotted garbage. Banana peel is
al., 2014). Banana waste contains 14% lignin, 14.8% hemicellulose and 13.2%
cellulose (Anwar et al., 2014). It has the potential for industrial charcoal
Evaluation of Charcoal Briquettes Using Banana Peel and Banana Bunch Waste
peel charcoal briquettes and banana bunch charcoal briquettes were 9.10 and
21
banana bunch charcoal briquette combustion (36 min) is shorter than for banana
peel charcoal briquette combustion (48 min). The maximum burning times of 114
and 92 minutes were observed for banana peel and banana bunch charcoal
banana waste.
Charcoal Briquettes
Charcoal and firewood are among the primary cooking fuels used in many
social and economic challenges. Including the ecological impacts of indoor air
pollution produced by cooking with solid fuels (Gladstone et al., 2014). Charcoal
material is partially burned with limited access of air. This process rapidly
agricultural waste (i.e., covering burning biomass with soil) in pits or trenches
(Claxton, 2014).
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Charcoals have been also transformed into briquettes for ease of handling
and to reduce the dust problem and increase the energy density (Sjlie, 2012).
Briquette charcoal is a solid fuel from organic matter containing carbon, which
has a high calorific value and can be lit for a long time (Nuriana et al., 2014).
There are clear advantages of charcoal briquettes that include price, burn time,
Waste Paper
municipal solid waste each year worldwide consists of paper and paper products.
Since recycling waste paper is an expensive practice, and as waste paper tends
23
Banana Peel
have a relatively high calorific value (between 15.00 MJ/Kg, a higher heating
value of 16.15 MJ/Kg and a lower heating value of 14.80 MJ/Kg) which makes it
materials that can be used to make briquettes. As for the banana waste, the
results showed that the briquettes were successfully produced according to the
desired shape and dimensions of the square mold. Banana peels appear to
substrates. Mixing banana peel with banana pseudostems and leaves improved
alone.
cellulose and lignin from bananas, and the third stage is loss of remaining water
and chemicals. Banana waste and in-product parts. A high HHV value of 12-22
currently used for heating or combustion purposes, indicating that banana waste
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may be an effective material for energy generation. Compressing banana peel
and molasses, which are by-products from the banana industry, into briquettes
A high rate of increase was found. The density gradually decreased when the
increase has been reported for briquettes with slow binders. The relationship
between briquette density and briquette pressure Binder ratio was also
above 700kPa.
For raw banana peel, the maximum mass loss rate was 586 K. A fast-
25
Sawdust
density and mass of briquette; however, a higher ratio of sawdust in the mixture
Chapter 3
Methodology
conducted.
procedures.
Part Three, Treatments, presents the varying ratios of the materials used.
Part Five, Data Analysis, describes the method used to analyze and
35
Research Design
in which the researchers manipulate one or more variables and control and
paper) and dependent (hybrid briquette) variables of the study. In this light, this
design was used because the researchers wanted to know if the briquette in
of Hybrid Briquettes
-used as a variable in
Waste Paper 2 sacks the production of hybrid
briquettes
-used as a variable in
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Banana Peels 4 sacks the production of hybrid
briquettes
paper
hybrid briquettes
-used as container to
-used as container to
Basin 2pc
soak hybrid briquettes;
resistance of hybrid
briquettes
37
-used as the equipment
briquettes
of hybrid briquettes; to
Weighing Scale 1pc be used to assess
properties of hybrid
briquettes
briquettes; to be used in
Clay stove 1pc assessing the burning
efficiency of hybrid
briquettes
-used to measure
Ruler 1pc volume of hybrid
density of hybrid
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briquettes
Procedures
Waste papers were collected from local schools in Leon, Iloilo, while the
banana peels were obtained from the local banana cue vendors in Leon Public
Market. Sawdust were obtained from nearby millworks and cabinet shops. The
banana peels were dried under heat for at least five days and were cut or
shredded into tiny pieces. We calculated the initial moisture content of banana
peels. All moisture contents presented in this paper are on a % wet basis. Both
materials were later cut/shred into small pieces. The waste papers were soaked
in water for 2 days and ground to form pulp in accordance with the procedure
described by Roy et al. The briquettes were formed using a cylindrical mold
(measurements of mold is not yet final). Three briquettes were produced from
each sample and their initial densities were measured immediately after ejection
from the mold. The resultant briquettes were placed on a flat surface and left to
air dry in a closed room with adequate air ventilation for 30 days or dried using a
dryer for 2-3 days before testing the properties. This were all executed in a
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makeshift workroom in one of the researcher’s residences in Barangay Talacuan
Leon, Iloilo.
Treatments
peels (BP) to waste papers (WP) (100:0, 50:50, 0:100), and each sample was
mixed with sawdust to thicken the mixture (roughly 5–10% by weight of sample
mix).
40
Data Collection
The materials were collected in nearby premises. The banana peels were
collected from banana queue vendors in Leon, Iloilo, and the waste paper were
1.Moisture Content
was weighed before sun-dried for 5 days. The loss in mass, expressed as a
percentage of final sun-dried mass was taken as the moisture content of the
W 1−W 2
MC= x 100
W2
drying.
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2.Density
height and central whole diameter at different points using a Vernier caliper,
while the mass was measured with a digital weighing balance (Model AND GF
3000). The density of briquettes was determined 30 days after the briquetting
m
ρ=
v
biomass briquette.
3.Water Resistance
The water resistance test was carried out in accordance with the
AND GF 3000) will be used to measure the initial weight of each sample
briquette and then dunked in water for 2 min. A stopwatch will be used to time
the process. The briquette’s weights will be measured again and the relative
42
W 2−W 1
% absorbed by briquette= x 100
W1
4.Shatter Index
The procedure involved weighing and recording the initial mass of the
2-m height. The drop is repeated three times and each time the sample was
passed through a sieve (2.36 mm), while the mass of the briquette retained on
the sieve was recorded. The shatter index of each briquette was calculated by
the equation:
Bz
K= ×100
B
43
5.Burning Efficiency
In burning efficiency test, a total of 9 set ups were done. Set-up 1-3 utilized
the 75:25 hybrid briquette, set-up 4-6 utilized the 50:50 and set-up 7-9 for the
25:75. 3 Briquettes were put over the clay stove in each set-up and lighted for
fire. The time was recorded for how long it took to burn and how long it lasted.
Data Analysis
method in each of the five categories and their properties (density, moisture
value) were tested and replicated four times. The test data obtained were
subjected to Kruskal Wallis Test and Fisher’s Least Significance Difference (LSD)
the briquettes. All significance tests in this study were conducted with p < 0.05
Chapter 4
Chapter Four presents the Descriptive Data Analysis and Inferential Data
Analysis.
Part One, Descriptive Data Analysis, presents the results of the study with
SOP 1. What are the properties of hybrid briquettes in terms of the following: a.)
44
Table 3. Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Physical Properties
Descriptive Statistics
Std.
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Deviation
Moisture
9 105.050 152.940 125.55378 16.686453
Content
Density 9 3.20 5.20 4.1444 .67289
Water
9 94.30 165.25 130.7489 24.92735
Resistance
Valid N
9
(listwise)
The results in Table 3 showed the mean of all the physical properties of
the hybrid briquettes. A total of 9 briquettes were tested for each property,
content below 10% or above 18% are inconsistent and prone to breaking. The
briquettes' mean moisture content of 12.5% indicates that they have a high
moisture content, which makes them less consistent and more likely to break.
High moisture content can harm briquettes and equipment, but can improve
compression strength and shatter index. It can also cause poor combustion
properties, including low heat output, low temperature, and long fuel residence,
leading to fume emissions and explosion risks (Tumuluru et al., 2011). According
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to Bello, R S (2020), in order to produce efficient briquettes its density must
range from 490-820kg/m3. The lower moisture briquettes have high resistance
to water, high impact resistance and excellent storability. Density had a mean of
4.14 which means the briquettes had high density. Recent studies have reported
that the higher the density in briquettes, the higher the energy/volume ratio.
The burning time may be longer, however, other combustion properties of such
briquettes may be negatively affected (Kers et al., 2010. Water resistance had a
mean of 130.75 which meant the briquettes had high water resistance. Water
desirable (source). In comparison with this data, the briquettes produced by the
46
Table 4. Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Mechanical Properties
Descriptive Statistics
Std.
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Deviation
Shatter
9 95.95 100.00 98.0889 1.46999
Index
Valid N
9
(listwise)
Table 4, given the mechanical property in terms of the shatter index. The
shatter index had a mean of 98.09 meaning it has a high resistance to shattering
and will be easy for transport. According to Borowski et al., the shatter index of
was considered an acceptable shatter index for fuel briquettes developed for
47
Table 5. Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Thermal Property
Descriptive Statistics
Std.
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Deviation
Burning Efficiency -
How long it took to 9 10 15 11.67 2.500
combust (min)
Burning Efficiency -
How long it lasted 9 30 60 45.00 12.990
(min)
Valid N (listwise) 9
it burning efficiency, how long it took to combust and how long it lasted.
means that approximately 80% of the energy stored in charcoal is converted into
heat during the burning process. Burning efficiency in terms of how long it took
efficient. Burning efficiency in terms of how long it lasted had a mean of 45.00
48
SOP 2. What are the properties of hybrid briquettes based on different mixtures
Physical
Treatments Moisture Water Density
Content Resistance
75BP:25 Mean 114.38133 144.5433 4.0000
WP N 3 3 3
Std. 8.393373 9.21152 .30000
Deviation
50BP:50 Mean 144.25333 147.0333 3.5333
WP N 3 3 3
Std. 9.994500 17.87068 .28868
Deviation
25BP:75 Mean 118.02667 100.6700 4.9000
WP N 3 3 3
Std. 12.111178 6.40021 .43589
Deviation
Total Mean 125.55378 130.7489 4.1444
N 9 9 9
Std. 16.686453 24.92735 .67289
Deviation
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Table 6 showed that the physical properties of the hybrid briquettes were
meaning it had the highest moisture content and the mixture 75BP:25WP had
the lowest moisture content since banana peels are not that absorbent to water.
In terms of the water resistance, mixture 50BP:50WP had the highest mean of
25BP:75WP had the lowest resistance to water. Based on the results given by
Table 4, the treatment 25BP:75WP with mean of 4.900 g/cm3 is the only data
that is efficient based on density and mixture 50BP:50WP with mean of 3.53
and 75BP:25WP with mean of 4.00 isn’t as efficient according to the data given
by Bello.
Mechanical
Shatter Index
Std.
Treatments Mean N
Deviation
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75BP:25WP 97.2333 3 .51733
50BP:50WP 97.6900 3 2.08430
25BP:75WP 99.3433 3 .57830
Total 98.0889 9 1.46999
Table 7 showed that the mechanical properties of hybrid briquettes were
tested in terms of its shatter index. In the context of briquetting the term
higher shatter index indicates better durability and strength of briquette. The
result indicated that the mechanical properties of the hybrid briquettes increases
25BP75WP has the highest mean among 3 mixtures, suggesting that the 25BP-
75WP is more durable and less likely to break apart when subjected to pressure
or impact.
Thermal
Burning Burning
Efficiency - How Efficiency -
Treatments
long it took to How long it
combust (min) lasted (min)
Mean 15.00 30.00
75BP:25WP N 3 3
Std. Deviation .000 .000
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Mean 10.00 45.00
50BP:50WP N 3 3
Std. Deviation .000 .000
Mean 10.00 60.00
25BP:75WP N 3 3
Std. Deviation .000 .000
Mean 11.67 45.00
Total N 9 9
Std. Deviation 2.500 12.990
ignite at 5 mins and last for 45 mins. The mixture 50BP:50WP with mean of 5.00
on how long it took to burn and mean of 45 mins on how long it lasts, and
mixture 25BP:75WP with mean of 5.00 on how long it took to burn and mean of
wood charcoals. The results indicated that the higher the percentage of waste
paper the less time it takes to burn and the more time it lasts making it efficient
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SOP 3. Is there a significant difference in the physical, mechanical, and thermal
properties of hybrid briquettes with different banana peel to waste paper ratio?
Test Statisticsa,b
Physical Mechanical Thermal
Burning Efficiency
How How
Moisture Water Shatter
Density long it long it
Content Resistance Index
took to lasted
combust
Chi- 8.000 8.000
5.42 6.713 5.422 3.115
Square
df 2 2 2 2 2 2
Asymp. .018 .018
.066 .035 .066 .211
Sig.
a. Kruskal Wallis Test
b. Grouping Variable: Treatments
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Table 9 showed the significant difference in the Physical, Mechanical, and
resistance of hybrid briquettes, meaning their values are the same. The moisture
content of briquettes is high making it consistent and the briquette doesn’t tend
to fall into pieces (Renewable Energy World, 2014). The water resistance of
briquettes is low meaning the briquettes are prone to water just like common
in the density of hybrid briquettes, meaning their values is different. The mixture
25BP:75WP has the highest value of density among the mixtures indicating that
this mixture has high resistance to high impact and excellent storability and
mixture 75BP:25WP has the lowest value of density indicating that it is more
prone to impact and can have problems during transport. There is no significant
difference in the shatter index of briquettes, meaning their values are the same.
The shatter index of briquettes is high it is highly resistant to shattering and will
(how long it took to burn) of hybrid briquettes, meaning their values isn’t the
same. The mixture 25BP:75WP has the lowest mean indicating that it is efficient
for cooking applications and is comparable to common wood charcoal, while the
mixture 75BP:25WP has the highest mean indicating that it takes longer to ignite
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and isn’t efficient as common wood charcoal. There is a significant difference in
the burning efficiency (how long it lasted) of hybrid briquettes. The mixture
25BP:75WP has the highest mean indicating that it last longer and efficient
similarly to common wood charcoal, while the mixture 75BP:25WP has the lowest
mean indicating that it burns fast and isn’t efficient as fuel source.
Kruskal Wallis Test showed that there was no significant difference in the
to waste paper ratio in its physical property in terms of its moisture content and
terms of its shatter index. In thermal property, the results showed a significant
difference in terms of its burning efficiency (how long it took to combust and
how long it lasted) based on different waste paper to banana peels ratio.
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Chapter 5
of the study.
study.
Summary
This study about the production and characterization of hybrid briquettes from
waste paper and banana peels under a low-pressure densification technique was
conducted to produce alternative hybrid briquettes that have higher handling and
answer the following questions: 1). What are the properties of hybrid briquettes
in terms of the following: a.) Physical, b.) Mechanical, c.) Thermal. 2). What are
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the properties of hybrid briquettes based on different mixtures of waste paper
and banana peel ratio: 25:75, 50:50, 75:25? 3). Is there a significant difference
difference in terms of the hybrid briquettes’ physical (moisture content and water
Conclusions
The results of the experiment indicate the following conclusions: All the
capacity for energy. The hybrid briquettes all displayed a high moisture content
level and a low water resistance. Among the various mixtures tested, the results
50BP:50WP exhibited the poorest qualities in the test. Based on the findings, it
can be inferred that increasing the ratio of WP in the mixtures also increases its
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density. The value of density was shown to be inversely proportional to the
moisture content. A similar trend was found in both relationships of density with
water resistance and burning efficiency. Overall, the hybrid briquettes possess
Recommendations
waste paper and banana peels. As such, it aims to serve as a premise for further
disposal, energy shortages as well as mitigate against indoor air pollution. The
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banana peels could bring significant environmental and socio-economic benefits
technologies and integration into the current renewable energy systems. The
results of further research can inform and encourage different sectors on the use
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References
de Oliveira Maia, B. G., Souza, O., Marangoni, C., Hotza, D., de Oliveira, A. P. N.,
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bianca-Goulart-De-Oliveira-Maia/
publication/
286446712_Production_and_Characterization_of_Fuel_Briquettes_from_Ban
ana_Leaves_Waste/links/56698d7808aea0892c49a687/Production-and-
Characterization-of-Fuel-Briquettes-from-Banana-Leaves-Waste.pdf
http://www.wadef.com/projects/isteac/StudyReport__Paper_Recycling_Res
earch_Philippines.Work_Results.pdf
(PDF) production and characterization of fuel briquettes from banana ... (n.d.-a).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286446712_Production_and_Char
acterization_of_Fuel_Briquettes_from_Banana_Leaves_Waste
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/banana%20peel
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Densification - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms. (n.d.). Vocabulary.com.
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/densification
briquette. (n.d.). The Free Dictionary. Retrieved October 25, 2022, from
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/briquette
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wastepaper
Briquettes Produced from Maize Cobs and Sawdust. J. Sustain. Bioenergy Syst.
Roy, R.; Kundu, K.; Kar, S.; Dahake, V.R.; Rajan, P. Production and evaluation of
briquettes made from dry leaves, wheat straw, saw dust using paper pulp and
ASTM D3174-12. Standard Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal
and Coke from Coal; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2012.
ASTM D3176-15. Standard Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke; ASTM
59
ASTM D2444-16. Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content
ASTM D2395-17. Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity
made from water hyacinth and phytoplankton scum as binder. J. Combust. 2013,
ASTM D440-86. Standard Test Method of Drop Shatter Test for Coal; ASTM
[CrossRef]
ASTM D5865-13. Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and
60
Appendices
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Appendix A
Ma’am:
The undersigned, Roj Christian H. Cabarles, a student of Leon National
High School under the Academic Track Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics, is conducting a research study entitle “ Production and
Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Waste Paper and Banana Peels under
a Low-pressure Densification Technique in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements
in Capstone Research.
In this regard, the undersigned respectfully requests your kind permission
to be the Research Statistician. Approval to this request will greatly contribute to
the completion of this study.
Thank you very much and Godbless!
Respectfully Yours,
Roj Christian H. Cabarles
Researcher
Noted:
JOSHUA C. MONTEFRIO
Research Teacher
Confirmed:
MARIANE C. CADURNIGARA
Research Statistician
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Appendix B
Documentation
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Figure 9. Mixing the Banana Peels
moulder
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a food dehydrator
Moisture Content
Density
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hybrid briquettes
Water Resistance
Figure 19. Measuring the dry weight in water and solve for its water
of briquettes resistance
Shatter Index
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Burning Efficiency
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