31.03.

2024, 13:28 Electric Arc Furnace Slag - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Electric Arc Furnace Slag

EAF slag typically has a crystalline nature, where the
principal minerals that can be detected are wustite, hematite,
magnetite, merwinite, larnite, etc.
From:
Developments in the Formulation and Reinforcement of Concrete
(Second Edition), 2019

Chapters and Articles

Design guidelines for structural and

non-structural applications
Flora Faleschini, ... Cristoforo Demartino, in
Handbook of Sustainable Concrete and Industrial Waste
Management
, 2022

17.3.2.2 EAF slag in structural concrete

EAF slag is a by-product of steelmaking industry which, after cooling
from temperatures up to 1300 °C to ambient conditions, becomes a
dark-gray stony material with a rough texture and angular shape
(Fig. 17.2), and according to European regulation, can be classified as an
industrial aggregate. According to this classification, EAF slag can be
used to realize structural concrete without any limitation on
substitution ratio or grading. It is also known as “black slag” or
“oxidizing slag.” EAF slag properties depend on the type of steel
produced in the furnace, scrap composition, slag cooling method and
rate, and further, weathering processes. Two main types of EAF slag
exist, depending on the above production process: one is formed by a
major content of oxides of iron, with low porosity and high density;
another is formed by fewer iron oxides content and, consequently, it
has a lower density. The former has been used in several research
works from Italy and South Korea; the latter from Spanish research
teams, mainly.

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Case studies on slag utilization

George C. Wang, in
The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, 2016

14.3.5 Summary
EAF slag from the MultiServ operation in Al Jubail has proven to be a
suitable material for use in stone column ground stabilization. It
demonstrates superior performance over locally available alternate
natural aggregates in terms of crushing strength, water absorption,
internal friction, and durability. In relation to the chemical suitability of
the slag in terms of both volume stability and leachability, the slag has
proven to be totally acceptable.

As a result of its superior performance, the present four designers of

these systems in Saudi Arabia specify steel slag aggregate for stone
column piling.

Over a period of 9 years, 971,000 tonnes of steel slag has been used on
19 major construction projects and further contracts continue to be

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Unbound slag aggregate use in

construction
George C. Wang, in
The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, 2016

8.3.3.1 Research
An EAF slag from Edw C. Levy Co. was used that was of a 0–12.5 mm
size. The engineering properties were characterized including specific
gravity, chemical analysis, optimum moisture content, MDD, and
unconfined compressive strength. Expansion tests were also performed
to assess volumetric stability, and total metals and toxicity
characteristic leachate procedures (TCLPs, SW-846) were performed to
determine environmental acceptability. Volumetric expansion tests
were conducted and extended to 210 and 270 days. The expansion on
the slag continued to increase throughout the 270-day test period. The
aging did have an effect by reducing the level of expansion by 20–25%,
but not to a level that was considered acceptable for this application.
Then Class “C” fly ash was added at 5%, 10%, and 20% to the EAF slag to
remediate the swelling and act as an activator for the slag. The fly ash
was successful in remediating the instability. At 210 days the expansion

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had flatlined at ~ 98% below the untreated materials and at a level

acceptable for geotechnical applications. The TCLP was performed to
verify the acceptability of this material. The EAF slag was well below
the local and federal limits for both of these procedures. The
unconfined compression results of straight EAF slag showed no
significant strength gains over time. However, the effect of the Class “C”

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Applications of steel slag in civil

engineering
Ivanka Netinger Grubeša, ... Samitinjay S. Bansode, in
Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction,
2016

5.2 Slag utilization as an aggregate in concrete

EAF slag contains a small proportion of amorphous silicon and a high
proportion of iron oxide. It has little or no pozzolanic activity compared
with blast furnace slag, which makes it unsuitable for use as a cement
additive. The great hardness of steel slag has led to it being considered
as an aggregate in concrete. Many studies have been conducted to
explore this possibility.

In [8], steel slag was used to replace part of a fine aggregate fraction, in
which silica sand (amounting to 15%, 30%, or 50%) or fine fraction was
completely replaced by slag. In all the mixtures, the coarse aggregate
was limestone. The influence that the percentage of slag had on the
properties of fresh and hardened concrete in the strength classes of 25,
35, and 45 MPa was studied. As expected, due to the higher density of
steel slag compared to natural aggregate, an increase in slag content
increased the density of fresh concrete mix by 5%–20% over
conventional concrete. This was stated to be one of the most important
characteristics of steel slag aggregate concrete [9]. Also, as the share of
slag in concrete increased, its consistency decreased.

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Recycled materials in concrete

Carlo Pellegrino, ... Christian Meyer, in
Developments in the Formulation and Reinforcement of
Concrete (Second Edition)
, 2019

2.4 Electric arc furnace slag

Among the steelmaking slags, EAF slag is worth mentioning, as its
application as aggregate for concrete is gaining increasing attention.
Euroslag, which is an international organization dealing with iron and
steel slag matters, has estimated that about 25.9% of steel slags
produced in Europe are EAF slags from carbon steel production (EAFC-
EAF carbon steel), and 5.9% are EAF slag from stainless or high alloy
steel production (EAFS- EAF stainless steel). In particular, the amount
of the former, that is, EAFC, is expected to rise dramatically in the near
future, due to the conversion of many steel processing plants into EAF
technology that is more environmentally sustainable. During the
melting process of the steel in this type of furnace, EAF slag (known
also as black slag) is generated after the addition of certain admixtures
(limestone, slag correction agents such as bauxites, and slag formers) in
the molten bath of the steel, in amounts between 120 and 180 kg/tonne
of manufactured steel.

After cooling from 1560°C, EAF slag becomes a stony, cohesive, slightly
porous, heavy, hard, and tough material that appears as a black or dark-
gray crushed aggregate. Generally, it has very good mechanical

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Radiological shielding concrete using

steel slags
P. Tamayo, ... S. Mañanes, in
Waste and Byproducts in Cement-Based Materials, 2021

13.6.4 Mechanical properties

The mechanical properties of concrete with EAFS depend on the
replacement ratio of the natural aggregate, in addition to whether the
substitution is done of fine or coarse aggregates. In general, concrete
that incorporates EAFS lacks sufficient content in fines to cover the
needs of the mix proportions (Sekaran et al., 2015). When replacing the
fines, it is recommended to mix it with filler to make up for this lack

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(Manso et al., 2004). If the replacement in fines is total, the

compressive strength can drop to 7% (Pellegrino et al., 2013).

With the partial or total replacement of the coarse fraction of natural

aggregate by EAFS, general improvements in the mechanical properties
of concrete have been obtained because the quality of the interfacial
transition zone (ITZ) is superior (Arribas et al., 2014) and because of the
angular shape and rough texture of the slags (Faleschini et al., 2017a).
Likewise, the use of EAFS as an aggregate for the manufacture of
concretes implies a generalized increase in compressive strength
(Maslehuddin et al., 2003; Pellegrino et al., 2013; Awoyera et al., 2015;
Brand and Roesler, 2015; Roslan et al., 2016), a property that makes
them suitable for use in construction (Rondi et al., 2016), managing to
obtain high-strength concretes (Papayianni and Anastasiou, 2010). A
greater replacement of natural aggregate by EAFS implies a greater
compressive strength (Awoyera et al., 2016; Coppola et al., 2016),

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Slag use as an aggregate in concrete and

cement-based materials
George C. Wang, in
The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, 2016

11.3.1.2 Durability
The durability of the concrete containing EAF slag aggregate was
analyzed in comparison with the fundamental requirements of the
structural concrete. The steel slag aggregate concrete showed better
behavior than the limestone concrete. The limestone concrete lost
strength, but the strength of the concrete with EAF slag (CEAF) slightly
increased from the outset. This improvement could be attributed to the
fact that there was no loss of adhesion between the aggregate and the
matrix, a loss that was observed in the reference concrete around its
aggregates. Following exposure to high temperature and relative
humidity, the CEAF has proven itself to be a more stable concrete than
the ordinary concrete with regard to linear expansion and contraction,
with no appreciable external signs of physical deterioration or loss of
mechanical compressive strength (which even increased). There was
less expansion in the slag mortars than in the reference mortar as a
result of the sulfate attack, which after one year of exposure did not
exceed the standard threshold (ASTM C452). Over time, these slag
mortars showed a greater increase of strength than the reference
concrete, thereby confirming the absence of internal damage and the
null reactivity of the fine fraction of the slag aggregate. As regards the

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aggregate–alkali reaction, the expansion of the slag aggregate mortars

did not exceed the limit and may, therefore, be considered nonreactive
when used in cement mixes. With regard to the exposure of the
concretes to sea tides, chloride penetration was greater (or similar) in
the CEAF than in the reference concrete (CR). Finally, the corrosion of
the steel rebars in the reinforced EAF slag concrete, after a year in the
tidal seawater environment, showed greater susceptibility to corrosion
than in the limestone reference concrete. The study confirms the
viability of producing steel-reinforced concrete with slag aggregate
(Arribas, Vegas, San-Jose, & Manso, 2014).

Other researchers (Brand & Roesler, 2015) also confirmed that steel slag
aggregates in concrete can produce acceptable strength properties,
suitable freeze–thaw durability, and exceptional fracture properties.

Wh i EAF l t hi h i t th dl
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Waste Materials in Construction

Catharina Bäverman, Francisca Aran Aran, in
Studies in Environmental Science, 1997

Material and Methods

The slag used in this study was an EAF slag from Fundia Steel AB,
Sweden. The slag was crushed and sieved to give a particle size
distribution similar to that of natural sand. Two types of concrete were
prepared: a normal concrete with natural sand as aggregate, and a steel
slag concrete with steel slag as aggregate. The preparation technique
was the standard technique for preparing concrete specimens. The
specimens were kept in a moisture chamber at 100% humidity for 7
days, the first day in the mould, and at 50% humidity for 21 days.

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Waste Materials in Construction

Jinying Yan, ... Ivars Neretnieks, in
Studies in Environmental Science, 1997

Abstract
The long-term acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of the electric arc
furnace slag was investigated by batch pH titration, and the
neutralizing processes of the slag were evaluated by reaction path
modeling. Reaction time plays an important role for the determination

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of the ANC for the steel slag. The relatively slow reactions may give
large contributions to the ANC for a long-term leaching process. pH-
dependent reactivities of the steel slag were found in the high pH
range. The neutralizing rates at high pH were much slower than that at
relatively low pH. Below pH 9, the reaction rates became less pH-
dependent and usually fast. The features of neutralizing reactions of
the slag may be explained by its mineralogical composition and

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Slag use in asphalt paving

George C. Wang, in
The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, 2016

10.4.1.2 Recent development

Along with the development of steelmaking, slag processing, and
treating technology, more EAF slag has been produced and used in
various paving applications that are the main focuses on slag research
(Hainin et al., 2014).

In the last couple of decades, other types of slag have been used in
asphalt paving; for example, ferronickel slag (Wang, Thompson, &
Wang, 2011), copper slag (Collins & Cielieski, 1994; Gorai, Jana, &
Premchand, 2003), and boiler slag (Chesner et al., 1998).

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Related terms:
Compressive Strength, Basic Oxygen Furnace, Electric Arc Furnace,

Concrete Specimen, Furnace Slag, Ladle Furnace, Natural Aggregate,

Slag Aggregate, Steel Slag, Steel Slag Aggregate.

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