Home Economics Strand Time Management Skills and Academic Performance of

Senior High Students of Pundaguitan National High School

Background of the Study

Time is imperative resource every person possesses evenly but fails to utilize

at the same level due to a variety of reasons. All the material and human resources

possessed by organizations can be improved in the way of time or be transformed as

time goes on; yet the only asset that cannot be changed, purchased or store is “time”

itself. The secret to achieving success in life is effectively managing this resource

that everyone possesses equally and paying sufficient emphasis to planning (Orucu

et al., 2007).Time management is a chief issue among senior high students, affects

how they analyze and apply the time obtainable to them and how they change to

their academic responsibilities (Bonhomme, 2007). Sansgiry et al, (2006) defined

time management for students as “clusters of behavioral skills that are central in the

organization of a study and course load. This is a process that always changing and

must kept under control by each individual.

In India, Kaushar (2013) studied the impact of time management on the

academic performance of college students. The researchers interviewed and

surveyed the respondents, who were 50 college students. The result of this study

showed that students’ behavior in the category of time planning was at the highest

level, while behavior in the category of time management was at the lowest level,

and the students performed well above average. The study also concluded that there

was a substantial and positive correlation between time management and student

academic performance.
 Moreover, Mendoza, Gonzales, et. Al (2009) investigated the relationship of

time management performance of selected senior high home economics students of

Arellano University for school year 2008-2009. There were 40 respondents who were

surveyed using a self-made questionnaire. The results of the study concluded that

proper time management may have not generally influence the academic

performance of students who participated in the study. However, the manner by

which time is used to achieve a set goal might be the key in improving academic

performance. The research therefore concluded that there is no significant

relationship between time management and academic performance of the students.

According to (Camangyan, 2023), students of Holy Cross College of Davao

shows that students with good time management abilities outperform those with poor

time management abilities in terms of their academic performance. Time

management is one of the most important indicators of students' academic

achievement. When it comes to defining goals, evaluating resources, controlling

management practices, and scheduling decisions, these characterized time

management as a worthwhile goal of many human activities. There is a significant

and advantageous relationship between students' academic success and their ability

to keep their schedules.

Therefore, the aim of the study is to find the impact of time management on

the academic performance of Home economics strand senior high students in

Pundaguitan National High School. The study objectives also include to find out the

effectiveness of the preplanning and the instantaneous planning on academic

performance. This research will add self-evaluation to student’s daily habit and plan.

Also, it will provide knowledge and recommendation for skills that can assist student

for perfect personal strategic plan. It will also help to overcome the wrong common
rumors statements about time management and will raise awareness about

procrastinating behavior of time management and its effect on academic

performance among home economics students.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the home economics strand time management

and academic performance of senior high students in Pundaguitan National High

School. Specifically, to determine the following:

1. What is the extent of time management in terms of;

1.1 Goal setting

1.2 Planning

1.3 Prioritizing

2. What is the level of academic performance of senior high school students of

Pundaguitan National High School?

3. Is there a relationship between the extent of time management and academic

performance of senior high students of Pundaguitan National High School?

Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between time management and academic

performance of home economic strand senior high school students of Pundaguitan

National High School.

Review of the Related Literature

 Presented in this portion were the various literature that shed light on this

study.

Time Management Skills

Time management procedures can help individuals achieve their goals by identifying

and planning the activities necessary to complete their plans, improving productivity,

and increasing job satisfaction (Zafarullah and Pertti, 2017). The process to using

time effectively to achieve maximum productivity involves managing work schedules

and engaging in advance planning, organizing and implementation to achieve the

organizational objectives (Sahito, Khawaja, Panhwar, Siddiqui, & Saeed, 2016). Both

art and science go into managing one's time. Everyone must learn how to perform it;

while some individuals are skilled at it, not everyone is. Time is an invaluable

resource. Time is endless, and the time consumed by everyone can never be

retrieved. Time may seem to flow constantly, but as it is spent on certain activities,

some may find it not enough to finish the things to be done in a day (Carroll, 2015).

Everyone should be able to manage their time effectively and efficiently in order to

complete their tasks. Additionally, good time management produces better decisions,

especially when one is not under pressure. As a result, by choosing the right choices

deliberately, one can lead a successful life simply by managing their time well.

Furthermore, a person's personal approach can be used to describe their time

management abilities and methods. It, in general, adds to many important qualities

(Carroll, 2015). Accordingly, empirical studies frequently demonstrate a significant

correlation between students’ time management and academic performance (Aeon,

2021), as well as well-being factors such as lowered stress and anxiety (Häfner,

2015). According to Sahito et al. (2016), time management is a technique for

allocating time in accordance with the demands of various tasks and activities with
the aim of assuring organizational performance and maximizing benefits by using,

saving, and not wasting time or energy. Effective time management entails making

the best use of time to boost output and success. To accomplish organizational

objectives through thorough planning, coordination, and implementation, work

schedules must be managed. Since it involves the development and application of

effective ways to complete assignments within a specific time frame and at the

requisite quality level, Time management is a crucial asset for both individuals and

organizations (Sahito et al., 2016). However, the only way to create good time

management is through effective application, talents and behaviors needed for

professional success. Due to attending courses, finishing homework, and studying

for tests, students generally have very hectic and stressful lives. They also have

distinct daily schedules and lives, which are essential for striking a balance between

their academic and extracurricular obligations. It can be difficult and intimidating to

find the time to complete everything at once. Here is an example of how to effectively

manage your time. Students need to nurture this skill. For them to be efficient and

more effective, they must adopt the essential tactics and apply them. These abilities

enable students to organize their time and prioritize impending tasks and events.

This contributes significantly to academic performance by helping students stay

organized and prevent procrastination. With a student's busy schedule, time

management can be very helpful. It guarantees that students are well-prepared,

organized, and focused to manage their everyday life and complete academic work

on time. Although it can result in more success, this is a skill that students must

acquire and hone. For students to develop effective time management techniques,

they must change their habits. Students must take the initiative to recognize their
issues in order for this to occur. Effective time prioritization is a key component of

having good time management abilities.

Time is endless, and the time consumed by everyone can never be retrieved.

Time may seem to flow constantly, but as it is spent on certain activities, some may

find it not enough to finish the things to be done in a day (Carroll, 2015). Time

management is a skill that everyone should possess to effectively and efficiently

accomplish their tasks. According to Carroll (2015), proper time management leads

to better decisions, especially if one is not pressured, and thus, by making the right

decisions in a mindful manner, one can attain a successful life just by properly

managing their time. Moreover, time management skills and techniques can be

characterized by one’s personal approach, which contributes to numerous

fundamental qualities in general. And some of the main and primary factors that

should be considered in one’s time management skills are goal setting, planning,

and prioritizing.

A. Goal Setting

Setting goals for students varies depending on their abilities and

motivation to complete academic assignments. Students struggle to set goals

because they are ignorant of the specific standards that must be met in each

academic area to achieve state competency requirements (McMillan, 2019).

According to Zimmerman, Bandura, and Martinez-Pons (1992), goal-directed

action has three characteristics: (1) self-generation: the source of energy is

critical to the organism's survival; (2) value-significance: the activities not only

enable but also require an organism's survival; and (3) goal-causation: the

ensuing action is triggered by a goal (Locke & Latham, 1991). As stated in the

study by Reyes and Galang (2009), the factors that motivate students to study
are comparable to the reasons that motivate them to value education. As a

result, people are inspired to do their best work because they love it and are

challenged by it. Some people have internalized the importance of education,

which serves as a motivator for them. Others study more diligently because

they want to improve their grades or are afraid of failing.

b. Planning

According to the study by Fitsimmons (2008), "the first key to good time

management is planning. Although it takes time to plan, it is an investment

that will pay back heavily in time saved later on. Good planning ensures that

you get to a desirable end with a project or other effort, whether that project is

something specific to your library workplace, or your whole career. " It must be

in a written form, which should be reviewed and updated regularly. This

process provides an overview of one’s workload at any particular moment,

which accurately shows the complete work plan for the future and gives an

idea of what lies beyond (Forsyth, 2019).

c. Prioritizing

According to an article on the priority matrix (n.d), priorities must be

established in order to complete all of the tasks that must be completed.

Prioritization is important because it allows you to focus your attention on

tasks that are important and urgent so that you can later focus on tasks that

are lower priority. If you do not take the time to prioritize, you will struggle to

complete tasks on time, worry about how you will complete everything on your
 to-do list, and be unproductive. These are the reasons why prioritization is

important. If you do not organize your schedule by priority, you might miss

important tasks that you should've put at the top of your list first.

Academic Performance

Academic achievement is a combination of ability and effort, presumably ability being

equal to those with higher motivation, more effort and will, who achieve higher

grades. Academic achievement is the accomplishment or acquired proficiency in the

performance of an individual in a given skill or body of knowledge. Academic

achievement means “knowledge attained and skill developed in the school subjects

usually designated by test scores or by marks assigned by teachers or by both”.

Achievement can be measured with the help of tests, verbal or written of different

kinds. Since academic achievement is the criterion for selection, promotion or

recognition in various walks of life, the importance of academic achievement can't be

ignored (Chenna Reddy, 2007). Academic achievement or academic performance is

the outcome of education, the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has

achieved their educational goals.

Theoretical Framework

This research is grounded on the following theories which helped the

researcher better establish the structure of the study

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework is a bridge between paradigms which explain the

research issue and the practice of investigating that issue. Others view the

conceptual framework as a map of theories and issues relating to the research topic.

This map gives meaning to the relationship between the independent and dependent

variables, by showing that theories have the potential to provide insight and

understanding insight on research topics (Leshem & Trafford 2007). Therefore, this

conceptual framework is formed based on the idea that time management influences

the academic performance of the students.

Time Management Academic Performance of

Home Economics strand
 Goal setting senior high students of
 Planning Pundaguitan National High
 Prioritizing School

Figure 1: Paradigm of the study

Significance of the Study

Survey Questionnaire

Instructions: Please indicate your level of agreement with the following

statements by circling the number that bests represents your opinion.

1= Strongly disagree

2=Disagree

3=Neither disagree nor disagree

4=Agree
5=Strongly agree

Section 1: Time Management Skills

Neither

Strongly Disagre disagree Strongly

Agree
disagree e nor agree

disagree

I am able to

plan my time 1 2 3 4 5

effectively

I am able to

prioritize my 1 2 3 4 5

tasks

I am able to

stick to my 1 2 3 4 5

schedule

I am able to 1 2 3 4 5

manage my
time even

under

pressure

I am able to

complete my 1 2 3 4 5

task on time

Section 2: Academic Performance

Neither

Strongly Disagre disagree Strongly

Agree
disagree e nor agree

agree

I am able to

maintain a 1 2 3 4 5

high GPA

I am able to

perform well
1 2 3 4 5
on test and

exams

I am able to 1 2 3 4 5

complete my

assignments
on time

I am able to

participate
1 2 3 4 5
actively on

time

I am able to

achieve my
1 2 3 4 5
academic

goals