PH Dinformationbrochure 2023
PH Dinformationbrochure 2023
PH Dinformationbrochure 2023
RESEARCH UNIT
Indira Gandhi National OpenUniversity
Maidan Garhi,
New Delhi-110068
www.ignou.ac.in
1
Disclaimer
The Ph.D. Information Brochure for July 2023 is a compendium of inputs assembled and collated from various
Schools, Disciplines and other related sources.
The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) reserves the right to revise, amend or delete any part
of this Information Brochure without prior notice. Any change so made shall be updated on the website of
IGNOU. Any change in admission rules after the release of the Ph.D. Information Brochure shall
become effective from thedate it is uploaded on the IGNOU website, www.ignou.ac.in.
The candidate is responsible for regularly checking the admission website of IGNOU for updates, if any, in
guidelines, schedules, and admission-related information.
For notifications and updates regarding Ph.D. Admissions,2023, Kindly visit: WWW.ignou. ac.in
2
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Applications are invited for admission to Ph.D programme for the July 2023 session.
The list of disciplines, name of the Programme coordinators, discipline wise number of
seats (Category-wise) available and eligibility criteria are given in Appendix II.
2. The Ph.D. Programme is offered in compliance with the UGC (Minimum Standards and
Procedure for award of Ph.D Degrees) Regulations, 2022 and amendments thereto from
time to time.
3. IGNOU offers Ph.D programme under two categories: Part time and Full time. Both
categories of students will be required to attend course work classes as per the IGNOU
ResearchGuidelines.
4. The minimum and maximum duration of Ph.D programme is three years and six years
respectively. The Women Candidates and Persons with Disabilities (40% or more /
“severe” where percentage is not defined) are given two years extra beyond the
maximum duration.
5. The Ph.D. programme involves coursework during the first six months of admission,
which will be conducted in IGNOU Campus at New Delhi only. A student has to attend
the coursework on regular basis. At least 80 per cent attendance is compulsory.
6. As of now, IGNOU does not have hostel facilities for students. Students have to make
their ownarrangements for stay in Delhi.
7. The candidates, who are in employment and wish to pursue part time Ph.D shall obtain
NOC from their respective employers in the prescribed format
(http://www.ignou.ac.in/userfiles/format%20for%20NOC%20(1).pdf which is
mandatory for attending the interview (if qualified).
B- Selection Procedure:
1. Admission to the Ph D Programme shall follow a Two Stage Process which will
be as follows:
Stage I: Entrance Test
a) Candidates awarded with fellowship/scholarship in UGC-NET/UGC- CSIR
NET/GATE/CEED and similar National level tests, as per the validity specified by the
regulatory bodies, shall be exempted from Entrance Test and their selection will be
based on interview. These candidates shall be considered as Category- A. Such
candidates shall apply
3
online and have to upload their valid fellowship award letter from the concerned
implementing / awarding agency.
b) All other Candidates except mentioned at “a” above are mandatorily required to appear in
Ph.D Entrance test. These candidates shall be considered as Category- B.
c) The Entrance Test will be conducted by the University across the country. The list of eligible
candidates to appear for the Entrance Test will be displayed on IGNOU official website
www.ignou.ac.in. Individual entrance test marks and the list of selected candidates will be
hosted on the University website along with admission schedule/ instructions.
d) No individual admission intimation will be sent to the selected candidates. Hence, the
applicants are advised to see the University website regularly for updates regarding individual
entrance test mark and the list of selected candidates.
e) Hall Tickets enabling the candidates to take the Entrance Test will also be displayed on
IGNOU website. Candidates are required to download and print the same to appear in the
Entrance Test.
f) Candidates are required to bring with them an original identity proof such as Aadhar Card,
Voter ID Card, Driving License, Passport and ID Card issued by Govt. Agencies.
g) The syllabus of the Entrance Test shall comprise 50% on Research methodology and 50% on
specific subject.
h) Selected candidates will be governed by IGNOU Ordinance/IGNOU Regulations/ Ph.D.
Guidelines 2022 and amendments thereto from time to time for conduct of Ph.D Degree
Programmes.
i) Admission to the Ph.D Degree Programmes is strictly based on merit.
j) (i) For Category A Candidates, interview shall carry 100% weightage.
(ii) For Category B Candidates, the Entrance Test shall carry a weightage of 70% and
30% weightage shall be given to the interview.
k) Those who secure at least 50% marks in the Entrance Test (45% marks in case of SC/ST/OBC
(Non Creamy layers) / Differently abled persons and EWS) will be shortlisted for the
interview in order of merit subject to the maximum limit of five times of the available seats.
l) All eligible candidates from Category A will be called for the interview.
Stage II: Interview:
a) Eligible candidates from Category A & Category B shall be called for interview before the
Discipline Specific Admission Committee. Information in this regard shall be uploaded on the
University website. The respective disciplines/ schools will communicate regarding the
requirement for the interview.
b) The interview shall have three components comprising Research Methodology (40%) Subject
domain (40%) and Communication Skills (20%).
c) Offer letters for admission will be sent to the Selected Candidates only.
GENERAL ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR Ph.D.
The eligibility criteria for admission to Ph.D programme are as follows:
4
a) Candidates who have completed:
• Candidates who have completed: 1-year/2-semester master's degree programme after a 4-
year/8-semester bachelor’s degree programme or a 2-year/4-semester master’s degree
programme after a 3-year/6 semesters bachelor’s degree programme or qualifications
declared equivalent to the master’s degree by the corresponding statutory regulatory
body, with at least 55% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade in a point scale
wherever grading system is followed.
or
equivalent qualification from a foreign educational institution accredited by an
assessment and accreditation agency which is approved, recognized or authorized by an
authority, established or incorporated under a law in its home country or any other
statutory authority in that country to assess, accredit or assure quality and standards of the
educational institution.
• A relaxation of 5% marks or its equivalent grade may be allowed for those belonging to
SC/ST/OBC (non-creamy layer)/Differently-Abled, Economically Weaker Section
(EWS) and other categories of candidates as per the decision of the Commission from
time to time.
Important Dates
5
eligibility criteria of that Discipline, the University shall not consider such application.
4. Admission granted will be cancelled at any time, if it is found that the information furnished
by the candidate is false or incorrect or if, at a later stage, it is found that the candidate does
not fulfill the eligibility criteria prescribed for the programme.
5. The candidates are required to download the filled in registration / application form for future
reference.
6. Candidates are required to apply online only. No offline/hardcopy of the application form will
be accepted.
7. A list of States and Cities for Research Entrance Test is given in Appendix–I.
8. While applying, candidates must select three Examination City Centers in order of their
preference. Since the seating capacity at each centre is limited, they will be considered for the
allotment of the examination city centers as per University norms.
9. The University can change the examination city centre opted by the candidate to another
nearby centre, if number of candidates are more/less at any examination city centre.
10. The Examination City Centre, once opted, shall not be changed.
11. The Admit Card will be uploaded on IGNOU website .
12. Please check the admit card carefully for your Name, Subject Group, Date of Birth, Gender,
Examination Centre Name, City, and Category, etc.
14. For any discipline specific query at any stage, candidates are advised to contact the concerned
Programme Coordinator (see Appendix II)
15. For Discipline specific syllabus for Entrance Test please refer to Appendix III
16. Being called for interview does not entitle a candidate to stake claim for admission. The
Doctoral Research Committee may not recommend a candidate if the discipline does not
have the specialization in which he/she wants to carry out research.
17. The University reserves all the rights not to fill up some or all the seats vacant in a
Research Degree programme in case suitable candidates are not found at the level of
Test/ Interview.
*******
6
APPENDIX – I
7
Appendix -II
8
6 Management School of UR=08 Dr. Venkataiah Master’s Degree in
(PHDMGMT) Management EWS=02 Chittipaka management/ or
(SOMS) SC=04 declared equivalent to
ST=01 29573016 the Master’s degree by
OBC=06 the corresponding
Ph.D.management@ignou. statutory regulatory
Total- 21 ac.in body/ or Master's
degree in any allied
areas related to
Management.
Candidates with CA
/CS/ CMA (ICWA)
qualifications are also
eligible to apply.
7 Education School of UR=09 Prof. Bharti Dogra MA(Education) or
(PHDES) Education EWS=02 011-29572993, M.Ed.
(SOE) SC=03 bhartidogra@ignou.ac.in
ST=02
OBC=07
Total= 23
8 Distance School of UR=08 Prof. Santosh Panda & Prof. Master's degree in
Education Education EWS=02 Amiteswar Ratra any discipline,
(PHDDE) (SOE) SC=02 29572615 / preferably MADE,
ST=01 2609 MA(Education),
OBC=05 spanda.ignou@gmail.com / M.Ed., Masters with
amiteshwar@ignou.ac.in B.Ed/M.Ed.
Total=18
9 Women’s School of UR=03 Dr. Smita M. Patil Master’s Degree in
Studies Gender and EWS=00 29571618 Women’sStudies
(PHDWS) Development SC=00 smitampatil@ignou.ac.in or Gender Studies
Studies ST=00 with 55%
(SOGDS) OBC=01 OR
Total= 04 Master’s degree in
other streams with
one or two courses
in the area of
Women’s Studies
or Gender Studies
and/or with
demonstrable
evidence of
teaching and / or
research and
publications in the
area of Women’s
Studies or Gender
Studies .
9
10 Environmental School of UR=08 Prof. B. Rupini and Dr. Master’s Degree in
Science Inter- EWS=01 Sushmitha Baskar Science /Engineering
(PHDEV) disciplinary SC=02 9911223373, 9013880206 from a University
and Trans- ST=01 brupini@ignou.ac.in ; recognized by
disciplinary OBC=03 sushmithab@ignou.ac.in UGC
Studies Total= 15
(SOITS)
11 Development School of UR=04 Dr. Pradeep Kumar Master's Degree
Studies Extension EWS=01 011-29571664 / 1669 in Development
(PHDDV) & SC=02 Studies, Sociology,
Developme ST=01 pradeep@ignou.ac.in Economics, Political
nt Studies OBC=03 Science, and
(SOEDS) Total-11 Extension Education
12 Tourism and School of UR=03 Dr. Tangjakhombi Akoijam Master Degree in
Hospitality Tourism EWS=01 29571751 Tourism/Hospitality/
Services and SC=02
Management akoijam@ignou.ac.in Hotel Management
Hospitality ST=01
(PHDTS) Services OBC=03
Manageme
nt Total- 10
(SOTHSM)
10
15 Hindi (PHDHIN) School of UR=05 Prof. Jitendra Kumar Master's Degree in
Humanities EWS=01 Hindi
Srivastava
(SOH) SC=02
ST=01 jksrivastava@ignou.ac.in
OBC=04
Total- 13 011 -29572795
Total- 04
18 Sanskrit School of UR=07 Prof. Kaushalya Master’s Degree in
(PHDSK) Humanities EWS=01 Sanskrit or Acharya
(SOH) SC=01 29572752, 9999439709
ST=00
OBC=02 kaushalpanwarsanskrit@ign
ou.ac.in
Total- 11
19 Child School of UR=08 Prof. Rekha S.Sen M.Sc. Home Science
Development Continuing EWS=02 rekhasharmasen@ignou. (with specialization in
(PHDCD) Education SC=02 ac.in Child Development
(SOCE) ST=01 01129572958 / Human
OBC=04 Development /
Human
Total- 17 Development and
Childhood
Studies
/ Human Development
and Family
Studies)/M.Sc. Home
Science(General /
11
Composite)/ MA /
M.Sc.Early Childhood
Development/MA
Education (with
specialization in Early
childhood Care and
Education)/M.Ed in
Special Education in
any disability area/
M.Sc. in Counseling
and FamilyTherapy
20 Nutritional School of UR=05 Prof. Deeksha Kapoor Master’s Degree
Sciences Continuing EWS=00 29572960 (M.Sc.) in Food and
Education SC=00 Nutrition / Dietetics /
(PHDFN) deekshakapur@ignou.ac. Public Health
(SOCE) ST=00 in Nutrition from a
OBC=01 recognized
institution with UGC-
Total-06 NET qualified.
21 Home Science School of UR=04 Prof. Heena K. Bijli Master’s Degree in
(PHDHC) Continuing EWS=01 011- 29572948 Home Science with a
Education SC=01 heenakbijli@ignou.ac.in specialization in
(SOCE) ST=00 Community
OBC=02 Resource
Total -08 Management and
Extension / Family
and Community
Resource
Management /
Development
Communication and
Extension / Resource
Management and
Design Applications/
Extension /
Extension Education
and Communication
/ Master’s Degree in
Home Science
(General )
22 Rural School of UR=03 Prof. Arobindo Mahato Master’s Degree in
Development Continuing EWS=00 011- 29572955 Rural
(PHDRD) Education SC=01 arobindo@ignou.ac.in Development/
(SOCE) ST=00 Soci al work/
OBC=02 Sociology/
Total-06 Development
Studies
12
23 Biochemistry School of UR=05 Dr. Maneesha Pandey Master’s Degree
(PHDBC) Sciences EWS=00 and Dr. Arvind K. from
(SOS) SC=01 Shakya a recognized
ST=00 29572825 / 2836 university or any
OBC=01 maneesha@ignou.ac.in; other qualification
Total- 07 arvind.kumar@ignou.ac.in recognized as
equivalent thereto in
Biochemistry/ allied
subjects.
24 Life Sciences School of UR=08 Dr. Ravi Rajwanshi M.Phil degree or
Sciences EWS=01 29572757 Post
(PHDLS) (SOS) SC=02 ravirajwanshi@ignou.ac.in Graduate degree in a
ST=01 relevant area of the
OBC=03
discipline
Total= 15
25 Mathematics School of UR=05 Dr. Pawan Kumar Master’s or M.Phil
(PHDMT) Sciences EWS=00 29572806 degree in
(SOS) SC=00 Ph.D.math@ignou.ac.in Mathematics
ST=00
discipline
OBC=01
Total= 06
26 Statistics School of UR=08 Prof. Manish Trivedi & Master’s Degree in
(PHDSTAT) Sciences EWS=01 Dr. Gajraj Singh Statistics/Applied
(SOS) SC=01 29572818; / 29572819 Statistics
ST=00 manish_trivedi@ignou.ac
OBC=03 .in ;
Total= 13 gajrajsingh@ignou.ac.in
27 Geology School of UR=06 Dr. Omkar Verma & Dr. Postgraduation in
(PHDGY) Sciences EWS=01 M. Prashanth Geology or
(SOS) SC=01 29571675 Geological Science
ST=00 omkarverma@ignou.ac.in or AppliedGeology
OBC=02
/ or Geo- Exploration
mprashanth@ignou.ac.in or Mineral
Total = 10 Explorationor
Engineering
Geology
or Marine Geology
or
Earth Science and
Resource
Management or
Petroleum
Geosciences or
Petroleum
Exploration
or Geochemistry or
Geophysics or
Hydrogeology or
Geomatics or
13
Geoinformatics or
Remote Sensing
and GIS.
Note : Five percent (5%) seats shall be reserved for Persons With Disabilities (with not less than
40% disability) shall be adjusted against the appropriate category (Gen/SC/ST/OBC) to
which they belong.
14
Appendix– III
1. Biochemistry – (PHDBC)
PART A: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Objectives of research methods versus
Methodology Types of research: Descriptive vs. Analytical; Applied vs. Fundamental;
Quantitative vs. Qualitative;
Conceptual vs. Empirical Literature Review: Methods and Importance Research design: Need,
Types and Features of research design, Formulating Research Problem Collection and
analysis of Data:
Importance and Methods of data collection, Data Analysis with Statistical Packages Ethical
issues in Research: Copy right, Intellectual Property Rights; Plagiarism. Basic Principles and
Applications of Analytical techniques.
2) Biomolecules
Physical properties of water and their role in biology. Concepts of pH, ionic strength
and buffers.
Laws of thermodynamics. Concepts of ΔG, ΔH and ΔS.
Structure and functions of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and
15
lipids.
Forces that stabilize biomolecules such as electrostatic and van der Waal’s interaction,
hydrogen bonding. Interactions with solvents, Hydrophobic effect. Structural
characteristics of protein in α-helix, β-sheet and β-turn. Ramachandran plot. Protein
domains and domain architecture. Quaternary structure of proteins. General structure of
DNA and RNA,
Structural characteristics of A, B and Z- DNA. 3D structure of t-RNA, ribozymes and
rib switches
Introduction to enzymes. Types of enzymatic reaction mechanisms, Michaelis-Menten
kinetics.
Competitive, Non-competitive and Un-competitive inhibition. Bi-substrate reaction
kinetics.
3) Physiology
Photosynthesis- Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport;
photoprotective mechanism; CO 2 fixation-C 3 , C 4 and CAM pathway. Nitrogen
fixation: Historical background, nitrogen cycle in nature, symbiotic nitrogen fixation,
nitrogenase system, nitrate reductase.
Plant nutrition, water relations, phytochromes, calmodulin, circadian rythms, plant
hormones- Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport; physiological effects and
mechanisms of action.
Blood and circulation- Blood corpuscles, haematopoiesis and formed elements, plasma
function,blood volume, blood volume regulation, blood groups, haemoglobin,
immunity, haemostasis.
Cardiovascular System- anatomy of heart structure, myogenic heart, cardiac cycle,
heart as a pump,blood pressure, neural and chemical regulation.
Respiratory system – transport of gases and exchange of gases, waste elimination.
Digestive system – Digestion, absorption, energy balance, BMR.
Excretory system- Physiology of excretion, kidney, urine formation, urine
concentration, waste elimination, micturition. Regulation of water balance, blood
volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance.
Nervous system- Neurons, action potential, central and peripheral nervous system.
Sense organs- Vision, hearing and tactile response.
Reproduction- Reproductive processes, gemetogenesis, ovulation.
16
initiation complex, elongation and termination of transcription. Regulation of
transcription: activators (enhancers) and repressors, Locus control regions. Protein
synthesis, processing and transport of proteins: Ribosome, mRNA structure, genetic
code, aminoacylation of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.
Mechanism of translation: Initiation, elongation and termination factors and
translational proof-reading.
Regulation of Translation- global vs mRNA-specific. Inhibitors of Translation ,
Posttranslational modifications of proteins. Protein trafficking and transport.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, role of chromatin,
chromatin remodelling and gene silencing, Epigenetic regulation.
Enzymes used in Recombinant DNA technology. Isolation and purification of DNA
(genomic and plasmid) and RNA. Various methods of separation, characterization of
nucleic acids including
Southern and Northern hybridizations.
Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems.
Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors and their
purification. Western
blotting.
Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries. Plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC
vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and
eukaryotic organisms.
Isolation and amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences, PCR, RT PCR and qRT
PCR, DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing.
Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale
expression, such as micro array based techniques. Analysis of DNA polymorphism:
RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques.
17
immune deficiencies, vaccines.
Host-pathogen interaction- Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like
bacteria, viruses and protozoans into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell
behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in
animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells.
6)Tools and Techniques used in Biological research Concepts of precision and accuracy in
experimental measurements. Concept of signal to noise ratio.
Biostatistics: Measures of Central Tendency. Fundamental ideas of probability and
probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions. Concept of the
Central Limit Theorem.
Hypothesis testing: Use of Student’s t and χ 2 tests. Correlation and regression. Basic
concepts of design of Experiments.
Biochemical Methods: Chromatography: Ion exchange, Gel Filtration and Affinity
chromatography.
Electrophoresis: Native and SDS-PAGE. Isoelectric focusing. 2D-PAGE and its
applications. UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Beer-Lambert’s law and its use in
determination of protein/ nucleic acid concentration.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Basic concepts of excitation and emission. Quenching,
Theory and applications of FRET and fluorescence lifetime measurements.
Fundamentals of CD, IR and Raman spectroscopy and their use in the study of
biomolecular conformation.
Centrifugation: Basic concepts of centrifugation. Density gradient centrifugation.
Sedimentation velocity and Sedimentation equilibrium. Separation of sub-cellular
components and macromolecules using high speed and ultracentrifugation.
Microscopy: Bright field, phase contrast, fluorescence, confocal, and electron
microscopy.
Fundamentals of X-ray, NMR and cryo-electron microscopy for determination of
biomolecular structure.
18
and regulatory regions; Gene annotation; Similarity searches; Pairwise and multiple
alignments; Alignment statistics; Prediction of gene function using homology, context,
structures, networks; Genetic variation, polymorphism, deleterious mutation; Phylogenetics;
Tools for genome analysis– PCR, RFLP, DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, Automated DNA
sequencing; Linkage and pedigree analysis; Construction of genetic maps; Physical maps,
FISH to identify chromosome landmarks. Human genome project-landmarks on chromosomes
generated by various mapping methods; BAC libraries and shotgun libraries preparation;
Physical map-cytogenetic map, contig map, restriction map, DNA sequence; DNA sequencing
and sequence assembly; Model organisms and other genome projects; Comparative genomics
of relevant organisms such as pathogens and non-pathogens; Evolution of a pathogen.
Taxonomic classification of organisms using molecular markers -16S rRNA
typing/sequencing. DNA Microarray technology, cDNA and oligonucleotide arrays;
Applications: Global gene expression analysis, Comparative transcriptomics, Differential gene
expression; Genotyping/SNP detection; Detection technology; Computational analysis of
microarray data. Proteomics: Outline of a typical proteomics experiment; Identification and
analysis of proteins by 2D analysis; Spot visualization and picking; Tryptic digestion of protein
and peptide fingerprinting; Mass spectrometry; ion source (MALDI, spray sources); analyzer
(ToF, quadrupole, quadrupole ion trap) and detector; clinical proteomics and disease
biomarkers; Prions; proteins in disease; Protein-protein interactions: Solid phase ELISA, pull-
down assays (using GST-tagged protein), far western analysis, by surface plasmon resonance
technique, Yeast two hybrid system, Phage display; Protein interaction maps; Protein arrays-
definition, applications- diagnostics, expression profiling.
9) Metabolism
Metabolic concepts: Introduction to metabolic concepts. Gibbs free energy, Laws of
thermodynamics, High energy compounds, Phosphoryl transferase, oxidative phosphorylation
and generation of ATP, chemiosmotic theory.
Carbohydrate metabolism: Pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism such as Glycolysis,
Citric acid cycle, Gluconeogenesis, Cori cycle, HMP shunt pathway, Glycogenesis and
Glycogenolysis with reference to their regulation and energetic.
Amino acid metabolism: Deamination, transamination, decarboxylation, desulphuration,
Ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids.Urea cycle, Regulation of amino acid biosynthesis
Lipid metabolism: Energetics of fatty acid degradation. Fatty acid biosynthesis. Cholesterol
metabolism and its regulations. Regulation of blood cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLand HDL.
Nuclei Acid Metabolism: Synthesis and degradation of purines and pyrimidines and their
regulation. Integration of metabolic pathways, metabolism of Xenobiotics.
19
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism - glucose tolerance test, Glycogen storage diseases.
Disorders of lipid metabolism - fatty liver, obesity, atherosclerosis. Disorders of protein
metabolism - Haemoglobinopathies - sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia and erythrocyte enzyme
disorders. Inborn errors of metabolism- Phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria. Serum enzyme
activities in diseases - Principle and assay of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine
aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, streptokinase, asparaginase, a,-
hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, ceruloplasmin, y -glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine kinase
and lactate dehydrogenase. Enzyme and isoenzyme as diagnostic tool, method for isoenzyme
analysis. Organ and organ function tests: Normal structure and functions of liver, diseases of
the liver, hepatitis types, cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, hepatic tumor and bilary tract
diseases, liver function tests, disorders of bilirubin metabolism. Renal function tests and related
disorders: Acute and chronic renal failure, urinary tract obstruction and analysis of urinary
calculi.
20
2. Child Development (PH.D.CD)
The Entrance examination will be based on what is covered in the syllabus of the M.Sc.
Home Science specialization' Child Development' as well as the relevant components in the
UGC-NET syllabus pertaining to the component ‘Research Methodology’ and the
specialization component' Child Development'. (The specialization 'Child Development'
could be referred to by different names in various universities such as Human Development /
Human Development and Childhood Studies /Human Development and Family Studies).
21
7. Children and persons with disabilities-care and support, early intervention, special
education, prevention of disabilities, rehabilitation.
8. Children at risk-child labour, street children, orphaned, abandoned and destitute
children, child abuse and trafficking.
9. Adolescence and youth: developmental changes and challenges; programmes to
promote optimal development.
10. Adulthood-characteristics, changing roles and responsibilities in early and middle
adulthood.
11. Aging-physical and psychological changes; care ,health and psychological needs.
12. Diversity,Disadvantage,RightsandEquity:Policies,Legislation,Stat
egies and Programmes for Intervention and Inclusion
13. Parenting and Society; Counseling for optimal child development.
14. Research Methods in Child Development
22
3. Commerce (PHDCOM)
Course1: Research Methodology
1. Research Process : Problem Selection and Research Design-Selecting a Topic for Research
Study ,Formulation of Hypothesis, Research Design (Concepts relating to Research Design,
Major stops preparing a Research Design, Factors affecting Research Design.)
RCO – 002: SPECIALIZATION COURSE (In the selected area of research interest)
FOR Ph.D
Contents
23
Accounting Systems: Basic Functions of an Accounting System-Designing and Installation
Accounting Systems.
Managing Cash Flows: Budgeting (The Primary Cash Management Tool-What Priority
Should Managers give to Increasing Net Cash Flows? –Some Strategies for Permanent
Improvements in Cash Flow
Measures of Liquidity and Credit Risk: A classified Balance Sheet - Working Capital –
Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Debt Ratio-Evaluating Financial Ratios– Liquidity, Credit
Risk, and the Law
5. Accounting Standards
24
6. Global Business and Accounting
Environmental Forces Shaping Globalization- Political and Legal Systems, Economic
Systems, Culture, Technology and Infrastructure Harmonization of Financial Reporting
Standards
Foreign Currencies and Exchange Rates: Exchange Rates - Accounting for Transactions
with Foreign Companies - Currency Fluctuations – Who Wins and Who Loses? -
Consolidated Financial Statements That Include Foreign Subsidiaries
7. Management Accounting
An overview – Concepts and uses - Management Accounting Decision Making Authority –
Management Accounting’s Role in Decision Making - Management Accounting’s Role in
Performance Evaluation and Rewards
Revenue and Profit Variance Analysis: Introduction - Sales Variances - Profit Variances -
Actual Profit and Budgeted: Reconciliation –Variance Reporting-Disposition of Variances
9. Responsibility Accounting
Introduction–Meaning and Objectives–Types of Responsibility Centres
1. Williams, Haka, Bettner (2005) Financial & Managerial Accounting, the basis for
business decisions, Tata McGraw- Hill, New Delhi.
2. M.Y.Khan,P.K.Jain(2007)ManagementAccounting,Text,ProblemsandCases,TheMcGra
w-Hill, New Delhi.
3. Asish K .Bhattacharyya(2006) Financial Accounting for Business Managers, Printice-
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Robert N Anthony, David F. Hawkins, Kenneth A Merchant (2007) Accounting Text
and Cases, TataMcGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
5. N.Ramachandran,RamKumarKakani(2008),FinancialAccountingforManagement,TataM
cGraw-Hill,NewDelhi.
6. ShashiK.Gupta(2002),ContemporaryIssuesinAccounting,KalyaniPublishers,NewDelhi.
7. Aggarwal, M.P.(1981),Analysis of Financial Statements,National Publishing House,
New Delhi.
8. S.N.Maheshwari(2004),Management Accounting and Financial Control, Sultan Chand
and Sons, New Delhi.
25
9. S.N.Maheshwari, S.K. Maheshwari (2006), Corporate Accounting, Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd. NewDelhi.
Taxation
1. General Frame work of Direct Taxation in India: Different direct tax laws and their
inter-relationship; Importance of Income Tax Act and Annual Finance Bill Relevant
Constitutional provisions; harmonization of tax regime.
2. Tax Planning: Concept of tax planning; Tax planning with reference to setting up a
new business; locational aspects; nature of business; tax holiday, etc. - Tax planning with
regard to specific management decisions such as mergers and takeovers; location of
undertaking; introduction of voluntary retirement; tax planning with reference to financial
management decisions such as borrowing or investment decision; reorganization or
restructuring of capital decisions - Tax planning with respect to corporate reorganization;
tax planning with reference to employees’ remuneration - Tax Planning vis-à-vis
important provisions of wealth-tax including court rulings and legislative amendments.
3. Tax Management: Return and procedure for assessment; special procedure for
assessment of search cases, e-commerce transactions, liability in special cases; collection
and recovery of tax; refunds, appeals and revisions ;penalties imposable ,offences and
prosecution.
26
Reference text books:
1. Dr.VinodKumarSinghania&Dr.MonicaSinghania,(2014),DirectTaxesPlanninga
ndManagement,Taxmann,NewDelhi
2. Dr.Vinod Kumar Singhania & Dr.Monica Singhania, (2014), Income Tax including
Central Sales Tax,Taxmann, NewDelhi
3. R.K.Jain,(2014),Income Tax Planning& Management, Sahitya Bhawan, Agra
4. Dr.P.K.Jain & R.KTyagi,(2014),IncomeTax law& accounts, Sanjay Sahitya Bhawan,
Agra
5. R.K.Jain (2014) Excise Customs and Service Tax Case References, Jain Book Depot,
New Delhi.
Area2–InternationalBusiness
27
of International Trade in Services.
11. Multilateral Trading System – Functions and Structure of WTO, Multilateral Trade
Agreement and Plurilataral Trade Agreement, India and WTO. Recent issues related to
Multilateral Agreements. Impact of Multilateral Trading System on World Trade.
15. International Pricing – Objectives and factors affecting Pricing Decisions, Pricing
Methods and Practices in International Marketing, Transfer Pricing, Counter Trade and
Pricing Issues.
28
-WTO Report
-UNCTAD Report
-World Investment Report
-World Economic Survey, etc.
Area3 –Banking and Finance
References
29
Chandra, Prasanna, Financial Management Theory and Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing CompanyLtd.,New Delhi,2007
Khan, M.Y. and Jain, P.K., Financial Management Text, Cases and Problems, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing CompanyLtd.,NewDelhi,2007
Van Horne, James C., Financial Management and Policy, Prentice Hall of India Ltd.,
Finance (WileyFinance)
NeelamCGulati(2011)BankingandInsurance:Principles&Practices,3rdedition,ExcelBooks,
DaryaganjNewDelhi
Gomez Clifford (2011) Banking and Finance: Theory, Law and Practice, 3rd edition,
PHI, Daryaganj NewDelhi
Indian Institute of Banking & Finance (2012):Legal and Regulatory Aspect of Banking
2nd edition, McMillan, Daryaganj NewDelhi.
NK Sinha (2009): Money Banking and Finance 5thedition, Bsc Publisherco, Daryaganj,
NewDelhi.
30
Value (CLV), Cultivating Customer Relationships.
Analyzing Consumer Markets: What Influences Consumer Behaviour? Cultural Factors
Social Factors, Personal Factors, Key Psychological Processes.
Analyzing Business Markets: Organizational Buying, The Business Market Versus the
Consumer Market, Delivering Superior Customer Value, Managing Business-to-Business
Customer Relationships, Business Relationships: Risks and Opportunism, Segment
Marketing, Niche Marketing, Local Marketing, Balancing Customer and Competitor
Orientations. Creating Brand Equity, Building brand equity, Measuring brand equity,
Devising a branding strategy, crafting brand positioning.
2. Marketing Decisions
31
Communications: Advertising, Sales Promotions, Events and Experiences, and Public
Relations, Developing and Managing an Advertising Program, Communicating to the
Rural Audience, Deciding on Media and Measuring Effectiveness, Sales Promotion in
Indian market, Events and Experiences, Public Relations, Managing Personal
Communications: Direct and Interactive Marketing, Word of Mouth, and Personal Selling,
Direct Marketing, Public and Ethical Issues in Direct Marketing, Interactive Marketing,
Placing Ads and Promotions Online, Word of Mouth, Buzz and Viral Marketing, Creating
successful long term growth.
3. Marketing research
Introduction to Marketing Research, Qualitative and quantitative research methods,
Sampling methods, Questionnaire design, reliability and validity. Online survey method,
Data preparation and data presentation (graphing), AnalysisofVariance (ANOVA)and
Analysis of Covariance(ANCOVA),Cluster Analysis, Factor analysis, Presenting research
information
4. EmergingTrendsinmarketing:RuralMarketing,Greenmarketing,Experientialmarketing,
DigitalMarketing,ebusiness,Onlinemarketing,Onlineretailing,Neuroscienceandconsumer,Sp
ortsMarketing ,Media marketing and advertising, Brand Management, Innovation and
marketing
Reference Books
32
Entrepreneurial Firms’ impact on overall economic development of a nation
Entrepreneurship development.
3. Enterprise creation
Screening of ideas, opportunity identification and selection, moving from an idea to an
entrepreneurial firm, New enterprise creation: Conceptual and analytical tools to
understand, analyze and manage critical aspects of new enterprise, Buisness plan
preparation and Analysis, feasibility analysis of business ( product/ service feasibility,
industry/market feasibility,organizationalfeasibilityandFinancialfeasibilityanalysis,Industry
and competitor analysis), Business crisis, Family business management, Small and medium
enterprises(threats and opportunities),
Developing an effective Business models: The importance of business models, How
buisness models emerge, potential fatal flaws of business models.
4. Enterprise Management Small and medium enterprise (managing and growing
entrepreneurial firm): Essentials of management principles, its application on
enterprise management, planning, importance and application of planning in an
organisation, strategic planning and its application.
Human resource Management: recruitment, selection and induction of key employees,
training and development, performance appraisals, application of exit interviews etc.,
Board of directors, Professional advisers, lenders and investors, other professionals.
Organisation Behaviour: Motivation and behavior, designing Motivating jobs, perception,
personality,Stressandbehavior,Groupbehavior,Intergrouprelations,conflictanditsimpactonor
ganization,Leadership in organisation, followership, transaction analysis, analysis and
application of leadership styles, Organisation structure and design, Organisational change
and development, organizational culture and climate.
Controlling (PERT, CPM and other emerging methods to establish control in an
organization. Managinghuman resources and organization development and dynamics,
Personnel and Industrial relations, Sources of capital and capitalization process, Venture
capitals, Angel investors etc, Intrapreneurship.
5. Micro business development
What are micro businesses, Role of Government in micro business development,
Importance of micro businesses in an economy, Microfinance, Self help groups, Direct
funding from financial institutions.
6. New Age entrepreneurship
Agri- entrepreneurship, Edu-preneurship (education/academic entrepreneurship), Techno-
preneurs (nanotechonology, biotechnology)
7. Social Entrepreneurship
33
Social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurs as change agents, financial sustainability
Social entrepreneurship in India and abroad
8. Women Entrepreneurship
State of women Entrepreneurship in India. Barriers to women Entrepreneurship
development.
9. Business ethics
Corporate Social responsibility Corporate governance
10. Succession Planning
Business growth and need of succession Planning in India. Its role and importance in
expansion management.
Reference Books:
**********
34
4. Computer Science- (PHDCS)
35
Graph Theory: Simple Graph, Multigraph, Weighted Graph, Paths and Circuits, Shortest Paths in
Weighted Graphs, Eulerian Paths and Circuits, Hamiltonian Paths and Circuits, Planner graph,
Graph Coloring, Bipartite Graphs, Trees and Rooted Trees, Prefix Codes, Tree Traversals,
Spanning Trees and Cut-Sets.
Boolean Algebra: Boolean Functions and its Representation, Simplifications of Boolean
Functions.
Optimization: Linear Programming - Mathematical Model, Graphical Solution, Simplex and Dual
Simplex Method, Sensitive Analysis; Integer Programming, Transportation and Assignment
Models.
PERT-CPM: Diagram Representation, Critical Path Calculations, Resource Levelling, Cost
Consideration in Project Scheduling.
36
Definition and Data Types; Constraints, Queries, Insert, Delete, and Update Statements; Views,
Stored Procedures and Functions; Database Triggers, SQL Injection. Normalization for Relational
Databases: Functional Dependencies and Normalization; Algorithms for Query Processing and
Optimization; Transaction Processing, Concurrency Control Techniques, Database Recovery
Techniques, Object and Object-Relational Databases; Database Security and Authorization.
Enhanced Data Models: Temporal Database Concepts, Multimedia Databases, Deductive
Databases, XML and Internet Databases; Mobile Databases, Geographic Information Systems,
Genome Data Management, Distributed Databases and Client- Server Architectures. Data
Warehousing and Data Mining: Data Modeling for Data Warehouses, Concept Hierarchy, OLAP
and OLTP; Association Rules, Classification, Clustering, Regression, Support Vector Machine,
K-Nearest Neighbour, Hidden Markov Model, Summarization, Dependency Modeling, Link
Analysis, Sequencing Analysis, Social Network Analysis. Big Data Systems: Big Data
Characteristics, Types of Big Data, Big Data Architecture, Introduction to Map-Reduce and
Hadoop; Distributed File System, HDFS. NOSQL: NOSQL and Query Optimization; Different
NO SQL Products, Querying and Managing NOSQL; Indexing and Ordering Data Sets; NOSQL
in Cloud.
5. System Software and Operating System
System Software: Machine, Assembly and High-Level Languages; Compilers and Interpreters;
Loading, Linking and Relocation; Macros, Debuggers. Basics of Operating Systems: Operating
System Structure, Operations and Services; System Calls, Operating-System Design and
Implementation; System Boot. Process Management: Process Scheduling and Operations; Inter-
process Communication, Communication in Client–Server Systems, Process Synchronization,
Critical-Section Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Semaphores, Synchronization. Threads: Multi core
Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries, Implicit Threading, Threading Issues.
CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria and Algorithms; Thread Scheduling, Multiple-Processor
Scheduling, Real-Time CPU Scheduling.
37
Fast User Switching; File System, Networking.
Distributed Systems: Types of Network based Operating Systems, Network Structure,
Communication Structure and Protocols; Robustness, Design Issues, Distributed File Systems.
6. Software Engineering
Software Process Models: Software Process, Generic Process Model–Framework Activity, Task
Set and Process Patterns; Process Lifecycle, Prescriptive Process Models, Project Management,
Component Based Development, Aspect-Oriented Software Development, Formal Methods,
Agile Process Models –Extreme Programming (XP), Adaptive Software Development, Scrum,
Dynamic System Development Model, Feature Driven Development, Crystal, Web Engineering.
Software Requirements: Functional and Non-Functional Requirements; Eliciting Requirements,
Developing Use Cases, Requirement Analysis and Modelling; Requirements Review, Software
Requirement and Specification (SRS)Document. Software Design: Abstraction, Architecture,
Patterns, Separation of Concerns, Modularity, Information Hiding, Functional Independence,
Cohesion and Coupling; Object-Oriented Design, Data Design, Architectural Design, User
Interface Design, Component Level Design.
Software Quality: McCall’s Quality Factors, ISO9126 Quality Factors, Quality Control, Quality
Assurance, Risk Management, Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and Management (RMMM);
Software Reliability. Estimation and Scheduling of Software Projects: Software Sizing, LOC and
FP based Estimations; Estimating Cost and Effort; Estimation Models, Constructive Cost Model
(COCOMO), Project Scheduling and Staffing; Time-line Charts. Software Testing: Verification
and Validation; Error, Fault, Bug and Failure; Unit and Integration Testing; White-box and Black-
box Testing; Basis Path Testing, Control Structure Testing, Deriving Test Cases, Alpha and Beta
Testing; Regression Testing, Performance Testing, Stress Testing. Software Configuration
Management: Change Control and Version Control; Software Reuse, Software Re-engineering,
Reverse Engineering.
38
Automaton (NDFA), Equivalence of DFA and NDFA, Regular Languages, Regular Grammars,
Regular Expressions, Properties of Regular Language, Pumping Lemma, Non-Regular
Languages, Lexical Analysis.
Context Free Language: Pushdown Automaton (PDA), Non-Deterministic Pushdown Automaton
(NPDA), Context Free Grammar, Chomsky Normal Form, Greibach Normal Form, Ambiguity,
Parse Tree Representation of Derivation Trees, Equivalence of PDA’s and Context Free
Grammars; Properties of Context Free Language.
Turing Machines (TM): Standard Turing Machine and its Variations; Universal Turing Machines,
Models of Computation and Church-Turing Thesis; Recursive and Recursively- Enumerable
Languages; Context-Sensitive Languages, Unrestricted Grammars, Chomsky Hierarchy of
Languages, Construction of TM for Simple Problems.
Unsolvable Problems and Computational Complexity: Unsolvable Problem, Halting Problem,
Post Correspondence Problem, Unsolvable Problems for Context-Free Languages, Measuring and
Classifying Complexity, Tractable and Intractable Problems.
Syntax Analysis: Associativity, Precedence, Grammar Transformations, Top Down Parsing,
Recursive Descent Predictive Parsing, LL(1) Parsing, Bottomup Parsing, LR Parser,
LALR(1)Parser.
Semantic Analysis: Attribute Grammar, Syntax Directed Definitions, Inherited and Synthesized
Attributes; Dependency Graph, Evaluation Order, S-attributed and L- attributed Definitions;
Type-Checking.
Run Time System: Storage Organization, Activation Tree, Activation Record, Stack Allocation of
Activation Records, Parameter Passing Mechanisms, Symbol Table.
Intermediate Code Generation: Intermediate Representations, Translation of Declarations,
Assignments, Control Flow, Boolean Expressions and Procedure Calls.
Code Generation and Code Optimization: Control-flow, Data-flow Analysis, Local Optimization,
Global Optimization, Loop Optimization, Peep-Hole Optimization, Instruction Scheduling.
Network Models: Layered Architecture, OSI Reference Model and its Protocols; TCP/IP Protocol
Suite, Physical, Logical, Port and Specific Addresses; Switching Techniques. Functions of OSI
and TCP/IP Layers: Framing, Error Detection and Correction; Flow and Error Control; Sliding
Window Protocol, HDLC, Multiple Access – CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Reservation, Polling,
Token Passing, FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, Network Devices, Backbone Networks, Virtual LANs.
IPv4 Structure and Address Space; Classful and Classless Addressing; Datagram, Fragmentation
and Checksum; IPv6 Packet Format, Mapping Logical to Physical Address (ARP), Direct and
Indirect Network Layer Delivery; Routing Algorithms, TCP, UDP and SCTP Protocols; Flow
Control, Error Control and Congestion Control in TCP and SCTP.
World Wide Web (WWW): Uniform Resource Locator(URL),Domain Name Service (DNS),
39
Resolution - Mapping Names to Addresses and Addresses to Names; Electronic Mail
Architecture, SMTP, POP and IMAP; TELNET and FTP. Network Security: Malwares,
Cryptography and Steganography; Secret-Key Algorithms, Public-Key Algorithms, Digital
Signature, Virtual Private Networks, Firewalls.
Mobile Technology: GSM and CDMA; Services and Architecture of GSM and Mobile
Computing; Middleware and Gateway for Mobile Computing; Mobile IP and Mobile
Communication Protocol; Communication Satellites, Wireless Networks and Topologies; Cellular
Topology, Mobile Adhoc Networks, Wireless Transmission and Wireless LANs; Wireless
Geolocation Systems, GPRS and SMS. Cloud Computing and IoT: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Public and
Private Cloud; Virtualization, Virtual Server, Cloud Storage, Database Storage, Resource
Management, Service Level Agreement, Basics of IoT.
40
5. Development Studies (PH.D.DV)
41
Unit 4: Informal Sector and Development: role of informal sector in development, measures to
formalize the informal sector and challenges of informal sector
BLOCK 6: INDIAN DEVELOPMENT
Unit 1: Urban Development in India: Urbanization, Issues and Challenges of Urbanization,
Smart Cities
Unit 2: Rural Development in India: Components of Rural Development, Models of Rural
Development, Issues and Challenges of Rural Development ,Smart Village, Rural Development
measures
Unit 3: Planning and Development in India: Impact of planning before and after liberalization
and NITI Ayyog
Unit 5: Globalization and Development in India: Globalization and its impact on the
development in India
REFERENCES
Bernstein, H (1973): Underdevelopment and Development, Penguin Book Ltd, London.
Blacking, J. (1987) “Development Studies and the Reinvention of Tradition”, World
Development, 15 (4): 527-532.
Boserup, E (1970): Women’s Role in Economic Development, London, George Allen and Unwin.
Bright Singh D(1966): Economics of Development With Special Reference to India, Asia
Publishing House, New Delhi.
Cardoso, F H and Faletto E (1979): Dependency and Development in Latin America, Berkley,
University of California Press.
Charlotte, Ng(2008): “The ‘developmental state’ and economic development”, e-International
Relations, June 15, 2008, also see http://www.e-ir.info/2008/06/15/the-development-5(accessed
on 21/12/2013).
Cheem, G and D Rondinelli (1983): Decentralization and Development: Policy implementation
in Developing Countries, London, Sage.
Clarke, R F (1996): What is Development? In Search of some Parameters, IDPM Discussion
Paper Series, 45, Manchester: Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of
Manchester.
Johnston, D (eds.): Neo-liberalism A Critical Reader, London, Pluto Press.
Crush, J (1995): Power of Development, London, Rutledge.
Cypber, J. M. and Dietz J L (2009): The Process of Economic Development, Rout ledge, Taylor
and Francis Group London, New York.
Deneulin, S and Shahani, L (ed.) 2009): An Introduction to the Human Development and
Capability Approach: Freedom and Agency, London, Earth scan.
Depak Lal (2000): The Poverty of Development Economics, MIT Press Edition, USA.
Dollar, D and Gatti, R (1999): “Gender inequality income and growth: Are good times good for
women?” Policy Research Report on Gender and Development, Working paper series, 1.
Dreze Jean and A.Sen (1995): India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity,
New York, Oxford University Press.
42
International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)
Gant, G.F (1979): Developemnt Adminstrtion: Concept, Goals and Methods, Madison,
University of Wisconsin Press.
Goulet, D (1965): La Ethica del Desarollo, Madrid, IEPAL/Tstela.
Goulet, D(1971): The Cruel Choice: A New Concept of Development, Athenaeum, New
York,1971.
Government of Ireland (2007): Development Plan, Guidelines for Planning Authority,
Government of Ireland.
Gupta, B. L (2010): A New paradigm of Development: Sumangalam, Gayan Publishing House,
New Delhi.
Hayami, Y and Godo, Y (2005): Development Economics: From the Poverty to the Wealth of
Nations, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, New York.
Haynes, J (2008): Development Studies, Cambridge, Polity.
Hulme, D and Turner, M (1990): Sociology and Development: Theories, Policies and Practice,
Harvest Wheat sheaf, Hertfordshire, U K.
Mc Clelland, D C (1961): The Achieving Society, Princeton, NJ.
Munck, R and Hearn Denis O’(1999): Critical Development Theory: Contributions to a New
Paradigm, Zed Books,1999.
Panchamukhi, V R (1990): “New paradigms of development some thoughts” in Ramachandran,
K S (ed.), Development Perspectives, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, pp 152-160.
Pattanaik B K (2016): Introduction to Development Studies, Sage, New Delhi.
Pattanaik B K (2017): Issues and Challenges of Development, Sage, New Delhi.
Preet R and Hartrick, E (2009): Theories of Development Contents, Arguments, Alternatives, The
Guilford Press, New York.
Sapru, R K (2000): Development Administration, Sterling Publisher Private Ltd., New Delhi.
Seers D (1979): “The meaning of development”, in Leham, D (ed.) Development Theory: Four
Critical Studies, London, Frank Cass, pp9-30.
Tadaro, M P (1977): Economics for a Developing World, Longman, London.
Tadaro, M P and Smith S C (2012): Economic Development Third Edition, Dorling Kindersley
(India) Private Ltd., New Delhi.
UNCTAD(2009): The Least Developed Countries Report 2009, New York and Geneva, United
Nations Publication.
United Nations (1975): Developemnt Adminstrtion:Current Approaches and Trends in Public
Adninistration for National Developemnt, Kew York, United Nationa, p189.
United Nations Development Programme(2001): Human Development Report, Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
World Bank(2000):, New Paths to Social Development, Community and Global Net Work in
Action, World Bank, Washington.
Zafarulla, H and Huque, A S (2006): “Understanding development governance: Concept,
institution and process” in Haque A.S. and Zafarulla, H (ed.) International Development
Governance, Taylor and Francis, PP 13-50.
43
COURSE 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (8
CREDITS)
BLOCKS UNITS
1. Social Science Research-An Overview
Fundamentals of
2. Component of Social Science Research
Block-1 Social Science
3. Research Designs
Research
4. Research Project Formulation
1. Basic of Development Research
Development
Block-2 2. Methods of Development Research
Research
3. Development Research Applications
1. Measurement
Measurement and 2. Scales and Tests
Block-3
Sampling 3. Reliability and Validity
4. Sampling
1. Quantitative Data Collection Methods and Devises
Data Collection
Block-4 2. Qualitative Data Collection Methods and Devises
and Analysis-1
3. Overview of Statistical Tools
Block -5 Data Collection 1. Data Sources-Uses and Limitations
and Analysis-2 2. Data Processing and Analysis Report Writing
3. Report Writing
4. Use of Computer in Data Analysis
44
6. Distance Education – (PHDDE)
SECTION A – Research Methodology
Conceptual Framework of Research:
Types and characteristics of distance education research; areas of distance education research;
technique involved in defining a problem; selecting the problem; necessity of defining the
problem; steps and formulation of research problems;operational definition.
Identify key theories, concepts and ideas around the topic; distinguish between what is known
and what is unknown; the significant controversies around the topic; theoretical emphasis of
epistemological and ontological ground on which problem has been selected.
Objectives of research; research design in selecting a topic for research study; research
questions; hypothesis; research approaches (scientific, historical, descriptive, comparative).
Major steps preparing involved in a research design; factors affecting research design; aims of
research as a scientific activity:problem-solving; theory building and prediction; types of
research (fundamental,applied and action research);
Research ethics and ethical considerations in researchcriteria; and, sources of identifying the
research problem.
Research Review:
Meaning and definition of review of literature; importance of related literature; criteria of review
selection; purpose of the review;
Types of reviews (Narrative Review, Realistic Review, Meta Review, Qualitative Review,
Systematic Review, Transparent Review);
Sources of information for review selection (Primary source, secondary source, tertiary source);
and, process of selecting and reading journals.
Types of tools (rating scale, attitude scale, questionnaire,aptitude test and achievement test,
inventory); techniques of research (observation, interview, projective techniques).
45
Methods of educational research - qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods of research; types
of research.
Sampling, characteristics of a good sample; techniques of sampling (probability and non-
probability sampling); sampling (types of sampling, sampling error).
Report Writing:
Significance of report writing; different steps in writing report; types of research reports; format
of research report writing; referencing techniques.
Precautions for writing research reports; methods to avoidplagiarism; and, using software for
plagiarism detection.
Scenario of higher education in India; basic issues of open and distance education; philosophical
foundation of open and distance education; genesis, growth of distance education in India and
global spheres; its socio-economic relevance; theories of distance education and their
implications; issues concerning distance education; nature, scope and characteristics of distance
education; distance education as a system as well as a discipline of study, structure and
governance of distance education/ODL institutions in ODL; policies, regulations, national
education policies and reform; quality assurance and accreditation mechanism.
Design and Development of Curriculum and Course Materials – (Basic concepts, Nature,
46
types,Characteristics, Approaches, Planning, Implementation Strategies, Issues and Trends in
DistanceEducation); Development of Self Learning Materials – (Concept Mapping, Access
devices, WritingLearning Objectives/Learning Outcomes, Developing Content, Incorporation of
Assessment Tools,Referencing Styles); Editing of Curriculum and Course Materials – (Language,
Content, Format, Proofreading, Copy write and Plagiarism Issues); Production, Distribution and
Revision of Course Materials –
(Printing, Dispatching, Maintenance, Procedures, Framework and Strategies for Revision);
Design andDevelopment of e-Resources- (OER, MOOCs, Integration of Multiple Media,
Universal Design Principlesand Accessibility Issues)
Some Basic Issues (Nature, Significance, Need, Types, LSS at various Stages,Components of
LSS, Evolution, Factors, Institutional Arrangements and Models, Relationshipbetween LSS and
other Components of ODL System, Self-directed Learning);Development of Skills (Cognitive
Skills; Study Skills; Reading Skills; Writing Skills and Problem SolvingSkills);Counseling and
Tutoring Services (Importance, Nature, Forms of Counseling, Qualities and Skills, Roleand
Attributes of Idol Tutor, Media and Technology);Assessment and Evaluation Support
(Assessment in ODL, Types, Marking, Grading, Reliability, Validity of Assessment, Tutor
Comments, Tutoring Through Correspondence and Supplemental Interaction);Management of
Learner Support (Learners Expectations, Learners’ Satisfaction, Monitoring Learner); Progress,
Data Management, Quality Assurance in Learner Support, Learners’ Attrition (types, factors and
measures to reduce attrition), Library and Information Services.
*****
47
7. Education (PHDES)
(A) Methodology of Educational Research
Sources of acquiring Knowledge, Meaning and Scope of Educational Research, Meaning and
steps of Scientific Method, Characteristics of Scientific Method (Replicability, Precision,
Falsifiability and Parsimony), Types of Scientific Method (Exploratory, Explanatory and
Descriptive), Aims of research as a scientific activity: Problem-solving, Theory Building and
Prediction, Types of research (Fundamental, Applied and Action research),Ethical considerations
in Research
Criteria and sources of identifying the research problem, Survey, review and importance of
related literature, Selection, definition and evaluation of research problem, Writing Objectives
48
(B) Subject Specific Areas:
Relationship of Education and Philosophy, Indian and Western Schools of Philosophy and their
educational implications; Contributions of Vivekananda, Tagore, Gandhi and Aurobindo to Indian
Education; National values as enshrined in the Indian Constitution, and their educational
implications; Philosophical Inquiry in Education, Nature and Scope, Steps, Philosophical inquiry
of current educational issues.
Growth and Development: Concept and principles, Social, emotional and cognitive development.
Individual differences. Personality - Definitions and theories (Freud, Carl Rogers, Gordon
Allport, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka), learning styles and their implications on individual in
succeeding in his/her learning; Motivation - concept; determinants and types, implications of
motivation on learning; Group dynamics and role of teacher in developing positive class room
climate. Mental health and mental hygiene.
Assessment–
Meaning,nature,perspectives(assessmentforLearning,assessmentoflearningandAssessment as
Learning) - Types of Assessment - Placement, diagnostic, formative, summative, Criterion-
referenced and Norm-referenced. Relation between objectives and outcomes, Assessment of
Cognitive(Anderson and Krathwohl), Affective (Krathwohl) and Psychomotor domains (R.H.
Dave) of learning.; Issues in Assessment and Evaluation.
49
assessment, issues in assessment and evaluation.
Meaning and types of Curriculum change, Factors affecting curriculum change, Approaches
to curriculum change, Role of students ,teachers and educational administrators in curriculum
change and improvement, Scope of curriculum research and Types of Research in
Curriculum Studies.
Change Management: Meaning, Need for Planned change, Three-Step Model of Change
(Unfreezing, Moving, Refreezing), The Japanese Models of Change: Just-in-Time, Poka
yoke, Cost of Quality: Appraisal Costs, Failure costs and Preven table costs, Cost Benefit
Analysis, Cost Effective Analysis, Indian and International Quality Assurance Agencies:
Objectives, Functions, Roles and Initiatives (National Assessment and Accreditation
50
Council [NAAC], Performance Indicators, Quality Council of India (QCI), International
Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education(INQAAHE).
EmergingTrendsine-
learning:Sociallearning(concept,useofweb2.0toolsforlearning,socialnetworking sites, blogs,
chats, video conferencing, discussion forum), Open Education Resources (Creative Common,
Massive Open Online Courses; Concept and application), e-Inclusion - Concept of e-
Inclusion, Application of Assistive technology in E learning , Quality of e-Learning –
Measuring quality of system: Information, System, Service, User Satisfaction and Net
Benefits (D&M IS Success Model, 2003), Ethical Issues for e-Learner and e-Teacher-
Teaching, Learning and Research.
Use of ICT in Evaluation, Administration and Research: Eportfolios, ICT for Research-
Online Repositories and Online Libraries, Online and Offline assessment tools(Online survey
tool sortest generators) –Concept and Development.
51
ConceptofImpairment,DisabilityandHandicap,ClassificationofDisabilitiesbasedonICFModel,R
eadiness of School and Models of Inclusion, Prevalence, Types, Characteristics and
Educational Needs of Diverse learners’ Intellectual, Physical and Multiple Disabilities,
Causes and prevention of disabilities, Identification of Diverse Learners for Inclusion,
Educational Evaluation Methods, Techniques and Tools
Barriers and Facilitators in Inclusive Education: Attitude, Social and Educational, Current
Status and Ethical Issues of inclusive education in India, Research Trends of Inclusive
Education in India
Types and Areas of Counselling - Uses of group process in counselling, Process of group
counselling, Areas of counselling: family counselling, parental counselling,adolescent
counselling, counseling of girls, counselling of children belonging to special groups, Peer
counselling: Its concept and the relevance to the Indian situation, Steps and skills in group
counseling process.
DevelopmentofTeacherEducationinIndia,NCTECurricularFrameworksforTeacherEducation;O
52
bjectives and organization of curriculum of teacher education at various levels; Agencies
involved in Pre-service and In-service teacher education; Teacher education through Open and
Distance Education; Quality assurance in Teacher Education Programme. Meaning, Nature
and Scope of Teacher Education; Types of Teacher Education Programmes, The Structure of
Teacher Education Curriculum and its Vision in Curriculum Documents of NCERT and NCTE
at Elementary, Secondary and Higher Secondary Levels, Organization of Components of Pre-
service Teacher Education Transactional Approaches (for foundation courses) Expository,
Collaborative and Experiential learning.
Understanding Knowledge base of Teacher Education from the view point of Schulman, Deng
and Luke and Habermas, Meaning of Reflective Teaching and Strategies for Promoting
Reflective Teaching, Models ofTeacherEducation-Behaviouristic,Competency-
basedandInquiryOrientedTeacherEducationModels
Concept, Need, Purpose and Scope of In-service Teacher Education, Organization and Modes
of In-service Teacher Education, Agencies and Institutions of In-service Teacher Education at
District, State and National Levels (SSA, RMSA, SCERT, NCERT, NCTE and UGC),
Preliminary Consideration in Planning in-service teacher education programme (Purpose,
Duration, Resources and Budget)
53
and Students, Role of NGOs, Role of Local Bodies, Community and individuals,
Understanding Networking in Adult Learning, National Literacy Mission; Objectives,
strategies, Total Literacy Campaigns, Post- Literacy Campaigns and Continuing Education
programmes, Operationalization of the concept of vocational education in adult, continuing
education and Lifelong Learning through state supported structures like Jan Shikshan Sansthan
(JSS) and non state supported structures of Industrial and Bussiness houses, Population
Education: Concept and paradigm shift Development and its indicators, Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),Building learning
communities—Towards a learning society.
54
8. English – (PHDENG)
Broad areas that Ph.D. Test may cover:
****
55
9. Environmental Science (PHDEV)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Meaning of Research in Environmental Sciences, Objectives
of research, Research methods versus Research Methodology, Types of research: Descriptive
versus Analytical; Applied versus Fundamental; Quantitative versus Qualitative; Conceptual
versus Empirical, Literature Review: Methods and Importance, Research design: Need, Types
and Features of research design, Formulating Research Problem, Collection and analysis of Data:
Importance and Methods of data collection, Data Analysis with Statistical Packages, Ethical
issues in Research: Copyright, Intellectual Property Rights; Plagiarism. Major emerging areas in
environmental sector and interdisciplinary research, problems encountered by researchers in
India in the field of Environmental Science.
Subject areas:
Environmental Chemistry:
Environmental Biotechnology:
Environmental Geomicrobiology:
Environmental management:
Natural resource management:
Climate change:
Sustainability Science.
*******
56
10. Geology (PHDGY)
Definition, types, significance, outcome and importance of geological research; Theory and
philosophy of research methodology in context to Geology; Processes and steps in research;
Criteria of good research; Emerging areas and interdisciplinary research in Geology;
Problems encountered by researchers.
Preparation and planning for fieldwork; Field kit and equipments; Safety measures in field;
Field procedures and precautions taken during sampling; Maintenance of field notebook;
Uses of topographical maps and satellite images; Selection of traverses; Recognisation of
geological features, rock types and stratigraphic contacts in field; Use of clinometer compass,
Measurement of dip and strike of strata; Measurements of geologic sections; Uses of Global
Positioning System; Recording field observations in field notebook; Geological mapping.
57
responsibilities and organizational leadership requisite.
Geology
Physical Geology and Geomorphology: Composition of the crust and Earth as a whole;
Basic concepts and significance of geomorphology; Relationship between landforms and
geomorphic processes- fluvial, aeolian, glacial, and marine; Soils; Geomorphology of India;
Applications of geomorphology; Mountain building; Volcanoes and earthquake; Seismic
belts of India.
Petrology: Generation and evolution of magma; Bowen’s reaction series; Textures and
classification of igneous rocks; Phase equilibria: single, binary and ternary systems; Silicate
systems; Genesis and tectonic setting of different Magma types; Cooling and crystallisation
of magma. Sedimentation, lithification and diagenesis; Structures and textures; Classification
of sedimentary rocks; Depositional environments; Sedimentation and tectonics; Heavy
minerals and their applications in provenance studies. Metamorphism and metamorphic
processes; Metamorphic differentiation; Metamorphic facies; Types of metamorphism and
metamorphic rocks; Metasomatism and anatexis.
Mineral Resources and Economic Geology: Ore genesis; Ore localisation and ore shoots;
Ore dressing and beneficiation; Strategic, critical and essential minerals; National mineral
policy; Economic minerals of India; Fossil fuels.
58
parameters and remedial measures related to the construction of dams, bridges, highways and
tunnels; Mass movements with special emphasis on landslides and causes of hill slope
instability.
Remote Sensing & GIS: Electromagnetic radiation; Aerial photographs and their geometry;
Elements of photo and image interpretation; Satellite remote sensing; Global and Indian
space missions, Sensor and their characteristics; Digital image processing techniques;
Applications of remote sensing in geological interpretation.
***
59
11. Geography – (PHDGEOG)
PART - A
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
PART - B
GEOGRAPHY
Unit 1: Geographical Thought
Geography during the Ancient and Medieval Period, Foundations of Modern Geography:
Contribution of German, French, British and American Schools; Conceptual and Methodological
Developments during the 20th Century, Dichotomy between Systematic Vs. Regional
Geography, Physical Vs. Human Geography, and Determinism Vs. Possibilism; Areal
Differentiation and Spatial Organisation, Quantitative Revolution, Impact of Positivism,
Humanism, Radicalism and Behaviouralism in Geography.
Unit 2: Geography of India
Physiography, Climate, Natural Resources: Vegetation, Soils, Water, Coastal and Marine,
Mineral and Power; Agriculture, Agro-Climatic Regions, Irrigation, Major Industries and
Industrial Regions, Population, Settlement Patterns, Urbanisation, Transport and
Communication, Major Geographical Regions of India.
Unit 3: Methods and Techniques in Geography
Cartography, Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS: Map as a Tool in Geographical Studies,
Techniques Showing Spatial Patterns of Distribution, Types of Maps: Composite, Choropleth,
Isopleth and Chorochromatic; Accessibility and Flow Maps, Cartographic Representation of
Data, Computer Applications in Cartography, Symbolisation and Generalisation; Principles of
Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS; EMR, Platforms and Sensors, Elements of Image Interpretation,
Components of GIS, Data Structure, Applications of Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS in
Geography.
Statistical Methods: Data Sources and Types of Data, Statistical Diagrams, Descriptive
Statistics, Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Dispersion, Lorenz Curve and Gini
Coefficient, Correlation and Regression, Theory of Probability, Sampling Techniques and Tests
of Significance, Scaling: Ranking Method, Normal Distribution and Z-Score.
60
Unit 4: Physical and Human Geography
Geomorphology: Fundamental Concepts, Endogenic and Exogenic Forces, Geosynclines and
Mountain Building, Isostasy, Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics, Denudational Processes:
Mass Wasting, Weathering and Erosion; Cycle of Erosion and Evolution of Landscape: Theories
of Davis, Penck and King; Fluvial, Glacial, Aeolian, Karst and Coastal Landscapes.
Climatology and Biogeography: Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere, Insolation and
Heat Budget of the Earth, Temperature, Precipitation, Atmospheric Pressure and General
Circulation of Winds, Monsoons and Jet Streams, Stability and Instability of the Atmosphere,
Air-Masses, Fronts, Cyclones, Koeppen's and Thornthwaite's Classification of World Climates,
Hydrological Cycle, Flood and Drought, Air Pollution, Global Warming, Human Ecosystem,
Bio-Diversity, Conservation and Management of Ecosystems.
Oceanography: Physical and Chemical Properties of Sea Water: Temperature and Salinity of
the Oceans; Origin of Ocean Basins, Bottom Reliefs of Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,
Ocean Deposits, Coral Reefs, Ocean Currents and Tides, Sea-Level Changes.
Population Geography: Distribution, Growth and Migration, Sex-Ratio, Literacy, Demographic
Transition.
Settlement Geography: Site, Situation, Types, Size, Spacing and Internal Morphology of Rural
and Urban Settlements, Urban Fringe, City Region, Umland, Settlement Systems, Primate City,
Rank-Size Rule, Settlement Hierarchy, Christaller’s Central Place Theory.
Economic Geography: Recent Approaches in Economic Geography, Location of Economic
Activities and Spatial Organisation of Economies; Classification of Economies; Sectors of
Economy: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary; Landuse and Landcover, Natural Resources: Renewable
and Non-Renewable; Conservation of Resources.
Agricultural Geography: Concept and Techniques of Delimitation of Agricultural Regions;
Measurement of Agricultural Productivity and Efficiency; Crop Combinations and
Diversification; Von Thunen's Model, Agricultural Regions of the World.
Industrial Geography: Classification of Industries, Weber's and Losch's Theories of Industrial
Location, Resources-Based and Footloose Industries.
Geography of Transport and Trade: Models of Transportation and Transport Cost, Inter-
Regional and Intra-Regional Accessibility and Connectivity; Comparative Cost Advantages.
Political Geography: Global Strategic Views (Heartland and Rimland Theories), Geopolitics,
Concept of Nation, State and Nation-State, Boundaries and Frontiers, Politics of World
Resources, Geography and Federalism.
Social Geography: Social Structure and Social Processes, Elements of Social Geography,
Ethnicity, Tribe and Caste, Concept of Social Well-Being, Environment and Culture, Concept of
Culture: Areas and Cultural Regions, Dwelling Places as Cultural Expressions.
Regional Planning: Concept of Region, Types of Regions and Methods of Regionalisation,
Regional Hierarchy, Regional Planning, Regional Planning in India, Concept of Development,
Indicators of Development, Region
61
12. Hindi – (PHDHIN)
62
13. Home Science (PHDHC)
63
14. Journalism and Mass Communication – (PHDJMC)
64
12. Overview of communication research paradigms: philosophical assumptions of
positivism, interpretivism, critical paradigms. What is scientific? Logic of scientific
reasoning: Terms, propositions, arguments; deductive and inductive reasoning in
research
13. Research design: Quantitative Variables: Types of variables; unit of analysis;
exploratory, explanatory and predictive research, Measurement: conceptual and
operational definitions; levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio; basic
understanding of reliability and validity. Sampling: why sample? Samples and
population of interest; sampling design: probability and non-probability sampling;
factors affecting choice of sampling design; sample size and determining sample size;
stages of quantitative research
14. Data collection methods: Quantitative Experimentation: Logic of experimentation:
testing causal relationships; random assignment; internal and external validity;
sampling in experiments; experimental designs; field experiments. Survey research:
General features of survey design; strengths and limitations; survey research designs:
cross-sectional and longitudinal. Questionnaire construction: Steps leading to
construction of questionnaire; content and format; leading and loaded questions; pre-
testing questionnaires; tabulating data.
15. Data analysis: Quantitative. Introduction to statistics, Measures of central tendency:
Mean, median , mode; when to use them. Measures of dispersion: range, semi-
quartile range, standard deviation. z-scores: location of scores and standardized
distributions. Introduction to probability; Probability and samples: The distribution of
sample means; Hypothesis testing procedure.
***
65
15. Life Sciences- (PHDLS)
PART-I (RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY)
66
8. Processing and Analysis of Data:
Processing Operations; Some Problems in Processing; Elements/Types of Analysis;
Statistics in Research; Measures of Central Tendency; Measures of Dispersion;
Measures of Asymmetry (Skewness); Measures of Relationship; Simple
RegressionAnalysis;MultipleCorrelationandRegression;PartialCorrelation;Associationi
nCaseofAttributes;OtherMeasures.
9. Sampling Fundamentals:
Need of Sampling; Some Fundamental Definitions; Important Sampling Distributions;
Central Limit Theorem; Sampling Theory; Sandler’s A-test; Concept of Standard Error;
Estimation; Estimating the Population Mean (µ); Estimating Population Proportion;
Sample Size and its Determination; Determination of Sample Size through the
Approach; Based on Precision Rate and Confidence Level; Determination of Sample
Size through the Approach; Based on Bayesian Statistics.
10. Testing of Hypotheses-I (Parametric or Standard Tests of Hypotheses):
What is a Hypothesis?; Basic Concepts Concerning Testing of Hypotheses; Procedure
for Hypothesis Testing; Flow Diagram for Hypothesis Testing; Measuring the Power of
a Hypothesis Test; Tests of Hypotheses; Important Parametric Tests; Hypothesis
Testing of Means; Hypothesis Testing for Differences between Means; Hypothesis
Testing for Comparing Two Related Samples; Hypothesis Testing of Proportions;
HypothesisTesting for Difference between Proportions; Hypothesis Testing for
Comparing a Variance to Some Hypothesized Population Variance; Testing the
Equality of Variances of Two Normal Populations; Hypothesis Testing of Correlation
Coefficients; Limitations of the Tests of Hypotheses.
11. Chi-square Test:
Chi-square as a Test for Comparing Variance; Chi-square as a Non-parametric Test;
Conditions for the Application of X2 Test; Steps Involved in Applying Chi-square Test;
Alternative Formula; Yates’ Correction; Conversion of X2 into Phi Coefficient;
Conversion of
2 2 2
X intoCoefficientbyContingency;ImportantCharacteristicsofX Test;CautioninUsingX
Test.
12. Analysis of Variance and Covariance:
Analysis of Variance (ANOVE) What is ANOVA?; The Basic Principle of ANOVA;
ANOVA Technique; Setting up Analysis of Variance Table; Short-cut Method for
One-way ANOVA; Coding Method; Two-way ANOVA; ANOVA in Latin-
SquareDesign;AnalysisofCo-
variance(ANOCOVA);ANOCOVATechnique;AssumptionsinANOCOVA.
13. Testing of Hypotheses-II (Nonparametric or Distribution-free Tests):
Important Non parametric or Distribution-free Test; Relationship between Spearman’s
r’s and Kendall’s W; Characteristics of Distribution-free or Non-parametric Tests.
67
14. Multivariate Analysis Techniques:
Growth of Multivariate Techniques; Characteristics and Applications;
Classification of Multivariate Techniques; Variables in Multivariate Analysis;
Important Multivariate Techniques; Important Methods of Factor Analysis;
Rotation in Factor Analysis; R- type and Q-type Factor Analyses; Path Analysis.
15. Interpretation and Report Writing:
Meaning of Interpretation; Why Interpretation?; Technique
ofInterpretation:PrecautioninInterpretation;SignificanceofReportWriting;Differe
ntSteps inWriting Report; Layout of the Research Report; Types of Reports;
Oral Presentation; Mechanics of Writing a Research Report; Precautions for
Writing Research Reports.
16. The Computer: It’s Role in Research:
Introduction; The Computer and Technology; The ComputerSystem;Important
Characteristics;TheBinaryNumberSystem;ComputerApplications;Computersand
Researcher.
References
Conformation of nucleic acid- DNA (A, B, Z-DNA), RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and micro RNA.
DNA replication- General features, DNA Polymerases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA
68
replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genetic code: Properties, Wobble hypothesis. Protein
Synthesis a) Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, RNA processing b) Translation:
Initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptides, Modification and folding of released
polypeptide, Protein translocation across membrane.
Organelles of eukaryotic cells: the lysosomes, peroxisomes, the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic
reticulum. Mitochondria and chloroplast, Structure of the mitochondria and chloroplast, oxidation
of glucose and fatty acids, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. chloroplast and
photosynthesis. Organelle biosynthesis, protein sorting: organelle biogenesis and protein secretion,
synthesis and targeting, of mitochondrial chloroplast, peroxisomal proteins and translational
modification in the ER. Intracellular traffic, vesicular traffic in the secretary pathway, protein
sorting in the Golgi, traffic in the endocytic pathway, exocytosis.
Suggested reading:
1. Molecular Biology of the Cell-Alberts et al (5th edn. 2007 or later Recent Edition)
2. The Cell: A molecular approach-Cooper and Hausman
3. Molecular Cell Biology Lodish et. al. (6th edn, 2008 or later Recent Edition)
4. Genes IX. Lewin (2008 or later Recent Edition),
5. Molecular Biology of the Gene. Watson et. al. (6th edn. 2009)
Cell Biology (Cell & Molecular Biology)- F Sheeler, 6th Edition John Wiley & Sons.
Linkage analysis and gene mapping in eukaryotes, coupling and repulsion phases; crossing-over and
recombination. Benzer’s experiment: Fine Structure of gene and gene concept. Chloroplast and
Mitochondrial inheritance: yeast, Chlamydomonas/ Neurospora and higher plants.
Genes and genome organisation. Transposons and retrotransposons. Epigenetics. Principles &
applications of genetic engineering; tools and techniques; cloning vectors &expression vectors;
Biosafety .
Introduction to molecular evolution: a brief history of the pre DNA era, gene structure, genetic code
and mutation. Dynamics of genes in population, random genetic drift, genetic polymorphism, Neo
Darwinian theory, evolution of finite and structured population, evolution of dip bit populations.
Evolutionary change in nucleotide re-genesis, nucleotide substitution, divergence between DNA
sequences. Molecular phylogenetics, methods and examples, molecular clocks, concerted
evolution of multigene families, DNA polymorphism. Factors influencing molecular evolution,
Role of mutation and selection in molecular evolution.
Genome organization and evolution, evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, C value
paradox, tandem repetitive sequences. Cell theory. Evolution& selection, Lamarkism, Darwin’s
contributions .Pattern of Evolution. Process of evolution: natural & artificial. Constraints & trade
offs. Genetic drift and role of chance. Gene flow. Gene flow versus drift. Natural selection versus
sexual selection. Speciation, allopatry, sympatry, peripatry and parapatry.
Suggested reading:
Genetics
Evolution
1. Evolutionary genetics, John Maynard Smith, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.
2. Genes and Evolution, A.P. Jha, Mc Graw Hill Publishers, New Delhi, 1993.
3. Molecular Cell Biology 5 th Edition, Lodish et al., 2004, W.H. Freeman and Company, New
York.
4. The World of the Cell Becker, Klein smith and Hardin, 5 th Edition, 2004, Pearson Education
Pvt. Ltd.
70
2. ECOLOGY
Introduction to ecology. Interaction between environment and biota, Evolutionary ecology and molecular
ecology, environmental concepts – laws and limiting factors, ecological models. Ecological concept of
species: Autecological level (genecology), Synecological level (Ecosystem level). Ecads (Ecophenes),
Ecotypes, Ecospecies. Concepts of Ecosystems: Types – Fresh water, marine and terrestrial – Nature and
components of ecosystem – Application of laws of thermodynamics, productivity, food chain, food webs,
trophic levels, energy flow through ecosystem, resilience of ecosystem, ecosystem management. The
biosphere, biomes, ecological pyramids and recycling.
Phytogeography; Definition of static and dynamic phytogeography, Geological history and evolution of plant
and animal life, Factors of distribution of plants and animals. Theories concerning present and past
distribution – continental drift, glaciations, existence of land bridges and their effect on distribution of
species, Phytogeographic regions of world (Vegetational belts),Soil, climate, flora and vegetation of India.
Ecological adaptations in plants and animals: Deserts (Dry and Cold,), Tundra, Grassland, Savannah,
temperate forest, tropical rain forest, mangroves, Fresh water, marine and estuaries. Environmental Stresses
and their management, global climatic pattern, coping with climatic variations.
Pollution : Major classes of contaminants; causes, effects and preventive measures of air, water, soil and
radiation pollution; atmospheric ozone, ozone layer depletion; biotransformation, detoxification, elimination
and accumulation of toxicants. Biomagnification. Pesticides and other chemicals in agriculture and industry.
Impact of pollutants on biodiversity of microbes, animals and plants. Bioindicator and biomarkers of
environmental health. Biodegradation and bioremediation of chemicals, biosafety and climate change.
Suggested Literature:
1. Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth system Approach, Wilkinson, D.M., (2007 or latest
edition), Oxford University Press, UK.
2. Addision, M.J.. Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, Wesley Publishing Co. New Delhi. (1984 or
latest edition) Arora,. Fundamentals of Environmental Biology. (1995 or latest edition) Kalyani Publishers,
New Delhi.
3. Chapman.. Ecology – Principles and Applications. (1999 or latest edition) Cambridge University
Press. Foundation Books, New Delhi
71
4. Jeffrey. D.W. 1987. Soil Plant relationship – An ecological approach. Croom Helm.
5. Krishnamurti, C. R. and Viswanathan, P. (Eds.). Toxic metals in the Indian Environment. (1991 or
latest edition). Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
6. Mackenzie, A. Ball, A.S. and Virdee S. R.Instant notes in Ecology. (1999or latest edition).Viva
Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Trivedi, P.R. and Gurudeep Raj.. Environmental Biology. (1995 or latest edition). Akashdeep
Publishing House, New Delhi.
3. Microbiology
History and Development of Microbiology. Microbial evolution, systematics and taxonomy-evolution of
earth and earliest life forms; primitive organisms, their metabolic strategies and molecular coding. Changing
concepts in microbiology taxonomy, Bergey’s manuals, earlier systems, molecular taxonomy and ribo typing
of microorganisms, Jackard’s similarities coefficients. Historical development of microbiology, general
techniques in microbiology. The microbial cell: general organization of cell, prokaryotes, eukaryotes and
Archaea, cell wall organization of prokaryotes, eukaryotes and Archaea, cell surface appendages-pilli,
locomotion by flagella chemotactic movement, peptidoglycan synthesis - inhibitors in different steps.
Bacterial plasmid and its significance.
Viruses –structure, chemical composition and replication, classification, interferons. General account of
Mycoplasma. Growth, recombination, growth kinetics and regulation, effect of environmental factors on
growth e.g., pH. temperature, oxygen, nutrient limitations and nutrition: batch and continuous cultures,
nutritional classification of microorganisms,nutritional uptake by microorganisms (C.N.P).
Metabolic Pathways: metabolic versatility of microbes, anaerobic carbon metabolism: anaerobic respiration,
sulphate respiration, reference to glycolysis, fermentation – diverse fermentation products, putrefaction,
methane oxidizing and methanogenic bacteria, aerobic carbon metabolism: TCA cycle, alternative metabolic
pathways. Energy Metabolism: chemo autotrophs, hydrogen bacteria, phototrophic bacteria/cyanobacteria.
Advanced Bacterial Metabolism: recent advances in unusual bacterial metabolism pathways. Microbes in
extreme environment: The basis of extremophiles and their applications, thermophile and halophiles.
Quorum sensing in Bacteria: gram negative bacteria: LUXI LUXR-Type: gram positive bacteria: peptide
mediated quorum sensing. Microbial Diseases-disease reservoirs; epidemological terminologies; infectious
disease transmission; respiratory infections caused by bacteria and viruses; tuberculosis; Sexually transmitted
diseases including;disease transmitted by animals(rabies),insects and ticks (rickettsias, malaria) food and
water borne diseases; public health and water quality; pathogenic fungi; Emerging and resurgent infectious
diseases.
Host Parasite Relationships-Normal micro flora of skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract; entry of pathogens
into the host; colonization and factors predisposing to infections; types of toxins (exotoxin, endotoxin and
entreotoxin) and their structure; mode of actions. Biochemical, physiological. Genetic aspects of symbionts,
Physiology and Molecular Biology of symbiosis; nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms.
Mechanism of pathogenesis, host factors influencing resistance to infection. vaccination
Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial agents; Sulfa drugs; Antibiotics; Pencillins and Cephalosporins; Broad-
Spectrum antibiotics; Antibiotics from prokaryotes; Antifungal antibiotics; Mode of action; Resistance to
antibiotics. Application of Microbiology in industrial, agriculture and waste water management: symbiotic
nitrogen fixation, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Cyanobacteria (Anabaena, Azolla etc.), Mycorrhiza and VAM
fungi, Siderophores and other PGRs. Major industrial products from microbes, beverages, antibiotics,
72
secondary metabolites and recombinant products. Biodegradation by microbes, sewage pollution control,
control of oil spills, superbugs.
Suggested reading:
3. Microbiology: A Human Perspective, E.W. Nester, D.G. Anderson, C.E. Roberts, N.N. Pearsall, M.
T. Nester Mc Graw Hill Higher Education.
5. Microbiology, L.M. Prescott, J. P. Harley, D.A., Klein, Mc Graw Hill International Edition.
4. Immunology
Introduction to Immune system – Innate and Acquired Immunity (natural and adaptive immune
responses); Natural Immunity: Mechanism of barriers to entry of microbes into human body.
Physical barriers (skin, mucous); chemical barrier; cellular barriers; inflammation.
In cellular barrier – Monocyte; macrophages – TLR receptors and PAMPS, signal transduction,
opsonization, Eosinophils – parasitic infection and role of eosinophils; Basophils, Mast cell;
Neutrophils; NK cell.
Inflation - Inflammatory reaction, migration of neutrophils to the site of infection, prostaglandins,
leukotriens. Adaptive Immunity: Lymphocytes- (T. cell, B. cell). Dendritic cells; humoral and cell
mediated immunity, clonal selection; lymphoid organs.
Antigens – Structure, properties, types, haptens; Antibodies – Structure, types and their biological
functions. Hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibody production, application; Antibody
engineering Chimeric antibody, Abzymes (catalytic antibody).
B Cell receptors, maturation, editing, activation and differentiation. T. Cell receptor (?, ?, , )
thymic selection of T. Cell APC – T. Cell interaction, T. Cell activation, super antigens, role of
cytokines. Cytoxictiy – T.Cell mediated cytotoxicity, NK cell mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC
(antibody directed ecelluar cytotoxicity)
73
Suggested reading
5. Biochemistry
An overview of Biochemistry, cellular environment and applicability of basic laws of chemistry and
thermodynamics. Concept of small and macromolecules, molecular interactions and their importance in
understanding cellular processes. Monosaccharides and derivatives of sugars, polysaccharides,
glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, protein glycosylations and its significance.
Metabolism: basic concepts, central role of ATP in metabolism, carbon fuel and its oxidation, concept of
energy rich compounds and intermediates, common types of reactions involved in metabolism. ATP
synthesis and chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP generation. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, energetics and
ATP productions. Regulation of glycolysis, glycogen synthase, metabolic flux and its regulation by various
metabolic intermediates. Different Metabolic Pathways: metabolic versatility of microbes, anaerobic carbon
metabolism: anaerobic respiration, sulphate respiration, reference to glycolysis, fermentation – diverse
fermentation products, putrefaction, methane oxidizing and methanogenic bacteria, aerobic carbon
metabolism: TCA cycle alternative metabolic pathways.
Redox reaction, mitochondrial structure and its role in energy metabolism, electron transport system
and oxidative phosphorylation. Pentose phosphate pathway and its importance in biosynthetic
reactions. Glycogen synthesis, breakdown and its regulation. Fatty acid biosynthesis and
degradation. Amino acid metabolism, urea cycle, one carbon reaction, nonprotein amino acids,
amines and their role in cell function. Nucleotide biosynthesis and degradation, salvage pathways,
its regulation and diseases.
Suggested reading:
7. Biophysics
Introduction, interaction in biological systems, feedback mechanism. Elementary quantum
mechanics and its application in biological system. Biological membrane, movement of ions across
cell membrane, electrochemical equilibrium; genesis of membrane potential; properties of excitable
membrane; action potential and its propagation, conduction velocity. Voltage clamp, introduction to
patch clamp.
Mechanism of muscle contraction, muscle energetics. Lung mechanics, diffusion of gases, surface
tension, role of surfactant. Heart and circulatory system, electrical and mechanical activity of heart,
mechanics of blood flow in blood vessels, cardiac work, mechanical efficiency of heart.
Geometrical optics of vision, refractive defects of eye and its rectification, mechanism of hearing.
8. Biostatistics
Introduction to Biostatistics, Biological Data: Brief history; Population, Variables; Sampling:
Representative samples, size of sample, Random & non random samples, stratified samples; Introduction to
software used in Biostatistics – SPSS; INSTAT; EXCEL.
Types of Data: Primary and Secondary data; Qualitative and Quantitative; Frequency Distributions;
Frequency tables; Presentation of Data: Graphical presentation, Frequency Polygon, Histogram, Bar
Diagram, Pie Diagram, Pictogram, Cumulative Frequency curves.
Measures of Central Tendency and Variability: Mean: Arithmetic mean grouped and ungrouped data;
Weighted mean; Mode: Grouped and ungrouped data; Median: Grouped and ungrouped data; Range,
Standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, standard. error.
Correlation and Regression: Bivariate data; Scatter plot; Pearsons correlation coefficient (r):
determination and interpretation; Linear regression; Regression coefficient; Fitting regression lines.
Hypothesis Testing: Null and Alternate Hypothesis, Type I and II error; Parametric and non
parametric tests; Tests of Significance, small samples (t – Test), large samples (Z – Test) degree of
75
freedom; Χ2 – Test, contingency tables; – levels, interpretation of test results.
1. Gould JF and Gould GF, 2001. Biostatistics Basics: A Student Hand Book. W.H. Freeman
Co.
2. Campbell RC 1989 – Statistics for Biologists. Cambridge University press.
3. Sokal RR and Rohlf- An Introduction to Biostatistics W.H. Freeman and Co.
4. Bailey NTJ – Statistical Methods in Biology English University Press.
5. Mitchell K & Glover T. Introduction to Biostatistics McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
6. Zor JH – Biostatistical Analysis Prentice Hall Internal Edition.
7. Gupta SP – Statistics methods, Sultan Chand & Sons.
Integument:- cuticle, chitin, scales, feathers, hair, dermal glands. Exoskeleton and endoskeleton:-
jaw formation, gill arches, chondrocranium. Locomotion:-pseudopodia, flagella and ciliary
movements in Protozoa; Hydrostatic movements in coelenterates, annelids, and echinoderms. Fins,
wings quadripedal and bipedal locomotion.
Nutrition and Digestion in invertebrates and vertebrates:- patterns of feeding and digestion in lower
metazoans; filter feeding in polychaetes, molluscs and echinoderms, amphioxus. Alimentary canal
and its modification in vertebrates, Digestive glands.
Respiration in invertebrates and vertebrates; surface, cutaneous, gills, book lungs, trachea, lungs,
air sacs, swim bladder.
Circulation of body fluids invertebrates to vertebrates, open to closed circulation; evolution of heart
and aortic arches; portal system.
Nervous system primitive nervous system- coelenterates and echinoderms; advanced nervous
system in annelids, insects, crustaceans and cephalopods. Trends in neural evolution (basic plan to
cepahlisation). Vertebrates- evolution of brain.
76
Reproductive system asexual to sexual in invertebrates and vertebrates; oviparous, ovoviviparous
and viviparous. Larval forms of free living invertebrates, larvae of parasites, strategies and
evolutionary significance of larval forms.
2. The Biology of Hemichordata and Protochordata. Barrington, E.J.W. Olter and Boyd. Edinborough.
7. Elements of Chordate Anatomy, Weichert. C.K. and Presch W. McGraw hall Book Co., New York.
Respiratory system: respiratory pigments, transport of gases in blood, regulation of body pH,
respiratory response to extreme conditions like hypoxia, diving and exercise (effect on enzymes and
membranes). Physiology of respiration (mammals) and neural regulation breathing.
Circulatory systems: general plan, electrical and mechanical properties of myogenic and neurogenic
hearts. Cardiac cycle; regulation of heart beat and blood pressure and electrocardiogram,
Haemodynamics; cardiovascular response to extreme conditions like exercise, diving and
hemorrhage. Neural regulation of cardiovascular system; peripheral circulation.
77
Endocrine system: Glands and Hormones: Secretory mechanisms, Endocrine and Neuroendocrine
systems in insects and vertebrates. Molecular mechanism of hormone action. Physiological effects
of hormones.
Excretion and Osmoregulation- osmoregulators and osmo conformers, obligatory exchanges of ions
and water. Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial environment. Physiology of mammalian and
nonmammalian kidneys.
Digestive system: Acquisition of Energy:, Digestion (motility and Secretions), Metabolism, and
absorption, Physiology of gastrointestinal system (insects and mammals) including neural and
hormonal regulatory mechanisms.
Energetics of metabolism expenditure: Body size and metabolic rate, Energetics of locomotion,
body rhythms. Thermoregulation: Temperature dependence of metabolic rate, determinants of body
heat and temperature, thermal biology of ectotherms, heterotherms and endotherms; hibernation,
torpor, aestivation.
Suggested reading:
4. Physiology by Shermann.
78
Metamorphosis: Progressive, retrogressive, cyclomorphosis (invertebrate and vertebrate) structural
and physiological changes during metamorphosis. Embryonic Adaptations: Evolution of cleidoic
egg and its structural and physiological adaptations. Development and physiology of extra
embryonic membranes in amniotes. Development, types and physiology of mammalian placenta.
Suggested reading
Mycology
Principles and modern trends in taxonomy and classification of Fungi. Structure, reproduction and
phylogeny of Oomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Diversity distribution and
economic importance of fungi (industry, medicine, agriculture including food). General account of
Lichens.
Bryophyta
79
Pteridophyta
General characters, classification (modern trends) and life cycle of Peteriophytes. Structure and
evolutionary trends, stele and spore morphology. Telome concept Pteridophytes. Comparative
morphology, structure, reproduction and phylogeny of the following Groups: Psilopsida,
Lycopsida,Sphaenopsida,Pteropsida. Fossil Pteridophytes-Rhynia, Lepidocarpon, Sphaenophyllum,
Zygopteris. Apospory, apogamy and parthenogenesis. Diversity, distribution and economic
importance of pteridophytes.
C. Gymnosperms
References
Phycology
1. Bold, H.C. Wynne, M.J. 1985. Introduction to the Algae. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
2. Chapman, V.J. Chapman, D.J. 1975. The Algae Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi.
4. Kumar, H.D. 1999. Introductory Physiology, Affiliated East West Press Pvt. Ltd. Press. New
Delhi.
Mycology
1. Ainsworth, G.C., Sparrow. K.E. and Sussman. The Fungi. Academic Press, New York.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory mycology. John Wiley &
Sons., New York.
3. Bilgarmi, K.S. and Verma, R.N. 1994. Physiology of Fungi. Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi.
7. Sharma, O.P. Text book of Fungi. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.Ltd. New Delhi.
80
8. Webster, J.1975. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press.
9. Agrawal – Mehrotra.
Bryophyta
1. Cavers, F. 1976. The Inter relationship of the Bryophyta. S.R. Technic (Book House), Ashok
Rajpath, Patna.
2. Dyer, A.F. and Duickett, J.G. (Ed.). 1984. The experimental Biology of Bryophytes.
Academic Press.
4. Prem Puri, 1981. Bryophytes: Morphology, Growth and differentiation. Atma Ram and Sons,
New Delhi.
Pteridophyta
2. Rashid, A. 1999. Pteridophyta, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Gymnosperms
1. Biswas, C. and Johri, B.M. 1999. The Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Taxonomy
10. Sivarajan, V.V. 1999. Principles of Plant Taxonomy Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd. New
Delhi.
Water relations: water transport processes (diffusion, bulk flow, osmosis, water potential,
components of water potential); Mechanism of water transport through xylem; (Ascent of
sap)Water loss by transpiration, Solute transport by passive and active mechanisms and
membrane transport proteins (Lecithin’s); Regulation of water supply. Aquaporins and facilitated
water transport; Soil plant Atmosphere continuum (SPAC), concept in stomatal physiology; Signal
transduction in guard cells. Transport processes in plants: Active and passive transport systems,
ion channels, driving forces and flow, transport of nutrients across the primary root, transport
through sieve element, Regulation and transport of metabolites from the source to the sink, genetic
regulation of transport systems in response to nutrients availability and growth status.
Role of micro and macro elements and assimilations of inorganic nutrients: Essential
nutrients, deficiencies and plant disorders. Plant microrrhiza association,; sulfur metabolism,
phosphate metabolism, calcium metabolism, assimilation of cations, chloride dynamics. Nitrogen
metabolism: nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen fixation, assimilatory nitrate reduction, ammonia
assimilation and synthesis of amino acids. Regulation of ‘nif’. Plant mycorrhiza association.
Photosynthesis: Light absorption, emission, energy transfer, Z scheme of photosynthesis, electron transfer,
Role of pigment in transformation of radiant energy. Light harvesting complexes, Kok curve, Kautsky curve,
ETS, Photophosphorylation photo inhibition O2 and H2 evolution, regulation of Calvin cycle, RUBISCO
82
activity. Photorespiration, CAM, C4 Pathway; Environment and its impact on photosynthesis, agricultural
aspects. Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, EMP pathway, TCA cycle, PPP, Glyoxylate cycle,
Mitochondrial ETS, Cyanide resistance pathway, Gluconeogenesis, High energy compounds: Synthesis and
utilization, ATP synthesis.
Lipid and other natural product metabolism in plants: Fatty acid biosynthesis, Alpha and Beta
oxidation, membrane lipid biosynthesis, lipid desaturation, triacylglycerols, complex lipids, cell wall lipids,
alkaloids, ceramides.
Plant growth regulators: Introduction and concept, types of growth regulators Auxin: the
master growth hormone, distribution in plants, roles, how auxin works? Auxin mutants, auxin
perception, auxin binding proteins, signal transduction, auxin responsive gene/ promoters /factors.
Model for gene regulation, derepression of early auxin genes, Acid theory, polar auxin transport, A
chemoosmotic model, commercial uses of auxin. Gibberellins: Foolish seedling disease, functions
of GAs, location, and free verses conjugated Gas, signal transduction and mechanism of action of
GAs taking amylase as an example, commercial applications. Cytokinins: location, functions and
mechanism of action, commercial applications Ethylene: discovery, locations and functions,
mutants, mechanism of actions, applications Abscisic acid: discovery, location, functions,
mutantsVP1, ABA and ABI, mechanism of action; Introduction of other hormones-
brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid.
The flowering process: Photoperiodism and its significance, initiation of flower primordia,
flowering stimulus Vernalization, endogenous clock and its regulation. Seed Germination;
metabolic changes during seed germination, flowering initiation, maturity and fruiting, fruit
ripening. Stress Physiology: Water deficit and its physiological consequences, drought
tolerance mechanisms, salinity stress and plant responses, heat stress and heat shock proteins,
metal toxicity, biotic stress, HR and SAR mechanisms.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Devline and Witham, 1986. Plant Physiology. CBS Publs and Distributors, New Delhi.
2. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York, USA.
3. Moore, T.C. 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Springer Verlag,
New York, USA.
5. Taiz and Zeiger, 1998. Plant Physiology Sinauer Associates Inc., Publishers, Sunderland
83
6. Salisbury and Ross, 4th Ed. Plant Physiology Cengage Learning (paperback)
Model plants for developmental biology: Introduction of model plants used for development studies in
plant system, advantages of each system with special emphasis on model plant Arabidopsis. Terms and
tools: Cell division, planes, cell autonomy, cell polarity, radial a/symmetry, pattern formation, abaxial,
adaxial identity, cell lineage vs. cell position, meristem, determinant vs. indeterminant meristem, cell
ablation technique, temporal and spatial expression of genes, in situ hybridization, interacting genes and their
position in respect to signaling pathway, targeted mutagenesis in plants, mutant generation and
identification of the gene.
Reproduction: Male and female gametophyte development, pollination and fertilization. Seed formation
and germination: Seed formation, cotyledon, endosperm and seed coat development. Seed dormancy and
germination, seedling development, genetic regulation of vernalization.
Embryogenesis: Basic lay out of dicot and monocot embryos, stages of embryo development, embryonic
axis, cell division and pattern formation in embryo, cell polarity in embryo. Shoot development: Structure
and function of shoot apical meristem (SAM), initiation and maintenance of SAM, regulation of meristem
size, antagonism between SAM and lateral organs, genetic regulation, axial bud formation, shoot branching.
Leaf development: Emergence of leaf primodium from SAM, abaxial and adaxial identity of leaf cells, leaf
margin, trichome, epidermis and stomata development, vascular differentiation. Root development: Root
apical meristem structure and function, lateral root development, lateral and adventitious root development,
root hair development, hormonal regulations in root development. Flower development: Transition from
vegetative to reproductive stage, role of homeotic gene inflorescence meristem, floral whorls specification,
ABC model and beyond, whorl boundary specification, asymmetric flower development, structure and
development of monocot flowers.Use of in vitro system for studying development
Suggested reading:
2. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of plants Ed. Buchanan, Grussem and Jones, ASPB publication.
84
16. Management (PHDMGMT)
The question paper will have the following two parts:
a. Research Methodology
b. Management (Financial Management, Human Resource Management,
Marketing Management, Operations Management and General Management)
Research Process
3. Research Design: Concept and Importance in Research – Features of a good research design
– Exploratory Research Design – concept, types and uses, Descriptive Research Designs –
concept, types and uses. Experimental Design: Concept of Independent & Dependent
variables
7. Data Analysis: Data Preparation–Univariate analysis (frequency tables, bar charts, pie
charts, percentages), Bi-variate analysis – Cross tabulations and Chi-square test including
testing hypothesis of association.
85
9. Use of Encyclopedias, Research Guides, Hand book etc., Academic Databases for
Computer Science Discipline.
10. Use of tools / techniques for Research: methods to search required information effectively,
Reference Management Software like Zotero/ Mendeley, Software for paper formatting like
LaTeX/ MSOffice, Software for detection of Plagiarism
Part2
Management (Financial Management, Human Resource Management, Marketing
Management, Operations Management and General Management)
III Concepts and perspectives in HRM; HRM in changing environment. Human Resource
Plarming– Objectives, Process and Techniques.
Job analysis – Job Description. Selecting Human Resources. Induction, Training and
Development. Exit policy and Implications. Performance Appraisal and Evaluation.
Potential Assessment. Job Evaluation. Wage Determination. Industrial Relations and Trade
Unions. Dispute Resolution and Grievance Management. LabourWelfare and Social
Security Measures.
86
VI Role and Scope of Production Management; Facility Location; Layout Planning and
Analysis; Production Planning and Control – Production Process Analysis; Demand
Forecasting for Operations; Determinants of Productmix; Production Scheduling; Work
measurement; Time and Motion Study; Statistical Quality Control. Supply Chain
Management and Materials Management
Role and Scope of Operations Research; Linear Programming; Sensitivity Analysis;
Duality; Transportation Model; Inventory Control; Queueing Theory; Decision Theory;
Markov Analysis; PERT/CPM.
VII Probability Theory; Probability distributions – Binomial, Poisson, Normal and Exponential;
Correlation and Regression analysis; Sampling theory; Sampling distributions; Tests of
Hypothesis; Large and small samples; tz, F, Chi–square tests.
Use of Computers in Managerial applications; Technology issues and Data processing in
organizations; Information systems; MIS and Decision making; System analysis and
design; Trends in Information Technology; Internet and Internet–based applications.
VIII Concept of Corporate Strategy; Components of Strategy Formulation; Ansoffs Growth
Vector; BCG Model; Porter’s Generic Strategies; Competitor Analysis; Strategic
Dimensions and Group Mapping; Industry Analysis; Strategies in Industry Evolution,
Fragmentation, Maturity, and decline.
Competitive strategy and Corporate Strategy; Transnationalization of World Economy;
Managing Cultural Diversity; Global Entry Strategies; Globalisation of Financial System
and Services; Managing International Business; Competitive Advantage of Nations; RTP
and WTO.
X Ethics and Management System; Ethical issues and Analysis in Management; Value based
organisations; Personal framework for ethical choices; Ethical pressure on individual in
organisations; Gender issues; Ecological consciousness; Environmental ethics; Social
responsibilities of business; Corporate governance and ethics.
87
17. Mathematics – (PHDMT)
Algebra
Prerequisites Preliminaries: Logic, Sets and Classes, Functions, Relations and Partitions,
Products, The Integers, The Axiom of Choice, Order and Zorn’s Lemma. Groups:
Semigroups, Monoids and Groups, Homomorphisms and Subgroups, Cyclic Groups,
Cosets and Counting, Normality, Quotient Groups, and Homomorphisms, Symmetric,
Alternating, and Dihedral Groups, Direct Products and Direct Sums, Free Groups, Free
Products, Generators& Relations.
The Structure of Groups:Free Abelian Groups, Finitely Generated Abelian Groups, The
Krull-Schmidt Theorem, The Action of a Group on a Set, The Sylow Theorems,
Classification of Finite Groups, Nilpotent and Solvable Groups, Normal and Subnormal
Series.
Rings: Rings and Homomorphisms, Ideals, Factorization in Commutative Rings, Rings
of Quotients and Localization, Rings of Polynomials and Formal Power Series,
Factorization in Polynomial Rings.
Fields and Galois Theory: Field Extensions, the Fundamental Theorem, Splitting Fields,
Algebraic Closure and Normality, Finite Fields.
Linear Algebra: Vector Space and Linear Transformations, Matrices and Maps, Rank
and Equivalence, Determinants, the Characteristic Polynomial, Eigenvectors and
Eigenvalues.
Real Analysis
Sequences and series of functions, point wise and uniform convergence, Cauchy
criterion for uniform convergence, Weierstrass M-test, Abel’s and Dirichlet’s tests for
uniform convergence, uniform convergence and continuity, uniform convergence and
Riemann- Stieltjes integration, uniform convergence and differentiation, Weierstrass
approximation theorem, Power series, uniqueness theorem for power series, Abel’s
and Tauber’s theorems.
Functions of several variables, linear transformations, Derivatives in an open subset of
Rn, Chain rule, Partial derivatives, interchange of the order of differentiation,
Derivatives of higher orders, Taylor’s theorem, Inverse function theorem, Implicit
function theorem, Jacobians, extremum problems with constraints, Lagrange’s
multiplier method, Differentiation of integrals, Partitions of unity, Differential forms,
Stoke’s theorem.
Lebesgue outer measure. Measurable sets. Regularity. Measurable functions. Borel
and Lebesgue measurability. Non-measurable sets.
Integration of Non-negative functions. The General integral. Integration of Series.
Reimann and Lebesgue Integrals.
Measures and outer measures, Extension of a measure. Uniqueness of Extension.
Completion of a measure. Measure spaces. Integration with respect to a measure. The
Lp-spaces. Convex functions, Jensen’s inequality. Holder and Minkowsk in equalities.
Completeness of Lp, Convergence in Measure, Almost uniform convergence.
Topology
Countable and uncountable sets. Infinite sets and the Axiom of Choice. Cardinal
88
numbers and its arithmetic. Schroeder-Bernstein theorem. Cantor’s theorem and the
continuum hypothesis. Zorn’s lemma Well-ordering theorem.
Definition and examples of topological spaces. Closed sets. Closure. Densesubsets.
Neighbourhoods. Interior, exterior and boundary. Accumulation points and derived
sets. Bases and sub-bases. Subspaces and relative to pology.
Continuous functions and homomorphism, compactness. Continuous functions and
compact sets. Basic properties of compactness. Compactness and finite intersection
property. Sequentially and countably compact sets. Local compact ness and one point
compactification. Stone-vech compactification. Compactness in metricspaces.
Equivalence of compactness, countable compactness and sequential compactness
inmetric spaces, Connected spaces (Connectedness only for metricspace.)
Functional Analysis
Normed linear spaces. Banach spaces and examples. Quotient space of normed linear
spaces and its completeness, equivalent norms. Riesz Lemma, basic properties of finite
dimensional normed linear spaces and compactness. Weak convergence and bounded
linear transformation, normed linear spaces of bounded linear transformations, dual
spaces with examples. Uniform boundedness theorem and some of its consequences.
Open mapping and closed graph theorems. Hahn-Banach theorem for real linear
spaces, complex linear spaces and normed linear spaces.
Reflexive space. Weak Sequential Compactness. Compact Operators. Solvability of
linear equations in Banach spaces,the closed Range Theorem.
Inner product spaces. Hilbert spaces. Orthonormal Sets. Bessel’s inequality. Complete
orthonormal sets and Parseval’s identity. Structure of Hilbert spaces. Projection
theorem. Riesz representation theorem. Adjoint of an operatoron a Hilbert space.
Reflexivity of Hibert spaces. Self- adjoint operators, Positive, projection, normal and
unitary operators. Abstract variational boundary-value problem.The generalized Lax-
Milgram theorem.
Differential Equations
Preliminaries-initial value problem and the equivalent integral equation, mth order
equation in d-dimensions as a first order system, concepts of local existence, existence
in the large and uniqueness of solutions with examples.
Linear Differential Equations-Linear Systems, Variation of constants, reduction to
smaller systems. Basic inequalities, constant coefficients. Adjoint systems, Higher
order equations.
Dependence on initial conditions and parameters; Preliminaries. Continuity.
Differentiability. Higher Order Differentiability.
Linear second order equations-Preliminaries. Basic facts. Theorems of Sturm. Sturm-
Liouville Boundary Value Problems. Number of zeros. Nonoscillatory equations and
principal solutions. Nonoscillation theorems. Use of Implicit function and fixed point
theorems-Periodic solutions. Linear equations. Nonlinear problems.
Second order Boundary value problems- Linear problems. Nonlinear problems.
Aproribounds, Green’s Function.
Partial Differential Equations
Examples of PDE. Classification.
Transport Equation-Initial value Problem. Non-homogeneous Equation. Laplace’s
89
Equation - Fundamental Solution, Mean Value Formulas, Properties of Harmonic
Functions, Green’s Function, Energy Methods.
Heat Equation-Fundamental Solution, Mean Value Formula, Properties of Solutions,
Energy methods. Wave Equation-Solution by spherical Means, Non-homogeneous
Equations, Energy Methods.
Non linear FirstOrderPDE- Complete Integrals, Envelopes,Characteristics, Hamilton-
Jacobi Equations (CalculusofVariations, Hamilton’sODE, LegendreTransform).
Representation of Solutions-Separation of Variables, Similarity Solutions (Plane and
Travelling Waves, Solitons, Similarity under Scaling), Fourier and Laplace Transform,
A symptotics (Singular Perturbations, Laplace’sMethod), Power Series.
The processes broadly involved in undertaking math research: Ability to generalize and
particularise, ability to make ‘educated guesses’ as conjectures, try to prove /disprove
theorems. The objectives are
90
18. Nutritional Science – (PHDFN)
Course: Advance Nutrition
91
- Basic Concept, Etiology, Consequences
- Strategies to Combating Public Nutrition Problems,
- National programmes/policies related to prevention of deficiency disorders
- Programme Management and Evaluation
Health Economics and Economics of Malnutrition,
Food and Nutrition Security,
Assessment of Nutritional Status in Community Settings: Methods and Techniques,
Nutrition Monitoring and Surveillance,
National Nutrition Policy and Nutrition Programmes (Operational details):
- Supplementary feeding programmes,
- Nutrient Deficiency Control programmes,
- Food Security programmes etc.
Programme Management and Administration,
Infrastructure Systems for delivery of the nutrition and health services in India
Conceptualization and the Process of Nutrition Education, Behaviour
Change communication (BCC);
Nutrition Education Programmes – Formulation, Implementation, Evaluation.
92
Designing research proposal and study
Design Strategies in Research – Descriptive Studies, Analytic Studies,
Experimental studies, Intervention trials etc.,
Methods of Sampling,
Data Collection Tools and Techniques,
Presentation and Summarization of Data,
Graphical presentation of quantitative data,
Measures of Disease Frequency and Association,
Reference Values,
Health Indicators and Validity of Diagnostic Tests,
Measures of Central Tendency: mean, medium, mode,
Measures of Variability: Standard Deviation, Variance,
Measures of Relationship – Correlation,
Hypothesis Testing –parametric and non-parametric tests,
Proportions, Relative risk, Odds ratio.
Ethics and Scientific Writing for Research
Computer Applications
93
19. Political Science- (PHDPS)
I Research Methodology
Methodology/Framework: Systems, Marxian and Post–Modern approaches, Inter-Disciplinary
approach
Research Methods: Research Design-Research Proposal, Review of Literature,
Hypothesis/Research Questions, Analysis and Interpretation of Data.
****
94
20. Rural Development-(PHDRD)
Paper - 1
Research Methodology
3. Research Design: Concept and Importance in Research – Features of a good research design
– Exploratory Research Design – Concept, Types and Uses, Descriptive Research Designs –
Concept, Types and Uses. Experimental Design: Historical Research.
7. Data Analysis: Univariate analysis (frequency tables, bar charts, pie charts, percentages),
measures of central tendency, Dispersion, correlation, T-test, Chi-square Test, content
analysis, narrative analysis, thematic analysis, grounded theory.
Paper - 2
Rural Development
1. Rural Development in India – Rural society and economy, concepts & strategies of
rural development, agrarian issues, community development, rural development
administration, land reforms Panchayati Raj, cooperatives, rural credit and banking,
dynamics of change in rural India, Indian experiments of rural development (Mahatma
Gandhi, Nanaji Deshmukh, Anna Hazare).
95
2. Rural Development Programmes – Poverty alleviation, wage and self employment
programmes, rural basic services and infrastructure, natural resources management and
environment. Mahatama Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
4. Rural Social Development – Development of Rural Women – rural women – status and
strategies, education and training, health and nutrition, empowerment, Development of
Rural Children – rural children – situation, health and nutrition, education, Development
of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Under Privileged Groups – development
of SCs, STs, bonded labourers, artisans and landless labourers, policies and social
legislations on children, women, SCs and STs and disadvantaged.
***
96
21. Sanskrit (PHDSK)
1. शोध,:व;ध
2. वी=दकस =ह@य
3. दशनस =ह@य
4. वद ग
5. भ ष :वFी न
6. छी दशी (Hएवअलीकी र
7. क Kयश (H
8. पीरी णीNतही स, धमशी (H
9. अOभलीखशी (H
10. भी रतीयसी(की Nतकी त@व
11. आधीNनकसी(की तस=ह@य
97
22. Social Work (PHDSW)
**********
98
23. Sociology (PHDSOC)
Section - A
1. Research Methodology
Logic of enquiry in social research
Logic of Theory Building
Issues of epistemology
Positivism and its critique
Comparative Method
Feminist Method
Participatory Method
Section - B
Sociological concepts: social groups, social structure, community, association, culture,
identity, tradition, modernity, social processes, social Institutions- family, marriage,
kinship, state, religion
Sociological Theories: Evolutionary- Functional, Marxian, Structural-Functional,
Structural, Symbolic interactionism, Phenomenology, Post-Modernism
Social stratification-castes, class, race, gender, ethnicity
Types of societies: colonial, post colonial, simple, agrarian, Industrial, post industrial,
knowledge society
Social change: Theories of social change, social transformation, social movements, social
development
***
99
24. Statistics (PHDSTAT)
Part-A: Research Methodology
Meaning of research, Role of research in important areas, Process of research, Types of
research, research approach, Significance of research, Research problem: Definition, Selection
and necessity of research problem.
Primary and secondary data, Qualitative and quantitative data, Classification of measurement
scales, Goodness of measurement scales, Scaling, Scale classification bases, Scaling
techniques, Methods of collecting primary data, Merits and demerits of different methods of
collecting primary data, Non response, Classification and tabulation of data.
Introduction to sampling, Advantages of sampling over complete enumeration, Probability
and non-probability sampling, Sampling and non-sampling errors, Basic concepts of simple
random sampling and design of experiments. Measures of central tendency, Measures of
dispersion, Probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson, Normal), Simple correlation and
regression, Multiple and partial correlation, Testing of hypothesis (z, t, F and chi-square tests).
Part-B: Statistics
Sample space, Probability, Conditional probability, independent events, Bayes theorem,
Random variables, Distribution functions (Univariate and Bi-variate), Moments and
moment generating function, Independent random variables, Marginal and conditional
distributions, Characteristic function, Central limit theorem (i.i.d. case). Standard discrete
(Rectangular, Geometric, Negative binomial, Hyper-geometric) and continuous distributions
(Uniform, Exponential, Beta, Gamma), Bivariate normal distribution, Sampling
distributions (t, F, z, chi-square). Properties of good estimators (unbiasedness, Consistency,
Efficiency, Sufficiency, Complete and minimal Sufficient statistic), Exponential families,
Methods of estimation (least square, maximum likelihood, method of moments, minimum
chi-square), Mean square error, Minimum variance unbiased estimators, Rao-Blackwell
theorem, Lehmann-Scheffe theorem, Cramer-Rao lower bound, Basics of testing of
hypothesis, Neyman-Pearson lemma, Most powerful and uniformly most powerful tests,
Likelihood ratio tests, Unbiased test, Non-parametric tests for one or more samples
problems (Sign, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Kolmogorov Smirnov, Run, Kruskal Wallies
test). Gauss-Markov theorem, Estimability of parameters in linear models, BLUE. Markov
chains with finite and countable state space, Classification of states, Limiting behavior of n-
step transition probabilities, Stationary distribution, Poisson process, Birth-and- death
process. Multivariate normal and its properties, Distribution of quadratic forms, Canonical
correlation, Principle components analysis, Factor analysis, Classification and discriminant
analysis. Stratified sampling, Systematic sampling, Probability proportional to size
sampling, Ratio, regression and product methods of estimation, Cluster sampling, Multi
Stage sampling, Two- phase sampling, Successive sampling Analysis of variance and
covariance, Completely Randomised designs, Randomised block designs, Latin-square
designs, Missing plot techniques, Orthogonality, BIBD, 2 k factorial experiments,
Confounding. Linear programming problem, Simplex methods, Duality, Assignment,
Transportation problems, Queuing theory, Steady-state solutions of Markovian queuing
models: M/M/1, M/M/1 with limited waiting space, M/M/C, M/M/C with limited waiting
space. Elementary inventory models.
10
0
25. Tourism and Hospitality Services Management – (PHDTS)
10
1
PART II: Subject Specific
Unit-1
Unit-2
Concept of resource, Attraction and product in tourism, Tourism Products: Typology and
unique feature
Natural tourism resources in India: Existing use pattern vis-à-vis potential with relation to
varied and form (Mountain, deserts, beaches, coastal areas and island), water bodies and
biotic wealth (flora-fauna)
Popular Tourist destination for land based (soft/hard trekking, ice skiing, mountaineering,
desert, safaris, car rallies etc), Water Based (rafting, kayaking, canoeing, surfing,
waterskiing, scuba/scuba diving) and air based (Para-sailing,Para-
gliding,ballooning,handglidingandmicrolighteningetc),Touristactivities,Wildlife-Tourism a
conservation related issues-Occurrence and distributions of popular wildlife species in India.
National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserve (case of Dachigham, Corbett/
Dudhva/Kaxiranga/kanha/Gir/Ranthumbore/Mudumalai/Sunderbun/Shivpuri/Manas/NandaD
evi/Valley of flower Reserve)
Tourism and nature conservation-conflict, symbiosis and Synergy Cultural Tourism resources
in India: Indian culture and Society Indian History-Ancient, Medieval and Modern Tradition,
Customs and costumes, Life Style and settlements patterns, Food habits and cuisines, Music,
Musical instruments and Dance Form; Drawing and Painting, Craftsmanship Religion/
Religious observances and important pilgrim destination Architectural Heritage-Forts/palace
etc.
Unit-3
Accommodation: Concepts, types and typologies, Linkage and Significance with relation to
tourism Emerging dimensions of accommodation industry-Heritage hotels, Motels and resort
properties, Time share establishments
Hotel-Origin, Growth and diversification, Classification, registration and gradation of hotels,
Organizational Structure, Functions and Responsibilities of the various departments of a
10
2
standard hotel/other catering outlets, bars, restaurants etc.
Fiscal and non-fiscal incentives available to hotel industry in India, Ethical, legal and
regulatory aspects
Unit–4
Transportation: Dynamically changing needs and means Landmarks in the development of
transport sector and the consequent socioeconomic, cultural and environmental implication,
Tourism transport system.
Airlines Transportation: The Airlines Industry-Origin and Growth. Organization of Air
Transport Industry; Scheduled and Non Scheduled Airlines services; Role of IATA, ICAO,
and other agencies, Bermuda convention.
Air Transports Industry in India- DGCA and other key players; Regulatory framework, Acts,
Indian Cariers-Opertaions Management and Performance, Marketing Strategies of Air India.
Significance of Road Transport in Tourism: Growth and development of road transport
system in India, State of existing infrastructure, Public and Private Sector involvement Role
of Regional Transport Authority, Approved Travel Agencies, Tour/Transport Operators,
Rental Companies Rail Transport Network- Major Railway system of world- British Rail,
Euro Rail and Amtrak
Type of Special Package offered by Indian Railways to tourists-Indrail passes Palace on
wheel and Royal Orient
Water Transport system in India- History of water transport, Cruise ships, Ferries,
Hovercraft, River and canal boats, Fly cruise, Future prospects etc.
Unit-5
Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Business: Origin, Growth and Development, Definition,
Differentiation and linkage, Organization and functions, Travel information counseling,
Itinerary preparation, reservation, costing/pricing, Marketing of tour package, Income
sources
Airlines Ticketing: Operational perspective of ticketing-ABC codes Flight Scheduling,
Flying time, and MPM/TPM calculation, TIM (Travel Information Manual), Consultation,
Routine and itinerary preparation, Types of fare, fare calculation and rounding up, Currency
conversion and payment modes, issuance of ticket
Cargo handling: Baggage allowance, Free Access Baggage, Weigh and Piece Concept,
Accountability of lost baggage, Dangerous goods, Cargo rates and valuation charges,
Automation and airport procedures
Requirements for setting up Travel Agency and Tour Operation business
Approval from organization and institution concerned, Incentives available in Indian context,
constraint and limitations
Unit-6
Marketing : Core concepts in marketing, Needs, Wants, Demands, Product market,
Marketing Management Philosophies -Production, Selling, Marketing and social perspective,
economic importance of marketing
Tourism Marketing: Service characteristics of tourism, unique features of tourist demand and
tourist product, Tourism marketing mix
Analysis and selection of market: Measuring and forecasting tourism demand, Forecasting
10
3
method, Managing capacity and demand, Market segmentation and positioning
Developing marketing environment, consumer buying behavior, competitive differentiation
and competitive marketing strategies, new product development, product life cycle,
Customer satisfaction and related strategies in internal and external marketing, interactive
and relationship marketing
Planning marketing programmes: Product and product strategies, Product line, Product mix,
Branding and packaging, Pricing Consideration, Approaches and strategies, Distribution
channels and strategies
Marketing of Tourism Services: Marketing of Airlines, Hotels, Resort, Travel Agencies and
other tourism related services-challenges and strategies
Marketing Skill for Tourism: Creativity-communication-Self motivation-team building,
personality development
Unit7
Tourism Planning: Origin, concept and approaches, Level and types of tourism planning,
Product life cycle theories and their applicability in tourism planning, Urban and Rural
tourism planning
Tourism planning and policy perspective, planning at national, state and regional levels,
India’s tourism policies
Tourism Planning process: Objectives, Setting, Background analysis, detailed research and
analysis, Synthesis, goal setting and plan formulation, Evaluation of tourism project-Project
feasibility study, Plan implementation, Development and monitoring tourism master plan
Tourism impacts and need for sustainable tourism planning: Socio-Cultural, Economic and
Physical Impacts, Tourism Carrying Capacity and Environmental Impact Analysis(EIA)
Business ethics and laws-their relevance and applicability in travel and tourism industry Law
and legislation relating to tourist entry, stay, departure, Passport, Visa and Health
Tourist safety and security, Preservation and conservation of heritage, Archaeological sites
and wildlife.
Unit-8
Management: Concept, Nature, Process and Functions, Management levels, Managerial skills
and roles, the external environment, Social responsibilities and ethics
Planning:
Nature, Purpose, types and process, Management by objectives, strategies, and policies,
Decision making process, Tools and techniques, Decision making models
Organizing: Concept of organizing and organization, Line and Staff, Authority and
responsibility, Span of control, Delegation, Decentralization, conflict and Coordination,
organizational structure and design, Management of change innovation and organizational
development
10
4
Directing: Communication-process, Types, Barriers and principles of effective
communication, Motivation-Theories and practices, Leadership-Concept theories and styles
Controlling: Process, Methods and techniques, managing international business
Information systems: Automation of manual system, Data Processing stages, Evolution from
EDP to MIS: Introduction, Definition, Status
Computer networking: Application of CRS (computerized reservation System) in travel trade
and hospitality sector
****
10
5
26. Translation Studies (PH.D.TT)
Research Methodology
- Definitions of Research
- Objectives of Research
- Types of Research
- Significance of Research
- Preparing Research Proposal
- Research Approaches
- Stages of Report writing
- Using Library resources
- Style Sheets
- Data collection and Data Analysis
Translation Studies
10
6
27. Urdu (PHDURDU)
92
28. Vocational Education and Training (PHDVE)
The syllabus of the Entrance Test shall consists of 50% of research methodology and 50%
shall be of Vocational education and training
Part-A: Research Methodology
Introduction to research: meaning of research, role research in behavioral sciences,
process of research, types of research, research approach and significance of research.
Formulation of a Research Problem: Research problem: definition, selection and
necessity of research problem.
Data Collection Methods: Primary and secondary data, methods of collecting primary
data, merits and demerits of different methods of collecting primary data, non-response.
Data Collection Techniques: Designing a questionnaire, pretesting a questionnaire,
editing of primary data, technique of interview, collection of secondary data, scrutiny of
secondary data, scale of measurements.
Sampling Techniques: Introduction to sampling, advantage of sampling over census,
probability and non-probability sampling and non-sampling error, basics of simple random
sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, and multistage sampling.
Presentation of Data: Classification and tabulation of data diagrammatic and graphical
presentation of data.
Statistical Methods: Measure of Central tendency, measures of dispersion, simple
correlation and regression, testing of hypothesis (z, t, F and chi-square tests), Interpretation
of data.
Report writing: Formation of Report, Presentation of a report
Part B: Vocational Education and Training
Vocational Education (for Human Recourse Development for National Development, for
Knowledge Economy, for Development of Marginalized Sections of the Society, for
Persons with Special Needs, Personal/Family Actualisation and Happiness).
International Experiences: Review of International Reports (UNESCO’s Report of the
International Commission on Education for the Twenty-First Century “Learning: The
Treasure Within, Second International Congress on Technical and Vocational Education,
Report on Knowledge Acquisition and Skill Development (UNESCO)), International
Experiences in Vocational Education (Germany, China, Korea, Japan, Switzerland,
Australia, New Zealand).
Growth and Development in India: Historical Background of Vocational Education in
India (Pre-Independence Period, Post-Independence Period), Impact of Globalization and
Liberalization on Vocational Education. Recent Government of India initiatives on
Vocational education, NSOF, VET programmes through formal non-formal modes.
Initiatives by Different Sectors of India: Education Sector (CBSE, State Boards, NIOS
and State Open Schools, Community Polytechnics, Jan Shikshan Sansthans, Community
Colleges, Degree Colleges and Universities, Open Universities, NCERT and PSSCIVE),
Industrial Sector (Craftsman Training Scheme, Apprenticeship Training Scheme, Skill
Development Initiative), Health and Paramedical Sector, Agriculture Sector, Business and
Commerce Sector, Information and Communication Sector, Role and Work of Non-
93
Governmental Organizations.
Models of Vocational Education and Training: School Based Model (Introduction of VEP
in Schools, Thrust Areas Identified by NPE (1986) for VEP, Centrally Sponsored Scheme of
Vocationalisation of Education, Programme of Action (POA, 1992), Industry Based Model
(Vocational Training Programmes), Community Colleges Scheme, Apprenticeship.
Issues in Vocational Educational and Training: Social Acceptability, Access, Terminal
Nature of Courses, Employability, Multi-Skilling, Managing a Small Enterprise,
Remunerative Structure (wages and earnings) of Vocationally trained person
Relevance, Untrained Vocational Teachers, On the Job Training, Apprenticeship Training
Assessment and Certification of Prior Learning, Connectivity among Vocational programmes
at All Levels, Lateral and Vertical Mobility.
Environmental consciousness and Sustainable Development: Understanding Environment,
Environmental Concerns, Environmental Problems and Issues, Major Environmental
Problems, Global Environmental Issues (Global Warming, Acid Rain, Ozone Layer
Depletion), Environmental Resources (Forest Resources, Land Resources, Water Resources,
Animal Resources).
94
29. Women’s Studies (PHDWS)
COURSE1:
(b) Emergence of women’s studies–background and debates in our context and elsewhere.
Women’s studies as a perspective, debates of autonomy vs. integration. Recent debates
and institutional shifts towards Gender studies.
(c) Interrogating Disciplines: Some examples in different fields to show how feminist have
questioned and changed the orientations of different disciplines eg. sociology, history,
economics, political science, psychology, literature, philosophy. Suggested readings from
different disciplines will be included.
(d) Comparative Frameworks: Contextualizing Women’s Studies in India -- The subject of
“women” in the Indian context– contested terrain of women’s studies in relation to the
women’s movement and feminism. Discussion of the India/West distinction that
invariably arises – both in a general situation of third world dependencies on western
theories in higher education, but also the specific historical identification of women with
Indian culture and hence an association of feminism with the West beginning during the
colonial/nationalism period and its legacies.(d)Locating “women” in history: some
examples, eg. women and “status” – (social reform, “the status of women” as a local and
global indicator.); Women and the nation/culture; Women and development; women and
empowerment.
Purpose: To show how certain well known concepts such as patriarchy, or the sex-gender
distinction, have been shaped by a set of related concepts – such as status/position,
public/private, but also to debates on equality/difference, structure/agency and so on. And
secondly, to show the intimate link between such concepts and those of class, caste/race
and so on in order to explicate the nature of power.
(a) Power
(b) Equality/Difference
(c) Patriarchy
(d) Sex and gender; debates around women and gender, sexuality/hetero sexuality,
masculinity/ femininity. Gender/class, gender/caste as examples of inter sectionality to be
dealt with in greater detail later.
(e) Body
95
Theme 4: Discrimination, Intersectional ties and Group Identities:
Women and gender issues in relation to questions of caste, tribe, community, and soon will be
explored. Comparisons with questions of race and ethnicity are necessary along with
questions of identity and difference, notions of community as well as of intersectionality.
(a) Caste
(b) Tribe
(c) Race/ethnicity
(d) Community
(e) Non-normative Sexualities
(f) Cultural Relativism
Theme7:InterrogatingFeminisms
Political theories provide us with a standard list of different feminisms –
liberal,socialist/Marxist,radical,postmodernandsoon.Whatisthesalienceofsuchapproachesforust
oday? How can they be meaningfully analyzed to help students grasp different
orientationstowardsinterpretingandquestioningcontemporaryphenomena?
(a) Feminization of Labour Debate-introduce conventional feminist approaches through an
example eg. abortion, or labour
(b) ChallengestoNormativeFeminism–e.g.newpracticesofveiling,sexworkermovements
(c) Critiques of International Human Rights Discourses e.g.CEDAW, Trafficking,
arranged marriage
(d) “Woman”infeminist theory–challenges from marginalized masculinities, blurred
gender boundaries, post-feminism.
96
language of our concepts and theories. The dominance of English (worldwide and in India) as
the language of social science, and of women’s studies will be addressed here, in some
contrast to the languages of politics, of the movement, of everyday life and of specific fields
like literature. What kinds of approaches have been devised to address concepts and theories
outside English?
What is the role of translation in this endeavour? Possible notions of bilingualism as
productive for the future of women’s studies in our changing context.
The topic will also address approaches to women’s relationships to language especially as
they have been exploredinlinguistic,literaryandpsychoanalyticaltheories.
Themes
1. What is research?
2. Qualitative research
3. Quantitative research
4. Research in the Humanities and Cultural Studies
5. Feminisms and Gender Studies I
6. Feminism and Gender Studies II
7. Thesis writing
Theme1.What is Research?
a) Epistemology, methodology and method
b) Positivism, the scientific method and its critique
c) Conceptual Issues. (Commonsense and systematic knowledge, Truth and
evidence,Objectivity,subjectivityandinter-
subjectivity,Contextualisationandintersectionality)
d) Ethics and Research
e) The field and field work
Theme2.Qualitative Research
a) History and basic features of qualitative research
b) Language, meaning and interpretation
c) Theoretical basis of qualitative research (ethnography, critical social science, grounded
theory, narratology, phenomenology, historical and legal studies).
d) Differences between qualitative and quantitative research (Validity, reliability and
representativeness)
e) Qualitative data sources. (Legal texts, official documents, field studies, oral narratives
and histories, folklore, art and music, novels and other literary sources, the media and the
internet). Unit6.Qualitative research methods (Simple observation and participant
observation, FGDs, key informant interviews).
f) Qualitative data analysis and presentation (thematising and summarising, content
analysis and coding).
97
d) Large macro data sets; indicators and indices
e) Data Collection, Entry, Tabulation and Analysis (Collecting primary data. Questionnaire
formulation, coding; Quantifying qualitative data, Collection of Field Data, Cleaning of
Data; Cross checking and consistency checks, Coding and recoding, Use of
dummy/proxy variables, Basic tables, Use of Statistical Softwares. Excel and SPSS,
Reading and Interpreting the results)
f) Basic Measures of data management and Elementary Data Analysis (Measures of
central tendency and dispersion, Test of Hypothesis; Types of errors, Acceptance and
Rejection Region, Level of Significance, Confidence Interval, Tabular data and measures
of association between categorical variables, Concepts of Correlation and Regression;
Multivariate data).
*********
98
30. Fine Arts (PH.D.PVA (F)
Architecture:
Formal and stylistic aspects of architecture in Indus Valley of stupas (Bharhut, Sanchi,
Amaravati, Sarnath) of cave temples, (Bhaja, Karle, Ajanta, Nasik, Lomas Rishi, Kanheri, etc.),
Gupta (Udaygiri, Deogarh, nachna, etc.) Chalukya (Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal, etc.), Pallava
(Mahabalipuram, Kanchipuram, etc.) Rashtrakuta (Ellora), GurjaraPratihara, Saindhava –
Maitraka, Chandela (Khajuraho), Orissa (Bhubaneshwar, Konaraka), Chola (Tanjore and
GangaikondaCholapuram, Darasuram, etc.), Hoysala (Belur, Halibid, etc.) Paramara, Nayuka
and Vijayanagar (HampiLepakshi). Islamic architecture; Sultanate and Mughal; Mandu, Delhi,
Agra, Fatehpur Sikri.
Painting:
Formal and stylistic aspects of pre-historic, Ajanta, Bagh and later mural tradition. Manuscript
painting (Eastern Indian and Western Indian), Sultanate (Mandu) Chourapanchaskika style and
other pre-Mughal schools, Mughal (Akbar to Shahjahan), Rajasthani (Mewar, Bundi, Kotah,
Bikaneer, Jaipur, Kishangarh, etc.) Malwa, Pahari (Basholi, Guler, Kangra) and Decacani
(Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golkonda) schools.
99
disciples, Nandalal Bose, Benode Behari Mukherjee, RamkinkarBaij, Rabindranath Tagore,
Gaganendranath Tagore, Jamini Roy and others. Role of Santiniketan in art education.
Academic/Professional sculptors and painters; Mahatre, Talim, D.P. Roy Choudhuri, Dhurandar.
Heman Majumdar, Thakur Singh, etc. Early modernists: Amrita Shergil, Karmarkar. Geroge
Keyt. Art in 1940’s and 50’s : Bengal famine and artists (Somnath Hore, Chittaprasad, Zainul
Abedin, Gobardhan Ash. Sudhir Khastgir), Progressive art movements in Calcutta, Madras,
Bombay and Delhi. International Modernism and artists : F.N. Souza, Pradosh Dasgupta, K.C.S.
Panikkar, B.C. Sanyal, Dinkar Kaushik, Nirode Majumdar, Paritosh Sen, M.F. Hussain, Akbar
Padamsee, Ramkumar and others. Independent Artists : N.S. Bendre, K. K. Hebbar, Shankho
Choudhuri, Krishan Reddy, Dhanraj Bhagat, Y. K. Shukla, PilooPoochkhanwala, V.S. Gaitonde,
Santhanraj, Davierwala and other.
Art in 1960’s and 70’s Indigenist trends in painting, sculpture, mural and print-making; K. G.
Subramanyam, K.C.S. Panikkar (Cholamandal artists village), Reddappa Naidu, S.B. Palsikar,
Janaki Ram, Meera Mukherjee, Jyoti Bhatt, J. Swaminathan, Neo- Tantric art, etc. Figurative-
Narrative trend since 1960’s Bikash Bhattacharjee, Ganesh Pyne. A. Ramachandran, R.B.
Bhaskaran, Lakshma Goud, JoganChoudhuri, Bhupen Khakhar, Anjole Ela Menon, Arpita
Singh, Gogi Saroj Pal, Arpana Kaur, Vivan Sundaram and others.
Trend of Abstraction since 1960’s :raghav Kaneria, Jairam Patel, P. Barwe, Ram kumar, L.
Munnuswamy, P.V. Kolte, Jagmohan Chopra, Balbir Singh Katt, Nagji Patel.
Development of Installation, Multimedia, Performative, Happening Art :naliniMalani, Ved
Nayar, Vivan Sundaram and others.
Tribal, Folk and Popular Art (Including Design and Functional Art)
African, Oceanic, North-West Coast American, Mexican, Indian, South- East Asian Art.
100
Fundamental and Principles of Painting:
Knowledge of principal elements, perspective values, fundamentals of paintings. Visual
principles, Form, space, illusion, image. Chronology of the development of ideas. Visual reality,
conceptual reality. Tradition and the gradual development of the art of combining the elements
of ideas of different visual arts specialization. Media and material and their use, sketching and
drawing. Application of materials, oil painting- All a Prima and old master process, glazing and
scumbling, priming of canvas, different types of oil, brushing etc. Tempera and Gocache and
their uses in painting in both traditional and non- traditional art. Wash method on paper and silk,
Acrylic, pastel, mixed media, water colour mural and mural techniques- Fresco secco and Buono
fresco, Ajanta and different modern media relief and mixed media in mural. Collage, Encaustic
Wax Supports in Painting (Canvas, paper, wood, silk, etc.) Types of paintings, open air
paintings, portrait paintings, study of head and full length figures, male and female. Landscape
paintings, patronized art, paintings under different art movements, still life, thematic, abstract ,
etc. Principles of compositions, reflection of artists personal views, development of concept.
Process of creative paintings. Expression of ideas under some aesthetical and philosophical
views. Artistic expression during different social and structural changes. Art and Changes.
Application of techniques, colours and colour theory and the application of colour theory in art
activities. Colour harmony, traditional application of colour and the application of colour with
reasoning. Colour preparation, tecture, technical aspect of pigment.
Sculpture:
Detail knowledge of Principle element of Sculpture including Historical backgrounds,
developments and the modern approach about all Sculpture methods.
□ Stone Carving
□ wood Carving
□ Metal Casting
□ Terracotta ( Low relief/ High relief)
□ Other- Clay Making Process, Plaster of Paris, Metal Fabrication like Welding, Metal
Scrap, waste Material, Installation.
□ History of Sculpture– Indian and Western: Manifestation and invention of different
Sculpture technique Artist and their Contributions.
101
□ History of Indian Printmaking – Manifestation, invention and development of different
Printmaking Methods Artist and their Contributions.
Applied Arts:
□ Introduction to Advertising, History of Advertising, truth and fundamentals of Advertising,
ethics in Advertising. Media of Advertising.
□ Technical terms of Advertising.
□ Principles of Design. Elements of design, its role and effect in Advertising layouts.
□ Typography and its basic rules. Calligraphy and its History.
□ Illustration, History and famous Illustrator.
□ Printing: its history and development , introduction of main printing processes such as
Letterpress, Lithography, Gravure, Offset, Silk-screen, latest techniques of printings.
□ Trends and developments of Modern Advertising, Types of Advertising, Justification of
advertising for expenditure and growth.
□ Advertising for Nation-Building and Social welfare. Concept Planning and Creative Research.
□ Advertising Agency, its structure and different departments. Function of different
departments. Role of art studio in the Agency. Famous Ad. Agency and Ad, gurus.
□ Different Media of Advertising – Print Media, Indoor, outdoor, Direct mail, POP, Social
Media, TV, Radio, Internet, electronic media, new media of advertising etc.
□ Campaign Planning, appeal : Use of appeal in campaign planning, objectives, continuity.
Different kinds of Campaigns : Social, Product, Movie, Event, Educational, Political etc.
□ Corporate Image, and Corporate Identity.
□ Types of copy and Design approach of campaigning.
□ Communication and its type. Barriers in good communication.
□ Different functions of Advertising Business. Research and Motivational Research –
present and future action.
□ Future of Advertising – Career options in Internet Advertising, web designing and Animation.
□ Introduction to marketing. 4P’s of marketing.
□ Market Research & Analysis.
□ Importance of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Advertising.
□ Advertising Effectiveness.
□ Testing of Advertising.
***
102