Physics Project -

Motion - Fundamental of Physics

Made By -
▪ Satwik Singh
▪ Kumar Partha
▪ Debargha Deb
▪ Kamlesh Yadav
▪ Aarav Solanki
What is Motion ?

vMotion, in physics, change with time of

the position or orientation of a body.
Motion along a line or a curve is
called translation. Motion that changes
the orientation of a body is
called rotation. In both cases all points
in the body have
the same velocity (directed speed) and
the same acceleration (time rate of
change of velocity). The most general
kind of motion combines both translation
and rotation.
 Motion with Frame of Reference or Reference
Point

v All motions are relative to some frame of

reference. Saying that a body is at rest, which
means that it is not in motion, merely means that
itis being described with respect to a frame
of reference that is moving together with the
body. For example, a body on the surface of the
Earth may appear to be at rest, but that is only
because the observer is also on the surface of the
Earth. The Earth itself, together with both the body
and the observer, is moving in its orbit around
the Sun and rotating on its own axis at all times.
As a rule, the motions of bodies obey Newton’s
laws of motion. However, motion at speeds close to
the speed of light must be treated by using the
theory of relativity, and the motion of very small
bodies (such as electrons) must be treated by
using quantum mechanics.
 Discription of Motion
vMotion applies to various physical systems: objects,
bodies, matter particles, matter fields, radiation,
radiation fields, radiation particles, curvature,
and space-time. One can also speak on the motion of
images, shapes, and boundaries. In general, the term
motion signifies a continuous change in the positions or
configuration of a physical system in space. For
example, one can talk about the motion of a wave or the
motion of a quantum particle, where the configuration
consists of probabilities of the wave or particle occupying
specific positions.
 Equations Of Motion
vIn physics, equations of motion are equations that describe the
behavior of a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of
time. More specifically, the equations of motion describe the behavior
of a physical system as a set of mathematical functions in terms of
dynamic variables. These variables are usually spatial coordinates
and time, but may include momentum components. The most general
choice are generalized coordinates which can be any convenient
variables characteristic of the physical system. The functions are
defined in a Euclidean space in classical mechanics, but are replaced
by curved spaces in relativity. If the dynamics of a system is known,
the equations are the solutions for the differential
equations describing the motion of the dynamics
 Laws of motion
▪ In physics, the motion of massive bodies is described
through two related sets of laws of mechanics. Classical
mechanics for super atomic (larger than an atom) objects
(such as cars, projectiles, planets, cells, and humans)
and quantum mechanics for atomic and sub-atomic objects
(such as helium, protons, and electrons). Historically,
Newton and Euler formulated three laws of classical
mechanics:
▪ Presenting in next slide------------------------------------------
 In an inertial reference frame, an object either
remains at rest or continues to move in a
First law (Law of Inertia):
straight line at a constant velocity, unless acted
upon by a net force.

In an inertial reference frame, the

vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal
to the mass m of that object multiplied by
the acceleration a of the object: F = ma .If the
Second law:
resultant force F acting on a body or an object
is not equal to zero, the body will have an
acceleration a which is in the same direction as
the resultant force.

When one body exerts a force on a second body,

the second body simultaneously exerts a force
Third law:
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
on the first body.
 Classical Mechanics
vClassical mechanics is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects
moving at speeds significantly slower than the speed of light, from projectiles to
parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such
as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. It produces very accurate results
within these domains and is one of the oldest and largest scientific descriptions
in science, engineering, and technology.
vClassical mechanics is fundamentally based on Newton's laws of motion. These
laws describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and the
motion of that body. They were first compiled by Sir Isaac Newton in his
work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which was first published
on July 5, 1687. Newton's three laws all those as mentioned above
 •Relativistic Mechanics
vModern kinematics developed with study
of electromagnetism and refers all velocities v to their ratio
to speed of light c. Velocity is then interpreted as rapidity,
the hyperbolic angle @ for which the hyperbolic tangent
function tanh@=v÷c. Acceleration, the change of velocity over
time, then changes rapidity according to Lorentz
transformations. This part of mechanics is special relativity.
Efforts to incorporate gravity into relativistic mechanics were
made by W. K. Clifford and Albert Einstein. The development
used differential geometry to describe a curved universe with
gravity; the study is called general relativity.
 Quantum Mechanics
v Quantum mechanics is a set of principles describing physical reality at the atomic
level of matter (molecules and atoms) and the subatomic
particles (electrons, protons, neutrons). These descriptions include the simultaneous
wave-like and particle-like behavior of both matter and radiation energy as
described in the wave–particle duality.
v In classical mechanics, accurate measurements and predictions of the state of
objects can be calculated, such as location and velocity. In quantum mechanics,
due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the complete state of a subatomic
particle, such as its location and velocity, cannot be simultaneously determined.
v In addition to describing the motion of atomic level phenomena, quantum
mechanics is useful in understanding some large-scale phenomena such
as superfluidity, superconductivity, and biological systems, including the function
of smell receptors and the structures of protein.
 Types of motion

vSimple harmonic motion – motion in which the body oscillates in such a way that the restoring
force acting on it is directly proportional to the body's displacement. Mathematically Force is
directly proportional to the negative of displacement. Negative sign signifies the restoring
nature of the force. (e.g., that of a pendulum).
vLinear motion – motion which follows a straight linear path, and whose displacement is
exactly the same as its trajectory. [Also known as rectilinear motion]
vReciprocal motion
vBrownian motion (i.e. the random movement of particles)
vCircular motion
vRotatory motion – a motion about a fixed point. (e.g. Ferris wheel).
• Curvilinear motion – It is defined as the motion along a curved
path that may be planar or in three dimensions.
• Rolling motion – (as of the wheel of a bicycle)
• Oscillatory – (swinging from side to side)
• Vibratory motion
• Combination (or simultaneous) motions – Combination of two or
more above listed motions
• Projectile motion – uniform horizontal motion + vertical
accelerated motion
(Highlighted with white are the Fundamental Motions)