Geo Group F 6-18
Geo Group F 6-18
Geo Group F 6-18
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MILITANTE, John Michael J. May 8, 2023
GARCIA, Ricardo G. Jr. GW
IMBAT, Renz Aldrin A. GROUP F
LAPAR, Jylou P.
CE – 2 BES220A
Bro. Cristino M. Sta. Ana, FMS
Natural levees, which are low ridges of flood-deposited sediment that form
on either side of a stream channel and thin away from the channel, can be
created by a series of floods. Sand and silt make up the majority of the
sediment found closest to rivers, whereas finer clay is transported farther
away onto low-lying, flat terrain (the backswamp).
plu96103_fm_i-xx.indd (archive.org)
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7. Explain some of the steps that we can take to limit the damage from flooding.
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8. Explain the concepts of porosity and permeability and the importance of these
to ground water storage and movement. Describe the relative porosities and
permeabilities of some common geological materials.
o Porosity is the amount of pore space that is between particles in soil or rocks.
Permeability takes this pore space and connects the voids together so that water
can pass through. Porosity is more associated with storage of water, while
permeability is more associated with groundwater movement and flow.
o The relative porosities and permeabilities of some common geological materials
is that the porosity itself was measured the voids of the rocks or soil and the
permeability is dealing with the flowing of groundwater through that voids.
plu96103_fm_i- xx.indd
(archive.org)
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9. What controls the velocity of groundwater flow? What happens to the water
table near a pumped well? What conditions are necessary for an artesian well?
plu96103_fm_i-xx.indd (archive.org)
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10. Define aquifers, aquitards, containing layers, and the diffences between
confined and unconfined aquifers.
A body of saturated rock or silt known as an aquifer allows water to flow freely
through it. Aquifers contain a lot of water and are quite porous.
A low-permeability unit known as an aquitard, or confining unit, can store
groundwater and transfer it slowly from one aquifer to another.
The distinction between an unconfined aquifer, which is only partially filled with
water and has a water table, and a confined aquifer, which is fully filled with
water under pressure and is typically isolated from the surface by a relatively
impermeable confining bed, or aquitard, such as shale. The water table in an
unconfined aquifer rises and falls throughout dry and wet seasons because it is
refilled by precipitation, and relatively rapid groundwater flow all throughout. A
limited aquifer slowly replenishes itself through shale bed confinement. With very
slow movement of groundwater, a confined aquifer may have no response at all
to wet and dry seasons.
plu96103_fm_i-xx.indd (archive.org)
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11. Explain the concepts of hydraulic head, the water table, potentiometric
surface and hydraulic gradient.
https://www.usbr.gov/lc/yuma/programs/YAWMS/GROUNDWATER_head.html#:~:text=
%E2%80%9CHydraulic%20head%2C%E2%80%9D%20or%20simply,from%20high
%20head%20to%20low.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/water .
https://dnr.wi.gov/education/documents/groundwater/SandTankExercise.pdf
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hydraulic-gradient#:~:text=The
%20hydraulic%20gradient%20is%20the,%2F1000%20or%200.002%20(Fig.
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12. Describe the flow of groundwater from recharge areas to discharge areas.
- Ground water moves along flow paths from areas of recharge to areas of discharge at
springs or along streams, lakes, and wetlands. Discharge also occurs as seepage to
bays or the ocean in coastal areas, and as transpiration by plants whose roots extend to
near the water table. Discharge also occurs as seepage to bays or the ocean in coastal
areas, and as transpiration by plants whose roots extend to near the water table.
Recharge areas are at higher elevations, where the water has high gravitational energy.
It was energy from the sun that evaporated the water into the atmosphere and lifted it
up to the recharge area. The water loses this gravitational energy as it flows from the
recharge area to the discharge area.
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13. What is Karst Topography? Describe the nature of groundwater flow in karst
system.
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14. Explain how wells are used to extract ground water implications of over-
pumping a well.
- Groundwater is accessed by either pumping from wells drilled into the aquifer or
by developing natural springs where the potentiometric surface intersects the land
surface (Big Spring in Bellefonte, PA is one example of a relatively large spring that is
used for municipal supply). Although springs are relatively inexpensive to develop, they
are not always present, nor are the flow rates always sufficient to support demand. As a
result, most groundwater extraction occurs by pumping wells, or in many cases “fields”
of wells concentrated in a small area.
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth111/node/929
15. Describe how observation wells are used to monitor groundwater levels and
the importance of protecting groundwater resources.
- These are dedicated monitoring stations, sited and designed to detect potential
changes in groundwater flow and quality— design parameters include selection of depth
for the intake screen, frequency of measurement (if not continuous) and selection of
quality parameters. The primary goal of aquifer management is to control the impacts of
groundwater abstraction and contaminant loads, and monitoring aquifer response and
quality trends provide key inputs for this goal.
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/334871468143053052/pdf/
301070BriefingNote9.
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Natural contamination can occur due to leaching of minerals from rocks and
soils, or due to the infiltration of surface water containing natural contaminants such as
dissolved minerals or metals. For example, groundwater in regions with high levels of
arsenic in the soil may contain elevated levels of arsenic, which can pose a risk to
human health.
https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/groundwater-contamination-
understanding-threats-and-taking-action
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1. Surface contamination: Pollutants can enter the soil and infiltrate the
groundwater through spills, leaks, or improper disposal of hazardous waste.
https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/groundwater-contamination-
understanding-threats-and-taking-action
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https://academic.oup.com/af/article/2/2/17/4638607
There are several ways that animal waste can enter the groundwater system
from a livestock operation:
Runoff: Animal waste can be carried off the land by rainwater or irrigation and enter
nearby streams, rivers, or lakes that ultimately recharge groundwater.
Leaching: When animal waste is applied to land as fertilizer, excess nutrients can leach
through the soil and contaminate groundwater.
Seepage: Animal waste can seep directly into groundwater through cracks and
fractures in the ground or through improperly constructed waste storage facilities.
To prevent contamination from livestock operations, it is important to properly
manage and dispose of animal waste, minimize the use of antibiotics and other drugs,
and maintain proper sanitation practices. Additionally, using best management practices
such as monitoring and testing of groundwater quality and implementing containment
measures can help minimize the risk of contamination.