Applsci 12 10629 v2 1
Applsci 12 10629 v2 1
Applsci 12 10629 v2 1
sciences
Article
Nexus between Building Information Modeling and Internet of
Things in the Construction Industries
Baydaa Hashim Mohammed 1,2, *, Hasimi Sallehuddin 1 , Elaheh Yadegaridehkordi 3 , Nurhizam Safie Mohd Satar 1 ,
Afifuddin Husairi Bin Hussain 4,5 and Shaymaa Abdelghanymohamed 6
1 Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
2 Medical Instrumentation Department, AL-Esraa University College, Baghdad 10069, Iraq
3 Center for Software Technology and Management, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
4 Pusat Citra Universiti, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
5 Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
6 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
* Correspondence: baydaa@esraa.edu.iq
Abstract: The process of integrating building information modeling (BIM) and Internet of Things
(IoT)-based data sources is a recent development. As a generalization, BIM and IoT data provide
complementary perspectives on the project that complement each other’s constraints. Applying the
concept of BIM-IoT in the construction industries which has been termed to have a high-risk factor
could offer an improvement in the overall performance of the construction industries and thereby
reduce the associated risks. This study aims to examine the potential of integrating BIM-IoTs in
the construction industries by examining related published literature. Literature analysis revealed
that the BIM and IoT have been extensively applied individually to several aspects of construction
Citation: Mohammed, B.H.;
projects such as construction safety risk assessment, construction conflict management, building
Sallehuddin, H.; Yadegaridehkordi,
E.; Safie Mohd Satar, N.; Hussain, construction sustainability, and onsite construction process monitoring. However, there is scanty
A.H.B.; Abdelghanymohamed, S. research awareness on the possibilities of BIM-IoT integration in the construction industries.
Nexus between Building Information
Modeling and Internet of Things in Keywords: building information modeling; Internet of Things; construction risk management;
the Construction Industries. Appl. Sci. construction conflict management; construction innovation
2022, 12, 10629. https://doi.org/
10.3390/app122010629
modern BIM technologies, the construction industry can be made more efficient and cost-
effective [11]. With the application of open BIM, existing construction management systems
can be integrated with BIM to enhance its power in the construction ecosystem [12]. Even
though BIM has gained widespread acceptance in the construction industry and is worth
the investment for many firms, few have taken full advantage of its benefits [13].
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new internet breakthrough in which billions of smart
things are linked together [14]. Data can be exchanged between several computers and
digital equipment without the need for human intervention using unique identifiers. It is
possible to provide network users with added value services like ensuring the privacy of
shared data by integrating IoT sensors into internet-connected devices [15]. Using IoT in
the construction industry has various benefits [16]. There are a variety of benefits associated
with this approach, such as enhanced execution monitoring and control, higher quality,
lower costs, and more time saved [17]. Since real-time data analytics are now widely
available for usage in the context of rapid decision-making, it has also been expanded.
Structure monitoring improves crisis management and emergency response capacities as
well. The IoT can help with environmental issues like trash management, pond pollution,
and flood concentration analysis. The introduction of new technology brings with it
a variety of challenges that need to be overcome [18]. Method of introduction, public
acceptance, and lack of information and expertise are all potential roadblocks. construction
projects are relatively difficult with a high risk of failure that comes along with them
severely restricts the potential use of new technologies. Despite these difficulties, the
IoT has been implemented in the construction industry, with one of the most prominent
applications being the monitoring and control of project execution in a variety of projects,
including bridges, railways, tunnels, and onshore and offshore facilities, among others.
A few studies have concentrated on the integration of BIM and IoT to improve in-
novation in various areas of endeavours. Tang et al. [19] reported the integration of BIM
and IoT devices in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector from
the standpoint of domain application and integration approaches, as well as by shedding
light on the present limits and significant topics for future research and development.
Malagnino et al. [20] presented an extensive review on integrating BIM and IoT to create
more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly environments. The authors inferred
that, with the integration of BIM and IoT, the built environment can be better managed, and
the environmental effect of the construction industry can be reduced. Lokshina et al. [21]
investigated BIM, IoT, and blockchain technologies in the system design of a smart building.
The authors viewed these understudies’ technologies as complementing innovations that
may work together to provide the safe storage and management of building-related data
and information and to improve the IoT services offered.
As the integration of BIM and IoT is still in its early stages, it is vital to get an awareness
of the current situation related to its implementation in the construction industry. Vital
questions such as what are the most often encountered BIM and IoT device integration
scenarios? What classification system should be used to classify these application domains?
what is the best way to combine BIM with IoT devices? what are the constraints, both
in terms of application domains and integration methodologies, when it comes to both?
What research gaps that need to be filled, and where should we go from here to conduct
more successful investigations? Furthermore, this study highlights the obstacles connected
with implementing the integration of BIM and IoT in construction projects, as well as
determining the most critical challenges associated with the implementation. To address
these research questions, this study performed a comprehensive review of BIM and IoT
implementation in the construction industry, including a summary of application areas, and
integration methods used in existing studies. The study also examined inherent limitations
and anticipated areas for further research.
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 10629 3 of 22
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 22
2. Methodology
2. Methodology
The approach used for the review process is depicted in Figure 1. The first stage
entailsThe approach
the used for
identification ofthe
thereview process isofdepicted
main purpose in Figure
the review 1. The first stage
and formulating en‐
appropriate
tails the identification of the main purpose of the review and formulating
questions that could serve as a guide. To achieve the set objectives and provide answers appropriate
questions
to that could
the research serve as
questions, a guide.
quality To achieve
databases suchtheasset objectives
Scopus and provide answers
(www.scopus.com (accessed
on 2 May 2022)) and Science Direct (www.sciencedirect.com (accessed on (accessed
to the research questions, quality databases such as Scopus (www.scopus.com 2 May 2022))
on 2 May
were 2022)) to
employed and Science
search Directpublished
related (www.sciencedirect.com (accessed
articles. This section on 2 May
details 2022))
the date range,
were employed to search related published articles. This section details the
information sources, eligibility restrictions, and data coding technique. Keywords such as date range,
information sources, eligibility restrictions, and data coding technique. Keywords such as
“Building information modeling”, “Internet of Thing”, “Building information modeling
“Building information modeling”, “Internet of Thing”, “Building information modeling
and Internet of Thing Integration”, and “Construction industry” were employed to search
and Internet of Thing Integration”, and “Construction industry” were employed to search
the databases. The exclusion criteria include those articles that are not indexed in Scopus
the databases. The exclusion criteria include those articles that are not indexed in Scopus
and Science Citation Index Expanded as well as articles published in the last ten years
and Science Citation Index Expanded as well as articles published in the last ten years
(2012–2022). The articles obtained from the search were quickly screened using the title
(2012–2022). The articles obtained from the search were quickly screened using the title
and abstract to identify their relevance. The selected articles were carefully reviewed and
and abstract to identify their relevance. The selected articles were carefully reviewed and
analyzed
analyzed to to meet
meetthethestudy
studyobjectives
objectivesand
and
toto answer
answer thethe various
various questions.
questions.
Identification of Screening of
articles from articles based on
quality database their relevance
Refined articles to
be included in the
review
Article scrutiny,
inferences for
future research
Figure 1. Methodology
Figure Methodologyadopted
adoptedfor
forthe review
the process.
review process.
3.
3. Results andDiscussion
Results and Discussion
3.1. Research Trends inBIM
3.1. Research Trends in BIMand
andIoTs
IoTsininConstruction
Construction Industries
Industries
Scopus databasewas
Scopus database wasemployed
employed toto search
search forfor published
published articles
articles related
related to BIM
to BIM and and
IoT adoption in the construction industries as well as the BIM-IoT integration
IoT adoption in the construction industries as well as the BIM‐IoT integration in the con‐ in the
construction industries
struction industries around
around the world.
the world. KeywordsKeywords suchinas
such as BIM theBIM in the construction
construction indus‐
industry,
try, IoT in IoT in the construction
the construction industry,industry, integrating
integrating BIM
BIM and IoT andconstruction
in the IoT in the industry
construction
industry and so on were employed for the search. As shown in Figure 2a, the analysis of the
search results shows that there has been a rise in research interest in BIM and IoT adoptions
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 22
and so on were employed for the search. As shown in Figure 2a, the analysis of the search
results shows that there has been a rise in research interest in BIM and IoT adoptions in
in construction between 2012 and 2022. However, there is higher research interest in BIM
construction between 2012 and 2022. However, there is higher research interest in BIM
adoption
adoption compared
compared to to IoT
IoT adoption
adoption in in construction.
construction.Perhaps,Perhaps,this thiscould
couldbe beattributed
attributedtoto the
fact that IoT applications in the construction industries in a nascent
the fact that IoT applications in the construction industries in a nascent stage and is stage and is grad‐
gradually
gaining
ually gaining research interest. Figure 2b shows that research interest in BIM adoption inin the
research interest. Figure 2b shows that research interest in BIM adoption
construction
the construction industries
industriesis prevalent
is prevalentamongamong researchers
researchers fromfromthetheUnited
United States,
States,thethe
United
Kingdom,
United Kingdom, and China. Also, researchers from countries such as Australia, Malay‐South
and China. Also, researchers from countries such as Australia, Malaysia,
Korea,
sia, SouthHong Kong,
Korea, Hong Canada, and Spain
Kong, Canada, andare showing
Spain increasing
are showing interest
increasing in BIM
interest in adoption
BIM
in the construction
adoption industries.
in the construction Apart Apart
industries. from China,
from China,therethere
are low research
are low research interests
interests in IoT
adoptions
in IoT adoptionsin construction
in constructionindustries from
industries other
from countries.
other countries. Compared
Comparedtotoindividual
individual BIM
and
BIMIoT andadoptions
IoT adoptions in construction
in constructionindustries,
industries, the the
research interest
research in the
interest integration
in the integration of BIM
and
of BIMIoTand
in construction industries
IoT in construction is lower
industries is as shown
lower in Figure
as shown 3a. The3a.research
in Figure The researchinterest in
interest
the in the integration
integration of BIM-IoT ofapplications
BIM‐IoT applications in the construction
in the construction industries industries is pre‐ in
is predominant
dominant
China, Hong in China,
Kong,Hong Kong, Kingdom,
the United the United Kingdom,
the Unitedthe United
States, States, Australia,
Australia, Singapore, Singa‐
Canada,
pore, Canada, the Netherlands, and Nigeria. This trend is consistent
the Netherlands, and Nigeria. This trend is consistent with the studies of Bui et al. with the studies of [22]
Bui et al. [22] According to the findings of construction industries
According to the findings of construction industries in developing nations have several in developing nations
have severaldue
challenges challenges due to the socioeconomic
to the socioeconomic and technological
and technological context in context
which in they
which they
operate. A
operate. A dearth of IT‐literate individuals, as well as the absence
dearth of IT-literate individuals, as well as the absence of national BIM implementation of national BIM imple‐
mentation
plans, plans,
are just are just
a few a few
of the of the obstacles
obstacles that arethat are hindering
hindering widespread
widespread BIM BIM adop‐ The
adoption.
tion. The authors inferred that construction industries in developing
authors inferred that construction industries in developing nations rely on subcontracting nations rely on sub‐
contracting information technology services or contracting out
information technology services or contracting out software development. Although BIM is software development.
Although BIM is becoming increasingly popular in developed nations, applications in de‐
becoming increasingly popular in developed nations, applications in developing countries
veloping countries are still rare [23]. Olawumi & Chan [24] suggested some benchmarking
are still rare [23]. Olawumi & Chan [24] suggested some benchmarking models for BIM
models for BIM implementation in developing countries. The concepts developed by the
implementation in developing countries. The concepts developed by the authors include
authors include innovative strategies at the BIM process level, innovative strategies at the
innovative strategies at the BIM process level, innovative strategies at the BIM product level,
BIM product level, and measures of good practices. These ideas were discovered to con‐
and measures of good practices. These ideas were discovered to contain blueprints that can
tain blueprints that can enhance BIM products and processes, as well as related technol‐
enhance
ogy, to make BIM adoption
productsand anddeployment
processes, as well asand
simpler related technology,
thus more secure toin make
developingadoptionna‐ and
deployment
tions. simpler and thus more secure in developing nations.
300 (a)
Number of published articles
150
100
50
0
2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022
Figure 2. Cont.
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Appl. 2022, 12,12,
2022, 10629
x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 225 of 22
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 22
250
articles
BIM IoT (b)
250
articles
BIM IoT (b)
200
200
published
published
150
150
100
of of
Number 100
50
Number
50
0
0
Figure 2.
Figure 2. (a)
(a) Trend
Trendof ofarticles
articlespublished
publishedin
inBIM
BIMand
andIoTs
IoTsadoption
adoptionininconstruction
constructionindustries;
industries;(b)
(b)Coun-
Figure 2. (a)
Countries Trend of articles
of Affiliation published
of the research in BIM
(Data and IoTs
obtained fromadoption in construction industries; (b)
Scopus Database).
tries of Affiliation of the research (Data obtained from Scopus Database).
Countries of Affiliation of the research (Data obtained from Scopus Database).
20
articles
20
18 (a)
articles
18
16 (a)
16
14
published
14
published
12
12
10
108
of of
86
Number
64
Number
42
20
0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
Year
8 (b)
articles
87 (b)
articles
76
65
published
published
54
43
32
of of
21
Number
Number
10
0
Figure 3. (a) Trend of articles published in BIM‐IoTs integration in construction industries; (b) Dis‐
Figure
tribution
Figure (a)
3. of Trend
Trend of
(a)BIM‐IoT articles
ofstudies published
according
articles toinin
published BIM‐IoTs
countries.
BIM-IoTs integration
(Data in in
obtained
integration construction
from Scopusindustries;
Database).
construction (b) (b)
industries; Dis‐Distri-
tribution
bution of of BIM‐IoTstudies
BIM-IoT studiesaccording
accordingto
to countries.
countries. (Data
(Dataobtained
obtainedfrom
fromScopus
ScopusDatabase).
Database).
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 10629 6 of 22
Table 1. Cont.
Table 2. Cont.
The technological potentials and obstacles to combining IoT with Blockchain in the
construction industries have been examined by Elghaish et al. [14]. The concept dealt
with a real-world analysis of blockchain and IoT in the construction industries based on
the analysis of various studies. The study revealed that real-world IoT applications in
monitoring construction site health and safety, assessing the functioning of structural parts
like bridges, and managing facilities are feasible and enhance project performance in the
construction industry. The authors proposed using IoT in a larger context in the construction
industry. The application of IoT in solar photovoltaic power generation and building
construction projects has been reported by Wu et al. [49]. The study revealed that IoT and
ZigBee wireless sensor networks were effective to study the distributed solar energy devices
incorporated into building construction projects. The joint design of solar energy devices
and buildings is of great significance to the development of the photovoltaic construction
industry. The effect of IoT implementation in Malaysian construction industries has been
reported by Mahmud et al. [50]. The study which employs a questionnaire survey method
revealed that social media platforms like WhatsApp, Telegram, and Facebook for discussion
and communication, email for information and communication exchange, and websites are
used as a source of reference to gather data on corporate profiles, activities, and policies,
among others. quotes on price were among the numerous types of IoT applications utilized
by construction industry participant [51] investigated the role of IoTs in developing
energy-efficient organic bricks in the construction industries When compared to regular
bricks, the heat transmitted from the outside to the interior of the walls of the model room
created with IoT-perlite bricks was at least 2 ◦ C lower. Lower thermal conductivity leads
to energy savings, and research showed that IOT-perlite bricks saved 8% of energy. The
study demonstrated that eco-friendly bricks made from mine waste had decreased thermal
conductivity, high strength, and were light in weight [52] investigated the adoption of
IoTs among contractors in East Coast Malaysia construction industries. The questionnaire
survey analysis revealed that attitudes, awareness, preparedness, and impediments are
all factors influencing changes in IoT adoption among contractors. The construction
industry’s significant association with IoT adoption was observed to have been expanded
appropriately. The study also provided some important recommendations for increasing
IoT acceptance among contractors in the construction industry. Dave et al. [53] investigated
improved lean construction management using IoTs. Based on the analysis of the results,
the authors developed a communication framework that allows them to automate different
communication tasks completely or partially across the supply chain and the lifespan
of building construction projects by the leveraging system–system, system–human, and
human–system communication. Gamil et al. [54] reported IoTs in the construction industry
revolution 4.0. The findings of this study show that the lack of safety and security, lack
of defined standards, lack of benefits knowledge, poor IoT implementation, and lack of
resilience in connectivity are the most prevalent difficulties in this study. To find out if
construction workers are aware of the benefits IoT may bring to construction projects, this
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 10629 12 of 22
study also investigated their knowledge of IoT and whether or not it can be implemented
and expanded in such projects. Ghosh et al. [17] analyzed the trend on IoTs in construction
industry. Based on the analysis, the primary implications of IoT adoption in the construction
sector have been highlighted as high-speed reporting, total process control, data explosion
resulting in deep data analytics, and severe ethical and regulatory requirements. The
following were identified as key drivers of IoT adoption: interoperability; data privacy
and security; adaptable governance frameworks; and adequate business planning and
modelling. IoT enables prefabricated construction has been investigated by [55]. The
authors offered a multi-dimensional IoT-BIM platform for achieving real-time tracking in
prefabricated building construction. For the purpose of designing the IoT-BIM platform,
design considerations for an RFID Gateway Operating System, visibility and traceability
tools, data source interoperability services, and decision support services were provided.
Construction Construction
Health and safety Facility
operation and logistic and
management management
monitory management
Communication
and collaboration Energy
management
Construction
performance and Disaster and
progress monitory emergency
response
Figure4.4.Opportunities
Figure forBIM‐IoT
Opportunities for BIM-IoTintegration
integrationinin the
the construction
construction industries.
industries.
3.5. Geographical
Various ways Distribution and
to facilitate Major
the Themesof
integration of IoT
BIMand andBIM
IoT Studies
systems have previously
beenStudies on in
presented technological
the literature.adoption
Wan & Baiof [58]
BIMpresented
and IoT have been widely
the integration investigated
of BIM and IoT in
in construction
different logistic
countries management.
as shown The 5.
in Figure study evaluated
There the newawareness
is significant characteristics of build‐
of BIM and IoT
ing logistics management in the context of big data, developed a collaborative
adoption in Malaysia as indicated by the number of research articles published. Rahim logistics
management system with data‐driven and BIM technology and assessed the collaborative
logistics management solution based on big data. Malagnino et al. [20] opined that inte‐
grating BIM and IoT could produce a smart and sustainable environment. The authors
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 10629 14 of 22
et al. [60] investigated BIM awareness among Malaysian contractors. The objective of
this study was to investigate the level of understanding that Malaysian contractors have
regarding the role that BIM plays in achieving sustainability on all fronts, including the
economic, environmental, and social fronts. A survey included 133 different contractors,
ranging from grade G1 to G7. The findings showed that most respondents were aware
of the contributions that BIM makes toward environmental sustainability, in addition to
the contributions that BIM makes toward the other two pillars of sustainability, economic
and social. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the stakeholders in the construction sector
and give information that is based on reality as part of a process to generate a better un-
derstanding and wider exposure, and to convince them to apply BIM innovation. Othman
et al. [61] in their study reported the level of BIM implementation in Malaysia. The purpose
of this study was to examine the adoption of BIM by Malaysian business organizations.
Based on the findings, only 13% of the 268 respondents in the public and private sectors
reported utilizing BIM in their organizations, indicating that Malaysia is still far from where
it should be in terms of BIM implementation, according to the study’s findings. There was
a lack of awareness, expenses, delayed adaptation, the lack of a clear guideline to assist
organizations and policymakers toward BIM implementation, and the fact that BIM was
not mandated in adequate time were identified to be the causes of the slow adoption. Roger
et al. [62] investigated the adoption of BIM in Malaysia from the perspective of engineering
consulting service firms. The findings demonstrate that the organizations have a BIM
concept that is consistent with industry standards; nonetheless, the primary impediments
to implementation are a lack of well-trained employees, advice, and government backing.
Nonetheless, the enterprises were ready to embrace BIM within two years, citing market
needs and competitive advantage as the key factors. The adoption of IoT in the Malaysian
construction industry has been reported by Ibrahim et al. [63]. The findings revealed that
IoT adoption in the Malaysian construction sector is growing but still lags behind other
Asian countries. The authors further revealed that the adoption of IoT will have a bright
future with encouragement from the Malaysian government and backing from the Depart-
ment of Public Works and the Construction Industry Development Board since both the
private and public sectors are aware of the benefits of doing so. Apart from Malaysia, BIM
and IoT adoption have been investigated in other countries such as Vietnam, the United
Kingdom, United Arab Emirate, Taiwan, South Africa, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Palestine,
Nigeria, New Zealand, South Korea, Kenya, Jordan, Iran, India, Hong Kong, Ghana, Ger-
many, and Finland. The main theme of the various studies centered on BIM integration,
the barrier to IoT adoption, BIM adoptions, BIM contributions, BIM effectiveness, BIM
uptakes, hindrances to BIM implementation, IoT adoption, and evaluation of BIM. Among
the various themes, BIM and IoT adoption has been widely investigated.
Figure 6 shows that the major themes of the studies of BIM and IoT in the construction
industry are diverse. However, the barriers and adoption of the implementation of BIM and
IoT in the construction industries are the most pronounced. Other themes such as factors
affecting BIM and IoT, augmented reality and BIM integration, and level of acceptance is
sparingly investigated.
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 22
Figure 6 shows that the major themes of the studies of BIM and IoT in the construc‐
tionFigure 6 shows
industry that theHowever,
are diverse. major themes of the studies
the barriers of BIM of
and adoption and IoT
the in the construc‐of
implementation
tion industry are diverse. However, the barriers and adoption of the implementation
BIM and IoT in the construction industries are the most pronounced. Other themes such of
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 10629 BIM and IoT in the construction industries are the most pronounced. Other themes such 15 of 22
as factors affecting BIM and IoT, augmented reality and BIM integration, and level of ac‐
asceptance
factors affecting BIMinvestigated.
is sparingly and IoT, augmented reality and BIM integration, and level of ac‐
ceptance is sparingly investigated.
TURKEY
TURKEY
ETHIOPIAN
ETHIOPIAN
GERMAN
GERMAN
INDIA
INDIA
TAIWAN
TAIWAN
FINLAND
FINLANDUK
UK
IRAN
IRAN
MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA
NEW ZEALAND
NEWAUSTRALIA
SOUTH ZEALAND
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
PALESTINE
PALESTINE
UAE
UAE
SINGAPORE
SINGAPORE
EGYPT
EGYPT
NIGERIA
NIGERIA
HONK KONG
HONK KONG
GHANA
GHANA
SAUDI ARABIA
SAUDIPAKISTAN
ARABIA
PAKISTAN
NIGERIA
NIGERIA
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
KENYA
Number of articles
KENYA
KOREA Number of articles
KOREA
CHINA
CHINA
JORDAN
JORDAN
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Figure5.5.Geographical
Figure Geographical distribution
distribution of
ofBIM
BIMand
andIoT
IoTstudies.
studies.
Figure 5. Geographical distribution of BIM and IoT studies.
21
PERCENT ARTICLE
REVIEWED
17
17
5
TAM TOE IDT HOT-FIT INT
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Overview
Overviewofofthe
thetheories
theoriesadopted
adoptedforfor
BIM andand
BIM IoT.IoT.
Similarly, the
Similarly, theIDT
IDTwhich
which was
was popularized
popularized by Rogers
by Rogersand York in 1995
and York inis1995
also is
one of one
also
thethe
of most widely
most widelyusedused
acceptance
acceptancetheories. The IDT
theories. Thetheory’s construct
IDT theory’s incorporates
construct ob‐
incorporates
servability, complexity,
observability, complexity, compatibility,
compatibility,trialability,
trialability,andandrelative
relativebenefit.
benefit.The
TheIDT IDT theory
theory was
was adopted by Saka et al. [66] as a foundation to investigate the drivers of
adopted by Saka et al. [66] as a foundation to investigate the drivers of sustainable adoption sustainable
adoption
of BIM inofNigerian
BIM in Nigerian construction
construction small small and medium‐sized
and medium-sized enterprises.
enterprises. Accordingto the
According
to the findings, organizational preparedness is of the highest significance
findings, organizational preparedness is of the highest significance for the proliferation for the prolifer‐
of BIM in SMEs. Also, the independent drivers, which are the most significant, com‐
ation of BIM in SMEs. Also, the independent drivers, which are the most significant, comprise
prise BIM features, and internal and external environment drivers, and therefore repre‐
BIM features, and internal and external environment drivers, and therefore represent the
sent the BIM adoption as a complex socio‐technical system. In a similar study, Le et al.
BIM adoption as a complex socio-technical system. In a similar study, Le et al. [67] also
[67] also employed the IDT as a basis for investigating BIM implementation in the Viet‐
employed the IDT as a basis for investigating BIM implementation in the Vietnamese
namese construction industry. The findings revealed that the BIM team functions as a tool
construction industry. The findings revealed that the BIM team functions as a tool that
that facilitates BIM implementation; nonetheless, there was a contradiction between the
facilitates BIM implementation; nonetheless, there was a contradiction between the duties
duties of the BIM team and the organization.
of theBesides,
BIM team and the organization.
the TAM and IDT theories, the TOE has also enjoyed some level of popular‐
ity. The TOE can TAM
Besides, the and IDT
be defined theories,
as the the TOE has
enterprise‐level also enjoyed
innovation some
process. Thelevel
TOEofframe‐
popularity.
The TOE can be defined as the enterprise-level innovation process. The
works classify characteristics into three categories. The first dimension is technological, TOE frameworks
classify
the secondcharacteristics into three
is organizational, and categories.
the third is The first dimension
environmental. is technological,
Relying the second
on the TOE theory,
is organizational,
Saka and the third
and Chan investigated is environmental.
the profound barriers to BIMRelying on the
adoption TOE
in the theory, Saka
construction of and
Chan investigated
small and medium‐sizedthe profound barriers
enterprises. to BIMindicated
The findings adoptionthat in the
the construction
barriers to BIM ofadop‐
small and
medium-sized enterprises.
tion are socio‐technical and thatTheSMEs
findings
have indicated
the desire tothat the barriers
accelerate to BIM adoption
BIM adoption by con‐ are
socio-technical
centrating moreand that internal
on their SMEs have the desireChen
environment. to accelerate BIMestablish
and Yin [68] adoption by concentrating
a study model
more on their internal
that incorporates environment.
the important Chen
success and Yin
elements [68] establish
linked a study model
to BIM technology, the that
incorporates the important success elements linked to BIM technology, the construction
firm, and the environment in the Chinese construction sector, based on the TOE theory. The
authors discovered that BIM’s relative benefit was a key driver in its acceptance, whereas
its complexity was a deterrent. Furthermore, management support was a crucial factor
in BIM adoption. Organizational preparedness, on the other hand, was important for
engineering consulting businesses but not for construction companies. Surprisingly, no
persistent substantial influences of any environmental variables were found by the authors.
The institutional theory which was propounded by Scott et al. [69] has been used
for BIM and IoT. The theory focuses on the function that the institutional environment
plays in creating behavioural changes and attaining social legitimacy. Isomorphisms
are the foundational building blocks of this theoretical framework. Institutional theory:
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 10629 17 of 22
contributing to a theoretical research program The study of changes that occur because
of pressure exerted by an outside entity is known as coercive isomorphism. The goal of
mimetic isomorphism is to replicate the hierarchical structure of an existing organization
in the expectation of achieving the same levels of success as other organizations. The
phenomenon that is known as normative isomorphism refers to the pressure that comes
from regulatory authorities and practitioners interested in licenses and certificates. Based
on institutional theory, Osman et al. [70] investigated BIM adoption for quantity surveying
firms. The authors opined that by boosting the effectiveness of BIM adoption, organizations
require direction and proper techniques. Quantity surveying organizations will be better
able to commit appropriate resources to reach their objective if they grasp the major criteria
for BIM adoption. Similarly, Institutional theory served as a basis for investigating the
barriers to BIM adoptions in SMEs as reported by Saka and Chan [71].
The least studied theory based on the literature is the HOT-fit. The HOT-fit theory was
initially introduced by Swedish academics in the 1980s to enhance the level of safety in the
nuclear power sector. The HOT-fit idea draws a line of differentiation between individuals
and the organization. Humans are rigorously considered as individuals due to the fact that
their relevance is based on their abilities, expertise, experiences, and existing relationships
with other people, all of which are essential to complete a job or altering a business process.
This ‘human’ factor considers not just an individual’s cognitive, psychological, and social
traits, but also their biological and cognitive makeup. An organization is a representation of
the formally and informally ordered and structured way the task is carried out. Therefore,
job descriptions, hierarchical positions, duties and powers, policies, company objectives and
strategies, rules, procedures, cultural elements, and linkages between system components
and subsystems are all considered to be a part of the ‘organization’ element. In terms of the
‘technology’ component, there is the possibility of categorizing technical systems as either
main or secondary. Primary technical systems are those that pertain to manufacturing
equipment, whilst secondary technical systems are those that pertain to administration
and processes. Based on the HOT-fit theory, Papadonikolaki et al. [72], investigated an IoT-
enabled platform for the production of housing in Hong Kong. This study allows significant
stakeholders to have a better understanding of the external and internal circumstances of
prefabrication development in Hong Kong.
3.7. Critical Factors Influencing BIM and IoT Adoption and Implementation
A wide range of various factors for BIM and IoT intention to adoption have been
investigated in the literature. These factors of BIM and IoT cut across different sectors
such as energy management, construction monitoring, health-and-safety management, and
building management. BIM and IoT integration research, on the other hand, is still in its
infancy, with most studies being theoretical and conceptual in scope.
Figure 6 summarizes the various factors extracted from the literature reviewed and
subsequently used for the development of the hypotheses. BIM and IoT in construction
industries are beneficial, and a framework for considerations during deployment and use
has been developed. To begin, it was necessary to recognize these factors. Following
the review of the prior literature, the factors have been extracted from the models and
frameworks in implicit ways. As shown in Figure 6, Several studies have looked at the
aspects that lead to an organization’s adoption of BIM. BIM adoption has been boosted by
a variety of factors and techniques in the past. Research on BIM adoption has focused on
the relative advantages, technology, organization, environmental, human, compatibility,
complexity, trialability, perceived risks, top management support, organization readiness,
organizational size, and cost, which are the primary factors in an organization’s ability to
implement BIM and IoT as shown Figure 8. The elements that influence BIM adoption are
mainly people, processes, technology, strategic IT planning, and collaborative process. BIM
adoption is driven by a combination of technological, organizational, and environmental
factors. Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework provides the basis for
this aspect. TOE is commonly seen as the most important factor influencing a company’s
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 10629 18 of 22
14
13 13
12
8 8
7 7
6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5
4
3
2
Figure 8.
Figure 8. Number
Numberof
ofarticles
articleswith
withthe
thevarious
variousextracted factors.
extracted factors.
4. Conclusions
The concept of combining building information modelling (BIM) with data sources
coming from the Internet of Things (IoT) is a new one. BIM and IoT data, for the most part,
offer complementary perspectives on the project that balance each other’s limits. The anal‐
ysis of previous studies reported in this study revealed that using the BIM‐IoT idea in the
construction sector, which has been identified as having a high‐risk component, could
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 10629 19 of 22
4. Conclusions
The concept of combining building information modelling (BIM) with data sources
coming from the Internet of Things (IoT) is a new one. BIM and IoT data, for the most
part, offer complementary perspectives on the project that balance each other’s limits. The
analysis of previous studies reported in this study revealed that using the BIM-IoT idea
in the construction sector, which has been identified as having a high-risk component,
could improve overall performance while lowering the risks associated with operations
and procedures. This fulfilled the goal of this study which is to establish the feasibility
of integrating BIM-IoTs in the construction industry and give recommendations based
on the available data. BIM and IoT have been widely employed in construction projects
for several purposes, including construction safety risk assessment, dispute management,
building construction sustainability, and on-site construction process monitoring according
to literature trends examined. On the other hand, there is a lack of research awareness of
the prospects of BIM-IoT integration in the construction industry which could become a
hot topic in the quest for an innovative construction industry.
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