AQUATIC RESOURCES

Presented by: Group 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
FISHERIES RESOURCES
Commerci al Fi sheri es

Muni ci pal Fi sheri es

Recreati onal Fi sheri es

Aquacul ture
 Commercial Fisheries
Commerci al fi shi ng i s the acti vi ty of catchi ng fi sh and
other seafood for commerci al profi t, mostl y from wi l d
fi sheri es.

MARI NE FI SHERI ES
I n 2015, commerci al fi sheri es contri buted 1. 08 mi l l i on
MTor 23. 3% of the country’s total fi sheri es
producti o. I ndi an sardi ne contri buted the most, 217,
758 MT or 20%, ski pjack provi ded 199, 152. 5 MT
(18%), fol l owed by round scad and yel l ow fi n tuna
that contri buted 164, 443. 04 MT (15%) and 102, 400. 30
MT (10%) respecti vel y.
I n 2016, the country’s total number of commerci al fi shi ng fl eet compri sed 3, 473
vessel s that were l i censed by the Bureau of Fi sheri es and Aquati c Resources
(BFAR). The major commerci al fi shi ng gears used are ri ng net, trawl , handl i ne,
purse sei ne, bag net, and l ong l i ne.
Commerci al fi shi ng vessel s are requi red to fi sh outsi de muni ci pal waters, whi ch
i s beyond 15 km off the shorel i ne and are requi red to secure commerci al
fi shi ng vessel l i cense (CFVL) from the Bureau of Fi sheri es and Aquati c
Resources (BFAR), whi ch i s subject to renewal every three years
Fi sheri es i n the Phi l i ppi nes have been conti nuousl y pl agued by overfi shi ng,
unabated i l l egal fi shi ng acti vi ti es, l ack of pol i ti cal wi l l to ful l y i mpl ement
fi sheri es l aws and regul ati ons, a l ack of post-harvest faci l i ti es, and
encroachment of commerci al fi sheri es i nto muni ci pal waters.

So i n 2022, the producti on vol ume of commerci al fi sheri es across the

Phi l i ppi nes amounted to approxi matel y 862. 69 thousand metri c tons, refl ecti ng
a decrease from the previ ous year. The producti on vol ume of commerci al
fi sheri es i n the country has been fl uctuati ng i n the past seven years.
Definition of Terms

Anci l l ary I ndustri es - fi rms or compani es rel ated to the suppl y, constructi on and mai ntenance of
fi shi ng vessel s, gears, nets and other fi shi ng paraphernal i a; fi shery machi ne shops; and other
faci l i ti es such as hatcheri es, nurseri es, feed pl ants, col d storage, and refri gerati on, processi ng
pl ants and other pre-harvest and post harvest faci l i ti es.

Appropri ate Fi shi ng Technol ogy - adaptabl e technol ogy, both i n fi shi ng and anci l l ary i ndustri es,
that i s ecol ogi cal l y sound, l ocal l y source-based and l abor i ntensi ve.

Aquacul ture - fi shery operati ons i nvol vi ng al l forms of rai si ng and cul turi ng fi sh and other fi shery
speci es i n fresh, bracki sh and mari ne areas.

Aquati c Resources — i ncl udes fi sh, al l other aquati c fl ora and fauna and other l i vi ng resources of
the aquati c envi ronment, i ncl udi ng, but not l i mi ted to, sal t and coral s.
Municipal Waters
What are muni ci pal waters?
RA No. 8550 defi nes muni ci pal waters as fol l ows:
Muni ci pal waters - i ncl ude not onl y streams, l akes, i nl and bodi es of water and ti dal waters
wi thi n the muni ci pal i ty, but al so mari ne waters i ncl uded between two (2) l i nes drawn
perpendi cul ar to the general coastl i ne from poi nts where the boundary l i nes of the
muni ci pal i ty touch the sea at l ow ti de and a thi rd l i ne paral l el wi th the general coastl i ne
i ncl udi ng offshore i sl ands and fi fteen (15) ki l ometers from such coastl i ne.

Definition of Terms
Coastal Area/Zone - i s a band of dry l and and adjacent ocean space (water and submerged l and. i n
whi ch terrestri al processes and uses di rectl y affect oceani c processes and uses, and vi ce versa; i ts
geographi c extent may i ncl ude areas wi thi n a l andmark l i mi t of one (1. ki l ometer from the shorel i ne at
hi gh ti de to i ncl ude mangrove swamps, bracki sh water ponds, ni pa swamps, estuari ne ri vers, sandy
beaches and other areas wi thi n a seaward l i mi t of 200 meters i sobath to i ncl ude coral reefs, al gal fl ats,
seagrass beds and other soft-bottom areas.
Gross Tonnage - i ncl udes the underdeck tonnage, permanentl y encl osed spaces
above the tonnage deck, except for certai n exempti ons. I n broad terms, al l the
vessel ' s ' cl osed-i n' spaces expressed i n vol ume terms on the bases of one
hundred cubi c feet (that equal s one gross ton).

Fi shi ng vessel - any boat, shi p or other watercraft equi pped to be used for taki ng of
fi shery speci es or ai di ng or assi sti ng one (1. or more vessel s i n the performance of
any acti vi ty rel ati ng to fi shi ng, i ncl udi ng, but not l i mi ted to, preservati on, suppl y,
storage, refri gerati on, transportati on and/or processi ng.

FARMCs - The Fi sheri es and Aquati c Resources Management Counci l s.

Fi shi ng Boat/Gear Li cense — a permi t to operate speci fi c types of fi shi ng boat/gear

for speci fi c durati on i n areas beyond muni ci pal waters for demersal or pel agi c fi shery
resources.
 Municipal Fisheries
Muni ci pal fi shi ng- refers to fi shi ng wi thi n muni ci pal waters usi ng fi shi ng
vessel s of three (3) gross tons or l ess, or fi shi ng not requi ri ng the use of
fi shi ng vessel s.

Fi sheri es regi strati on and l i censi ng are the cornerstones of al l fi sheri es

management schemes. The Phi l i ppi nes has, as a matter of nati onal pol i cy, enacted
appropri ate l aws towards regi strati on and l i censi ng i n the muni ci pal fi sheri es
sector. The i mpl ementati on of these l aws has become more rel evant i n recent
years wi th the rapi d and conti nued depl eti on of muni ci pal fi shery resources,
degradati on of coastal habi tats and the consequent poverty i n the coastal areas.
 Municipal Fisheries
As menti oned, usi ng l ess than 3 GT (gross tonnage) vessel s, the major fi sh
speci es caught i n muni ci pal waters are mostl y smal l pel agi cs l i ke sardi nes,
mackerel s, anchovi es, round herri ngs, fusi l i ers, and round scad. Large pel agi cs
i ncl ude marl i n, swordfi sh, sai l fi sh and barracuda, whi l e demersal s i ncl ude
shri mps and sl i pmouths, among others.
The fol l owi ng data on muni ci pal fi sheri es catch were furni shed by BAS and
BFAR.

Table 5. Fish Catch In Municipal Waters for the Period 1992-2003

MAJOR FISH SPECIES CAUGHT IN MUNICIPAL
WATERS

Sardines Anchovy Herring

Marlin Swordfish Sailfish

Barracuda Slipmouth
 Municipal Fisheries
To address over fi shi ng i n our muni ci pal waters, the Phi l i ppi ne Fi sheri es Code
of 1998 (RA 8550) was enacted “to ensure the rati onal and sustai nabl e
devel opment, management and conservati on of the fi sheri es and aquati c
resources of the Phi l i ppi nes, ” among others. The l aw bans the use of acti ve
fi shi ng gear such as trawl s wi thi n muni ci pal waters, i ncreased the mesh si ze of
fi shi ng nets to 3 centi meters, and made possi bl e the temporary cl osure
(cl osed season) of over fi shed fi shi ng grounds.
 Fishing gear - any instrument or device and its accessories utilized in taking fish
and other fishery species. Fishing gear is divided into two caterogories. The
active fishing gear and passive fishing gear.

Active fishing gears: - The gear which are designed to chase and capture target species.
Example – Trawl net, beach seine, ring net etc.

Trawl net Beach seine Ring net

Trawl net - an active fishing gear consisting of a bag shaped net with or without otter boards
to open its opening which is dragged or towed along the bottom or through the water column
to take fishery species by straining them from the water, including all variations and
modifications of trawls (bottom, mid-water, and baby trawls) and tow nets.
Beach sei nes - are surroundi ng nets operated wi th two l ong ropes, set from the
shore for enci rcl i ng a school of fi sh i n shal l ow coastal waters.
Ri ng net - A surround net fi shi ng method used i n smal l ‑ or medi um‑si ze vessel s,
whi ch i s bel i eved to be the precursor of the purse sei ne. Si mi l arl y to purse
sei ni ng operati ons, once the fi sh are enci rcl ed by the net, a pursi ng l i ne that
passes through the ri ngs at the l ower edge i s used to cl ose the bottom.
Passi ve fi shi ng gears: The fi shi ng gear whi ch general l y si t i n one pl ace al l owi ng the
target speci es to approach the capture devi ce.
Exampl e – Gi l l nets and entangl i ng nets, hook and l i ne, traps etc.

Gill net Hook and line

Fish corral
Gi l l net - A gi l l net i s a wal l of netti ng that hangs i n the water col umn, typi cal l y
made of monofi l ament or mul ti fi l ament nyl on. Gi l l net. Mesh si zes are desi gned
to al l ow fi sh to get onl y thei r head through the netti ng but not thei r body.
Hook and l i ne - Fi shi ng wi th a hook-and-l i ne setup i s cal l ed angl i ng. Hook and
l i ne gear consi st of a mi ni mum of two parts, a hook that i s attached to a
monofi l ament l i ne. Arti fi ci al or natural bai ts are used to l ure fi sh to the hook
and once the fi sh has bi tten the hook i t i s haul ed i n.
Fi sh Corral or "Bakl ad" - a stati onary wei r or trap devi sed to i ntercept and capture
fi sh consi sti ng of rows of bamboo stakes, pl asti c nets and other materi al s fenced
wi th spl i t bl ood matti ngs or wi re matti ngs wi th one or more encl osures, usual l y wi th
easy entrance but di ffi cul t exi t, and wi th or wi thout l eaders to di rect the fi sh to the
catchi ng chambers, purse or bags.
Municipal Fisheries
 Recreational Fisheries
Recreati onal fi sheri es i nvol ve fi shi ng acti vi ti es pursued for -
personal enjoyment rather than commerci al purposes. I t
encompasses vari ous setti ngs, i ncl udi ng freshwater l akes,
ri vers, and sal twater bodi es. Recreati onal angl ers engage i n
fi shi ng as a recreati onal pursui t, often for sport, rel axati on, or
soci al bondi ng.

Economi c I mpact

Recreati onal fi shi ng has a substanti al economi c i mpact,

contri buti ng to the growth of l ocal economi es and supporti ng
rel ated i ndustri es. I t attracts touri sts, generates revenue for
coastal or rural communi ti es, and creates empl oyment
opportuni ti es
Regul ati ons and Management
To ensure sustai nabl e practi ces and the conservati on
of fi sh popul ati ons, most countri es have establ i shed
regul ati ons and management strategi es for
recreati onal fi sheri es. These may i ncl ude fi shi ng
l i censes, catch l i mi ts, si ze restri cti ons, and seasonal
cl osures. These measures ai m to mai ntai n heal thy fi sh
stocks, prevent overfi shi ng, and protect vul nerabl e
speci es.

Chal l enges and Future Consi derati ons

Despi te i ts benefi ts, recreati onal fi shi ng faces chal l enges such
as habi tat degradati on, i nvasi ve speci es, and cl i mate change. I t i s
cruci al to address these i ssues through research, educati on, and
col l aborati ve efforts. Addi ti onal l y, advancements i n technol ogy
and data col l ecti on can enhance the management and
sustai nabi l i ty of recreati onal fi sheri es.
 AQUACULTURE
· fi shery operati ons i nvol vi ng al l forms of rai si ng and
cul turi ng fi sh and other fi shery speci es i n fresh, bracki sh and
mari ne areas.

Types of Aquacul ture

1 . Mari cul ture – has been defi ned as the cul ti vati on,
management, and harvesti ng of mari ne organi sms i n thei r
natural envi ronment (i ncl udi ng estuari ne, bracki sh, coastal , and
offshore waters) or i n encl osures such as pens, tanks, or
channel s.
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2. Fi sh farmi ng – al so known as aquacul ture, i s the fastest-
growi ng ani mal agri cul ture i ndustry i n the Uni ted States. Wi thi n
thi s i ndustry, fi sh are rai sed i n l arge groups i nsi de tanks or
cages. These ani mal s are forced to l i ve i n poor water qual i ty, wi th
parasi tes feedi ng on the fi sh’s gi l l s, organs, and bl ood.

Two common types of fi sh farmi ng

1. Monocul ture – When onl y one speci es of fi sh or
shri mp/prawn i s cul tured i n a water body, the cul ture method i s
known as monocul ture. E. g onl y trout, ti l api a, catfi sh, and carps
cul ture i n a pond.
2. Pol ycul ture – When more than one speci es of fi sh are
cul tured i n a water body, the cul ture method i s known as
pol ycul ture e. g. pol ycul ture of paddl efi sh, ti l api a and bi g head
carp, common carp, etc.
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3. Al gacul ture – i s a type of aquacul ture i nvol vi ng the cul ti vati on
of al gae. Al gae are mi crobi al organi sms that share ani mal and
pl ant characteri sti cs. They are someti mes moti l e l i ke other
mi crobes, but they al so contai n chl oropl asts that make them
green and al l ow them to photosynthesi ze just l i ke green pl ants.

4. I ntegrated Mul ti -Trophi c Aquacul ture (I MTA) – i s si mi l ar to

pol ycul ture, where two or more organi sms are farmed together.
I n I MTA, mul ti pl e aquati c speci es from di fferent trophi c l evel s are
farmed i n an i ntegrated fashi on to i mprove effi ci ency, reduce
waste, and provi de ecosystem servi ces, such as bi o-remedi ati on.
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5. I nl and Pond Cul ture - I t i s the most common method of fi sh
cul ture. I n thi s case water i s mai ntai ned i n an encl osed area by
arti fi ci al constructi on of di ke/bund, where aquati c ani mal s are
stocked and grown. Ponds are usual l y fi l l ed by rai n, canal water
and by manmade bores.

Different Types of Ponds For Fish Farming – Ponds for fish

culture
 AQUACULTURE
1. Earthen Ponds or Open Ponds - Earthen Ponds are the ol dest system of fi sh cul ture. Earthen
Fi sh farmi ng ponds are devel oped on l and as part of the system. Excavati on (the devel opment
of a cavi ty or space) of substanti al porti ons of l and where there i s water cl ose to the ground i s
i n proxi mi ty to a water body or al ong the course of a gentl y movi ng stream or spri ng.

2. Concrete Fi sh Farmi ng Ponds - The constructi on of concrete ponds i nvol ves vi brati ng
hol l ow bl ocks fi l l ed wi th a concrete mi x or rei nforced concrete sl abs. Urban ci ti es are
characteri zed by thi s manufacturi ng system, mai nl y where l and i s not readi l y avai l abl e or
sui tabl e for earthen pond constructi on.

3. Tarpaul i n Fi sh Farmi ng Ponds - Tarpaul i n fi sh farmi ng ponds can al so be used for el evati ng
fi sh. I n addi ti on to earthen, concrete, and pl asti c fi sh farmi ng ponds, thi s type i s al so common.
Wood or gal vani zed pi pes can be used to construct i t, whi ch i s then covered wi th a tarp.
4. Pl asti c or Rubber Pond - The onl y di fference between pl asti c fi sh farmi ng ponds and
tarpaul i n fi sh farmi ng ponds i s that they are made of pl asti c. Begi nners i n fi sh farmi ng often
use thi s type of fi sh farmi ng pond.
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4. Pl asti c or Rubber Pond - The onl y di fference between pl asti c fi sh farmi ng ponds and
tarpaul i n fi sh farmi ng ponds i s that they are made of pl asti c. Begi nners i n fi sh farmi ng often
use thi s type of fi sh farmi ng pond.

6. Reci rcul ati ng Systems – Thi s i nvol ves a cl osed set of chambers (uni ts) where fi sh i s kept i n
one and water treatment i s kept i n another. I t i s hi ghl y dependent on the power suppl y, as water
must constantl y pumped through the fi sh chambers. As water fl ows through the treatment
chamber parti cul ate matter i s fi l tered out and ai r i s i ntroduce. Thi s cl osed system control s the
sal i ni ty, temperature, oxygen and anythi ng that can cause harm to the fi sh.
7. Open-net pen and Cage Systems – are often found shore and i n freshwater l akes. Mesh cages of
between 6 and 60 cubi c feet (pens) are i nstal l ed i n the water wi th the fi sh i nsi de them. Wi th a hi gh
concentrati on of fi sh i n the pens, waste, chemi cal s, parasi tes, and di seases are often exchanged i n the
i mmedi ate water envi ronments.

8. Fi sh pen refers to a fi sh encl osure made of cl osel y-woven bamboo screens, nyl on screens or nets
or other materi al s attached to pol es staked at the bottom up to the surface of the l ake, ri ver or other
shal l ow bodi es of water for the purpose of growi ng and/or cul turi ng of fi sh to vari ous si zes i n fresh,
bracki sh and mari ne waters. A fi sh pen vari es i n shapes. I ts encl osure covers the enti re water depth
from the water surface down to the bottom.
Fi sh cage refers to a stati onary or fl oati ng fi sh encl osure made of syntheti c net wi re/bamboo screen or
other materi al s set i n the form of i nverted mosqui to net (hapa type) wi th or wi thout cover wi th al l si des
ei ther ti ed to pol es staked to the bottom of the water or wi th anchored fl oats for aquacul ture
purposes.
 AQUACULTURE
Types Of Cages Used For Fi sh Farmi ng

1. Fi xed Cages Used I n Aquacul ture – Fi xed cages consi st of a net bag suspended from posts i n
the fl ow of a stream, ri ver, canal , l ake, or reservoi r. These cages are general l y used i n shal l ow
bodi es of water, wi th depths of 3 to 10 feet. The bottom of the net bag does not touch the
bottom of the water body.

2. Fl oati ng Cages Used I n Aquacul ture – Fl oati ng cages consi st of a frame that fl oats on the
surface of the water. Net bags are suspended from the fl oati ng frame so that thei r bottoms do
not touch the ground. These cages are general l y used i n deeper bodi es of water, wi th depths
greater than 16 feet.

3. Submersi bl e Cages For Aquacul ture – Submersi bl e cages are a vari ati on of fl oati ng cages
wi th ei ther ri gi d or fl exi bl e netti ng. The buoyancy of pl asti c fl oats i s vari abl e so that the fi sh
cage can be moved to di fferent depths i n the water col umn. These types of fi sh cages are
often used i n mari ne envi ronments.
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1. Fl ow-through/Raceway – thi s i s a system made of l ong uni ts stocked wi th fi sh. The uni ts have
feedi ng stati ons attached to them. Water i s di verted from fl owi ng water and fed i nto the raceway uni ts
fl owi ng downstream. Down end of the uni t, waste i s col l ected and di sposed of. Raceway are common
for cul turi ng trout.
So far, has everything
been clear?
Thank you
for joining us in class today